What happens after the European elections?
Letter from Secretary General: War, Elections, and ChatGPT
Vladimir Kljajic
A State Within A State: Lebanon’s Struggle Against Hezbollah’s Influence
Antoine Chikhany
Portugal – Everything’s Good in the Best of All Possible Worlds
Francisco Carmo Garcia
Interview with Dr. Christian Ehler, MEP on the EU’s role in protecting academic freedom
Sotiris Paphitis
The Infamous Amnesty Law: A Threat to Spain’s Democracy
Mª Eugenia Urgellés Gil de Sola
Politics of Polarization: The Impact of Political Divisiveness on the 2024 U.S. Presidential Elections
Aleksandra Kuzmanovic
Efforts of Russia to destroy educational system in Ukraine
Mariia Kyryliak
EU Elections: Is there a future for European Jewry?
Juan Caldes
Geopolitics, Elections and Youth Mexican Challenges; Communism or Capitalism? Global Dilema.
Miguel Angel Rosales Alvarado
More than a Union. Our home.
Óscar Sánchez Benítez
Rio Tinto’s Serbia Project: A Game-Changer for Europe’s Green Future
Vladimir Kljajic
Ursula von der Leyen: A Promising Future for Europe’s Youth
Vladimir Kljajic
Letter from Secretary General: War, Elections, and ChatGPT
As we gather in Malta for the EDS Summer University, we reflect on a tumultuous year marked by significant events and challenges. Since summer 2023, our organization has successfully navigated a complex landscape of global and regional developments.
Our first Council Meeting in Vienna after many years was historic. Held just weeks after the outbreak of conflict in the Middle East, it underscored the enduring crises we face. Tragically, many young people kidnapped by Hamas during a festival remain missing, highlighting the ongoing struggle for peace and security.
Despite these challenges, EDS demonstrated resilience and unity. Our Winter University was a tremendous success, as was our participation in the EPP Congress, where Ursula von der Leyen was confirmed as our leading candidate. The elections and voters in June 2024 across Europe proved this decision to be a good one, and we can breathe a sigh of relief that the extreme right has not taken control.
As you already know, elections took place across numerous European countries and global powers like India, shaping the geopolitical landscape. Also, many of our members were running for different positions in 2024. Some had great success, some had less success.
Nevertheless, they all made us proud with their courage and ideas.
Unfortunately, the war in Ukraine continues, and the conflict in Sudan has become another significant tragedy, reminding us of the importance of our solidarity. In May, our Study Mission in Vilnius, Lithuania, focused on security and cyber defense, reinforcing our commitment to these crucial issues.
Throughout our events, we also explored the role of AI in education, particularly the use of ChatGPT and other technologies. These discussions provided valuable insights into the future of learning and innovation.
Looking back on the past year, we are proud of our successful events and the impactful goto-vote campaign for the European elections, supported by Erasmus+. I extend my heartfelt thanks to Chairman Beppe Galea, the entire EDS bureau, our member organizations, external partners, and my team in the Secretariat for their unwavering support and collaboration.
Together, we have achieved much and will continue to strive for a better future for all young Europeans.
Vladimir Kljajic
Vladimir Kljajic
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Housing is the start. If you’re a man or woman of property, you’ve got something.
Margaret Thatcher
A State Within A State: Lebanon’s Struggle Against Hezbollah’s Influence
Lebanon, a country known for its rich culture and history, has faced a complex crisis for decades. At the core of this turmoil is Hezbollah, a Shiite militant group and political party established by the Iranian Revolutionary Guard, which functions as an iranian proxy. It has effectively created a state within a state. This article examines Lebanon’s political landscape, the opposition’s fight against corruption, Hezbollah’s rise and its impact, regional relations, the resilience of the Lebanese people, and the vision of a true Lebanon, free from Hezbollah’s influence.
Lebanon: A Political Understanding
Lebanon’s political system is deeply rooted in sectarianism, a legacy of its colonial past and a reflection of its diverse religious communities. The country’s power-sharing arrangement, formalized under the 1943 National Pact and reinforced by the 1989 Taif Agreement, allocates political offices among the major religious sects: Maronite Christians, Sunni Muslims, and Shiite Muslims. While this system aimed to ensure representation for all communities, it has often led to gridlock and inefficiency, as sectarian leaders prioritize their constituencies over national interests.
The Lebanese Parliament is composed of 128 seats, equally divided between Christians and Muslims. This confessional system, intended to maintain balance, often results in a
Antoine Chikhany
fragmented and polarized political landscape. Political alliances, such as the March 14 and March 8 coalitions, reflect broader regional dynamics, with the former being more aligned with Western and Gulf Arab interests and the latter with Syrian and iranian influences.
The power-sharing mechanism, while designed to foster coexistence, has inadvertently entrenched sectarian divisions. The executive branch is also divided along sectarian lines, with the presidency reserved for a Maronite Christian, the prime minister ship for a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of Parliament for a Shiite Muslim. This arrangement, while ensuring representation, often leads to competing power centers within the government, further complicating decisionmaking processes.
The Taif Agreement, which ended the Lebanese Civil War, aimed to provide a framework for national reconciliation and political stability. It included provisions for disarming militias, redistributing power among sects, and promoting political reforms. However, many of its key provisions, such as the creation of a non-sectarian Senate and the implementation of administrative decentralization, remain unfulfilled.
Hezbollah’s Presence
Supported by Iran and Syria, Hezbollah quickly grew into a formidable military force
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and a political player. The group’s military skill and social services network gathered support among Lebanon’s Shiite population.
Militarily, Hezbollah maintains a formidable arsenal estimated to include over 100,000 rockets. The group, trained and developed by the Iranian Revolutionary Guard, is known for its covert operations and has established extensive underground tunnels for smuggling weapons and fighters. Hezbollah’s military activities extend beyond conventional warfare; they are involved in espionage, targeted assassinations, and training militant groups in other regions. Their advanced military training and sophisticated weaponry have made them one of the most powerful non-state actors in the region.
Additionally, Hezbollah has been implicated in various illicit activities such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and arms smuggling, often using these operations to fund their military activities. The group’s criminal network extends internationally, allowing them to generate significant revenue.
Politically, Hezbollah has fixed itself within the Lebanese state, forming strategic alliances and holding significant power within the government. This dual role as both a political party and an armed militia has allowed Hezbollah to operate with a high degree of impunity, undermining state sovereignty and contributing to the nation’s instability. Their influence extends into various sectors, including security, finance, and media, effectively creating a parallel state that challenges the authority of the Lebanese government. The group’s presence in Lebanese society and politics has created a complex dynamic, making it difficult for any reform efforts to succeed without addressing Hezbollah’s pervasive influence.
On August 4, 2020, a catastrophic explosion rocked Beirut, leaving over 200 dead, thousands injured, and entire neighborhoods in ruins. The blast, caused by the detonation of 2,750 tons of ammonium nitrate stored
unsafely at the port, has become a symbol of the Lebanese state’s dysfunction and negligence. The explosion not only brought international attention to Lebanon’s state but also intensified the scrutiny on Hezbollah and its influence over the country’s institutions.
The judicial investigation into the Beirut Port explosion has been fraught with challenges, including political interference and threats against judges. However, evidence has surfaced suggesting that Hezbollah and ministers affiliated with the group were aware of the dangerous stockpile and failed to act. The involvement of Hezbollah-linked officials in the storage and mismanagement of the ammonium nitrate has further tainted the group’s image and exacerbated public outrage.
Families of the victims and civil society organizations have been vocal in their demands
The Official magazine of European Democrat Students
for justice and accountability. They insist that no one, regardless of their political power, should be above the law. This sentiment is shared by many Lebanese who see the judicial process as a critical test of the country’s ability to confront corruption and impunity.
The explosion has set forth a broader movement against the status quo, uniting citizens in their quest for a transparent and fair investigation. The international community has also weighed in, calling for an independent and impartial inquiry. The pressure on Hezbollah and its allies to cooperate with the investigation is mounting, as the Lebanese people and the world watch closely.
The aftermath of the Beirut Port explosion has highlighted the urgent need for change in Lebanon. It highlights the dangers posed by Hezbollah’s parallel state and the necessity of reasserting state sovereignty and rule of law. The explosion has become a rallying cry for those advocating for a Lebanon free from the grip of corruption.
The Resilience of the Lebanese People
Amidst these challenges, the Lebanese people have demonstrated resilience and determination to reclaim their country. The protests that erupted in October 2019 were a testament to this spirit. Citizens came together to demand change, regardless of sectarian divides, calling for a new political order. These protests, often referred to as the “October Revolution,” saw millions of Lebanese from different backgrounds and regions unite in their demand for a better future, showcasing a rare moment of national unity.
Grassroots movements and civil society organizations have been essential in driving this change. Initiatives focused on transparency, accountability, and social justice are gaining traction, offering alternative visions for Lebanon’s future. Groups have been at the forefront, advocating for systemic
reforms and mobilizing citizens to participate in the political process. Their efforts include organizing community clean-ups, providing legal aid, and promoting environmental sustainability, illustrating a comprehensive approach to societal change.
The resilience of the Lebanese people is evident in the ongoing efforts to rebuild and support communities despite the hardships. Following the devastating Beirut port explosion in August 2020, the local response was immediate and overwhelming. Volunteers from across the country and the diaspora mobilized to clear rubble, provide medical aid, and assist displaced families. This grassroots response highlighted the strength and solidarity of the Lebanese people in times of crisis.
This spirit of resilience is also seen in the diaspora, where Lebanese expatriates continue to support their homeland through remittances, advocacy, and investment. The global Lebanese community plays a crucial role in keeping the hope for a better Lebanon alive. Organizations have been instrumental in channeling resources and expertise back to Lebanon. Moreover, diaspora-led initiatives have supported education, healthcare, and
entrepreneurial ventures, fostering economic stability and growth.
Historically, Lebanon has faced numerous challenges, from civil war to political instability, yet its people have always shown the ability to adapt and persevere. This historical context underscores the current resilience, as lessons from the past fuel the determination to create a more just and prosperous society. Moreover, the role of youth in this resilience cannot be overlooked. Young Lebanese are increasingly engaged in activism, using social media and digital platforms to raise awareness, organize movements, and challenge the
status quo. Their innovative approaches and commitment are driving a cultural shift towards greater participation and empowerment.
The Real Lebanon: Beyond Hezbollah’s Shadow
The real Lebanon is not defined by Hezbollah’s state within a state but by the rich cultural heritage, diversity, and resilience of its people. Lebanon’s history as a crossroads of civilizations has gifted it with a unique cultural mosaic that is evident in its architecture, cuisine, and traditions. From the ancient ruins of Baalbek and Byblos to the bustling streets of Beirut, Lebanon’s heritage reflects a blend
The Official magazine of European Democrat Students
of Phoenician, Roman, Ottoman, and French influences that have shaped its identity. Despite the current crisis, Lebanon’s potential remains great. The country has a highly educated population, an energetic entrepreneurial spirit, and a strategic geographic location. Lebanese universities and schools are renowned in the region, producing skilled professionals in various fields. This intellectual capital, combined with a vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystem, led to innovative startups and businesses that continue to operate even in challenging times.
These assets provide the groundwork for recovery and growth, provided that the political will for genuine reform exists. The path to Lebanon’s potential lies in addressing systemic corruption, implementing economic reforms, and strengthening institutions. Efforts to combat corruption, promote transparency, and ensure accountability are essential to restore public trust and attract investment. International partnerships and support also play an important role in these reforms and promoting sustainable development.
The vision of a real Lebanon is one where the state serves its citizens, where governance is accountable, and where sectarian divides are bridged in favor of national unity. In this vision, cultural heritage is preserved and celebrated. Festivals, art exhibitions, and culinary events showcase the richness of Lebanese culture to the world. Meanwhile, economic reforms create opportunities for job creation and growth.
The resilience of the Lebanese people is central to this vision. Their lasting spirit and love for their country drive efforts to rebuild Lebanon. Grassroots movements, civil society organizations, and the Lebanese diaspora all contribute to these efforts, demonstrating a collective commitment to a brighter future.
Conclusion
Lebanon’s current troubles are a stark reminder of the dangers posed by non-state actors wielding significant power within a sovereign state. Hezbollah’s dual role as a political party and armed militia has severely compromised Lebanon’s stability, economy, and international relations. While the challenges are immense, there is hope that through united efforts by the Lebanese people, support by the international community, Lebanon can overcome. The journey towards reclaiming the Lebanese state from the grip of Hezbollah is fraught with difficulties, but it is a necessary path for the nation’s survival and prosperity.
Antoine Chikhany
PORTUGAL – EVERYTHING’S GOOD IN THE BEST OF ALL POSSIBLE WORLDS
Francisco Carmo Garcia
In the face of a European elections that has reached a dramatic outcome in the EU’s two largest economies, Portugal is breathing a sigh of relief: everything has stayed just the same. The reaction to the electoral results has once again shown that common trait which reflects a “Portuguese exceptionalism”: the belief in national immunity to all problems multiplying all over Europe.
This small corner in westernmost Europe has invariably appeared in the eyes of its ruling class as an oasis of stability in the midst of confusion: it was like that in 2022, when António Costa convinced us that his absolute majority was a mark of stability in an Europe made of unfit minority governments; it was like that in 2009, when former Prime Minister José Sócrates, responsible for the last international bailout programme, was promising TGVs and airports while the world of finance fell apart. Today, too, the ruling class is breathing a sigh of relief, proclaiming an idyllic peace in the face of foreign instability and uncertainty. Things may change outside our borders, but this quiet corner will not be affected. In an adaptation that is certainly less tragic, the Portuguese ruling class shares, although unconsciously, a strange optimism like that of the first Candide, who lived in the best of all possible worlds: faced with the calamities hitting the world, he
feels relieved every time they spare him; and if they hit him, he will certainly think that everything is much worse outdoors.
Since the 9th of June not much has changed in Europe’s westernmost country. The centreright coalition (the Democratic Alliance, AD) that has governed the country since March 10 (when it beat the socialists by a scant 50,000 votes) breathed a sigh of relief because, despite having lost the elections to the socialists, the 40,000 votes that separate the AD from the socialists are inconsequential; the socialists’ victory, unable to capitalise on the staggering fall of the other left-wing parties, is incapable of ensuring the party a safe margin to threaten the government without a major risk. Similarly, the almost 10% garnered by Chega (the party founded by the charismatic TV commentator and university professor André Ventura, which translated means literally “Enough”) is a far cry from the 18% achieved in the legislative elections - the great firebrand that is Ventura has now to take a step back and cautiously calculate any move before challenging the current government.
The relief of the ruling class was largely due to this result of the “far right”. Inflated by the 18% achieved in the legislative elections, the head of Chega’s list, António Tânger Corrêa,
confessed days before the elections that a result below the 18% target would naturally be “frustrating”. He ended up with 9.8%. Faced with such a result, the Portuguese oligarchypoliticians, public intellectuals, media pundits – openly rejoiced it: it was proven, they said, that Chega’s success is merely a temporary phenomenon; for some, the disintegration of Ventura’s party had begun. As usual, rushed conclusions masked by the presumption of definitive resolution are never lacking when the historical horizon is reduced to instantaneous gratification.
In fact, this result of the “far right” is due to the simple fact that Chega depends exclusively on Ventura, who made and drives the party; his image was worth those 18% in the legislative elections, and removing him from the scene is tantamount to a natural decline. This is both Chega’s strength - it has the projection of one of the most charismatic figures in Portuguese politics - and its weakness - it doesn’t have credible, well-prepared cadres, as Vox or Rassemblement national do.
What any observer should be alerted to is not this evidence, but the inability of the Portuguese centre-right to go beyond the 30% threshold - even more so when everything would logically point the other way, after the socialists’ failure in government and Chega’s result. Without being able to break away from this mark, it’s clear that the traditional space of the Portuguese centre-right is unable to attract new voters, and that it depends essentially on a sociological framework that is shrinking as time goes by.
Luís Montenegro’s government seems to have realised what is at stake. In just over two months, it has already shown signs that it wants to focus on fundamental problems such as fighting corruption, revitalising the NHS and controlling immigration. The latter, which is now a real time bomb in the country, takes on additional relevance: if there are no signs
of stopping the current immigration chaos, there will be little that can be done against the structural growth of the “far right”. The government’s success will determine the future of the Portuguese centre-right. Without that, temporary reliefs are worth nothing.
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In just over two months, it has already shown signs that it wants to focus on fundamental problems such as fighting corruption...
Francisco Carmo Garcia
Interview with Dr. Christian Ehler, MEP on the EU’s role in protecting academic freedom
Interviewer: Sotiris Paphitis
Dr. Christian Ehler is an MEP for the German Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the European People’s Party (EPP). Ehler was first elected to the European Parliament in 2004 and, following the recent European Parliament elections, he will continue serving as a member until 2029. During his long course in the Parliament he has been a member in the committee for industry research and energy and has been appointed coordinator for the EPP. Under the previous legislatures, he has been one of the leading figures in the design and implementation of the EU research and innovation programs, both as rapporteur for Horizon 2020 and Horizon Europe.
Dr. Ehler has taken an active interest in recent years for the protection of scientific and academic freedom across the EU. A few weeks before the recent elections we had the chance to interview him on this subject. We are thankful to Dr. Ehler and his team for finding time for this interview during the busy campaign season and we congratulate him for his reelection.
You recently authored a report concerning the promotion of the freedom of scientific research in the EU. That report
emphasizes the fundamental importance of academic freedom in advancing knowledge and societal progress. Could you elaborate on why you believe academic freedom is crucial in today’s world?
Academic freedom is a pillar of modern democracy. Not only is science the only way to tackle the complex societal challenges we face and the only realistic source for economic growth in Europe, it is also an essential institutional source for intellectual thought and decent. Academic freedom is often the first target of authoritarian regimes to kill any opposition. This shows the essential role of academic freedom in democracies. Unfortunately, we have to conclude that democracy and academic freedom are under threat in Europe. We cannot let the authoritarians win and therefore we need to protect academic freedom.
That report also highlights the impact of precariousness on academic freedom, particularly for early-career researchers. How do you propose addressing this issue to ensure that
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researchers have stable job contracts and access to comprehensive social protection systems?
First, we have to thoroughly understand the problem. We have strong anecdotal evidence that academic careers are too precarious and unattractive. However, we do not have solid data on the exact issues. This is crucial, because as it seems now, the majority of the issues are matter of national competence. That is also underlined by the recently adopted Council Recommendations on research careers.
You mentioned the importance of gender equality in promoting academic freedom. How do you envision fostering equal opportunities for researchers from diverse backgrounds within the European research landscape?
Horizon Europe has already done a lot to promote gender equality, for example by requiring all universities to have a gender equality plan in place if they want to receive funding. Another example is the specific efforts made by the European Innovation Council to increase the involvement of female venture capitalists and female founders in the European startup scene. These kinds of measures can make a real difference.
The report calls for the establishment of clearer career opportunities for early-career researchers. Can you share your thoughts on how we can create more structured pathways for researchers to advance in their careers?
There are no easy European solutions, because in the end the main conditions are set at national level. What we know is that increased investment in research is a must in order to establish more stable jobs.
The report also underscores the role of scientific research organizations in setting research priorities and the importance of academic self-governance. How do you propose ensuring that researchers have a say in the governance of their institutions?
Again, this is not something which the EU should establish. The structure and organisation of the academic sector is a national competence. The diversity between and sometimes even within Member States means that the EU should be careful not to be too prescriptive. That is why our proposal only sets out which elements should be considered and does not give a blueprint that everyone should follow.
You advocate for the EU to be a safe haven for researchers at risk and propose setting up a European Fellowship Scheme for Researchers at Risk. How do you envision implementing such a scheme to support researchers facing threats to their academic freedom?
There is currently a pilot project ongoing to figure out the specific of such a European programme. However, we can built on extensive experience at national and international level. The Philipp Schwartz Initiative for Researchers at Risk shows that we can work together with specialised organisations in the field of threat assessment to select the right researchers to help. The biggest challenge is to find a perfect match between a research at risk, a university or company that wants to host them and finding the funds to finance the placement.
The report emphasizes the responsibility of researchers to adhere to ethical standards
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Democrat
Students and integrity in scientific research. How can we ensure that researchers uphold these standards while promoting open science and transparency?
We need to empower the academic sector to uphold these standards, because if outsiders are going to decide on ethical standards we already create the basis for undermining academic freedom. As policy makers we need to create a context for debates on these standards and we should use our role as science funder ensure that only science that adheres to the standards gets funded.
You urge the Commission to take steps to protect and promote academic freedom in the EU. What specific actions do you believe the Commission should take to safeguard academic freedom across Member States?
The report calls for legislative action. Academic freedom is now only protected as a norm, but we have a lot of jurisprudence of international courts, including the European Court of Human Rights, on legal standards for academic freedom. By creating European legislation, we give our courts in Europe a concrete and enforceable means to protect academic freedom.
Do you believe that there is a need for a universal definition of academic freedom across the EU given the divergent approaches to it among different member states?
Yes, because a vague norm is easier to circumvent than a clear legal definition. However, we need to be careful that first and foremost it should be the academic sector that defines what academic freedom is. Furthermore, the definition should be respectful of the national diversity in Europe. There is not one perfect setting for academic freedom, it all depends on the context.
Do you believe that the current protection to scientific freedom as set out by article 13 of the EU’s Charter of Fundamental Rights is satisfactory?
No, that is why we propose legislation. The Charter is only applicable when European law is applicable. This gives national governments too much freedom to attack academic freedom in the national context.
The report requests the Commission to submit a proposal for an act on academic freedom. Could you outline the key principles and aims of this proposed act and how it would guarantee, protect, and promote academic freedom within research organizations and for researchers throughout their careers?
We first need to specify that the report is limited to the freedom of scientific research, because the EU has limited competences on education and can therefore not legislate on the freedom of education as such.
The act we propose should set out basic principles that contribute to the freedom of scientific research. This primarily includes rights for individual researchers, rights and obligations for research organisations and obligations for public authorities. Keep principles are institutional autonomy, the freedom to choose research methodologies or to freely disseminate the outcomes of research. However, the act should not prescribe in detail how these principles should be implemented or how trade-offs between principles should be handled, because this is all very much dependent on the context. For example, when Hungary reformed its Academy of Sciences, it claimed to simply mirror the structure which exists in France. While that was true, it left out the context of how many checks and balances are in place in other parts of the system in France. The structure chosen leads to academic
freedom in France because the context allows for sufficient freedom for self-governance, while the context in Hungary does not allow for this. Keeping in mind that the context is always crucial, in my view the act should set out basic principles and considerations that guide European governments and most importantly courts in individual cases. This way Europe will built a legal standard for the freedom of scientific research through case law, which means it will be strong but also sensitive to context.
Finally, what do you believe should be the role of EDS and other student organizations in this effort to enhance the protection of scientific and academic freedom? Should they have a say in any steps to be taken, given how much this affects them?
It is no doubt that students need to be involved in the work on academic freedom because the freedom of education is one of the three pillars of academic freedom. So, student organisations should be engaged when a definition of academic freedom is established. However, as mentioned, the EU has limited competences on education policy and is therefore not really in the position to actively protect the freedom of education as much. When we talk about the freedom of scientific research the involvement of student organisations is less relevant, but still important as more and more students are contributing to scientific research already before graduating.
“ It is no doubt that students need to be involved in the work on academic freedom because the freedom of education is one of the three pillars of academic freedom.
Sotiris
Paphitis
The Infamous Amnesty Law: A Threat to Spain’s Democracy
Mª Eugenia Urgellés Gil de Sola
An image has recently circulated on social media showing Dani Carvajal, a footballer and European champion, noted for his cold greeting to Pedro Sánchez. A couple of days ago, news broke that El País, a newspaper close to the government, is conducting an investigation into the footballer’s assets and business dealings. Unfortunately, this is becoming increasingly common. However, if you support Pedro Sánchez, this doesn’t have to happen to you. If not, just ask Carles Puigdemont.
For some time now, there have been fears of a regime change in Spain. Yes, we are a democracy, but some media outlets point out that we are heading straight for an autocracy, especially after the Amnesty Law.
To better understand the gravity of this law, we must go back to October 1, 2017. That day, the separatists organized a totally illegal referendum in Catalonia using public money and help from Russia.
As expected, several separatist leaders were arrested, and others fled the country. It is important to remember that they were arrested and tried for corruption, never for
their political ideas, however unconstitutional they may have been. They were never political prisoners, but rather politicians in prison.
If the atmosphere was already tense and violent in Catalonia in 2017, fueled by the National Assembly and Òmnium Cultural, 2019 was much worse, as the verdict condemning the separatist leaders was announced. The sentences ranged from disqualification to prison terms.
The riots began in October 2019. Suddenly, thousands of people marched from the city of Barcelona to El Prat airport, blocking it. Due to the chaos caused, travelers had to be moved on foot to Terminal 2 of the airport. This cost the life of a French tourist.
For the rest of the week, the separatists dedicated themselves to setting fire to dumpsters all over Barcelona. The damage after a week of constant fires amounted to millions of euros, and the consequences of the fire are still visible in many areas of the city. Obviously, the constitutionalists did not remain idle during those days and held several demonstrations.
As the violence of the separatist protests grew, only a few police officers were sent to restore order in the Catalan capital. The few police officers there, barely reaching 30, were attacked with cobblestones by thousands of people. Some of them have been left with lifelong injuries. What did Sánchez do during that week? He exhumed Spanish dictator Francisco Franco, who had been dead since 1975.
In the last general elections in July 2023, Alberto Núñez Feijóo (PP) won the elections. However, Pedro Sánchez managed to gather more support in the investiture and was proclaimed president. One of the supports he needed was the 7 votes from JxCat, Puigdemont’s party. The Catalan separatists agreed to give their support to the socialist leader in exchange for the Amnesty Law, making it clear that they neither regretted what they did nor would hesitate to do it again. This triggered a wave of protests in all provinces of Spain between October and November last year due to the unconstitutionality of the law and the attack on the rule of law in Spain.
Dolors Montserrat, Catalan MEP, defined the Amnesty Law as “a law that eliminates equality. A law that tramples the rule of law. A law that erases justice for seven votes. An infamous law that condemns Spain and European values.” The PP’s opposition to this law has been key both in Spain and in Europe, in defending freedom, equality before the law, and the rule of law.
For Ursula von der Leyen’s new mandate, Montserrat has asked the European Commission to “stop this corrupt law that grants impunity to a few in exchange for power.” Spaniards have the reassurance of belonging to the European Union, as we know that with Europe we are not alone.
Finally, I would like to clarify that, however demanding Puigdemont may have been with the Amnesty Law, it will not be so easy for him to take advantage of it. Last June, Puigdemont and other Catalan separatists were investigated for alleged crimes of treason, embezzlement, and organized crime due to “the infiltration of
“ For Ursula von der Leyen’s new mandate, Montserrat has asked the European Commission to “stop this corrupt law that grants impunity to a few in exchange for power.”
people of Russian origin into Spanish territory with the aim of influencing financial structures and carrying out activities of disinformation, destabilization, and altering social peace” (David Alandete). Those who have been able to take advantage of it were some socialists convicted in the ERE Case, the biggest corruption case in Spain. Perhaps this gives hope to the President’s wife and brother, who are also under investigation, unsurprisingly, for corruption.
Mª Eugenia Urgellés Gil de Sola
Politics of Polarization: The Impact of Political Divisiveness on the 2024 U.S. Presidential Elections
Aleksandra Kuzmanovic
The 2024 U.S. presidential elections are shaping up to be a pivotal moment in American political history, not only due to the candidates and policies they espouse but also because of the deep polarization that has become a central feature of the American political landscape. This polarization is not just political but deeply ingrained in the societal, cultural, and economic dimensions of American
society. In this article, we analyze how political divisiveness is shaping the upcoming elections, the challenges it presents, and the potential consequences for America’s future.
The State of Polarization in the U.S.
Political polarization in the U.S. has reached new heights in recent decades. Traditionally,
political parties spanned a broad spectrum of political ideologies, but today, tendencies toward the political center are diminishing. Instead, America is witnessing increasing polarization between Republicans and Democrats, resulting in fewer opportunities for compromise and cooperation between parties.
One of the key factors contributing to political polarization is ideological clustering among voters. Voters increasingly support candidates and parties whose policies reflect their ideological values, often regardless of the practicality or efficacy of those policies. This phenomenon exacerbates political divisions and complicates finding common solutions to societal issues.
Impact of Polarization on Campaign Strategies
In 2024, presidential candidates must carefully balance mobilizing their support base while
also appealing to undecided voters in the middle ground. Republican candidates often focus on issues such as immigration, economic deregulation, and gun rights to attract conservative voters, while Democratic candidates emphasize healthcare reform, climate change, and social justice to mobilize liberal voters.
This targeted approach, while effective in mobilizing voters, further deepens the divide between political factions. The result is an increasingly apparent rift between the two political camps, which may create challenges for future governance in enacting broad and inclusive policies.
Social Consequences of Polarization
In addition to political implications, political polarization in the U.S. has significant social
consequences. Increased polarization leads to reduced trust between citizens and institutions, including a divided perception of the media as a source of information. This further worsens social cohesion and complicates addressing common issues such as poverty, education, and healthcare.
Polarization can also have adverse effects on social mobility, as politically homogeneous communities may struggle to achieve collective progress. This can exacerbate existing social inequalities and hinder efforts to establish an inclusive society.
Future Perspectives
In the context of the upcoming 2024 presidential elections, it is crucial to consider how political polarization may influence democratic processes and election outcomes. There is a growing need to enhance political dialogue, promote inclusive political discussions, and attempt to bridge partisan divides to achieve common goals. Ultimately, the 2024 elections will not only determine the future of political leadership in the U.S. but will also serve as a test for American society’s ability to address the growing challenges of polarization. The ability to build bridges between political factions and find common ground during a period of polarization could be pivotal for sustaining the vitality of American democracy in the years to come.
Conclusion
The 2024 U.S. presidential elections are at the forefront not only because of the political candidates and their promises but also due to the profound polarization that defines the political landscape. Understanding the impact of this polarization on campaign strategies, social relations, and the future of American politics is crucial for predicting and shaping political trends in the coming years.
Aleksandra Kuzmanovic
Efforts of Russia to destroy educational system in Ukraine
Mariia Kyryliak
The ideology of “ruzzism” is deeply rooted in the destruction of Ukrainians and everything associated with. The ongoing war in Ukraine reveals the true nature of Putin’s regime, with daily attacks targeting the entire country, including medical and educational facilities.
Moreover, educational system has been under attack since Russia first invaded Ukraine in 2014. Russia’s full-scale invasion in 2022 led to further attacks on and military use of schools, which, along with the overall effects of war, have severely disrupted Ukrainian children’s education, already suffering from school closures due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Many students from schools that were damaged or destroyed had to continue their studies in other schools, studying in shifts or remotely, which has eroded the quality of education. Russian forces’ attacks on power infrastructure and consequent electricity and internet outages have frequently impeded remote learning. Some 5.3 million children face barriers preventing access to education, including 3.6 million children directly affected by school closures.
Educational infrastructure:
According to “Overview of the current state of education and science in Ukraine under russian aggression” that was made by the Ministry of Education and Science in Ukraine,
as of February 24, 2023, as a result of shelling and bombing, 3,151 educational institutions were damaged, of which 440 were destroyed. According to operational information, 167 professional pre-higher and higher education institutions were damaged, and 24 institutions were destroyed.
According to information from the Ministry of Education and Science, over 60% of educational institutions in the country have shelters. This implies that about 40% of schools do not have adequate shelters and cannot resume in-person learning.
Currently over 40% of Ukrainian children are learning online, 29% are using a blended learning model (both online and in-person), 26% are attending educational and training institutions in person, and 3% are learning at home. The academic performance of students has deteriorated, with almost one in five mothers reporting a significant deterioration in their child’s academic performance and a decrease in the quality of education4.
What about education in the temporarily occupied territory?
The Ukrainian education system in the occupied territories is under increased pressure as Russian authorities mandate attendance in
Russian schools. Those who refuse, including parents who do not send their children, face administrative and criminal sanctions. This move is widely seen as part of Russia’s broader effort to eradicate Ukrainian culture and education in these areas.
Furthermore, the invading Russian forces are conducting a campaign of cultural destruction, which includes burning Ukrainian history books and destroying archives that document Soviet repressions. Teachers in the occupied regions are also being forced to teach in Russian, further undermining the Ukrainian education system.
Future of education system:
On its path to European integration, Ukraine continues to implement reforms, including changes to the education system to meet European standards. This involves optimizing the number of educational institutions, ensuring that school education is 100% offline, and reforming the higher education system.
Considering all the circumstances— interrupted learning due to the war and global evidence from the coronavirus pandemic that switching from in-person to remote education often causes learning losses and inequality—a massive effort is needed to help Ukrainian children recover their education.
Mariia Kyryliak
EU Elections: Is there a future for European Jewry?
Juan Caldes
I cannot start writing these lines without mentioning the recent case in France of two French boys that have been charged of raping a 12 year old Jewish girl. I could not think of something more deprived, appalling and shockingly vile than the rape of a child.
Unfortunately, this is an example of how true evil exists in our society. I could not help but to remind myself what so many Israeli women had to bear witness to on October 7th, the largest massacre of Jews since the times of the Shoah, when an act of sheer evil took place in southern Israel. Rape is and will never be an act of resistance. One could be asking oneself, so how is this connected to the European elections result? The answer is quite simple, antisemitism is back, alive and kicking in the old continent more than we could have possibly thought of, and it is time that we step up our efforts in combating this ever present virus.
As a European Jew, the recent EU elections result offers both some challenges and opportunities that must be examined thoroughly case by case. The old establishment led by the EPP, S&D and Renew has managed to still keep a majority in the European Parliament for the next five years, but some of
the most right wing parties have made some important advances. Some of these parties such as the National Front, AFD, Fratelli d’Italia, FPO or PFF have a well documented record of antisemitism.
Nonetheless, these have become some of the most Zionist parties in the EP, and some of the most outspoken defenders of the State of Israel. At the same time, some of these parties have proposed a ban on shechita (kosher slaughter) that would infringe a severe attack on freedom of religion. So then the question becomes, what are Jewish leaders and Jewish organizations supposed to do about this?
Should we keep the cordon sanitaire around these parties or has the time come to engage with them? I believe we need to start seriously talking about this. Since the horrific terrorist attack of October 7th, antisemitism has been skyrocketing all across Europe and many European Jews have already made aliyah to Israel. Some others have been actively considering it. National governments have a moral and legal duty to protect its Jewish citizens. This means that the national plans that were enacted and proposed by the European Commission in 2021 have to start being properly implemented so that local Jewish
communities will feel safe. That being said, it can no longer be denied that the biggest threat to a prosperous Jewish life in Europe does not come from the right, but quite on the contrary from the strange alliance of radical Islamists and the far left movement. Their mutual shared hatred and antisemitism towards the only Jewish and democratic state in the world has united them to the point that Jews in Europe no longer feel safe in associating themselves with the Zionist movement and the State of Israel fearing for their very lives. So then, is there a future for European Jewry in the old continent?
The answer is yes. The situation is quite concerning but no, we are not back just yet into the Europe of the 1930s. Europe must wake up now before it is too late. The fight against antisemitism is not only one that affects the Jewish people, it is a fight that affects society as a whole. When antisemitism starts to emerge, it is a sign that society is starting to become morally corrupt. We cannot carry on with this fight all ourselves and nor should we. We need all committed loving European democrats to join us in making a more tolerant, diverse, respectful and free of hate Europe. It is about time that Europe takes pride in defending its Judeo-Christian values along with the principles of liberte, egalite and fraternite that have made this continent to be the beacon of hope and democracy that it is today.
“
Jews in Europe no longer feel safe in associating themselves with the Zionist movement and the State of Israel fearing for their very lives.
Juan Caldes
Geopolitics, Elections and Youth Mexican Challenges; Communism or Capitalism? Global Dilema.
Miguel Angel Rosales Alvarado
Some Electoral Numbers:
2024 is an intensive electoral year around the world. 60 elections across the globe and 2, 000 millionof electors. Despite the cultural differences, the great common denominator, with some exceptions, is the dialectic of Liberalism vs Communism. The past 2 of June was the mexican election, a young nation that suppressive was not defined for youth people. 98 million the total electoral list about 40 million young people between 18 to 40 years old, 18 to 35 years,30 million, first vote from 18 to 24 years, 15 million voters. But finally, only around 35 million of votes are for the elected first woman President of Mexico Claudia Sheinbaum from the official party Morena of the actual Chairman Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador (AMLO). That’s means, if the Mexican youth people would have organized a political party and voted together and as a blocabsolutely would win whit a good margin. That’s the reason why the presidential race of Governor Nuevo Leon Samuel Garcia (36 years old) and his wife Mariana (28 years) was stopped at a good time because in just 10 days in the pre-candidacy they had lit up the numbers on Social Networks, doubling and tripling the number of followers of the official candidates and opposition.
Election Results Embroiled in Controversy:
At the moment, 95% of the total votes have been counted, however the opponents are not satisfied with the results, which leads to a judicialization of the elections at alllevels from the Presidential, Governorates, Federal and Provincial Deputies, Senators, Municipal Presidencies and Councils. A historic elections and implications because the conservators want to annul the elections arguing a mega electoral fraud brought about by a multitude of electoral crimes from the interference of the President, financing of the cartels, purchase of votes to manipulation in the counting of votes, computer systems, etc. Finally, indeed we have a political and huge in pass. The next few months will be intense in judicial appeals on federal, state and municipal elections, as well as the urgency of the President himself to finish his mandate with the judicial reform for the direct designation of the “popular vote” to replace the long contest processes, selection, professional career service currently in force. Hence the public and citizen denunciation of a growing and alarming establishment of authoritarianism by eliminating the autonomy of the Judicial Power in the face of the predominance of the Executive.
What to expend forthe next six years? The official Project of Nation 2030:
The Word is divided in two ideology political perceptions and Mexico is not the exception.The old Liberalism that now are Conservative in opposition of the block of progressive Social-Communism. Despite the great scientific and technological advances of the nascent 21st century, we still preserve the legacy of the unresolved dialectic of the 20th century: wars between Empires, Fascisms, Dictatorships against Democracies. Was wrong Francis Fukuyama (The End of History and the Last Man, 1992) when affirms that the fall of the Berlin Wall ended in antagonism of thesis and antithesis between Capitalism and Communism. However, the myopia of the immediate historical moment prevented us from noticing the evolution of the communist models of China built by the CCP (Central Committee of the Communist Party), North Koreawhit nuclear capacities and the Latin American interpretation of Cuban or Venezuelan socialism, today known as Bolivarism or the Pact of Sao Paolo. Precisely, the immediate risk for Mexican youth is to move from a liberal, capitalist, democratic model to a progressive, communist, authoritarian even with the support of the Mexican Army itself.AMLO and her partyand also the new elected first President woman Claudia Sheinbaum. They sympathize and have openly shown support for Latin American socialist governments such as Cuba, Venezuela, Nicaragua and have even intervened against the right-wing groups
“
The empires of the future are the empires of the mind.”
Winston Churchill
today formally established in Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia. Here the challenge not only for the mexican youth but also global where at this moment it is decided between authoritarian communist models against liberal democratic ones. Whether in all of America or Europe, India or Russia, the common denominator is the dialectic that requires a final synthesis. Finally, what is the best we can rescue from each of the opposing poles? It is possible or impossible to find the middle point? The antagonism between Liberalism and Communism will be eternal? Or rather we are on the verge of the end of Capitalism itself? More important question is takinga global consciousness if the all human race in this moment is youth or old to finally decide to live in freedom or be a slave of the super authority entity.
Miguel
Angel Rosales
Alvarado
More than a Union. Our home.
Óscar SÁNCHEZ BENÍTEZ
This spring, Europeans showed again the vibrancy and the power of democracy. More than 350 million people, across our 27 EU Member States were called to vote between 6 and 9 June to elect their 720 representatives in the European Parliament.
Those new MEPs will shape EU legislation for the next 5 years but their first task will be to elect the President of the European Commission.
These European elections were like no other. So much was, and still is, at stake. Things that seemed certain some years ago are not so anymore: war is back in the European continent, we have entered a period of restructuring of the global order, and populists at home and abroad are working to undermine democracy and the rule of law.
In the wake of these challenges, the European Union must remain united and it needs a strong leadership. That is why this first task of the new European Parliament is so crucial. The European People’s Party came to these elections with a clear eye and with a strong record of what it has achieved for Europe in the last years. More notably, with Ursula von der Leyen, the EPP put forward a leader that
has been tested by unprecedented crises and has provided a clear response for each and every one of them.
The current President of the European Commission became the Lead Candidate of the EPP in March. The EPP, with a plurality of members of the European Council, the largest group in the European Parliament, and a vibrant network of associations which includes EDS, threw their weight behind Ms von der Leyen, sending the message that it stands united as a political family and that it knows what the priorities are for the next five years.
Ms von der Leyen has proven her capacity to deliver in the midst of many crises. In her first term, the Commission ensured that safe, effective vaccines against COVID-19 were available in record time to all Member States. She protected businesses and workers from the effects of the pandemic. She came up with NextGenerationEU, which is delivering the reforms and investments that will prepare Europe for the next decade.
And when Putin’s tanks invaded Ukraine, she provided the leadership the world expected from the EU. She has led the EU in agreeing
BULLS EYE
14 packages of sanctions against the Kremlin’s cronies and their allies; she worked closely with international partners to coordinate our financial, military, and humanitarian support to Ukraine; and she did not hesitate to insist on Ukraine’s merits to become an EU candidate country and to start accession negotiations quickly.
Ursula von der Leyen has shown that she has the vision and the energy to continue delivering for the EU and its citizens.
And as Ms von der Leyen got ready to take on this electoral campaign and to convince Europeans of the need for a strong Europe, I was honoured to be able to join her in this democratic adventure.
In two months of campaign (from April to June), a small campaign team hosted in the EPP premises assisted Lead Candidate von der Leyen in presenting her vision of Europe for the next five years: a European Union that increases its competitiveness and keeps its economic clout, that is able to defend itself, that responds quickly to threats wherever they come from and that produces more of its defence gear at home, and a European Union that protects its democracy from those that are trying to destroy it, from the inside as much as from the outside.
This campaign has been an exciting adventure: we travelled to 17 Member States, meeting thousands of people, and notably young people. We took part in three debates, and prepared tens of speeches, interviews and video messages.
We produced exciting campaign products, from an original campaign website to cool campaign merchandising, such as hoodies, mugs, and tote bags to get activists and volunteers fired up.
With such a small team, the collective feeling was that of start-up, as mentioned by our campaign director. You could spend the morning exchanging with party operatives
in the capitals about the best activities for a candidate’s visit, and the afternoon putting posters on walls with sticky tack that often simply refused to hold.
One minute you were wearing your suit and tie, and the next you were wrapped on a famous “Ursula hoodie”.
Personally, it has been an enriching experience but perhaps more importantly, it has been an opportunity to push and promote the values that unite us and that we care about so much. Because we know that, as the campaign slogan and the title of this article, put it: the European Union is more than a Union. It is our prosperity, our security. It is our home.
Óscar worked in the campaign of Ursula von der Leyen as communication and policy officer. Following the elections, he has retaken his job as editor and copywriter in the Spokesperson’s Service of the European Commission.
This piece expresses only personal views and experiences as a member of the campaign team and does not engage in any way the European Commission.
Óscar also worked in the 2014 European elections campaign of Jean-Claude Juncker.
Oscar Sanchez Benitez
Rio Tinto’s Serbia Project: A Game-Changer for Europe’s Green Future
Interview
with Chad Blewitt
Vladimir Kljajic, EDS:
Thank you for taking the time to do this interview. Please tell us more about Rio Tinto’s existing operations and plans for Serbia.
Blewitt Chad, Rio Tinto:
Well, thank you. We’ve been in Serbia since 2001, and we’ve been operating on this project and studying the Jadar project since 2004. So, over 20 years now, we’ve been studying the project. We employ people in Belgrade, and we have a lot of young employees as well as older employees, covering a broad age spectrum. Most of our workforce is Serbian. The Jadar project is unique because it involves a completely new mineral called Jadarite, recognized in 2006. This mineral contains lithium and boric acid, both critical raw materials used in various applications like SmartScreen glass, TV insulation, and fertilizers in agriculture.
Vladimir Kljajic, EDS: And why is the Jadar project so important?
Blewitt Chad, Rio Tinto:
It’s important firstly for Serbia itself. It’s a world-class lithium and boric acid project with the potential to transform Serbia’s economy. It can be a catalyst for other green industries, such
as cathodes for batteries, electric vehicles, and ultimately recycling, contributing to a circular economy. As we transition to renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and geothermal, lithium batteries are essential for storing this energy safely. By 2035, the EU plans to eliminate combustion engines, replacing them with battery electric vehicles to reduce carbon emissions and limit global warming.
Vladimir Kljajic, EDS:
Could reducing red tape for this project accelerate Serbia’s EU accession? What do you think about that?
Blewitt Chad, Rio Tinto:
The opportunity to reduce red tape is global, not just in Serbia. Digital transition helps by automating processes and increasing transparency and efficiency. However, we don’t want to cut corners. We aim to be radically transparent, sharing all information publicly, as we have done with our draft environmental impact assessment documents. These comprehensive studies are crucial for ensuring public awareness and generating informed public dialogue.
Vladimir Kljajic, EDS:
How will this project aid both Serbia’s and the region’s economies?
Blewitt Chad, Rio Tinto:
This project presents an exciting opportunity. Just as the combustion engine transformed transport in the 20th century, electrification and battery storage will transform our economies. Lithium batteries power many everyday devices, and their importance will only grow. Serbia has the best lithium asset in Europe, with the potential to fuel a whole industry, bringing high-paying jobs, new university curricula, and vocational training. This could keep young people in Serbia, creating 20,000 to 30,000 high-skilled jobs.
Vladimir Kljajic, EDS:
Can you address some of the common misinformation circulating among the public regarding this project?
Blewitt Chad, Rio Tinto:
There has been a strong disinformation campaign against the project, fueled by social media. For example, we’re not an open-pit mine but a modern underground mine using 21st-century technology. Claims about using harmful chemicals and poisoning water are false. We use advanced safety measures similar to those at petrol stations. There’s
also misinformation about forcibly moving people, which is untrue. Our land acquisition process follows international standards, and all transactions have been voluntary.
Vladimir Kljajic, EDS:
Could you give us some examples of similar projects in Europe and beyond?
Blewitt Chad, Rio Tinto:
Yes, there are many similar projects across Europe. For instance, there are projects in France, Germany, the Czech Republic, the UK, Portugal, Spain, Russia, and Austria. These projects are supported by the European Commission’s Critical Raw Materials Act, emphasizing the need for alternative supply sources and reducing dependence on singlesource supply chains.
Vladimir Kljajic, EDS: Are you optimistic about the project considering all the delays so far?
Blewitt Chad, Rio Tinto:
Yes, I am optimistic. Despite fluctuations in lithium prices, our project also produces boric acid, making it not solely dependent on
lithium. The Jadar project is a long-life, highgrade mine that can be developed to the highest environmental standards. It offers significant opportunities for local businesses, new educational curricula, and high-paying jobs, keeping people in Serbia and transforming the economic landscape.
Vladimir Kljajic, EDS:
Considering our magazine is read by a younger audience, could you give some career advice about the industry you are in?
Blewitt Chad, Rio Tinto:
The world is transforming towards critical raw materials and energy storage. This shift requires new skills in science, engineering, and commercial disciplines. Mining today is a modern, inclusive industry that respects the environment. Technology has revolutionized the industry with autonomous operations and advanced data systems. I encourage young people to explore opportunities in mining and refining, as the demand for critical raw materials continues to grow, offering many jobs and skill development opportunities.
Vladimir Kljajic
Ursula von der Leyen: A Promising Future for Europe’s Youth
Vladimir Kljajic
The European Parliament elections have concluded, and we can breathe a sigh of relief that the extreme right has not taken control. We are proud and happy that Ursula von der Leyen has emerged victorious as the President of the European Commission. She brings a vision for a greener, more digital, and socially inclusive Europe that aligns closely with the aspirations and values of the younger generation.
The Green Deal:
One of Ursula von der Leyen’s most significant initiatives is the European Green Deal, aiming to make Europe the first climate-neutral continent by 2050. This bold step is essential for young people concerned about climate change and sustainability.
Digital Transformation:
Madam President emphasizes the importance of digital transformation across Europe. By boosting digital education, increasing connectivity, and supporting innovation, she aims to empower the youth, prepare them for future jobs, and foster a competitive European economy.
Support for Erasmus+ Program:
She is a staunch advocate for the Erasmus+ program, enhancing educational and cultural
exchange across Europe. Under her leadership, increased funding and expanded opportunities allow young Europeans to study, train, and gain experience abroad, strengthening European identity and solidarity. Von der Leyen’s support extends to the European Democrat Students (EDS), which, backed by Erasmus+, holds events across Europe. These events provide platforms for youth to discuss the future, improve higher education, and address political issues, while fostering connections among young leaders.
Youth Engagement:
In her acceptance speech, Ursula von der Leyen highlighted the importance of youth in shaping Europe’s future, stating, “Our Union will be as strong as the next generation of Europeans. It is our duty to provide them with the tools and opportunities they need to lead and succeed. We owe it to our young people to build a fairer, greener, and more digital Europe.”
Solidarity with Ukraine:
Von der Leyen has shown strong leadership and solidarity with Ukraine during the ongoing conflict. Her unwavering support for Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity underscores the EU’s dedication to peace and stability, resonating with young Europeans
who value democracy, human rights, and international cooperation. Her efforts in providing humanitarian aid, supporting refugees, and imposing sanctions on aggressors reflect a comprehensive approach to addressing the crisis.
Ursula von der Leyen’s leadership is marked by a clear focus on the priorities that matter most to young Europeans. Her dedication to environmental sustainability, digital innovation, the Erasmus+ program, social inclusion, and support for youth organizations like EDS makes her an ideal leader to guide Europe toward a brighter future, ensuring that today’s youth can look forward to a prosperous and equitable tomorrow.
“ Her dedication to environmental sustainability, digital innovation, the Erasmus+ program, social inclusion, and support for youth organizations like EDS makes her an ideal leader to guide Europe...
Vladimir Kljajic
Editorial Team
Francesco Alimena, Italy, StudiCentro – Responsible
Francesco Alimena is from Rome, Italy. Francesco Alimena holds several degrees in International Relations and Diplomatic Studies, gaining multiple study experiences abroad. Francesco works in the Public Affairs sector with multiple experiences in Defence and Strategic Sector. Francesco is Vice Chairmain with Portfolio in Defence & Security and responsible of BullsEye is the in-house magazine of the European Democrat Students. Previously, Francesco served in EDS as CoChairman for the Working Group “Policies for Europe” and was Head of the EDS Task Force.
Charlie Crumpton, UK, YCEF – Chief Editor
Charlie Crumpton is from England, United Kingdom and graduated with a Masters in Political Communication. He has worked in British politics for the last two years and is particularly interested in objectivism and personal responsibility as political philosophies.
Lenny Ferretti, BE, Génération Engagée – Deputy Chief Editor
Lenny Ferretti is representing the EDS member Belgian organization “Generation Engagee”. He is studying law and working for a MP in the Wallonia region parliament. He is passionate about institutional and international affairs. He thinks that for a fairer European Union, we have to pay attention to the history.
The Official magazine of European Democrat Students
Aleksandra Kuzmanovié is a third-year international relations student at the Faculty of Political Sciences in Belgrade. Her focus is on the Western Balkans and EU integration.
Antoine Chikhany, holds a bachelors degree in International Relations and European Studies from the Univeristy of Nicosia. Antoine is also a member of the Lebanese Kataeb Foreign Affairs Department.
Vladimir Kljajic is currently secretary general of the EDS, and he is also the director of a small Educational and Cultural Center in Belgrade. Vladimir is a student of American Studies at the Faculty of Political Science in Belgrade
Adrian Ortuñez is a student at University of Navarre; degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. Chairman of NNGG Guipuzkoa (youth organisation of the Spanish People’s Party in Guipuzcoa) region in Spain witj strong nationalist movment)
Alex Gunter, Director of Edina Communications, a data-driven political campaigns & communications agency based in London working with parties and organisations across the UK and rest of Europe.
Sotiris Paphitis, International Relations Secretary at FPK Protoporia, is a practicing lawyer and Barrister-at-Law from Nicosia, Cyprus. He’s a PhD candidate at the University of Tilburg in the Netherlands, a member of the Young Lawyers Committee of the Cyprus Bar Association, and serves as the National Representative for Cyprus at the YLC of the International Bar Association.
Guest Editors
Francisco Carmo Garcia
Mª Eugenia Urgellés Gil de Sola
Mariia Kyryliak, Juan Caldes
Miguel Angel Rosales Alvarado
Óscar Sánchez Benítez
The Official magazine of European Democrat Students
executive bureau
Beppe Galea
Vladimir Kljajic Secretary General
Katerina Kyriacou Vice-Chairwoman
Cyrus
Axel Mouffron Vice-Chairman
France
Rayno Stoyanov Vice-Chairman
Bulgaria
Damjan Konjanovski
Deputy Secretary General
Agata Czyżewska Vice-Chairwoman Poland
Francesco Alimena Vice-Chairman
Italy
Iryna Shatokhina Vice-Chaiwoman
Ukraine
Ivan Botoucharov
External Relations Director
Dora Miketek Vice-Chairwoman
Croatia
Ramon Riera Vice-Chairman
Spain
Carlo Giacomo
Angrisano Girauta Honorary Chairman Spain
ISSN: Print 2205-9512
Online 2205-9512
Design: Kite Group
Publisher: European Democrat Students, B-1000 Bruxelles, Rue du Commerce 10
Tel: +(32) 228 541 50 Fax: +(32) 228 541 41
Email: info@bullseye.eu
Website: https://bullseye-magazine.eu
Articles and opinions published in the magazine do not necessarily reflect the positions of EDS, the EDS Executive Bureau or the Editorial team.
Editor-in-Chief: Charlie Crumpton
Deputy-Editor-in-Chief: Lenny Ferretti
Editorial team: Aleksandra Kuzmanovié, Antoine Chikhany, Vladimir Kljajic, Adrian Ortuñez, Alex Gunter, Sotiris Paphitis
Publication supported by the Erasmus + Program of the European Union and the EPP
This magazine has received partial funding from the European Parliament. The views and opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the official position of the European Parliament. The European Parliament is not responsible for the content or any use that may be made of the information presented in this publication.
