design considerations
next step
ideation
eunie kim
design considerations function What does the product do? Provides lighting for park goers Illuminates paths for pedestrians Serves as a decorative, sculptural piece Constraints What are non-negotiable properties? House an enclosed light bulb Bulb changed periodically Taller than the average person Made from wood, steel, or aluminum Durable in extreme weather Corrosion-resistant Objectives What other qualities would be ideal? Minimize cost (but quality first) Maximize manufacturing energy efficiency Maximize durability Maximize recyclability Free variables What attributes are flexible? Size/scale Color Shape Price
ideation sketches
rounded edges
oblong lanternesque traditional
geometric
prismatic decorative edges
architectural
look & feel
faceted
sharp
prismatic
abstract shiny precious
target audience target destination New york city, the high line (similar parks) Free admission West Side Manhattan public park/restoration site Home of restaurants/vendors Eco-friendly — no smoking, littering, drinking
user park goers Male & Female Infants - senior citizens Enjoys sightseeing Spends time outdoors Appreciates/enjoys seeing art
Customer park officials/curators Male & Female Middle-aged Frugal, business-minded Values environmentalism Appreciates/enjoys seeing art
citations — thehighline.org
refined direction form The form of the lighting box will be geometric, based on the adjectives and mood defined by the inspiration board. The form of the post will be minimalistic and coherent to oblongthe form of the lighting box. It functions to hold the lighting box as well as accent its aesthetic quality.
rounded edges
desired characteristics Sculptural — the light post should function as a traditional lighting device as well as a piece of artwork Broad illumination — the light should illuminate a large area, desirably more so than traditional light posts Luxury — the light post should give off the air of highend, sleek, and minimalistic design
geometric
prismatic decorative edges
final form A faceted dodecahedron enclosing a light bulb, mounted upon a cylindrical pole. components 1. Pole (staked into ground) 2. Electronic housing (houses all electrical wiring) 3. Lighting box (protects light bulb)
3 aesthetically pleasing, symmetrical edges
utilization of teal in material/bulb
seamless blending into edges
2 1 simple pole accents design
design considerations
functionality Strong, stable, durable Withstands New York weather Easy to install Easy to clean/maintain Functionality before aesthetics Aesthetics Cohesive with High Line design Compliments High Line artwork Sculptural/architectural Edgy, eccentric Faceted, gem-like quality Maintains integrity of material Sleek and accented
economics Luxurious but not too expensive Highest quality for lowest price Able to produce at medium volume Adheres to budget of High Line Long-lived product, parts able to be reproduced/replaced easily
materials & manufacturing
pole, box Looking for a sturdy, strong, weatherproof, scratchproof, and relatively lightweight material with high yield strength, toughness, hardness. The minimalistic form doesn’t require extensive or complex manufacturing; the method should be cheap and simple.
material consideration
steel
wood
aluminum
Metal used in skyscrapers, stoves, rods qualities high hardness available in multiple forms corrosion-resistant high recyclability high strength flexible manufacturing methods low production energy/cost strengthened through alloys
natural material used in furniture, buildings, windmills qualities lightweight stiff, strong, durable — to an extent cheap costs renewable, recyclable flexible manufacturing methods moldable into complex shapes “craftsman” aesthetic rots/degrades naturally
metal used in foil, cans, cars qualities strengthened through alloys abundant in earth’s crust high extracting costs strong reactive easily worked high thermal/electrical conductivity lightweight
citations — Material and Design, material profiles
material consideration
steel
wood
aluminum
Metal used in skyscrapers, stoves, rods qualities high hardness available in multiple forms corrosion-resistant high recyclability high strength flexible manufacturing methods low production energy/cost strengthened through alloys
natural material used in furniture, buildings, windmills qualities lightweight stiff, strong, durable — to an extent cheap costs renewable, recyclable flexible manufacturing methods moldable into complex shapes “craftsman” aesthetic rots/degrades naturally
metal used in foil, cans, cars qualities strengthened through alloys abundant in earth’s crust high extracting costs strong reactive easily worked high thermal/electrical conductivity lightweight
not durable enough too vulnerable in weather
citations — Material and Design, material profiles
material consideration *favorable qualities
steel
aluminum Steel, although denser, generally yields a higher yield strength than aluminum alloys do.
price $0.40-8.50/kg density 7.4-8.1 mg/m 3 hardness (h v) 120-700 strength (mpa) 250-2255 energy (mj/kg) 57-115 recycle potential high
price $1.30-5.70/kg density 2.50-2.95 mg/m3 hardness (h v) 20-150 strength (mpa) 30-510 energy (mj/kg) 235-335 recycle potential high
hardness/strength doesn’t compare to steel
citations — Material and Design, material profiles, Materials and the Environment, Chaper 9, Woodmonsters.com
material consideration carbon steels
stainless steels
low alloy steels
Iron/carbon alloys used in structural rods, ice axes, axles, springs, roofing qualities cheapest of steels versatile tough, stiff limited hardenability easily/cheaply recycled
iron, chromium, nickel alloys used in food-processing equipment, sinks, utensils, surgical tools qualities most expensive of steels FDA-approved high corrosion resistance strength at any temperature difficult to bend/draw/cut
heat-treated iron + carbon used in springs, rollers, gears, tools, ball bearings qualities moderately expensive steel extremely strong great abrasion resistance heat treatable high hardenability
price $0.40-0.60/kg density 7.8-7.9 mg/m 3 hardness (h v) 120-650 strength (mpa) 250-1755
price $1.20-8.50/kg density 7.4-8.1 mg/m 3 hardness (h v) 130-600 strength (mpa) 170-2090
price $0.40-0.90/kg density 7.8-7.9 mg/m 3 hardness (h v) 140-700 strength (mpa) 245-2255
citations — Material and Design, material profiles
material consideration carbon steels
stainless steels
low alloy steels
Iron/carbon alloys used in structural rods, ice axes, axles, springs, roofing qualities cheapest of steels versatile tough, stiff little hardenability easily /cheaply recycled
iron, chromium, nickel alloys used in food-processing equipment, sinks, utensils, surgical tools qualities most expensive of steels FDA-approved high corrosion resistance strength at any temperature difficult to bend/draw/cut
heat-treated iron + carbon used in springs, rollers, gears, tools, ball bearings qualities moderately expensive steel extremely strong great abrasion resistance heat treatable high hardenability
price $0.40-0.60/kg density 7.8-7.9 mg/m 3 hardness (h v) 120-650 strength (mpa) 250-1755
price $1.20-8.50/kg density 7.4-8.1 mg/m 3 hardness (h v) 130-600 strength (mpa) 170-2090
price $0.40-0.90/kg density 7.8-7.9 mg/m 3 hardness (h v) 140-700 strength (mpa) 245-2255
limited hardness
too expensive potential manufacturing difficulties citations — Material and Design, material profiles
material choice low alloy steel
hobart filler metals
high-strength a514 steel Quenched, tempered to yield strength of 690 MPa Weight-efficient, extremely strong Typically used in building structure, machinery
citations — millerwelds.com
manufacturing consideration direct extrusion
cold shape rolling
sheet forming
process pressurized material forced to flow through shaped die application solid or hollow prismatic shapes (tubing, rods, railings, bricks) QUALITIES environmentally-friendly o melting point below 1700 C low tolerance
process material squeezed by rolls/dies to form desired shape application simple prismatic shapes (rods, I-beams, square sections) QUALITIES generates oil mist/vapors strengthens material possible deformation expensive without large batches
process material manipulated through die and press application flat/curved thin-walled shapes (casings, containers, auto parts) QUALITIES environmentally-friendly expensive tooling costs (low production is expensive) intricate shapes achievable
weight range 0.1-100 kg min. thickness 2-100 mm batch size 10K-1000K
weight range .01-30 kg min. thickness 0.2-5 mm batch size 25K-250K
weight range 1-1000 kg min. thickness 0.1-900 mm batch size 1K-1000K
citations — Material and Design, shaping profiles
manufacturing choice direct extrusion
cold shape rolling
sheet forming
process pressurized material forced to flow through shaped die application solid or hollow prismatic shapes (tubing, rods, railings, bricks) QUALITIES environmentally-friendly o melting point below 1700 C low tolerance
process material squeezed by rolls/dies to form desired shape application simple prismatic shapes (rods, I-beams, square sections) QUALITIES generates oil mist/vapors strengthens material possible deformation expensive without large batches
process material manipulated through die and press application flat/curved thin-walled shapes (casings, containers, auto parts) QUALITIES environmentally-friendly expensive tooling costs (low production is expensive) intricate shapes achievable
weight range 0.1-100 kg min. thickness 2-100 mm batch size 10K-1000K
weight range .01-30 kg min. thickness 0.2-5 mm batch size 25K-250K
too expensive potential environmental harm
too expensive batch size too high
weight range 1-1000 kg min. thickness 0.1-900 mm batch size 1K-1000K
best production for price batch size compatible (low)
citations — Material and Design, shaping profiles
materials & manufacturing
pole, box high strength a514 low alloy steel Sturdy, strong, and weatherproof. This material, compared to aluminum, is cheap and has a higher recycling potential. direct extrusion For the given batch size, extrusion is a the perfect, cheapest solution because the form is so minimalistic.
materials & manufacturing
lighting box Looking for a sturdy, scratchproof, weatherproof material with high hardness and some degree of transparency. It must withstand UV radiation from sunlight. The form is prismatic and slightly complex (although symmetrical). The method should produce a precise form.
material consideration
ceramics
glass
biopolymer (polyactide)
crystalline inorganic compounds used in pottery, armor, tools qualities low recyclabilty exceptionally hard/brittle/durable good electrical insulators tiny flaws/impurities inevitable (reduces strength greatly) low impact resistance cannot form complex shapes
mix of oxides (silica) used in windows, bottles, tubing qualities high recyclability easy to mold/manufacture universal, cheap optically clear/transparent resists heat well strengthened through tempering colored through metal oxide additives can be UV-stabilized
thermoplastic used in food packaging, diapers, pots qualities biodegradable, high recyclability derived from renewable resources available in number of grades FDA-approved transparent expensive (2x polypropylene) in-line drying needed to reduce water content in manufacturing
citations — Material and Design, material profiles
material consideration
ceramics
glass
biopolymer (polyactide)
crystalline inorganic compounds used in pottery, armor, tools qualities low recyclabilty exceptionally hard/brittle/durable good electrical insulators tiny flaws/impurities inevitable (reduces strength greatly) low impact resistance cannot form complex shapes
mix of oxides (silica) used in windows, bottles, tubing qualities high recyclability easy to mold/manufacture universal, cheap optically clear/transparent resists heat well strengthened through tempering colored through metal oxide additives can be UV-stabilized
thermoplastic used in food packaging, diapers, pots qualities biodegradable, high recyclability derived from renewable resources available in number of grades FDA-approved transparent expensive (2x polypropylene) in-line drying needed to reduce water content in manufacturing
too expensive thermoplastics not durable
citations — Material and Design, material profiles
material consideration *favorable qualities
glass
ceramics Glasses, compared to technical ceramics, emit less carbon into the environment (although slightly less stiff).
price $0.68-1/kg density 2.44-2.5 mg/m3 hardness (h v) 440-480 th. conductivity 0.7-1.3w/m•k recycle potential high
price $4-12/kg density 3.7-3.8 mg/m 3 hardness (h v) 1400-1600 strength (mpa) 25-30w/m•k recycle potential low
Although ceramics are harder, they are pricey, unrecyclable, hard to manufacture, and not resistant to heat. Also, most are not transparent enough.
citations — Material and Design, material profiles, Materials and the Environment, Chaper 9, Woodmonsters.com
material consideration borosilicate glass
silica glass
glass ceramic
borax/silica/sodium oxide used in beakers, Pyrex, headlights electrical insulators, telescopes qualities high melting point ease in manufacturing (mass or custom produced) high resistance to thermal shock, water, halogens, acids
nearly pure silica oxide used in envelopes of high-temperature lamps qualities high transparency very high melting point difficult to manufacture high temperature/thermal shock resistance high tendency of impurity infiltration
crystallized glass used in cookware, stoves, heat-resisting application qualities low porosity moderate ease in manufacturing translucent or opaque nano-structure/microstructure can be designed for application
density 2.23 g/m 3 hardness (h v) 568 thermal conductivity 1.2 W / (m x K) refractive index (n d) 1.47140
density 2.20 x 103 kg/m 3 hardness (h v) 817 thermal conductivity 1.2 W / (m x K) refractive index (n d) 1.458
density 2.93-3.05 g/m 3 hardness (h v) 663-928 thermal conductivity 1.9 W / (m x K) refractive index (n d) 1.524
citations — Material and Design, material profiles, us.schott.com, camglassblowingco.uk, students.sgthome.co.uk, oharacorp.com, accuratus.com, ceramics.org
material consideration borosilicate glass
silica glass
glass ceramic
borax/silica/sodium oxide used in beakers, Pyrex, headlights electrical insulators, telescopes qualities high melting point ease in manufacturing (mass or custom produced) high resistance to thermal shock, water, halogens, acids
nearly pure silica oxide used in envelopes of high-temperature lamps qualities high transparency very high melting point difficult to manufacture high temperature/thermal shock resistance high tendency of impurity infiltration
crystallized glass used in cookware, stoves, heat-resisting application qualities low porosity moderate ease in manufacturing nano-structure/microstructure can be designed for application
density 2.23 g/m 3 hardness (h v) 568 thermal conductivity 1.2 W / (m x K) refractive index (n d) 1.47140
density 2.20 x 103 kg/m 3 hardness (h v) 817 thermal conductivity 1.2 W / (m x K) refractive index (n d) 1.458
density 2.93-3.05 g/m 3 hardness (h v) 663-928 thermal conductivity 1.9 W / (m x K) refractive index (n d) 1.524
manufacturing would be hard can’t control impurities
highest thermal conductivity
citations — Material and Design, material profiles, us.schott.com, camglassblowingco.uk, students.sgthome.co.uk, oharacorp.com, accuratus.com, ceramics.org
material choice
Cambridge Glassblowing
borosilicate glass Low coefficient of expansion, high softening point Resists wear-and-tear of weather, UV radiation Customizable color/shape for easy manufacturing
80.6%
SiO 2
13.0%
B 2O 3
4.0%
Na 2O
2.3%
Al 2O 3
citations — camglassblowing.co.uk
manufacturing consideration slumping
pressing
blowing
process glass set up to sink into shape through mold and kiln application bowls, plates, magazine racks, tables, chairs, furnaces QUALITIES slow-speed production works with gravity complex shapability shaping potentially done by hand
process “injection molding for glass” through use of male and female molds application lemon juicers, lenses, street lighting, traffic signals, glass ashtrays QUALITIES definition on outer/inner surfaces expensive tooling high-speed production complex/precise design possible
process traditional forming technique by blowing air through metal tube application tableware, sculptures, jugs, lamps, fine art, misc. lighting fixtures QUALITIES slow production time low energy consumption labor-intensive on craftsmen considered an art form
scale must fit in kiln unit price high, when fails tolerance low
scale 24 in diameter unit price moderate, depending on batch tolerance 1/25 in
scale what can be held unit price varies radically tolerance low
citations — Making It: Manufacturing Techniques for Product Design
manufacturing choice slumping
pressing
blowing
process glass set up to sink into shape through mold and kiln application bowls, plates, magazine racks, tables, chairs, furnaces QUALITIES slow-speed production works with gravity complex shapability shaping potentially done by hand
process “injection molding for glass” through use of male and female molds application lemon juicers, lenses, street lighting, traffic signals, glass ashtrays QUALITIES definition on outer/inner surfaces expensive tooling high-speed production complex/precise design possible
process traditional forming technique by blowing air through metal tube application tableware, sculptures, jugs, lamps, fine art, misc. lighting fixtures QUALITIES slow production time low energy consumption labor-intensive on craftsmen considered an art form
scale must fit in kiln unit price high, when fails tolerance low
scale 24 in diameter unit price moderate, depending on batch tolerance 1/25 in
scale what can be held unit price varies radically tolerance low
not precise enough
ideal tolerance/preciseness reasonable price
too big to create by hand not precise enough citations — Making citations It: Manufacturing — Material Techniques and Design, for shaping Product profiles Design
materials final choices & manufacturing
lighting box borosilicate glass Sturdy, weatherproof, and hard enough to meet the needs of the light post. Customizable color and resistance to corrosion.
glass pressing Cheap, environmentally-friendly, o simple. Suitable to material’s 1500 C melting point, producible in lower batch size.
citations — matbase.com
impact factors total impact/lifetime
product lifetime
functional units
7 years
impacts/hour
bill-of-materials
amount
unit
Steel, low alloy, sec.
56
Steel extrusion
x
397.734
impact/hr
lifetime hours
.006 points/hr
61,320
okala factor points
unit
=
okala impact point
lb
3.3
/lb
184.8
56
lb
1.1
/lb
61.6
Cargo transport, ocean freighter
0.028 ton x 3358 mi
ton-mi.
0.053
/ton-mi.
4.98
Flat glass, coated
6
lb
0.59
/lb
3.54
Injection molding, (glass)
6
lb
0.72
/lb
4.32
Truck, >32t
0.003 ton x 609.9 mi
ton-mi.
0.27
/ton-mi.
0.494
US Medium V.
150
kW-h
0.92
/kW-h
138
total impact/lifetime
397.734
citations — Okala Practitioner, chapters 11-12
final design
thank you!