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01_O cientista austrĂaco Karl Ludwig von
Bertalanffy foi o criador da Teoria Geral dos Sistemas. Seus primeiros enunciados datam de 1925, tendo a teoria alcançado seu auge de divulgação em meados dos anos 50. Seu trabalho surge como uma reação ao pensamento reducionista cartesiano que dominou as ciĂŞncias por sĂŠculos, â&#x20AC;&#x153;do esquema mecanicista das sĂŠries causais isolĂĄveis e do tratamento por partes ter VH PRVWUDGR LQVXĂ&#x20AC;FLHQWH SDUD DWHQGHU RV problemas teĂłricosâ&#x20AC;? (BERTALANFFY, 1973, p, 28). Sua pesquisa enuncia que um sistema deve ser entendido como um conjunto de elementos independentes, organizados segundo um objetivo comum e cuja uniĂŁo ĂŠ maior que a soma das partes, a partir do entendimento de suas relaçþes (entre si e com o todo). 02_VIEIRA
explica que os sistemas possuem parâmetros, caracterĂsticas inerentes a sistemas de qualquer tipo, qualquer escala. Estes estariam divididos em duas categorias: bĂĄsicos e evolutivos. O primeiro se refere a parâmetros existentes desde o momento de criação de um sistema atĂŠ o momento de seu desaparecimento. O segundo se refere a parâmetros que podem vir a surgir ao longo do processo evolutivo. Os parâmetros bĂĄsicos sĂŁo trĂŞs: permanĂŞncia, ambiente e autonomia. A permanĂŞncia ĂŠ descrita como uma tendĂŞncia, uma busca dos sistemas em permanecer no tempo. Em biologia utilizase o termo â&#x20AC;&#x153;instinto de sobrevivĂŞnciaâ&#x20AC;? para designar este parâmetro nos seres vivos, termo que nĂŁo ĂŠ normalmente utilizado no estudo de estruturas nĂŁo-biolĂłgicas. O ambiente ĂŠ um sistema envoltĂłrio, aberto, com o qual o sistema em estudo troca energia, matĂŠria e informação na busca pela permanĂŞncia. A autonomia fala dos â&#x20AC;&#x153;estoquesâ&#x20AC;? gerados a partir dessas trocas com o ambiente, possuindo um carĂĄter histĂłrico, o que foi descrito por BUNGE (1977) como função memĂłria. /.&"#(+,-#
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04_Para DUARTE (2006), â&#x20AC;&#x153;na histĂłria das cidades, atĂŠ o advento da cidade industrial, a circulação urbana mantevese circunscrita Ă mobilidade natural dos corpos humanos, ou Ă força de tração dos animais empregados no transporte de pessoas e cargas. A manutenção deste estĂĄgio tecnolĂłgico com relação Ă velocidade dos deslocamentos, durante milhares de anos, produziu uma relativa invariância nos padrĂľes geomĂŠtricos utilizados por diversas culturas no agenciamento e dimensionamento do desenho das ruas, lotes, quadras e praças, ao longo da histĂłriaâ&#x20AC;?. Dito isto, embora nĂŁo pretendendo ignorar todas as transformaçþes pelas quais a humanidade passou em um perĂodo de tempo tĂŁo grande, pode-se generalizar os modelos de cidade anteriores Ă Revolução Industrial como modelos de cidade tradicional (ou prĂŠ-industrial). 05_Embora DUARTE(2006) convencione HP VHX HVWXGR LGHQWLĂ&#x20AC;FDU D cidade moderna como modelo sucessor da cidade tradicional SRGHPRV LGHQWLĂ&#x20AC;FDU pelo estudo de BENEVOLO (2007), dois tipos intermediĂĄrios que o mesmo convencionou chamar de cidade liberal e cidade pĂłs-liberal, que aqui serĂŁo abreviados pelo termo cidade industrial. 06_A cidade moderna parece mais adequada quando designa o tipo de cidade surgida a partir das reaçþes contra a cidade pĂłs-liberal, idealizadas sob os princĂpios do que mais tarde se FRQĂ&#x20AC;JXUDULD QR PRYLPHQWR PRGHUQR
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07_Esta lei foi pioneira e abriu caminho para outras, como uma segunda ainda na Inglaterra (1850) e outras na Itália (1865) e nos outros Estados Europeus. 08_Cabe aqui lembrar das iniciativas utópicas surgidas no pós-guerra e que não foram citadas neste estudo, que tinham por objetivo propor novos modelos de organização política e urbana. Dentre HOHV GHVWDFDP VH D DOGHLD DXWR VXÀ FLHQWH de Robert Owen (proposto em 1817, posto em prática em solo americano em 1825) e o Falanstério de Charles Fourier (sistema À ORVyÀ FR H SROtWLFR TXH H[HUFHX HQRUPH fascinação em muitos países, servindo de inspiração para exemplos práticos, como o Familistério de Guise).
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09_É importante salientar que sob essa máscara higienista se escondiam intenções de um maior controle sobre as massas populares que habitavam essas grandes aglomerações, sobretudo depois das revoluções de 1848, que tiveram uma repercussão de âmbito mundial. &RP D MXVWLÀFDWLYD GH ID]HU R VRO H R DU penetrarem nos quarteirões insalubres, YiULDV UXDV VmR DODUJDGDV H UHWLÀFDGDV GLÀFXOWDQGR DVVLP IXWXUDV EDUULFDGDV populares. 10_Henry Bessemer, em 1855, registra
patente para o primeiro processo industrial de baixo custo para a produção em massa de aço a partir de ferro gusa. O processo se baseia em uma prática conhecida na China desde o ano 200 a.C. e consiste na remoção das impurezas do ferro pela oxidação com ar soprado através do ferro fundido. 11_Pode-se
citar, como exemplos, a invenção do dínamo (1869), permitindo a utilização da eletricidade como força motriz e proporcionando aplicações como o telefone (1876), a lâmpada elétrica (1879) e o elevador (1887). Isso sem falar no motor a explosão (1885), que teve seu uso largamente difundido entre os meios de transporte.
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de cidades criadas Ă ĂŠpoca, projetadas para ao mesmo tempo para lugar nenhum e para qualquer lugar, entre as quais se destaca a Ville Radieuse de Le Corbusier, um modelo que representou linear que era organizada em faixas funcionais, com um potencial ilimitado de expansĂŁo. (cf. FRAMPTON, 1997, p. 215-224) BAlain de Button continua seu relato
dizendo: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Mas os novos inquilinos tinham uma idĂŠia diferente de beleza. NĂŁo eram eles que haviam se fartado de tradiçþes H OX[R GH GHOLFDGH]D H UHĂ&#x20AC; QDPHQWR nem eram eles que estavam entediados com o sotaque regional ou com os entalhes minuciosos das construçþes mais antigas. Nos hangares de concreto, uniformizados com macacĂľes azuis, eles passavam o dia montando embalagens de pinho para a indĂşstria do açúcar. As horas eram longas e os feriados, poucos. Muitos haviam sido obrigados a deixar suas aldeias distantes para trabalhar na fĂĄbrica de Monsier Frugès, e sentiam saudades das casas e terrenos que WLQKDP DQWHV 1R Ă&#x20AC; QDO GH XP GLD GH trabalho na fĂĄbrica, continuar lembrando o dinamismo da indĂşstria moderna nĂŁo era uma prioridade psicolĂłgica urgente. Em poucos anos, os operĂĄrios transformaram seus cubos corbusianos idĂŞnticos em espaços privados, diferenciados, capazes de fazĂŞ-los lembrar das coisas que a sua vida funcional lhes havia tirado. Sem se preocuparem de estavam estragando os projetos do grande arquiteto, eles acrescentaram Ă s suas casas telhados pontudos, persianas, pequenas janelas GH FDL[LOKR SDSpLV GH SDUHGH Ă RULGRV H cercas de estacas no estilo vernacular e, feito isso, passaram a instalar uma variedade de fontes ornamentais e duendes nos jardins em frente de casa.â&#x20AC;? (ibidem, p. 164)
7RGR R SURFHVVR GHVFULWR DWŠ HQWÂŁR UHODWD XPD HYROX§£R XUEDQD TXH WHP VXDV RULJHQV QD ,GDGH 0ŠGLD R TXH SUHVVXSÂľH TXH VH HVWHMD IDODQGR GH FLGDGHV HXURSŠLDV Â&#x2030; EHP YHUGDGH TXH QR FDVR EUDVLOHLUR QÂŁR H[LVWLX WRGR HVVH SURFHVVR (QWUHWDQWR HP VHX Ă&#x20AC; JXUDB _ Fragmento do Modulor, sistema de proporçþes criado por Le Corbusier.
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índice de aproveitamento básico:3,0 | índice de aproveitamento máximo: 3,0 | índice de aproveitamento mínimo: 0,25 | taxa de permeabilidade: 30% | taxa de ocupação: 60% | taxa de ocupação de subsolo: 60% _ DOWXUD Pi[LPD GD HGLÀFDomR P _ iUHD mínima de lote: 125m! | testada mínima de lote: 5m | profundidade mínima do lote: 25m.
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índice de aproveitamento básico: 2,0 | índice de aproveitamento máximo: 3,0 | índice de aproveitamento mínimo: 0,2 | taxa de permeabilidade: 30% | taxa de ocupação: 60% | taxa de ocupação de subsolo: 60% _ DOWXUD Pi[LPD GD HGLÀFDomR P _ iUHD mínima de lote: 125m! | testada mínima de lote: 5m | profundidade mínima do lote: 25m.
=2&_ !"#$%&'( +*.$( $( )*#GH*( 2',+'( 8*%+>&-$( $*( "$/##*0( %H*( 8*%,+$%.*( %'%?-:$( )$#+'( .',+$( E*%$( GHQWUR GRV OLPLWHV RÀFLDLV GR EDLUUR 6H FDUDFWHUL]D )'2$( )#'.*:/%K%8/$( .'( -:$( *8-)$GH*( 8*%,*2/.$.$0( *%.'( ,'( )*.'( )'#8'"'#( 6*8*,( .'( ,$+-#$GH*( .'( ,-$( /%6#$',+#-+-#$=( L',+$( E*%$( "-,8$1,'( $( 8*%+'%GH*( .*( )#*8',,*( .'( *8-)$GH*( /%+'%,/<$0( .'( :*.*( $( +'%+$#( '</+$#( *( 8#',8/:'%+*( .',+',( 6*8*,( .'( ,$+-#$GH*=( C#'+'%.'1,'0($/%.$0(-:$($.'9-$GH*(.$,(8*%./GM',(.'( :*"/2/.$.'(-#"$%$0(.'(:*.*($(./:/%-/#(*,('6'/+*,(.$( ,$+-#$GH*(N7(/%,+$-#$.$=
índice de aproveitamento básico: 2,5 | índice de aproveitamento máximo: 2,5 | índice de aproveitamento mínimo: 0,2 | taxa de permeabilidade: 30% | taxa de ocupação: 60% | taxa de ocupação de subsolo: 60%; _ DOWXUD Pi[LPD GD HGLÀFDomR P _ iUHD mínima de lote: 125m! | testada mínima de lote: 5m | profundidade mínima do lote: 25m.
=2_ L4"#+<,'#'6#2;#'12$&"M+,#'%&'4#2""&-'>),'#7,3#"'%,'3,"' ,;F<)#',*'",1#CB&'N':",#'$&$#1-'7&33)2')*'3,+3F0,1'#1#"<#*,+$&' >)#+%&',*'/&*7#"#CB&'/&*'&3'4#2""&3'/&+$F<)&39'D3$#'8&+#' %202%,53,',*'3,$,'$",/(&3-',3$#+%&'&'4#2""&'/&*7",,+%2%&'7,1&' $",/(&'k-'%,+&*2+#%&'Q"#2#'%,'i"#/,*#-'>),'/&"",37&+%,'#&3' 12*2$,3'%,12*2$#%&3'+#':",#'%,'2+$,",33,')"4#+F3$2/&'7,1#'m,2' 0XQLFLSDO Qz GH GH RXWXEUR GH
índice de aproveitamento básico: 2,0 | índice de aproveitamento máximo: 2,0 | índice de aproveitamento mínimo: 0,25 | taxa de permeabilidade: 25% | taxa de ocupação: 60% | taxa de ocupação de subsolo: 60% | DOWXUD Pi[LPD GD HGLÀFDomR P
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índice de aproveitamento básico: 0,0 | índice de aproveitamento máximo: 0,0; | índice de aproveitamento mínimo: 0,0 | taxa de permeabilidade: 100% | taxa de ocupação: _ DOWXUD Pi[LPD GD HGLÀFDomR
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para as zonas especiais de interesse social de ocupação não são descritos parâmetros urbanísticos, já que tratam de áreas adensadas e consolidadas, que SRVVXHP HVSHFLÀFLGDGHV LQHUHQWHV GH sua natureza.
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para as zonas especiais de interesse social de vazios, os parâmetros urbanísticos devem ser desenvolvidos de acordo com planos de intervenção HVSHFtÀFRV
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os parâmetros urbanísticos da ZEPH GHYHP VHU GHÀQLGRV DWUDYpV GH OHJLVODomR HVSHFtÀFD TXH GHYHULD VHU HODERUDGD em até um ano a partir da publicação do plano diretor, mas que é ainda inexistente.
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16_Conferir
capítulo Inventário e Análise, mapa 03 – aspectos políticoadministrativos deste trabalho.
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17_Podemos citar aqui duas iniciativas
de destaque: o Centro Dragão do Mar de Arte e Cultura e os CUCA"s (Centro Urbano de Cultura, Arte, Ciência e Esporte). O Dragão do Mar é gerido pelo Instituto de Arte e Cultura do Ceará e RIHUHFH XPD SURJUDPDomR GLYHUVLÀFDGD Conta com museus, planetário, cinemas, teatros, espaço para pequenos e médios espetáculos além de uma ampla área de convivência rodeada por bares e casas de show. Encontra-se implantado na Praia de Iracema desde 1999. Já os CUCA"s representam uma iniciativa da administração municipal que contempla a construção de centros culturais pela cidade (um em cada secretaria executiva regional). Estes centros contemplam atividades que buscam proporcionar a vivência plena da condição juvenil, através da disposição de novos espaços e alternativas de desenvolvimento sócio-cultural e econômico. São oferecidos cursos em diversas áreas do conhecimento, como teatro, audiovisual, JDVWURQRPLD P~VLFD IRWRJUDÀD FLUFR dança e comunicação. Os cursos são gratuitos e voltados para jovens de 15 a 29 anos. Apenas um CUCA encontrase construído até hoje, o CUCA Che Guevara, no bairro Barra do Ceará, em funcionamento desde 2009. 18_Conferir capítulo Inventário e Análise,
mapa 04 – aspectos históricos e culturais. 19_Conferir capítulo Inventário e Análise,
mapa 05 – infraestrutura e serviços urbanos. 20_Tal conclusão se baseia no estudo de exemplos de revitalização de bairros em diversos países do mundo que tiveram como elemento gerador a ocupação por artistas e galerias de arte, cujo exemplo máximo é encontrado no bairro do SoHo, em Nova York, que será estudado em seguida.
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21_Como veremos a seguir, quando este
tipo de empreendimento alcança sucesso acaba por atrair outros tipos de usos e investimentos, elevando o valor da terra, LQLFLDQGR XP SURFHVVR GH JHQWULÀFDomR 2 XVR GH XPD OHJLVODomR HVSHFtÀFD poderia salvaguardar a iniciativa desde o princípio, permitindo que sua função como pólo gerador de cultura permaneça mesmo após ganhar projeção. Faz-se necessário, também, empreender ações de proteção legal para o resto do bairro, que também pode passar por processo semelhante por sua proximidade com a área em questão.
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22_Lei Rouanet é como popularmente é
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naturalista de uma que alcançou uma polivalĂŞncia nunca antes vista na histĂłria. Tendo desenvolvido e se especializado em diversas ĂĄreas do conhecimento FRPR HWQRJUDĂ&#x20AC; D DQWURSRORJLD ItVLFD JHRJUDĂ&#x20AC; D JHRORJLD PLQHUDORJLD botânica, vulcanologia, climatologia H RFHDQRJUDĂ&#x20AC; D IRL FDSD] GH ID]r OR adotando uma visĂŁo geral e imparcial. Com apenas vinte anos de idade fez sua SULPHLUD YLDJHP GH FDUiWHU FLHQWtĂ&#x20AC; FR passando pelos PaĂses Baixos, Alemanha e Inglaterra, e principalmente ao longo das margens do rio Reno, resultando em uma obra intitulada Observaçþes Sobre os Basaltos do Reno. Suas viagens exploratĂłrias posteriores (pela AmĂŠrica Central, AmĂŠrica do Sul e Ă sia Central) tornaram-no mundialmente conhecido ainda antes da sua morte. Sua principal obra ĂŠ o Kosmos, uma condensação do FRQKHFLPHQWR FLHQWtĂ&#x20AC; FR GH VXD pSRFD tendo escrito ainda Ansichten der Natur, tambĂŠm bastante popular. Sua FRUUHVSRQGrQFLD FLHQWtĂ&#x20AC; FD FRPS}H VH GH 35 mil cartas, das quais aproximadamente 12500 estĂŁo arquivadas. AlĂŠm das ciĂŞncias naturais, Humboldt foi tambĂŠm XP LQĂ XHQWH PHFHQDV GD /LWHUDWXUD
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Earth, desenvolvido pela empresa americana Google, apresenta um modelo tridimensional do globo terrestre composto atravĂŠs de um mosaico de imagens de satĂŠlite obtidas de diversas fontes. Seus recursos contam com a sobreposição de vĂĄrias camadas de informação, onde p SRVVtYHO D LGHQWLĂ&#x20AC;FDomR GH YLDV GH alguns equipamentos urbanos, acesso D IRWRJUDĂ&#x20AC;DV JHRUUHIHUHQFLDGDV SRU usuĂĄrios e a manipulação de uma barra de tempo (que acessa um arquivo de IRWRJUDĂ&#x20AC;DV DpUHDV GH GLIHUHQWHV DQRV entre outros, com uma aproximação de pelo menos 15 Km em toda a superfĂcie da Terra. Sua integração com o Google SketchUp, software de modelagem virtual da mesma empresa, possibilita a criação e download de modelos em trĂŞs dimensĂľes dos principais edifĂcios. Ferramentas adicionais, como o Google Street View, permitem visitas virtuais Ă s mais diversas localidades Ă partir de uma junção de imagens panorâmicas esfĂŠricas.
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26_Seu veículo, o Benz PatentMotorwagen era um automóvel de três rodas com um motor traseiro, construído com tubos de aço, painéis de madeira, rodas de aço raiadas e pneus de borracha sólida e movido por um motor de quatro tempos. 27_Junto com Wilhelm Maybach, também
engenheiro, desenvolve um motor bicilíndrico em “V” de alta rotação, que foi adaptado a uma bicicleta em 1886 (criando a primeira motocicleta) e a uma carruagem em 1889 (transformando-se em um dos primeiros automóveis). Em 1926 une sua empresa à de Benz, fundando a MercedesBenz, famosa fabricante de automóveis de luxo.
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28_O processo desenvolvido por Ford dotou sua fĂĄbrica da possibilidade de produzir um automĂłvel a cada 98 minutos. Seu empenho em baixar os custos de produção (o que levou ao desenvolvimento de uma sĂŠrie de inovaçþes tecnolĂłgicas) foi tamanho que seu primeiro produto, o Modelo T, custava o equivalente a 4 meses de salĂĄrio de um trabalhador da linha de montagem. 29_Segundo relatĂłrio anual produzido pelo DENATRAN, a frota de veĂculos automotores do Brasil passa de 31.913.003 em 2001 para 69.0479.67 em setembro de 2011, representando um aumento de 116% nos Ăşltimos 10 anos.
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BQue pese aqui uma crucial divergĂŞncia
de caminhos seguidos por alguns paĂses apĂłs a famigerada crise do petrĂłleo de 1973, quando as naçþes componentes da OPEP formaram um dos mais sĂłlidos e importantes cartĂŠis da histĂłria econĂ´mica contemporânea, elevando repentinamente seus preços de US$ 2,5 para US$11 por barril. Para superar tal crise, enquanto os paĂses desenvolvidos optaram por uma adaptação rĂĄpida, adotando uma sĂŠrie de medidas que reduzisse drĂĄstica e rapidamente o consumo de combustĂveis, o Brasil optou por uma estratĂŠgia denominada â&#x20AC;&#x153;desaceleração progressivaâ&#x20AC;?, onde mantinha as importaçþes de petrĂłleo em nĂvel elevado (com o intuito de nĂŁo prejudicar o nĂvel da atividade econĂ´mica interna) ao mesmo tempo que concentrava esforços de investimento na produção de ĂĄlcool carburante, a ser implantado como substituto de forma progressiva. Como resultado, temos de um lado paĂses como a Holanda, onde as bicicletas jĂĄ se tornaram um dos principais meios de transporte amparadas por uma rede cicloviĂĄria que se estende por todo seu territĂłrio, enquanto no Brasil temos cidades como SĂŁo Paulo, onde congestionamentos ultrapassam 240Km de extensĂŁo em horĂĄrios de pico.
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À JXUDB _ Imagens World Naked Bike Ride em Londres, protesto nudista contra a dependência do carro que ocorre periodicamente em vários países, inclusive no Brasil.
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À JXUDB _ Croquis de estudo para as passagens de pedestres..
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BAlguns estudiosos e planejadores locais são partidårios da idÊia de um resgate dos bondes elÊtricos, em uma referência ao antigo modelo de transporte coletivo muito marcante na história do bairro. Entretanto, este autor considera a implantação de um sistema de ônibus algo mais viåvel do ponto de vista operacional, jå que o mesmo SRVVXL à H[LELOLGDGH QR WUDoDGR GDV URWDV H prescinde da construção de infraestruturas especiais. Ademais, a proposta de uma linha de circulação exclusiva Ê algo jå implementado (de certa forma) pela ETUFOR para resolver transtornos decorrentes de obras de infraestrutura no bairro (mas que pretende permanecer mesmo após o tÊrmino das mesmas).
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BConferir
capítulo Levantamento Análise, mapa 06 – mobilidade.
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BDimensões referentes às vias internas
à ZEIS. As vias prolongadas com o intuito de se ligarem à avenida Leste-Oeste (av. do Imperador, av. Tristão Gonçalves e ruas paralelas a Oeste) mantêm as caixas atuais. BMelhor descritos no eixo temático
PAISAGEM. BIdem.
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À JXUDB _ Série Landscapes, de Levi van Veluw.
À JXUDB _ O Despertar da Floresta, de Paul Delvaux.
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À JXUDB _ A Persistência da Memória, de Salvador Dali.
À JXUDB _ Paisagem e Torre Amarela da Igreja de Paul Klee.
À JXUDB _ A Noite Estrelada, de Vincent Van Gogh.
À JXUDB _ Impressão, Pôrdo-Sol, de Claude Monet.
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BCabe aqui ressaltar que o histรณrico apresentado leva em consideraรงรฃo a produรงรฃo do mundo ocidental.
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a presente descriรงรฃo, levam a entender o jardim em ร den como o โ jardim das delรญciasโ ou โ paraรญsoโ .
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ร JXUDB _ The Hanging Gardens, ilustraรงรฃo de Martin Heemskerck.
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41_“Genius Loci é um conceito Romano. Os romanos antigos acreditavam que existia um espírito do lugar – o genius loci (genius – espírito, loci – lugar), guardião para cada cidade. Cada lugar onde ocorria vida continha seu próprio genius, que se manifestava tanto na locação FRPR QD FRQÀJXUDomR HVSDFLDO H QD caracterização da articulação”. (NorbergSchulz, 1980, pág. 18). 42_Gaius
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BMarcus Vitruvius Pollio foi um arquiteto e engenheiro romano que viveu durante o sĂŠculo I a.C. Ă&#x2030; autor de Da Architectura, um tratado nĂŁo somente sobre arquitetura, mas tambĂŠm sobre hidrĂĄulica e mecânica aplicadas, escrito em dez volumes. Em sua obra explicitava relaçþes de proporção que foram mais tarde resgatadas pelo artistas da Idade MĂŠdia e cunhou os conceitos GH Ă&#x20AC; UPLWDV VROLGH] XWLOLWDV XWLOLGDGH H venustas (beleza), os quais defendia que deveriam estar presentes em qualquer obra arquitetĂ´nica. 44_Filippo di ser Brunellesco di Lippo
di Tura foi um artista da Renascença, nascido no ano de 1377 em Florença. Começa sua carreira como ourives, mas ORJR JDQKD LQĂ XrQFLD FRPR DUTXLWHWR Ă&#x2030; reconhecido como um dos gĂŞnios do perĂodo. AlĂŠm de iniciar a prĂĄtica do desenvolvimento de um projeto anterior j REUD FRQWULEXL GH PDQHLUD VLJQLĂ&#x20AC; FDWLYD para o desenvolvimento do desenho em perspectiva. Sua principal obra foi D Ă&#x20AC; QDOL]DomR GD LJUHMD GH 6DQWD 0DULD del Fiori, com uma enorme cĂşpula de base octogonal para a qual foram desenvolvidos mĂŠtodos originais de escoramento, sustentação e maquinĂĄrio HVSHFtĂ&#x20AC; FRV WRGRV GH VXD DXWRULD 45_Topiaria ĂŠ a arte de â&#x20AC;&#x153;esculpirâ&#x20AC;? usando
espĂŠcimes vegetais. O formato ĂŠ obtido atravĂŠs de podas periĂłdicas e do tutoramento atravĂŠs de escoras e estacas. A tĂŠcnica ĂŠ utilizada desde a Roma Antiga e foi retomada durante o Renascimento, onde era muito utilizada nos canteiros geomĂŠtricos. SĂŁo utilizadas espĂŠcies do gĂŞnero Ligustrum, Lantana, Lonicera, Hedera e Prunus, alĂŠm de espĂŠcies como o alecrim e o buxo.
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47_Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola é reconhecido como um dos grandes arquitetos maneiristas italianos. Nascido em Modena em 1507, começa a ganhar a vida como pintor, chegando a ser convidado a trabalhar na corte de Francisco I da França. Mais tarde, em Roma, é acolhido pela família Farnese e tem a oportunidade de trabalhar com Michelangello, sendo inclusive o responsável pela construção das cúpulas secundárias da Basílica de São Pedro. Apesar de sua importância no paisagismo, é mais reconhecido por suas duas obras escritas, mais voltadas para o campo da arquitetura: Regole delle cinque ordini d"architettura e Due regole della prospettiva pratica. 48_Pirro Ligorio foi um importante arquiteto, paisagista, pintor e antiquário italiano, nascido em Nápoles no ano de 1550. Além de suas obras no campo do paisagismo, chegou a ser contratado para ÀQDOL]DU D REUD GD %DVtOLFD GH 6mR 3HGUR após a morte de Michelangello, tendo sido mais tarde despedido pelo papa Paulo 9, SRU LPSODQWDU PRGLÀFDo}HV QR SURMHWR original. Produziu vários livros sobre a Roma Antiga, sendo sua principal obra um mapa sobre o mesmo tema chamado Antiquae Urbis Imago. 49_'R RULJLQDO 'XULQJ WKH ÀUVW KDOI RI WKH
VL[WHHQWK FHQWXU\ PDJQLÀFHQFH FDPH to be perceived as a princely virtue, and all over the Italian peninsula architects, sculptors, painters, poets, historians and humanist scholars were commissioned WR FRQFRFW D PDJQLÀFHQW LPDJH IRU WKHLU powerful patrons. (ATTLEE, Helena. Italian Gardens: A Cultural History. Londres: Frances Lincoln, 2006, p.28) Livre tradução do autor. 50_Cosimo Giovanni di Medici foi o
iniciador da dinastia Medici que governou Florença durante a maior parte do Renascimento. Importante patrono das artes, foi amigo e sustentava artistas como Fra Angelico, Fra Filippo Lippi e Donatello.
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51_ André Le Nôtre foi um dos mais notáveis paisagistas da história. Nascido de uma família de paisagistas (seu avô chegou a ser encarregado-chefe do jardim do Palácio da Tulherias, assim como seu pai, cargo que mais tarde foi ocupado por ele próprio), Le Nôtre cresceu em uma casa situada no interior do jardim das Tulherias, o que acabou por lhe proporcionar o acúmulo de uma grande quantidade de conhecimento teórico e prático. Sua proximidade com o palácio do Louvre também permitiu que o jovem estudasse matemática, pintura e arquitetura em uma academia de artes que lá funcionava. Durante o reinado de Luis XIV alcançou cargos GH FRQÀDQoD FKHJDQGR D VHU QRPHDGR como encarregado dos jardins reais da França e auditor-geral dos edifícios reais. Não possui obra escrita.
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BTalvez os paisagistas, assim como
RV ÀOyVRIRV WHQKDP WDPEpP EHELGR em fontes orientais, já que na China o paisagismo tem essa busca por intencionalidade desde muitos séculos e seu auge foi na construção dos palácios de verão de Pequim, contemporâneos a Versailles. 54_ Fonte: http://wapedia.mobi/pt/Stowe_
House?t=3.#3. <Acesso em 15/08/2010>
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55_Trecho da Carta de Lisboa remetida
por AmĂŠrico VespĂşcio a Lorenzo de Medici onde relata suas impressĂľes do que viria a ser o Brasil e que ele chamou de uma quarta parte do mundo. Transcrito de: BUENO, Eduardo. Novo Mundo: as cartas que batizaram a AmĂŠrica. SĂŁo Paulo: Planeta do Brasil, 2003. 56_Â pSRFD HUDP FRPXQV RV FRQĂ LWRV
entre os neerlandeses moradores da cidade e os portugueses plantadores de cana-de-açúcar que habitavam o interior. Uma das principais tĂĄticas portuguesas era o corte no fornecimento de vĂveres para a cidade, o que tornava o Jardim Botânico uma importante fonte de provisĂľes. 57_O conde Nassau, apesar de militar,
era um entusiasta das ciĂŞncias, a exemplo do que faziam com as artes os mecenas italianos e franceses Ă ĂŠpoca do Renascimento e do Barroco. PossuĂa um desejo intrĂnseco de se tornar um KRPHP LQĂ XHQWH QD UHS~EOLFD KRODQGHVD e mandou construir para si duas casas, uma em Haia e outra em Cleves, para onde passou a mandar espĂŠcimes das curiosidades que encontrava na colĂ´nia e cultivava no Jardim Botânico.
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58_O surto de gripe e febre ocorrido ganhou o nome da famosa cantora italiana de mesmo nome, cuja morte foi atribuída a uma moléstia semelhante. 59_Valentim da Fonseca e Silva (1745
- 1813) foi um dos mais importantes artistas do Brasil colonial. Filho de um contratador de diamantes português com uma negra africana, Valentim é levado pelo pai ao reino, onde recebe educação para as artes. Ao voltar ao Brasil em 1770, exerce atividades de entalhador, PDUFHQHLUR GH PyYHLV ÀQRV HVFXOWRU fundidor e arquiteto. Sua proeminência ÀFRX PDLV D FDUJR GH VXDV KDELOLGDGHV na talha, com os inúmeros trabalhos realizados em várias igrejas pelo Rio de Janeiro. Como arquiteto, sua obra parece WHU ÀFDGR UHVWULWD DR SURMHWR H FRQVWUXomR do Passeio Público. 60_Não podemos dizer que ele tenha sido o primeiro espaço livre público do Brasil. Porém, os espaços livres coloniais eram, o campo do pelourinho, a praça da matriz ou adro do mosteiro, espaços que davam destaque ao poder religioso ou ao poder estatal. O Passeio Público do Rio de Janeiro, pelo contrário, foi o primeiro que não se prestava e emoldurar monumento algum. “Ao contrário, era um monumento à natureza, um monumento a si mesmo.”(FARAH, SCLEE e TARDIN, 2010, p.38)
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61_A partida da corte portuguesa deu-se
a 29 de novembro de 1807, do porto de Lisboa, chegando Ă Bahia no dia 22 de janeiro de 1808 e somente alcançando o Rio de Janeiro em 8 de março do mesmo ano. 62_Ă&#x2030; importante notar que os jardins botânicos se tratam de um tipo especial de intervenção na paisagem. Apesar de nĂŁo serem desenhados com o intuito de proporcionar a fruição estĂŠtica, prestamse muito bem a este papel. O arranjo pouco intencional das espĂŠcies e sua grande variedade, acabam por criar um microclima agradĂĄvel, repleto de visuais e de possibilidades espaciais. BBelĂŠm parece ter sido escolhida pois dois motivos principais. Em primeiro lugar, por sua proximidade com o Jardim Botânico La Gabrielle, na Guiana Francesa, alvo da cobiça dos portugueses por sua riqueza em espĂŠcies e, mais tarde, por se tratar de uma possessĂŁo francesa, a quem Portugal se sentiria impelido a retaliar da maneira que fosse possĂvel. Em segundo lugar, por estar na porta de entrada da regiĂŁo AmazĂ´nica, que despertava muito interesse. HĂĄ ainda quem relacione a relação de parentesco entre o inspetor geral dos Reais Jardins Botânicos e Museus de Portugal e o governador do GrĂŁo-ParĂĄ e Rio Negro, que eram irmĂŁos.
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ร JXUDB _ Vistas da Praรงa General Tibรบrcio.
64_Prospecto da Villa de Fortaleza de N.
S. Assunรงรฃo ou porto do Searรก 65_Plano aproximado da Enseada da Villa
de Fortaleza de N. S. Assunรงรฃo 66_Para CASTRO, por se tratar literalmente de um passeio, isto รฉ, uma grande e reta avenida, diferindo do modelo lusitano, a sugestรฃo de Giraldes pode ter tido inspiraรงรฃo em algum paseo espanhol, o que, contudo, nรฃo se pode comprovar devido a escassez de informaรงรตes a respeito da vida e obra do capitรฃo de fragata. 67_ 3RVVXL D GHQRPLQDomR Rร FLDO GH 3UDoD General Tibรบrcio (รฉ onde consta um busto em sua homenagem) e a popular de Praรงa dos Leรตes (pelas estรกtuas em bronze de leรตes que existem no alto de sua escadaria). Fica localizada na esquina da rua Sรฃo Paulo com a Conde D"Eu, no centro da cidade 68_โ Depois
de nivelada, a praรงa recebeu poucas melhorias, apesar de nela erguida o monumento de Tibรบrcio em 1888. Tratamento paisagรญstico FRPSDWtYHO VRPHQWH GH YHULร FRX HP 1914, quando da intendรชncia de Ildefonso Albanoโ (CASTRO, 2009, p.68) Esta praรงa, por suas caracterรญsticas, pode ser considerada como um protรณtipo do Passeio Pรบblico de Fortaleza, construรญdo anos depois.
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69_Adolpho
Herbster (1826-1893) era um engenheiro pernambucano que vem para Fortaleza ao ser contratado para o cargo de engenheiro da ProvĂncia em 1855, tendo assumido a diretoria de obras pĂşblicas gerais no ano seguinte. Executou importantes trabalhos, dos quais podemos destacar o projeto e construção do edifĂcio da AssemblĂŠia Provincial (hoje Academia Cearense de Letras) e as plantas exatas da cidade de Fortaleza, executadas em 1859, 1875 e 1888, sendo esta segunda nĂŁo apenas um levantamento, mas um plano de expansĂŁo.
70_OfĂcio de 2 de setembro de 1857 constante no Arquivo PĂşblico do Estado do CearĂĄ. 71_â&#x20AC;&#x153;Apresente-me V. Mce. os orçamento e
descriçþes (em separado) 1Âş das bancadas ou paredes em que se deve assentar todo o gradeamento de ferro do Passeio PĂşblico; 2Âş do muro preciso para fechar o Passeio H R MDUGLP QR TXDO Ă&#x20AC;FDUi FRPSUHHQGLGR o terreno que foi desapropriado a JosĂŠ Dias da Macieira, para escoamento das ĂĄguas do cano de esgoto; 3Âş dos aterros necessĂĄrios no dito terreno e nos outros que se mandarem desapropriar para o Jardim. AlĂŠm disto V. Mce. me apresentarĂĄ a nota do gradeamento de necessĂĄrios no dito terreno e nos outros que se mandarem desapropriar para ferro, que ainda ĂŠ preciso cercar a extensĂŁo do Jardim que abrange o dito terreno desapropriado a JosĂŠ Dias da Macieira e outros. Deus guarde V. Mce. 10 de fevereiro de 1864. JosĂŠ Bento. Snr. Adolpho Herbster, Engenheiro da ProvĂncia.â&#x20AC;? (NOGUEIRA, 1954, p.16) 72_Consta no elenco de espĂŠcies um
PDJQtĂ&#x20AC;FR H[HPSODU GH EDREi XPD imensa e sesquicentenĂĄria ĂĄrvore africana. Esta, entretanto, nĂŁo se deve a JosĂŠ Barbosa. Foi plantada por volta de 1910 por Senador Pompeu. BPara CASTRO (2009), nĂŁo ĂŠ possĂvel precisar se o desenho de Adolpho Herbster para o Passeio PĂşblico foi perdido ou se o mesmo desistiu do intendo de manda-lo a seus superiores, o que torna igualmente impossĂvel precisar de quem foi o projeto da praça, ou mesmo se houve, de fato, um projeto. 74_ A previsĂŁo era para a implantação em
dois planos, como aponta o relatório de 1868 de Rodrigues Júnior. Para CASTRO (2009), a demora na execução das obras redundou na construção de três planos. *2#":#1%*:%.&#7 (*7!"#0B.4/*
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restritas ao primeiro plano. 76_Em relatório emitido pelo presidente da província José Lafayette Rodrigues em 1864, foi construído um primeiro arrimo que “infelizmente, sem a necessária solidez para sustentar o aterro da plataforma está fendida em vários pontos e ameaça ruir.” Este fato acarreta o projeto e construção de um segundo muro de arrimo, um pouco mais adiante do primeiro (já que a demolição do primeiro se faria onerosa), estendendo a área do primeiro plano. 77_As duas primeiras alamedas recebem nomes de cearenses, membros da Confederação do Equador, que foram assassinados naquele local em 1825, antes da construção da praça. BARROSO cita ainda o nome de mais três avenidas, Azevedo Bolão, Ibiapina e Pessoa Anta, designando as calçadas que circundam a praça, todos membros do mesmo movimento. Já a avenida Caio Prado homenageia Antônio Caio da Silva Prado, SUHVLGHQWH GD SURYtQFLD ÀJXUD TXHULGD GD população da época. 78_À época, ainda não canalizado, o riacho Pajeú em seu curso original fazia uma curva que o levava a passar em frente à Fortaleza de Nossa Senhora da Assunção, altura em que chegava ao mar. 79_“Os torreões eram ditos em estilo !oriental" ou !indu" porque teriam arremates de cúpulas bulbosas, , metálicas, préfabricadas, de material importado.” (CASTRO, 2009, p.75).
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80_ Um importante exemplo ĂŠ o romance A Normalista, de Adolpho Caminha (que mais tarde viria a fazer parte do grupo literĂĄrio Padaria Espiritual):MMMM MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM Toda uma geração nascente, ĂĄvida por emoçþes, cansada de uma vida sedentĂĄria e monĂłtona ia espairecer no Passeio PĂşblico aos domingos e quintas-feiras, gratuitamente, sem ter que pagar dez tostĂľes por entrada, como no teatro e no circo. / Ali nĂŁo havia distinção de classes, nem camarotes, nem cadeiras de primeira ordem: todos tinham ingresso para saracotear nas avenidas ao ar puro das noites de luar. (CAMINHA, 1967, p.136) MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM Outro exemplo notĂĄvel ĂŠ a peça O Casamento da Peraldiana, de Carlos Câmara. As personagens que abrem o segundo ato sĂŁo as trĂŞs avenidas, que assim cantam:MMMMM MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM Aqui estĂŁo as lindas Avenidas / Deste Passeio sempre preferidas; / Ajardinadas, tĂŁo garridas e vistosas, / SĂł frequentadas pelas tubas donairosas./ Da Caio Prado ĂŠ o pessoal smart. / E a MororĂł ĂŠ a mais popular. / Carapinima, meus senhores, representa / A bela gente que a frequenta. *DUERVDV H DVVLP Ă RULGDV 1yV VRPRV as trĂŞs Avenidas / Deste Passeio â&#x20AC;&#x201D; centro predileto / Do que hĂĄ de mais seleto. / Viva a Caio Prado, / Viva a Carapinima, / E a MororĂł que ĂŠ do agrado / Do ZĂŠ Povinho que tanto a estima / Viva a Caio Prado, / Viva a Carapinima, / E a MororĂł que ĂŠ do agrado / Do ZĂŠ Povinho que tanto a anima. (CĂ&#x201A;MARA,GUILHERME e COSTA 1979, p.117) 81_A Padaria Espiritual era uma agremiação cultural fundada a 30 de maio de 1892 por um grupo de intelectuais cearenses (dentre eles escritores, pintores, desenhistas e mĂşsicos) que usavam da irreverĂŞncia e da ironia para criticar a sociedade da ĂŠpoca, sobretudo as camadas burguesas. Tinham como lema â&#x20AC;&#x153;alimentar com pĂŁo e espĂrito todos os sĂłcios e a população em geralâ&#x20AC;?. Os participantes possuĂam em seus tĂtulos a nomenclatura hierĂĄrquica das padarias reais: o padeiro-mor (presidente), os forneiros (secretĂĄrios), o gaveta (tesoureiro), os padeiros (sĂłcios) e o forno VHGH RĂ&#x20AC;FLDO GD 3DGDULD
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BConstante no Livro do Tombo $UTXHROyJLFR (WQRJUiÀ FR H 3DLVDJtVWLFR inscrição nº 38, f. 09, em 13/04/1965.
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À JXUDB _ Vista da escadaria de acesso para o segundo plano, [s.d.] À JXUDB _ Vista da av. Carapinima, para o catavento e o cassino no 2º plano, [s.d.]
À JXUDB _ Vista da av. Mororó em c ar tão - p ostal de 1907
À JXUDB _ V i s t a panorâmica do Passeio Público em c ar tão - p ostal de 1932. Grande parte da vegetação atual é proveniente de replantio. *2#":#1%*:%.&#7 (*7!"#0B.4/*
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Ă&#x20AC; JXUDB _ Vista para Paulo e VirgĂnia no interior do 1Âş plano, [s.d.]
Ă&#x20AC; JXUDB _ Vista para Baigneuse maior em tanque jĂĄ demolido, 1Âş plano, [s.d.]
Ă&#x20AC; JXUDB _ Vista para o segundo e o terceiro planos, ainda inconclusos, [s.d.]
Ă&#x20AC; JXUDB _ Vista para a avenida Caio Prado, palco GR GHVĂ&#x20AC; OH feminino, [s.d.]
Ă&#x20AC; JXUDB _ Vista da avenida Caio Prado e para catavento do 2Âş plano, [s.d.]
Ă&#x20AC; JXUDB _ Vista para os JarrĂľes de louça chinesa e toldo do coreto no 1Âş plano, [s.d.]
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Ă&#x20AC; JXUDB _ Vista para o Passeio PĂşblico a partir da rua Dr. JoĂŁo Moreira, [s.d.]
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ร JXUDB _ Vista do Cafรฉ Java em 1908, ponto de encontro da Padaria Espiritual.
ร JXUDB _ Vista da Coluna da Hora, na praรงa do Ferreira, ainda existente.
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“que faz parte de, ou que constitui a essência, a natureza de algo” e que extrínseco é exatamente o seu antônimo, este autor levanta uma dúvida sobre D FODVVLÀFDomR GH '(/3+,1 VHUi PHVPR FRUUHWR DÀUPDU TXH YDORUHV GH originalidade, artísticos e técnicos são extrínsecos? Até mesmo o valor histórico por mais que tenha sido adquirido com o tempo, passa a integrar-se com a essência do monumento em questão, tornando-se indissociável do mesmo. A menos que sua integridade ou autenticidade sejam denegridas, nenhum destes valores poderá se perder e, caso isto venha a ocorrer, o sítio perde sua razão de ser enquanto objeto notável, deixando portanto de merecer a denominação de monumento.
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87_É importante salientar que as grades existentes em volta do Passeio Público são relativamente recentes. Em meio às várias reformas, estes elementos já foram retirados e recolocados algumas vezes, depreciando seu valor de autenticidade. O conjunto de elementos de fechamento que lá estão, conforme dito anteriormente na análise histórica do sítio, datam da reforma ocorrida entre 1989 e 1992. Apesar disso, não se procedeu à sua completa retirada pois os mesmos já estão muito ligados à imagem da praça no imaginário popular e seu desaparecimento representaria uma grande perda sentimental.
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fonte: acervo do autor, 2010
fonte: http://photocompetition.upclive.com/original/538014/soho_new_york/ deze_foto_heb_ik_genomen_tijdens_onze_vakantie_in_new_york__het_.jpg, http://photocompetition.upclive.com/original/538014/soho_new_york/deze_ foto_heb_ik_genomen_tijdens_onze_vakantie_in_new_york__het_.jpg
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fonte: http://issuu.com/eugeniomoreira/docs/tfg_pre-banca 04/12/2011]
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fonte: Ă lbum de Vistas do CearĂĄ, 1908
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fonte: ร lbum de Vistas do Cearรก, 1908
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