of ocean fisheries are categorised as fully exploited, over-exploited or depleted
50% BLACK-MARKET
of Earth’s wetlands were destroyed in the 20th Century.
OVER-EXPLOITAION
85%
ECOSYSTEM.
A food chain is a linear network of links in a food web starting from producer organisms (such as grass or trees which use radiation from the Sun to make their food) and ending at apex predator species (like grizzly bears or killer whales), detritivores (like
An Ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system.
earthworms or woodlice), or decomposer species (such as fungi or bacteria).
LEAF
MONGOOSE
FOOD WEB. A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eatswhat in an ecological community. There are different kinds of feeding relations that can be roughly divided into herbivorous, carnivorous, scavenging and parasitism.
59 B
is the Market Value for Piracy. This is more than what affects the Ecosystems.
80%
of the world’s wastewater is dumped—untreated—back into the environment, polluting rivers, lakes, and oceans.
CARNIVOROUS ZOOPLANKTON
PHYTO-PLANKTON
POLLUTION
Of The World’s Population Breathes Substandard Air, containing pollutants exceeding WHO limits.
The major types of ecosystems are forests, grasslands, deserts, tundra, freshwater and marine.
The word “Biome” may also be used to describe terrestrial ecosystems which extend across a Large Geographic Area, such as tundra.
SNAKE
is the Global Market of Smuggling and Poaching, This is a dangerous rate.
92%
CHAMELEON
CATERPILLAR
70.5 B
These BIOTIC and ABIOTIC components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows.
HERBIVOROUS ZOOPLANKTON
ARCTIC CHAR
HARP SEAL
TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS
NATURAL
FOREST GRASSLAND AQUATIC DESERT
ARTIFICIAL TERRESTRIAL MICROBIAL AQUATIC
There are several differences between natural and artificial ecosystems, including ARCTIC COD
RINGED SEAL
SUSTAINABILITY, DIVERSITY AND PURPOSE. ARCTIC BIRDS
POLAR BEAR
KILLER WHALE
CAPELIN
HARBOUR SEAL
ENERGY FLOW. In ecology, energy flow, also called the calorific flow, refers to the flow of energy through a food chain, and is the focus of study in ecological energetics. In an ecosystem, ecologists seek to quantify the relative importance of different component species and feeding relationships. SUN
PRODUCERS
CONSUMERS
+HEAT NUTRIENT POOL
DECOMPOSERS
A natural ecosystem has a DIVERSE amount of species and plants, whereas artificial ecosystems are LIMITED. Natural ecosystems are SELF-SUSTAINING and result from spontaneous natural reaction, while artificial ecosystems require the ASSISTANCE of humans.
...
TO THE ECOSYSTEM.
FOOD CHAIN.
THE ECOSYSTEM
THREATS
.... THE ENVIRONMENT
URBANISATION & &
URBANISATION. Urbanisation is an increase in the number of people living in towns and cities.
Urbanisation occurs mainly because people move from rural areas to urban areas and it results in growth in the size of the urban population and the extent of urban areas.
CAUSES of
Urbanisation The two causes of Urbanisation are
Natural Population Increase Rural to Urban Migration Urbanisation affects all sizes of settlements from small villages to towns to cities, leading up to the growth of mega-cities which have more than ten million people.
CONSEQUENCES of Urban Sprawl Overcrowding Housing Problems Unemployment Slums Pollution Sewerage Problems Inadequate Infrastructure Flooding Congestion
Ottawa 7 Chicago 12
Urbanisation Crime Diminishing Biodiversity Water Scarcity Diseases Wild Life Endangerment Drinking Water Problem
Stockholm 6
Healthcare Lifestyle Education Recreation Jobs Security Social Environment
Lima 48
Santiago 29
Poverty Living standard Lack of security Family Factions Sanitary Conditions Transportation Problems Joblessness
Sydney 8
• Laws that plan and provide environmentally sound cities and smart growth techniques • Improved environmental conditions and safe habitats. • Encourage sustainable use of urban resources . • Economy based on sustainable environment such as investment in green infrastructure, industries, pollution management,
1%
GDP lost in countries with high urban congestion due to traffic
of land used by cities
75%
of resources used by cities
Cities and Urban Areas in 2020 24 M
1.34 M
city dwellers face premature death from air pollution
Provision of Essential Services
Creation of more Jobs
• Private investments should be encouraged so as to utilize
Building Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Cities
2% of Waste a day predicted for Asian cities in 2025
Kampala 104 Pretoria 51
renewable energy, green public transportation, and water recycling and reclamation.
• Ensure all populations within the urban areas have access to adequate essential social services namely education, health, sanitation and clean water, technology, electricity, and food. • Provide and implement employment opportunities and wealth creation activities • Lower the costs of basic necessities.
SOLUTIONS OF URBANIZATION
PUSH FACTORS
1.8 M Tonnes
•
Delhi 122
Urban Air Pollution
PULL FACTORS
Beijing 85
London 9
new jobs are needed in China to cope with the growth of cities.
889 M
the worldwide number of slum-dwellers projected for 2020
natural resources and create more job opportunities. • Tourism promotion and the sustainable exploitation of natural resources • Provision of Subsidies and Grants to foreign and private investment in environmentally friendly development projects.
Population Control
• Provide Campaigns and Counseling for effective medical health clinics and family planning • Medical health clinics oriented towards Family Planning options must be made accessible • Controlling Diseases and population growth.