HVAC IN ECBC
ESTHER KIRUBA JEBA KUMAR 19171NB002
What is HVAC The goal of HVAC is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. HVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer.
HVAC IN ECBC
H V A C
Heating
Ventilation
Air
Conditioning
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/HVAC
01
Air Conditioning Cycle All air-conditioning systems utilize a specific material to undergo the phase conversion process. This material is called a refrigerant, and is contained within tubing which runs throughout the airconditioning system.
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02
Condensor
Expansion Valve
hot, high-pressure vapor travels to the air conditioner’s condenser where it moves through a series of coils with thin metal fins attached.
The liquid refrigerant is forced through an expansion valve which is basically a pinhole that causes the liquid to form a mist.
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04
Evaporator
Compressor
Cold mist travels through the evaporator coil which is located directly in the air stream of a circulation fan which pulls air from within the building
The compressor increases the density of the incoming refrigerant vapor, causing it to increase in pressure and temperature.
https://realrefrigeration.com.au/tips-for-saving-money-on-your-air-conditioner-in-winter/
Air Conditioning Principle Air conditioning operates based on the principles of phase conversion, which is the transformation of a material from one state (or phase) of matter to another, such as when a material changes from a liquid to a gas. When a liquid to gas change occurs, the material absorbs heat. Conversely, when the material changes from gas to liquid, it releases heat. An air conditioner is basically a machine that forces phase conversion and uses the resulting heat transfer principles to cool buildings Air conditioners are comprised of many components, the primary ones being a fluid compressor, a condenser and an evaporator coil.
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https://realrefrigeration.com.au/tips-for-saving-money-on-your-air-conditioner-in-winter/
Air Conditioning Cycle
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https://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/hvac/how-air-conditioners-work.html
What are Low Energy Comfort Systems Alternative HVAC systems which have low energy use may be installed in place of conventional systems. These are low in energy consumption and help in making a better environment. Space conditioning or ventilation systems that are less energy intensive than vapor compression based space condition systems. These primarily employ alternate heat transfer methods or materials (adiabatic cooling, radiation, desiccant, etc.), or renewable sources of energy (solar energy, geo-thermal) so that minimal electrical energy input is required to deliver heating or cooling to spaces.
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ENERGY CONSERVATION BUILDING CODE 2017 , BEE
01
Types of Low Energy Comfort 02 Systems CoolingDesiccant System
Evaporative Cooling
03
Solar Air Conditioning 04
Tri Generation
05
Radiant 06
Ground Source Heat Pump
07
Adiabatic Cooling HVAC IN ECBC
1. Evaporative Cooling Evaporative cooling is a process that uses the effect of evaporation as a natural heat sink. Sensible heat from the air is absorbed to be used as latent heat necessary to evaporate water. The amount of sensible heat absorbed depends on the amount of water that can be evaporated Evaporative cooling can be direct or indirect; passive or hybrid. In direct evaporative cooling, the water content of the cooled air increases because air is in contact with the evaporated water.
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https://www.new-learn.info/packages/clear/thermal/buildings/passive_system/evaporating_cooling.html
In indirect evaporative cooling, evaporation occurs inside a heat exchanger and the water content of the cooled air remains unchanged. Since high evaporation rates might increase relative humidity and create discomfort, direct evaporative cooling can be applied only in places where relative humidity is very low.
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https://www.new-learn.info/packages/clear/thermal/buildings/passive_system/evaporating_cooling.html
2. Desiccant Cooling System A desiccant is a substance, either solid or liquid, which absorbs water molecules from air and dehumidifies it. The desiccant, initially used to absorb moisture from the air, is later regenerated by heating the desiccant so that it releases the absorbed moisture. This phase change cycle is a continuous process that drives the operation of desiccant systems.
Pros
Cons
Improved air quality in interiors
High initial cost to setup the system
Less electric consumption as alternative energy sources can be used
Experienced professionals required to construct and service such systems
CFC, HFC, HCFC refrigerants are not used
Liquid desiccant could be corrosive and damage the system or components
Integration with conventional systems to remove latent heat load can reduce energy consumption
Cost effective only when there is a source of waste heat available to regenerate desiccant
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https://nzeb.in/knowledge-centre/hvac-2/desiccant-cooling-system/
Two basic categories of desiccant systems are 1. Open desiccant systems where desiccant comes into direct contact with the air for the process of dehumidification 2. Closed desiccant systems where desiccant is confined to a closed chamber and dehumidifies air indirectly Desiccant systems can be successfully used in regions with low heating demand but have limited application in high humidity areas where desiccant fails to reduce the air moisture content to desired level.
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https://nzeb.in/knowledge-centre/hvac-2/desiccant-cooling-system/ :
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3. Solar Air Conditioning A solar air conditioning system is simply a system of cooling and heating that utilises solar power, rather than electricity from the mains. While they can have a significant upfront installation cost, solar air conditioners are much cheaper to own and operate in the long term, as they utilise virtually unlimited energy provided by our sun.
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https://www.canstarblue.com.au/appliances/what-is-solar-air-conditioning/
4. Tri Generation Trigeneration or combined cooling, heat and power (CCHP), is the process by which some of the heat produced by a cogeneration plant is used to generate chilled water for air conditioning or refrigeration. An absorption chiller is linked to the combined heat and power (CHP) to provide this functionality.
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https://www.clarke-energy.com/gas-engines/trigeneration/
BENEFITS OF TRIGENERATION There are a number of benefits to trigeneration including Onsite, high efficiency production of electricity and hea Reduced fuel and energy cost Lower electrical usage during peak summer deman Engine heat can be used to produce steam of hot water for onsite us Significant reductions in greenhouse gas emission No harmful chemical pollutants since water is used as the refrigeran
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https://www.clarke-energy.com/gas-engines/trigeneration/
5. Radiant Cooling A radiant cooling system is a temperature-controlled surface that cools indoor temperatures by removing sensible heat and where more than half of heat transfer occurs through thermal radiation. Heat will flow from objects, occupants, equipment and lights in a space to a cooled surface as long as their temperatures are warmer than that of the cooled surface and they are within the line of sight of the cooled surface. The process of radiant exchange has a negligible effect on air temperature, but through the process of convection, the air temperature will be lowered when air comes in contact with the cooled surface.
http://www.oorja.in/what-is-radiant-cooling/how-does-radiant-cooling-work/
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HVAC IN ECBC
http://www.oorja.in/what-is-radiant-cooling/how-does-radiant-cooling-work/
6. Ground Source Heat Pump A geothermal heat pump or ground source heat pump (GSHP) is a central heating and/or cooling system that transfers heat to or from the ground It uses the earth all the time, without any intermittency, as a heat source (in the winter) or a heat sink (in the summer). This design takes advantage of the moderate temperatures in the ground to boost efficiency and reduce the operational costs of heating and cooling systems, and may be combined with solar heating to form a geosolar system with even greater efficiency They are also known by other names, including geoexchange, earth-coupled, earth energy systems.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_heat_pump .
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HVAC IN ECBC
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Concept-of-the-ground-source-heat-pump-GSHP-system-for-space-heating-and-cooling_fig1_324242798
7. Adiabatic Cooling Adiabatic cooling is the process of reducing heat through a change in air pressure caused by volume expansion In nature, adiabatic cooling is often associated with elevation. As seen with cloud formations, an air mass that is heated expands and becomes less dense. Being less dense, it is lighter and rises above a higherpressure air mass. Having reached areas with less dense air, it further expands, losing energy that was gained, and cooling as it does so In data centers and other facilities, adiabatic processes have enabled free cooling methods, which use freely available natural phenomena to regulate temperature. The principle of adiabatic cooling has been harnessed to develop cooling units that can save industry millions of litres of water.
https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/adiabatic-cooling .
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HVAC IN ECBC
https://submer.com/blog/data-center-liquid-immersion-cooling-with-adiabatic-cooling-towers