Manual Products and data by Chiara Zimmermann

Products and Data 4th edition

Table of Contents I 1

4th edition Issued by: EUROGLAS ÂŠ Copyright 2014 by EUROGLAS, Haldensleben Graphic editing: TEAM ABSATZFĂ&#x2013;RDERUNG GmbH, Filderstadt Applicable to print and electronic media, in whole and in part. Not to be published without express consent (also applies to foreign languages). The technical data listed conforms to the current values at the time of going to print and can alter without prior notice. Unless otherwise indicated, these data are based on calculations founded on measurements conducted on standard structures. The light-related/energy-related data and the U values are based on EN standards and EN 673 respectively. Warranted quality cannot be derived from these data for individual finished products. The statutory provisions must be observed for all types of use. No further guarantee for technical values shall be accepted, in particular if tests are performed in other installation situations.

Legal claims cannot be derived from the content of this book. As at: 10.2014

Preface

As your partner, we would like to support you in your capacity as planner, processor and architect in your day-to-day operations. This book describes the values and properties of our brand families and their products. It also includes recommendations on how to use the products correctly. You will be provided with insights into the production methods and into physical correlations. References are made for this purpose to the special features of glass as a building material. We don't stand still; our products are subject to a continuous improvement process, and innovative glass types are being added. The contents of this book are therefore revised on a periodic basis. It's amazing how versatile glass is as a building material. EUROGLAS as the producer of basic glass is the first link in the chain. Optimum applications planning requires technical expertise.

EUROGLAS Group

Table of Contents 1. The EUROGLAS Group

2. Glass as a Building Material

3. Glass Characteristics and Basic Physical Concepts

4. Products

5. Logistics

6. Application and Handling

7. Standards, Technical Regulations

1. The EUROGLAS Group

2. Glass as a Building Material

2.1. Historical development 2.2. Manufacture of float glass 2.3. Basic glass 2.3.1. Float glass 2.3.2. Window glass 2.3.3. Ornamental and cast glass 2.3.4. Wired ornamental glass, wired glass and polished wired glass 2.3.5. Borosilicate glass 2.3.6. Glass-ceramics 2.3.7. Radiation shielding glass 2.3.8. Polished plate glass 2.3.8. Lead crystal 2.3.10. Quartz glass 2.3.11. Available thicknesses of different glass 2.4. General comments on building with glass 2.4.1. Safety glass must be planned and specified 2.4.2. Even the thickest glass can break 2.4.3. Glass should be replaceable with reasonable effort and expense

15 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23

3. Glass Characteristics and Basic Physical Concepts 25 3.1. Glass and solar radiation 25 3.2. The greenhouse effect 25 3.3. Operation in terms of radiation physics 26 3.4. Glass characteristics 28 3.4.1 Light transmission/light transmittance (LT) 28 3.4.2. Light absorption/light absorptance (LA) 28 3.4.3. Light reflection/light reflectance (LR) 28 3.4.4. Radiation transmission/radiation transmittance (RT) 28 3.4.5. Radiation absorption/radiation absorptance (RA) 28 3.4.6. Radiation reflection/radiation reflectance (RR) 28 3.4.7. Total energy transmission/total energy transmittance (g value) 29 3.4.8. Shading coefficient 29 3.4.9. Selectivity characteristic 30 3.4.10. General colour rendering index (Ra) 30 3.4.11. UV transmission 30 3.5 The U value 30

6 I Table of Contents

4. Products 4.1. EUROFLOAT â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Uncoated basic glass 4.1.1. Manufacture of float glass 4.1.2. Product range 4.1.3. Physical and chemical properties of flat glass 4.1.3.1. Definition and composition 4.1.3.2. Mechanical properties 4.1.3.3. Thermal properties 4.1.3.4. Chemical properties 4.1.3.5. Radiation-physical properties 4.1.3.6. Further properties 4.1.3.7. Summary of the most important technical characteristics of float glass 4.1.4. Available range and packing 4.2. SILVERSTAR â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Coated glass 4.2.1. SILVERSTAR thermal insulation coatings 4.2.1.1 Use as thermal insulation glass 4.2.1.2. Combination possibilities 4.2.1.3. Available range 4.2.2. SILVERSTAR solar control layers 4.2.2.1. Function of solar control insulation glass 4.2.2.2. Application of solar control insulation glass 4.2.2.3. Available range 4.2.3. SILVERSTAR COMBI coatings 4.2.3.1. Application of COMBI coating 4.2.4. Combination possibilities 4.2.5. Insulation glazing 4.2.5.1. Principles, energy gain, comfort in the home 4.2.5.2. Insulating glass edge seal system 4.2.5.3. Thermal insulation 4.2.6. Balustrade panels 4.2.7. Special coatings

33 33 33 37 40 40 42 44 46 47 50 51 52 55 60 61 62 62 63 64 67 69 70 71 74 75 75 80 86 92 96

Table of Contents I 7

4.3. Laminated safety glass 99 4.3.1. EUROLAMEX LSG laminated safety glass 99 4.3.2. Protection and safety with glass 104 4.3.2.1. Passive and active safety 104 4.3.2.2. Glass with safety properties 106 4.3.2.3. Passive safety in practice 107 4.3.2.3.1. Balustrade glazing 107 4.3.2.3.2. Sloping, roof and overhead glazing 108 4.3.2.3.3. Glass floors 110 4.3.2.3.4. Glazing in sports facilities 111 4.3.2.3.5. Structural use of glass 111 4.3.2.3.6. Passive safety – application recommendations 112 4.3.2.4. Active safety in practice 114 4.3.2.5. Safety properties of glass 115 4.3.3. EUROLAMEX PHON – Sound-insulating glass 116 4.3.4. Packing 118 4.3.5. Sound control 121 4.3.5.1. Noise sources and perception 123 4.3.5.2. Measurement curves and their meaning 124 4.3.5.2.1. Test procedure 124 4.3.5.2.2. Sound reduction curve and weighted sound reduction index 125 4.3.5.2.3. Spectrum adjustment values C and Ctr 125 4.3.5.3. Applicable standards and regulations 125 4.3.5.3.1. The Federal Noise Control Ordinance 126 4.3.5.3.2. DIN 4109 127 4.3.5.4. Definitions pertaining to sound control 127 4.3.5.5. Function and structure of sound reduction insulating glass 130 4.3.5.6. Features of sound reduction insulating glass 131 4.3.5.6.1. Laminated safety glass with sound-insulating film (LSG P) 131 4.3.5.7. Insulating glass – window – facade interrelations 133 4.3.5.8. Sound control combined with other functions 134 4.3.5.8.1. Sound control and thermal insulation 134 4.3.5.8.2. Sound control and safety 134 4.3.5.8.3. Sound control and solar control 135 4.3.5.8.4. Sound control and muntins 135 4.3.5.9. Overview of sound insulation glass 135

8 I Table of Contents

4.4. LUXAR anti-reflective glass (HY-TECH-GLASS) 4.4.1. LUXAR anti-reflective glass as single glazing 4.4.2. LUXAR anti-reflective glass as insulating glass 4.4.3. LUXAR CLASSIC anti-reflective glass 4.5. Fire protection glass 4.5.1. FIRESWISS FOAM fire protection glass – classification EI 4.5.2. FIRESWISS COOL fire protection glass – classification EW

137 139 139 140

4.6. Solar and toughened safety glass 4.6.1. Areas of application for EUROGLAS ESG Flat 4.6.2. Manufacture and processing

151 151 152

4.7. DURACLEAR – Permanently brilliant showering pleasure

157

5. Logistics

161

5.1. Transport modes 5.2. Packaging

161 162

143 144 148

Table of Contents I 9

6. Application and Handling 6.1. Glass cleaning 6.2. Glass fracture 6.2.1. Glass fracture due to thermal shock 6.2.2. Spontaneous failure of TSG 6.2.3. Scratches on and fracture of insulating glass 6.2.4. Glass fracture on sliding doors and windows 6.2.5. Assessment of glass fractures 6.2.5.1. Glass fractures due to direct impact, shock, thrown objects or bullets 6.2.5.2. G lass fractures due to bending stress, pressure, suction, tension and load 6.2.5.3. Glass fractures due to local heating or formation of deep shadows 6.3. Optical phenomena 6.3.1. Natural colour 6.3.2. Colour differences of coatings 6.3.3. Visible area of the insulating glass edge seal 6.3.4. Insulating glass with internal muntins 6.3.5. Interference phenomena (Brewster fringes, Newton rings) 6.3.6. Insulating glass effect (double-pane effect) 6.3.7. Anisotropies (irisation) 6.3.8. Formation of condensation 6.3.8.1. Condensation on external surfaces of panes (formation of dew water) 6.3.8.2. Condensation on the room side 6.3.8.3. Dew point determination 6.3.9. Preventing disruptive reflections

10 I Table of Contents

165 165 165 166 167 167 168 168 169 169 170 171 171 171 171 172 172 173 173 174 174 174 174 176

6.4. Product-specific application directions 177 6.4.1. Handling/processing guidelines for thermal insulation glass of the SILVERSTAR product family 177 6.4.1.1. Transport and packaging 177 6.4.1.2. Handling 180 6.4.1.3. Cutting of glass to size 180 6.4.1.4. Removal of edge coating 181 6.4.1.5. Storage 182 6.4.1.6. Insulating glass manufacture 183 6.4.1.7. Quality inspection and testing 185 6.4.1.8. Recommendations 186 6.4.1.9. Standards for glass in civil engineering and building construction 188 6.4.2. SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T solar control glass 190 6.4.2.1. General 190 6.4.2.2. Tempering process requirements 190 6.4.2.3. Tempering furnace 191 6.4.3. Technical directions for using thermal insulation and solar control glass 192 6.4.4. Milky coatings on insulating glass 194 6.4.5. Plant growth behind thermal insulation glazing 194 6.4.6. FIRESWISS FOAM fire protection glass 195 6.4.7. One-way glass 196 6.4.8. Laminated safety glass 196 6.4.8.1. Edge zone on LSG 196 6.4.8.2. Laminated safety glass with UV protection 197 6.4.9. Assessment of view-restricting facades 197

7. Standards, Technical Regulations

199

199 200 200 202

7.1. ISO international standards 7.2. European standards 7.3. German / European standards (DIN EN) 7.4. German standards

Table of Contents I 11

14 I Glass as a Building Material

2. Glass as a Building Material 2.1. Historical development Glass is one of the oldest man-made materials. However, the mystery as to the origins of glass manufacture is unresolved to this day. The oldest glass finds, in the form of glazes of ceramics, date back to the 7th millennium BC. We can talk of the beginnings of actual glass production from around 3500 BC onwards, in the form of glass beads and later also as rings and small figures manufactured in moulds. The sand core technique was developed around 1500 BC. Here a ceramic core attached to a rod and serving as a negative mould was dipped into the melt and turned about its own axis until the viscous glass mass stuck to it. The mass was then rolled out on a plate until the desired shape was obtained. The workpiece was then cooled, the auxiliary core was removed, and the rough glass elements were finished by polishing and grinding. This technique produced small vases, drinking vessels and bowls which at the time were still opaque but coloured, with the colours being obtained by adding copper and cobalt compounds to the melt. Around 1000 BC, the art of the glassmaker had spread in the Nile valley from Alexandria to Luxor, between the Euphrates and the Tigris, in Iraq and in Syria, to Cyprus and Rhodes, and as a result a kind of prehistoric glass industry was established.

Lotus goblet, Thutmosis III/ÂŠ State Museum of Egyptian Art, Photographer: Marianne Franke

Figure: Lotus goblet with the name of Thutmosis III. The oldest reliably dated glass vessel. New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1450 BC State Museum of Egyptian Art, Munich

Glassmaker's blowpipe The invention of the glassmaker's blowpipe by Syrian craftsmen around 200 BC took glass manufacture up to a whole new level. This simple instrument, an iron pipe around 100 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 150 cm long, made possible the manufacture of a wide variety of thin-walled and transparent vessels. The glassblower takes a gob of liquid glass from the melt and blows it into a ball. Further development of this technique into the cylinder stretching process already made it possible to make flat glass slabs up to a size of around 90 x 200 cm by the 1st century AD. In spite of huge technical advances, the glassmaker's blowpipe is still used today, in virtually unchanged form, to manufacture special glass, for example authentic antique glass.

Glass as a Building Material I 15

Spread throughout the Roman Empire With the occupation of Syria by the Romans (64 BC), the art of glassmaking was adopted by them, and with its spread throughout the entire Roman Empire a first heyday of glass culture developed, with the founding of glassworks in Italy. Just after the birth of Christ the first window panes were already being installed in town houses in Rome, and around 50 years later the first Roman glassworks north of the Alps were established in Cologne and Trier.

A gob of viscous glass is removed with the glassmaker's

St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague, Czech Republic

blowpipe

Around 540 AD, a first great work of church architecture, the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, was provided with glass windows. In the Gothic period (ca. 1150 – 1500), glass in church architecture was held in extraordinarily high regard, surpassing even the status of gold. 5000 m2 of stained glass windows were installed in Chartres Cathedral (construction period 1194 – 1260). Venetian glassmaking Between the 9th and 13th centuries, glass was made primarily in monastery glassworks. From then on, glassmaking moved away from the monasteries, and the first forest glassworks were established north of the Alps, initially changing location nomadically (depending on the availability of wood) but settling in permanent locations from the 18th century onwards. The glass products from these works were, due to the high iron oxide content of the sand and the associated green colouration, not of top quality. Examples in Switzerland of forest glassworks of this type are the “Verrerie près de Roche” (1776) and the “Glasi Hergiswil”. Absolute top quality when it came to glass products originated in Venice between the 15th and 17th centuries. The success of Venetian glass was founded on its exceptional purity and colourlessness. The Venetian glassmakers, who had been organised in a glassmakers' guild since 1280, succeeded in discovering a decolouring agent from the ashes of a beach plant. Under the threat of draconian punishments, they were long able to keep this and other secrets of the high art of glassmaking to themselves, and thus found not only fame but also considerable fortune.

16 I Glass as a Building Material

First cast glass process In 1599 the first glazed greenhouse was built in Leiden/Holland. Glass was by now being increasingly used not only in churches and monasteries, but also in townhouses, palaces and castles, causing greater demand. This steadily increasing demand and the monopoly of Venice forced the glassworks to come up with new production methods. The cast glass process was developed in France around 1688. The viscous glass mass was poured out onto a smooth preheated copper plate and rolled out with a water-cooled metal roller into a sheet. The new process was much more productive than previous processes and produced significantly flatter sheets, which were then ground and polished. The so-called “grandes glaces” measured 120 x 200 cm, were of high quality and came in a variety of thicknesses. Greenhouses in Britain The start of the 19th century witnessed, particularly in Britain, a new type of building, the so-called “hothouse”, also known as an orangery or palm house. The building shell consisted solely of iron and glass, with the glass for the first time having structural functions as the bracing element. A high point of this glass architecture was the construction of the “Crystal Palace” for the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London. The building complex designed by Joseph Paxton, of huge dimensions (length 600 m, width 133 m, height 36 m) even by today's standards, consisted of an iron structure filled out with 300,000 individual glass panes. The clear and minimal iron structures and the open space became the model for modern glass architecture.

Crystal Palace, London

In the 19th century, advances were made in all areas of glass manufacture. Thus, for example, the casting and rolling process was continuously developed further to deliver ever larger pane dimensions (by 1958 dimensions of 2.50 x 20 m were possible). Cylinder glass blowing was further improved by the use of compressed air. Glass cylinder sizes of 12 m in height and 80 cm in diameter became possible, and with them theoretical pane sizes of approximately 2.50 x 11.50 m. Cast and raw glass is in principle still manufactured today using the rolling process.

Glass as a Building Material I 17

From drawn glass to float glass After 1900 the Belgian Emile Fourcault succeeded in developing a process for manufacturing glass in which the glass is drawn directly from the melt. The drawn glass process was patented in 1902, but could only be used on an industrial scale a good ten years later. This process made it possible to manufacture plain glass panes which are clearly transparent without needing to be ground and polished. In addition to the Fourcault process, a further process, that of Libbey-Owens developed by the American Irving Colburn, was of significance: here the glass was not drawn into the vertical, as in the Fourcault process, but via a bending roller into the horizontal. From 1928 onwards, the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company produced glass using a process which combined the advantages of the two above processes. This produced in particular a further increase in production speed. The decisive step towards the economical production of high-quality glass slabs with absolutely plane-parallel surfaces was taken in 1959 by the Englishman Alastair Pilkington with the development of the float glass process. Float glass is the most widely used type of glass today.

2.2. Manufacture of float glass Float glass is produced in a long and continuous stream, in the course of which an endless ribbon of glass that never tears is created and, depending on the glass thickness and the capacity of the installation, grows up to 30 kilometres every day. Only absolute precision over the entire production distance of several hundred metres can guarantee the high quality of EUROFLOAT glass. For information on its manufacture please refer to Chapter 4.1.1.

Osterweddingen float glass plant

18 I Glass as a Building Material

2.3. Basic glass 2.3.1. Float glass Float glass is the most widely used type of glass today. The float process enables the economical manufacture of clearly transparent glass with flat surfaces in thicknesses from 2 to 19 mm. Float glass is available as standard float glass, with a slight green colouration, and as extra-white glass with no natural colour. For further information please refer to Chapter 4. Coloured float glass Coloured float glass can be produced by adding metal oxides, with the entire glass mass being coloured. The upshot is that the intensity of the respective colour is linked to the thickness of the glass. Theoretically, a wide range of shades would be possible, but for practical reasons the available palette is confined to a few shades (green, grey, bronze, blue). When exposed to sunlight, coloured glass heats up very strongly due to the high radiation absorption, increasing the risk of thermal breakage. Coloured float glass must therefore often be tempered in practice. The sheet size is 3210 x 6000 mm. Colouring oxides and their effect according to Dr Fahrenkrog (extract) Colouring oxide

Effect

Iron oxide

Green

Nickel oxide

Grey

Cobalt oxide

Blue

Al Falassi, Dubai, UAE

Glass as a Building Material I 19

2.3.2. Window glass The term window glass today denotes glass that has been produced in the drawing process. Window glass and float glass have the same chemical composition and exhibit the same physical properties. The significance of window glass is today confined in practical terms to the renovation market for historically important buildings. The drawing marks (stripes) that give the glass surface the feel of being “alive” are very much in demand in the reconstruction or replacement of historical windows.

2.3.3. Ornamental and cast glass Ornamental glass is glass with a more or less structured surface on one or both sides. During manufacture, the glass mass passes through one or more pairs of rollers which impart the required embossed texture. The glass does lose its clear transparency in this process, but as a result is perfectly suitable for use as privacy screening with high translucence. The thermal and structural load capacity of ornamental glass is generally lower than that of float glass. Some structured glass can be tempered, laminated into LSG or combined to make insulating glass. The finish is dependent on the type and direction of the structure and on production technology factors.

Batch filling

Melting furnace

Rollers (glass structure) Cooling zone

Spec. 32 white

Master Carré white

Cutting to size

Raw plate glass Str. 200 white

Selection from the Glas Trösch ornamental glass collection. For all types of ornamental glass, please visit www.glastroesch.ch

20 I Glass as a Building Material

2.3.4. Wired ornamental glass, wired glass and polished wired glass Ornamental glass can be provided with a wire mesh insert, which is inserted during the production process into the still liquid glass. In the event of the glass being mechanically destroyed, the wire mesh holds the fragments together, providing a degree of protection against falling shards. Wired ornamental glass has one structured surface W ired glass has two smooth surfaces Polished wired glass (previously wired plate glass) has two polished surfaces Warning Wired glass too is much more susceptible to breakage than float glass and is by no means a safety glass.

Wired glass

2.3.5. Borosilicate glass Contains an addition of 7 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 15 % boron oxide. The coefficient of thermal expansion is very much lower when compared with float, window and ornamental glass. Borosilicate glass therefore has a significantly higher resistance to changing temperatures, and also a high resistance to alkalis and acids. It is used when high thermal stability is required.

2.3.6. Glass-ceramics Glass-ceramics are not glass in the strict sense of the word, in that they have a partial or complete microcrystalline structure. They can nevertheless be absolutely transparent. They have an extraordinarily high resistance to changing temperatures. They are used in building applications primarily as ceramic hobs.

2.3.7. Radiation shielding glass Consists of a high percentage of lead oxide that absorbs X-rays. It is therefore also often called lead glass. Radiation shielding glass has a high density (depending on the lead content up to 5 g/ cm3), and so is up to twice as heavy as float glass. A characteristic feature of radiation shielding glass is its slight yellow colouration. Its effectiveness against X-rays is specified with the socalled lead equivalent. It is used particularly in hospitals and in research and development facilities. Generally wherever clear transparency is desired, but optimum radiation shielding must be ensured.

Glass as a Building Material I 21

2.3.8. Polished plate glass Term for cast and rolled glass ground plane-parallel on both sides. With clear transparency and flawless appearance, colourless or coloured (superseded by float glass).

2.3.9. Lead crystal Term for mostly plumbiferous, ground hollow glass ware (not flat glass!).

2.3.10. Quartz glass Quartz glass consists of pure silicon oxide. Its name is a little misleading in that it exhibits not a crystalline structure like quartz, but an amorphous structure as is customary with glass. Quartz glass has a great capacity to transmit ultraviolet radiation, a low coefficient of thermal expansion and thus a high resistance to changing temperatures. Applications: optics, bulb production, semiconductor production, fibre-optic cables and insulation materials in electronic components.

2.3.11. Available thicknesses of different glass types EUROFLOAT

3 mm

4 mm

5 mm

6 mm

8 mm

10 mm

12 mm

on request

EUROWHITE

3 mm

4 mm

5 mm

6 mm

8 mm

10 mm

12 mm

on request

2.4. General comments on building with glass Developments in glass technology over the past few decades have resulted, thanks to the wide variety of processing and finishing processes, in improved mechanical strength and in significantly improved physical properties. The continuous further development of production facilities creates ever larger available dimensions, which is why the option of building with glass has in recent years become increasingly popular with architects, planners and building sponsors. At the same time, building experts are proving to be increasingly knowledgeable about glass and its potential uses. However, fundamental rules are frequently disregarded amidst all the euphoria.

22 I Glass as a Building Material

2.4.1. Safety glass must be planned and specified The glass industry offers a wide range of glass types with safety properties. However, standard float glass is used for obvious economic reasons if no safety requirements are defined. Unfortunately, this often leads to safety-related misunderstandings with dangerous consequences. Serious planning therefore requires an agreement on utilisation between architect and building sponsor. As well as defining the type of utilisation of the different building parts, this agreement must also set out the safety requirements (active and/or passive) with regard to the glazing. The agreement on utilisation forms the basis for defining the required glass quality with the glass specialist.

2. 2.4.2. Even the thickest glass can break Glass is indeed a high-strength, but unfortunately brittle-fracturing material. The material is almost completely elastic in its behaviour and has no plasticising possibilities that would enable it to displace peak stresses, as is for example possible with metals. This property makes glass to a certain extent “unpredictable”. It must therefore always be assumed that glass can break due to an unforeseeable external influence (e.g. stone impact or exposure to heat etc.). For this reason, the warranties furnished by the glass supplier as a rule exclude the risk of breakage/fracture. It is therefore customary to take out special glass breakage insurance to cover glass breakage damage. To prevent people from being endangered or even injured in the event of glass breakage, it is essential in any event to incorporate the consideration as to “what happens in the event of or after a glass breakage?” in the planning and to take the necessary planning precautions. This safety risk can often be reduced by the use of special laminated safety glass.

2.4.3. Glass should be replaceable with reasonable effort and expense The improved physical, structural, design and safety properties, and in particular single and insulating glass with hitherto inconceivable dimensions, afford the planner immense design and implementation latitude, which is often pushed to the limits. But since glass after being fitted, as explained in Section 2.4.2., can break due to unforeseeable external influences or can lose its aesthetic perfection (e.g. as the result of scratches), it is essential to address the question of the replaceability of glazing. Prudent planners and designers ensure that individual panes of glass can be replaced at any time, even after completion of construction, at reasonable effort and expense. In this respect, emphasis should be placed on simple assembly and disassembly and on sensible accessibility (approach route, accessibility with a crane jib, etc.) for the replacement glazing. This detail too is part of sustained building and planning.

Glass as a Building Material I 23

24 I Glass Characteristics and Basic Physical Concepts

Financial Center, Abu Dhabi, UAE

100 %

Infrared

visible

3. Glass Characteristics and Basic Physical Concepts 90 % 80 %

Totalenergy

70 %

60 % 50 %

3.1. Glass and solar radiation 40 %

30 %

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500

Glass is characterised by its great capacity to transmit radiation in the solar spectrum range. The 20 % with regard to solar radiation is therefore in practice an important distinguishing specific behaviour 10 % types of glass, expressed with the so-called glass characteristics. These characfactor of different teristics are radiation-physical comparative values. 0% Spectral subdivision of solar radiation

Wavelength in nm

Type of radiation

Wavelength range

Percentage (energy)

Ultraviolet radiation

320 – 380 nm

approx. 4 %

Visible radiation

380 – 780 nm

approx. 45 %

Infrared radiation

780 – 3000 nm

approx. 51 %

Solar radiation can, depending on the angle of incidence, geographical location, time of day and atmospheric conditions, range up to 800 W/m2 or more.

3.2. The greenhouse effect Because float glass has a very high capacity to transmit (transmission) solar radiation, the majority of the solar energy impinging on glazing passes by direct transmission into the room interior.

T: 6000 K 13

Extraterrestrial radiation _ λ = 200 10000 nm

Float glass 6 mm

λ=

30°

Global radiation Atmosphere

R λ =adia 30 tion 0 _ tra 3 n 57 000 smi 6 W nm tte d /m

T: 300 K

Seco

ndary

radia tion λ = 70 00 nm

Absorption

Glass Characteristics and Basic Physical Concepts I 25

In the room, the sun's rays are absorbed by walls, floors and bodies. These are heated up and now in turn transmit the received energy in the form of long-wave infrared radiation. Glass is barely able to transmit this type of radiation. The interior of a room therefore heats up because new energy is constantly coming in from the outside and only a small amount of this energy passes from the inside to the outside. Primarily responsible for the greenhouse effect is the different capacity of float glass to transmit (transmission) short-wave and long-wave radiation.

3.3. Operation in terms of radiation physics The most important terms in connection with solar control glass (Physical values)

UVUV

Infrarot Infrarot

sichtbar sichtbar

100100 %%

0 10000 100 100 200 200 200 300 300 300 400 400 400 500 500 500 600 600 600 700 700 700 800 800 800 900 900 900 1000 1000 1000 1100 1100 1100 1200 1200 1200 1300 1300 1300 1400 1400 1400 1500 1500 1500 1600 1600 1600 1700 1700 1700 1800 1800 1800 1900 1900 1900 2000 2000 2000 2100 2100 2100 2200 2200 2200 2300 2300 2300 2400 2400 2400 2500 2500 2500

90 90 %all % Above when it comes to solar control glass, Licht Licht 80 80 %% three70terms – and thus also three numerical val%% 70 %% ues –60506050are of crucial importance. %% 40 40 %% Reflection – Throwing back of the 30 30 %% sun's 20 20 % % rays; mirror effect. 10 10 %% Transmission – Passing through of the 0% 0% sun's rays. in nm Wellenlänge in nm Infrared Wellenlänge UV visible %Absorption – Taking in of the sun's rays; 100 90 %dark surface. Infrarot Infrarot UVUV sichtbar sichtbar

80 %

100100 %%

70 %

90 90 %%

Light

80 80 %%

60 %

Reflection

Transmission

Absorption

Gesamtenergie Gesamtenergie

70 70 %%

None of these three properties exist in their pure form in the building material glass. Every piece 50 50 %% 40 % of30 %glass 40 40 % % allows a certain proportion of rays to pass through (transmission and stops some of these 30 30 %% 20 % by absorption and reflection. The sum total of reflection, transmission and absorption is always rays 20 20 %% 10 % 10 100%.10 %A% distinction is made between light (the visible range of the spectrum 380 – 780 nm) and the 0% 0% 0% total solar spectrum 320 – 3000 nm. The physical values are also defined accordingly. 50 %

0 100 2000 10000 300 100 100 200 400 200 200 300 500 300 300 400 600 400 400 500 500 500 700 600 600 600 700 800 700 700 800 900 800 800 900 1000 900 900 1000 1000 1000 1100 1100 1100 1100 1200 1200 1200 1200 1300 1300 1300 1300 1400 1400 1400 1400 1500 1500 1500 1500 1600 1600 1600 1700 1600 1700 1700 1800 1700 1800 1800 1900 1800 1900 1900 2000 1900 2000 2000 2100 2100 2100 2200 2000 2200 2200 2300 2100 2300 2300 2400 2200 2400 2400 2500 2300 2500 2500 2400 2500

60 60 %%

Wellenlänge in nm Wellenlänge in nm

Wavelength in nm

100 %

Infrared

visible

UV 90 %

80 %

Totalenergy

Light

80 %

70 %

60 %

50 %

40 %

30 %

20 %

10 % 0%

Infrared

visible

100 %

90 %

T: 6000 K K T: 6000 13 13 5 53 3 W/ W / m 2m Extraterrestrische Extraterrestrische Strahlung Strahlung _ _ nmnm = 20010000 10000 λ =λ200

10 % 0% 22

80 80 0 W0 W /m /2m 22 λ =λ = 3 30° 0°

Globalstrahlung Globalstrahlung Atmosphäre Atmosphäre

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500

Transmission, Reflection and Absorption

Floatglas 6 mm Floatglas 6 mm

Wavelength in nm

T: 300 T: 300 K K D Du λ =uλr=chrchg 30 3g0ela ela 0 _0 _ss ss 3 3e e 57 57 00000n0e Sne S 6 W6 W nmnmtra tra /m /2m 22 hluhlu ng ng Seku Send kuär ndst ärra sthl raun hlg ung λ =λ70 = 00 7000 nmnm

26 I Glass Characteristics and Basic Physical Concepts Absorption Absorption

Wavelength in nm

100 %

visible

Infrared

90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 %

Totalenergy

Energy (total range of spectrum)

Light (visible range of spectrum)

Transmission

Radiation transmission

Light transmission

Reflection

Radiation reflection

Light reflection

Absorption

Radiation absorption

Light absorption

T: 6000 K 13

Extraterrestrische Strahlung _ λ = 200 10000 nm

m %2 100 Transmission

Floatglas 6 mm

λ= Reflection

Atmosphäre Radiation and convection

30°

Globalstrahlung

T: 300 K Du r λ = ch 30 gela 0 _ ss 3 e 57 000 ne S 6 W and nm tra Radiation hlu /m ng convection2 Sekun därstr ahlung λ = 70 00 nm Absorption

Glass Characteristics and Basic Physical Concepts I 27

3.4. Glass characteristics Glass characteristics constitute important performance and distinguishing features of glazing. They can be ascertained using measurement methods, but in current practice generally by the usie of certified calculation methods for both single glass and complex-structured multi-pane insulating glass.

Light and glass 3.4.1. Light transmission/light transmittance (LT) The light transmittance of glazing denotes the percentage of solar radiation in the visible light range (380 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 780 nm) which is transmitted from the outside to the inside.

3.4.2. Light absorption/light absorptance (LA) The light absorptance denotes the proportion of solar radiation in the visible range (380 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 780 nm) which is absorbed by the glazing. Light absorption is a less common characteristic quantity.

3.4.3. Light reflection/light reflectance (LR) The light reflectance denotes that percentage of solar radiation in the visible light range (380 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 780 nm) which is reflected outwards.

Total energy and glass 3.4.4. Radiation transmission/radiation transmittance (RT) The radiation transmittance, also known as energy transmittance, denotes the proportion of radiation in the total solar spectrum that is allowed to pass through by the glazing.

3.4.5. Radiation absorption/radiation absorptance (RA) The radiation absorptance, or energy absorptance, denotes the proportion of radiation in the total solar spectrium range that is absorbed by the glazing.

3.4.6. Radiation reflection/radiation reflectance (RR) The radiation reflectance, or energy reflectance, of glazing denotes the proportion of radiation in the total solar spectrum that is reflected directly outwards by the glazing.

28 I Glass Characteristics and Basic Physical Concepts

Secondary heat output The amount of absorbed radiation is dissipated again by the glazing in the form of radiation (long-wave infrared). This process is called secondary heat output. It is divided into two as a rule unequal parts (secondary heat output to the outside and secondary heat output to the inside).

Secondary heat output to the outside Qo

Secondary heat output to the inside Qi

3.4.7. Total energy transmission/ total energy transmittance (g value) The total energy transmittance denotes the sum total of radiation transmission RT and secondary heat output Qi to the inside. ST + Qi = g value RT The total energy transmittance is, aside from the U value, the most important characteristic quantity for glazing. It indicates how much of the outer-impinging solar energy ultimately passes into the room interior. For optimum passive solar energy utilisation, the g value should be as high as possible, and for optimum solar control effect as low as possible.

3.4.8. Shading coefficient The shading coefficient is a characteristic quantity derived from the g value, with two different derivations being customary Shading coefficient = g value : 0.80 (customary in Germany) Shading coefficient = g value : 0.87 (customary in the UK and the USA) The purpose of the shading coefficient is to compare the shading effect of glazing with the shading effect of conventional uncoated double insulation glazing (g value = 0.80) or of single glazing with 6 mm thick float glass (g value = 0.87). Relevant directives and guidelines for calculating cooling loads frequently require not the g value, but the shading coefficient. To avoid misunderstandings, it is advisable in each case when specifying shading coefficients to define the basis for calculation exactly!

Glass Characteristics and Basic Physical Concepts I 29

3.4.9. Selectivity characteristic The selectivity characteristic denotes the ratio between light transmittance and total energy transmittance. Light transmittance Selectivity characteristic = Total energy transmittance The selectivity characteristic is particularly important with regard to solar control glazing. A high selectivity characteristic (>1.5) means good solar control and, in spite of this, plenty of daylight.

Example SILVERSTAR SUPERSELEKT 60/27 T: Light transmission = 60 %, g value = 27 % Selectivity characteristic = 2.22

3.4.10. General colour rendering index (Ra) The general colour rendering index is a measure of the change in the light (or its influence on the rendering of colours, where eight different standardised shades are assessed) by a piece of glazing. The higher the colour rendering index, the less colours are altered by the glazing. A rendering index of 95 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 100 means very minor colour changes, while an index of 90 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 95 means minor colour changes. The colour rendering index can be an important decision-making criterion, particularly in the case of museums, galleries and craft and industrial activities where colours play a significant role.

3.4.11. UV transmission Generally, solar control glazing has UV transmission reduced roughly proportionally to the g value. Installing a UV-absorbing film in the laminated safety glass offers an option of additional UV protection. UV radiation can be reduced completely with this film. Furthermore, highly photochemical rays can become effective above 380 nm, with the ability to impair colours for example. Extra caution is therefore advised, especially at altitudes above around 600 m above sea level when shop/display windows, museums and the like are involved.

3.5. The U value The heat transfer coefficient (U value) is the unit of measure for determining the heat loss of a component. The U value specifies the amount of heat that passes per unit of time through 1 m2 of a component with a temperature difference of 1 K. The lower the U value, the lower the heat losses to the outside and accordingly the lower the energy consumption.

30 I Glass Characteristics and Basic Physical Concepts

For insulating glass, the U value (according to the test standard EN 673 termed Ug) is probably the most important characteristic quantity. In practice the Ug value can be determined using certified calculation methods for each individual insulating glass structure. It is to be noted that the Ug value applies to the so-called undisturbed area, i.e. without the influence of the edge area (in which the heat flow is much greater). The edge seal is therefore of no importance to the Ug value. Only when the U value is determined for the whole window (glass incl. window frame), the Uw value (w = Window) does it have a bearing. SILVERSTAR insulating glass achieves - thanks to highly efficient thermal insulation coatings - Ug values up to 0.4 W/m2K. This equates to the insulation provided by a wooden wall at least 25 cm thick. Energy or heat transfer inside the insulating glass takes place in three different ways Conduction, through the individual glass panes and through the gas or air fillings in the cavities. Convection, through flow of the gas or air fillings in the cavities. Radiation, through heat radiation (long-wave infrared radiation) of the glass surfaces. Heat radiation makes up by far the biggest share (approx. 2/3) of the heat loss. The thermal insulation performance can be dramatically improved by using extremely thin and practically invisible thermal insulation coatings. Thermal insulation coating Conduction

Conduction 33 %

33 % Convection

Convection

Radiation 67 %

Radiation 7 %

Energy transfer in insulating glass without thermal insulation coating

Energy transfer in insulating glass with thermal insulation coating

Glass Characteristics and Basic Physical Concepts I 31

32 I Products – EUROFLOAT

4. Products 4.1. EUROFLOAT – Uncoated basic glass This provides the basis for all forms of glass, whether used in interior or exterior applications. Flat glass is produced in a complex production process under enormous heat and the subsequent slow cooling process. EUROFLOAT consists primarily of quartz sand. It acquires its striking green colour from traces of iron oxide in the raw material. The use of low-iron raw materials produces brilliant white glass – EUROWHITE. 4.1.1. Manufacture of float glass The most important base material in the manufacture of float glass is quartz sand, a material that is in plentiful supply in nature and will also be available to future generations in sufficient quantity. It also needs soda, dolomite, lime and other raw materials in smaller quantities. Approximately 20 % clean cullet is added to the mixture to improve the melting process. These raw materials enter the melting furnace as a batch, where they are melted at a temperature of approx. 1550 °C and refined with minimal bubbles. The liquid glass is then fed to the float bath, which contains a tin melt in a protective inert-gas atmosphere. The glass mass "floats" on the molten tin in the form of an endless ribbon. The surface tension of the glass and the flat surface of the tin bath cause a plane-parallel and distortion-free glass ribbon of high optical quality to form. In the cooling tunnel and on the subsequent open roller conveyor, the glass ribbon is continuously cooled down from 600 to 60 °C, monitored by camera technology for defects, and then cut into glass sheets of predominantly 3210 x 6000 mm in size.

Diagram: float glass process 1 Batch charging

2 Melting furnace approx. 1550 °C

3 Float bath

4 Cooling zone

Defect detection

5 Cutting

Products – EUROFLOAT I 33

1 Batch charging The batch is weighed fully automatically and fed to an intermediate reservoir. From there it is placed continuously into the bath. Depending on the bath size, up to 1200 tons of base materials are poured in every day. Batch house

Delivery of soda, dolomite

Cullet batch

Mixing

Delivery of sand

Tank preliminary silo

Weighing

Metering

Furnace

2 Melting The batch is melted in the bath at a temperature of around 1550 °C. This is followed by the refining zone, where the glass is refined with as few bubbles as possible and then prepared in a so-called cooling tank for subsequent shaping by cooling down to around 1100 °C. The melting bath and the cooling tank constantly contain up to 1900 tons of glass.

EUROGLAS melting bath/float glass plant, Hombourg, France

34 I Products – EUROFLOAT

3 Float bath The liquid glass is cast onto a bath containing liquid tin. The process of adapting the lower surface to the completely flat upper surface of the tin bath and simultaneous heating from above (fire-polishing) produce plane-parallel glass equivalent to plate glass. The glass thickness is adjusted by so-called top roll machines, which engage with the edge of the glass ribbon, and by means of heating and cooling in the float bath, taking into account the drawing speed of the glass ribbon in the annealing lehr. Without external influences, an equilibrium thickness of around 6 to 7 mm would be set. For a lower glass thickness, the viscous glass mass must be sped up by means of the annealing lehr drawing speed, and for a higher glass thickness it must be slowed down. 4 Cooling zone After leaving the tin bath, the glass ribbon enters the more than 140 m long annealing lehr. It is cooled down from approx. 600 to 60 °C. The slow, controlled cooling process ensures that the glass mass solidifies without stress. This is important to ensure problem-free further processing.

Annealing lehr Glass 600 °C

Heat dissipation of glass to the flow air

580 °C

Cooling air from above and below

Cold Air

Hot air

480 °C

370 °C

Glass ribbon is visible for the first time

60 °C Cutting

5 Cutting The final part of the production line is called the “cold end”. It contains the quality inspection and testing and the cutting sections. The entire glass ribbon is continuously checked by camera systems for the smallest defects. Areas of the glass ribbon that fail to meet the high quality standards can thus be immediately segregated and withdrawn. The glass is then cut to standard dimensions (3210 x 6000 mm) and stacked. The glass can be further prepared directly in accordance with customer dimensions on a separate cutting line. After a distance of 400 m, float glass has been created from predominantly natural raw materials – ready for delivery, ready for further processing.

Cutting, float glass Products – EUROFLOAT I 35

Cutting Emergency cutting bridge Float crusher 1

Line monitoring Longitudinal cut cubicle Thicknesses/ Trimming break 1 and 2 Stress Contour camera Transverse cut Measurement Crushing roller

Float crusher 2 Cullet belt

Defect detection

Trimming cutter

Float crusher 3 Stacking area

Glass with a length of 9 metres In the EUROGLAS plants, where required, float glass up to a size of 3210 x 9000 mm can be produced and also be provided over its full size with thermal insulation, solar control or combination coatings, or further processed to make toughened safety glass, laminated safety glass and insulating glass. The most important raw materials for float glass production Raw material

By % in weight

Quartz sand

~ 59 %

Soda

~ 18 %

Dolomite/lime

~ 20 %

Further raw materials

~3%

Plus addition of clean cullet (recycling)

~ 20 %

Float glass is further processed to make Insulating glass Laminated safety glass (LSG) Toughened safety glass (TSG) Thermal insulation glass Solar control glass Printed glass Fire protection glass Mirrors etc.

36 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; EUROFLOAT

and serves as the base material for facades, windows, shop/display windows, roofs glass cabinets, display cases and other glass furniture fittings and furnishings in shop and interior finishing

EUROGLAS glass warehouse, Hombourg, France

4.1.2. Product range EUROFLOAT Standard float glass with a slight green colouration, which can be clearly seen particularly at the glass edges. The green colouration, also called green tinge, originates from small quantities of iron oxide contained in the raw materials. The standard sheet size is 3210 x 6000 mm. Larger dimensions are possible on request.

EUROWHITE Extra-white glass manufactured from raw materials that are particularly low in iron oxides and exhibiting practically no natural colour. EUROWHITE is used mostly for aesthetic and optical reasons. The standard sheet size is 3210 x 6000 mm. Larger dimensions are possible on request.

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; EUROFLOAT I 37

Technical data - EUROFLOAT

EUROFLOAT

2 mm 3 mm 4 mm 5 mm 6 mm 8 mm 10 mm 12 mm 15 mm 19 mm

Heat transfer coefficient Ug in W/m2K

5.8

5.7

5.6

5.5

5.4

5.3

Total energy transmittance (g value)

89 %

88 %

87 %

86 %

85 %

83%

81 %

79 %

77 %

74 %

Light transmittance

91 %

90 %

89 %

88 %

87 %

86 %

Light reflectance (exterior)

Light reflectance (interior)

Light absorptance

Direct radiation transmittance

88 %

87 %

85 %

84 %

82 %

80 %

77 %

75 %

72 %

67 %

Direct radiation reflectance (exterior)

Direct radiation absorptance

10 %

13 %

16 %

18 %

22 %

26 %

Secondary heat output 1% to the inside

UV transmittance

79 %

75 %

71 %

68 %

66 %

61 %

58 %

55 %

51 %

47 %

UV reflectance

UV absorptance

13 %

18 %

21 %

24 %

27 %

32 %

35 %

39 %

43 %

47 %

General colour rendering index (transmission)

100

Selectivity (light transmittance / g value)

1.0

1.1

97 %

95 %

93 %

91 %

88 %

85 %

111 % 110 % 109 % 107 % 106 % 103 % 101 % 99 %

96 %

92 %

Transmission factor 102 % 101 % 100 % 99 % (b factor, g value / 0.87) Transmission factor (b factor, g value / 0.8)

The values specified are calculated in accordance with the European standards EN 410:2011 and EN 673:2011 and are based on test data. Production tolerances in accordance with applicable EN standards may give rise to slight discrepancies in the effective values. National standards or supplements (e.g. for the heat transfer coefficient Ug) are not taken into consideration.

38 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; EUROFLOAT

Technical data - EUROWHITE NG EUROWHITE NG

2 mm 3 mm 4 mm 5 mm 6 mm 8 mm 10 mm 12 mm 15 mm 19 mm

Heat transfer coefficient Ug in W/m2K

5.8

5.7

5.6

5.5

5.4

5.3

Total energy transmittance (g value)

91 %

90%

90 %

89 %

88 %

Light transmittance

92 %

91 %

90 %

Light reflectance (exterior)

Light reflectance (interior)

Light absorptance

Direct radiation transmittance

91 %

90 %

89 %

88 %

87 %

Direct radiation reflectance (exterior)

Direct radiation absorptance

Secondary heat output 0% to the inside

UV transmittance

87 %

86 %

85 %

83 %

82 %

80 %

78 %

76 %

74 %

71 %

UV reflectance

UV absorptance

12 %

14 %

15 %

18 %

21 %

General colour rendering index (transmission)

100

Selectivity (light transmittance / g value)

1.0

Transmission factor 105 % 105 % 105 % 104 % 104 % 104 % 103 % 103 % 102 % 101 % (b factor, g value / 0.87) Transmission factor (b factor, g value / 0.8)

114 % 114 % 114 % 113 % 113 % 113 % 112 % 112 % 111 % 110 %

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; EUROFLOAT I 39

4.1.3. Physical and chemical properties of flat glass 4.1.3.1. Definition and composition The glass that we use today as a building material is, due to its composition, called soda-lime silicate glass. The raw materials are heated during production. The subsequent cooling process means that the ions and molecules do not have the opportunity to arrange themselves. Silicon and oxygen cannot combine into crystals, the random molecular state is “frozen”. Glass therefore consists of an irregularly and spatially interlinked network of silicon (Si) and oxygen (O), in the gaps of which cations are dispersed. When glass is heated to about 1000 °C and this temperature is maintained for a certain time, so-called devitrification begins. This process sees the creation of silicon crystals which are segregated from the actual glass mass. This process results in milky-opaque glass. Glass is not a solid in the chemical-physical sense, but rather a solidified liquid. The molecules are random and molecular lattices are not formed. This circumstance is often given as the reason for the transparency of the substance. There are however other theories besides this: one theory, for example, attributes the transparency to the fact that silicon oxide is a very stable compound that does not exhibit any free electrons which can interact with light radiation.

Na Na Na

Na Simplified diagrammatic representation of the structures of float glass (left) and crystalline SiO2

40 I Products – EUROFLOAT

Volume

Undercooled melt

Because glass consists of different compounds, there are no chemical formulae for calculating the physical properties. Glass has no melting point, like that of other substances such as water, that is liquid above 0 °C and crystallises into ice below 0 °C. When subjected to heat, glass passes continuously from a solid (high-viscosity) to a liquid (low-viscosity) state. The temperature range between solid, brittle and plastically viscous states is often called the transformation range. For float glass, this is between 520 and 550 °C. As a rough simplification, it is possible to derive from it the mean value 535 °C, which is called the transformation point or transformation temperature (Tg).

Melt

Glass

Crystal

Tmelt

Temperature Schematic representation of the changes in properties (solid/liquid) of crystalline and vitreous substances

The situation where glass is rightly referred to as a frozen liquid often gives rise to the opinion that glass would also flow continuously in the solidified state, albeit very slowly. A glass pane standing upright would, after a sufficiently long period of time (decades or centuries), become measurably thicker at the bottom end. But this is not true. Today it is a scientifically established fact that a glass body at usage temperatures does not change its shape due to its own gravity load unless there is a bending deflection in the structural sense. When compared with many crystals, glass has an amorphous isotropy, i.e. the properties are not dependent on the direction in which they are measured.

Composition of soda-lime glass Raw material

Chemical formula

Proportion

Silicon dioxide

(SiO2)

69 % – 74 %

Sodium oxide

(Na2O/soda)

12 % – 16 %

Calcium oxide

(CaO)

5 % – 12 %

Magnesium oxide

(MgO)

0%–6%

Aluminium oxide

(Al2O3)

0%–6%

Products – EUROFLOAT I 41

4.1.3.2. Mechanical properties Tensile and compressive strength The silicate basic mass gives glass hardness and strength, but also the familiar and unwelcome property of brittleness: a property that must be taken into account in every application. Glass, unlike metals for example, has no plastic range; it is elastic up to its breaking point. Breakage therefore occurs suddenly, without any visible signs in advance. The compressive strength of glass is very high, far outstripping that of other building materials, and therefore poses no problems when glass is used in practical building applications. The crucial factor is tensile strength, in particular bending tensile strength. It is well known that glass fibres exhibit very high tensile strength. However, there is a big difference between the load-bearing capacity of a glass fibre and that of a glass pane. The load-bearing strength of a glass pane in practical terms is dependent not on the cohesion in the chemical structure, but on other influencing factors. Glass is in reality not a fully compact body, but instead has numerous discontinuities, manifesting as surface defects in the form of microcracks and notches. In the final analysis, it is these that determine the practical strength. It is also noticeable that the strength decreases with the load duration; different permissible stresses therefore often apply in practice, depending on the type of load duration. A typical short-term load is for example wind load, whereas snow loads take effects over the longer term.

4. δ (P)

δ (P)

Stress (force)

Fracture Yield Fracture Elastic

Fracture

perm. δ

Elastic perm. δ

Glass

Steel

Ε(Δl) Elastic range

Wood

Ε(Δl)

Ε(Δl) Elastic

Plastic range

Elastic

Displacement/force diagram of glass, steel and wood in comparison

Theoretical and practical tensile strength Comparison of strengths of different materials (approximate values) Glass type

Tensile strength

Theoretical tensile strength of soda-lime glass (fracture)

13000 N/mm2

Practical tensile strength of soda-lime glass (fracture)

30 – 80 N/mm2

42 I Products – EUROFLOAT

Plastic range

Modulus of elasticity Material

Permissible bending stress

Compressive strength

Float glass/plate glass

12 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 20 N/mm2

400 N/mm2

Toughened safety glass made of float glass

50 N/mm2

400 N/mm2

Aluminium

70 N/mm

70 N/mm2

Structural steel

180 N/mm2

Oak

50 N/mm2

30 N/mm2

Beech

35 N/mm

25 N/mm2

Material

Elasticity

Float glass/plate glass

70000 N/mm2

Toughened safety glass made of float glass

70000 N/mm2

Aluminium

70000 N/mm2

Structural steel

210000 N/mm2

Oak

12500 N/mm2

Beech

11000 N/mm2

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; EUROFLOAT I 43

Material bulk density Material

Density

Soda-lime glass

2.5 g/cm3

Radiation shielding glass RD 50

5.0 g/cm3

Aluminium

2.6 g/cm3

Steel

7.9 g/cm3

Concrete

2.0 g/cm3

Lead

11.3 g/cm3

Reference quantity for everyday application: 1 m2 glass weighs per mm thickness 2.5 kg. 1 m2 float glass of 6 mm thickness weighs 6 x 2.5 kg/m2 = 15 kg/m2. Surface hardness Compared with other materials, such as wood, metals and plastics, glass has a very hard surface. Scratch hardness according to Mohs (HM)

Material

Scratch hardness

Apatite

5 HM

Soda-lime glass (float glass, window glass, ornamental glass)

5 – 6 HM

Feldspar

6 HM

Quartz

7 HM

Scratches are visible from a depth of around 100 nm (0.0001 mm) and noticeable from around 2000 nm (0.002 mm). On coated glass, scratches are already visible from a depth of around 10 nm!

4.1.3.3. Thermal properties Coefficient of thermal expansion Compared with other materials, glass has a low thermal expansion that is also dependent on the composition. Glass-ceramics, for example, demonstrate practically no thermal expansion, and sos there are no stresses that can arise from zones subject to different levels of heating. (See also Temperature change resistance) The coefficient of expansion of 9.0 x 10-6/K means that a pane of float glass 1 metre long when heated by 100 °K expands by 0.9 mm. For aluminium, the analogous value would be 2.4 mm.

44 I Products – EUROFLOAT

Coefficient of thermal expansion Material

Thermal expansion

Soda-lime glass (float glass, window glass, ornamental glass)

9.0 x 10-6/K

Borosilicate glass

3 – 4 x 10-6/K

Quartz glass

0.5 x 10-6/K

Glass-ceramics

0.0 x 10-6/K

Aluminium

24 x 10-6/K

Steel

12 x 10-6/K

Concrete

10 – 12 x 10-6/K

Thermal conductivity Compared with metals, the ability of glass to conduct heat is indeed very low, but compared with conventional insulation materials is high. But it plays an unimportant role in practical building applications, since the extraordinarily good thermal insulation of insulating glass is founded in particular on the effect of thermal insulation coatings. Coefficient of thermal conductivity Material

Coefficient of thermal conductivity

Soda-lime glass (float glass, window glass, ornamental glass)

1.0 W/mK

Aluminium

210.00 W/mK

Steel

75.00 W/mK

Concrete

1.00 W/mK

Wood (spruce)

0.14 W/mK

Cork

0.05 W/mK

Polystyrene

0.04 W/mK

Products – EUROFLOAT I 45

Temperature change resistance Temperature change resistance denotes the capacity to withstand an abrupt change of temperature. It is given in degrees Kelvin and constitutes a measure of the probability of so-called thermal shock, i.e. a fracture as a result of thermal overloading. The higher the temperature change resistance of a piece of glass, the lower the danger of thermal shock. However, it is not possible to make a direct inference from the temperature change resistance to maximum permissible surface temperatures of glazing, in that the temperature distribution in the component in particular is the crucial factor. Temperature change resistance

Glass type

Temperature change resistance

Float glass

40 °K

Toughened safety glass (TSG)

150 °K

Borosilicate glass

260 °K

Glass-ceramics

> 300 °K

4.1.3.4. Chemical properties Float glass is highly resistant to virtually all chemicals. One exception is hydrofluoric acid (HF), which is used to etch glass. However, glass is also not absolutely stable against many aqueous solutions either: both acids and in particular base solutions can attack the surface.

Na+

Na+ OH-

46 I Products – EUROFLOAT

Effect of acids An ion exchange occurs, in which for example Na+ and Ca2+ ions are exchanged for H+ ions without the SiO2 network being attacked. This process therefore does not leave any visible traces. A similar process is even used to finish glass, in so-called chemical tempering.

H+ Cl-

HSiO3-

Effect of lyes/alkaline solutions In this process, the lye reacts with the SiO2 network. This produces soluble silicic acids, destroying the glass structure. Visible causticisations are left, for example when cement slurry is spilled on glazing. Even after just a short standing time, the surface is attacked and irreparable damage is incurred.

Glass corrosion in the boundary area of water and air Glass that is left standing in water for an extended period of time can be damaged in the boundary areas between water and air by a chemical process. The separation of sodium ions can produce soda lye in combination with water. When the water is constantly exchanged, this lye is strongly diluted straight away and thus rendered harmless. In the transition area between water and air where the water is only slightly exchanged or in the event of an attack by stagnant water, dilution does not take place, and so the surface of the glass can be damaged by the soda lye produced.

4.1.3.5. Radiation-physical properties An outstanding property of glass is its capacity to transmit solar radiation, particularly light. This feature, allied with the high strength of its hard surface and its extraordinarily high resistance, makes glass a unique, practically irreplaceable building material. Spectral subdivision of solar radiation Solar radiation

Wavelength range

Ultraviolet radiation (UV radiation)

320 – 380 nm

Light radiation

380 – 780 nm

Infrared radiation (IR radiation)

780 – 3000 nm

Spectral transmissibility of float glass of different thicknesses

100

Transmissibility %

80 60 2 mm

4 mm 6 mm

10 mm

0 200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

Wavelength λ (nm)

Products – EUROFLOAT I 47

48 I Products – EUROFLOAT

Radiation-physical data - EUROFLOAT Nominal thickness

Light transmittance

Light reflectance

g value

U value

2 mm

91 %

89 %

5.8 W/m2K

3 mm

91 %

88 %

5.8 W/m2K

4 mm

90 %

87 %

5.8 W/m2K

5 mm

90 %

86 %

5.7 W/m2K

6 mm

90 %

85 %

5.7 W/m2K

8 mm

89 %

83 %

5.6 W/m2K

10 mm

89 %

81 %

5.6 W/m2K

12 mm

88 %

79 %

5.5 W/m2K

15 mm

87 %

77 %

5.4 W/m2K

19 mm

86 %

74 %

5.3 W/m2K

Radiation-physical data - Float EUROWHITE NG (extra-white float glass) Nominal thickness

Light transmittance

Light reflectance

g value

U value

2 mm

92 %

91 %

5.8 W/m2K

3 mm

91 %

5.8 W/m2K

4 mm

91 %

5.8 W/m2K

5 mm

91 %

5.7 W/m2K

6 mm

91 %

5.7 W/m2K

8 mm

91 %

90 %

5.6 W/m2K

10 mm

91 %

90%

5.6 W/m2K

12 mm

91 %

89 %

5.5 W/m2K

15 mm

90 %

89 %

5.4 W/m2K

19 mm

90 %

88 %

5.3 W/m2K

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; EUROFLOAT I 49

4.1.3.6. Further properties Sound reduction Thanks to its density, glass is perfectly suitable for sound reduction. However, compared with other building materials (brick, concrete, wood, etc.), glass is generally only installed in very low thicknesses, and thus this statement becomes relative. Optimum sound reduction values are achieved with appropriately structured insulating glass or with special laminated safety glass elements, whose element thicknesses are comparatively still very low. Sound reduction values of glass and other building materials

Building material

Thickness

Weighted sound reduction index RW

Float glass

3 mm

≈ 28 dB

6 mm

≈ 31 dB

12 mm

≈ 34 dB

LSG with sound-insulating film

12 mm

39 dB

Sound insulation glass

40 mm

50 dB

Wooden wall structure

80 mm

≈ 35 dB

Brick wall

200 mm

≈ 50 dB

Resistance Glass is one of the most resistant building materials imaginable. Glass does not rust does not rot is not afflicted by mould/fungus does not weather does not discolour does not absorb moisture does not exude moisture does not swell does not shrink does not warp resists cold and heat does not become either brittle or soft is UV- and light-resistant

50 I Products – EUROFLOAT

4.1.3.7. Summary of the most important technical characteristic values of float glass Property

Symbol

Numerical value and unit

Density (at 18 °C)

2500 kg/m3

Modulus of elasticity

7 x 1010 Pa

Poisson's ratio

0.2

Specific heat capacity

0.72 x 103 (J/kg x K)

Mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion between 20 and 300 °C

9 x 10-6/K

Hardness

6 units (acc. to Mohs)

Thermal conductivity

1 W/mK

Mean refractive index in the visible range (380 to 780 nm)

1.5

Prime Tower – Swiss Platform, Zurich/Photographer: Hans Ege Products – EUROFLOAT I 51

4.1.4. Available range and packing Available range, lehr end sizes (LES) EUROFLOAT Dimensions

Thicknesses

3210 x 6000 mm

3 - 12 mm

3210 x 5100 mm

3 - 12 mm

3210 x 4500 mm

3 - 12 mm

EUROWHITE NG

Dimensions

Thicknesses

3210 x 6000 mm

2.6 - 12 mm

Special lengths and the glass thicknesses 15 mm and 19 mm on request.

Available range, split lehr end sizes (SLES) EUROFLOAT Dimensions

Thicknesses

2550 x 3210 mm

3 - 12 mm

2250 x 3210 mm

3 - 12 mm

2000 x 3210 mm

3 - 12 mm

EUROWHITE Dimensions

Thicknesses

2550 x 3210 mm

3 - 12 mm

2250 x 3210 mm

3 - 12 mm

2000 x 3210 mm

3 - 12 mm

Special lengths and the glass thicknesses 15 mm and 19 mm on request.

52 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; EUROFLOAT

Packing EUROFLOAT / EUROWHITE LES / SLES Thicknesses in mm

Weight

2000 x 3210 mm number of sheets per pack

2.5 t

2250 x 3210 mm number of sheets per pack

2.5 t

2550 x 3210 mm number of sheets per pack

2.5 t

3210 x 4500 mm number of sheets per pack

2.5 t

3210 x 5100 mm number of sheets per pack

2.5 t

3210 x 6000 mm number of sheets per pack

2.5 t

3210 x 6000 mm number of sheets per pack

Packing EUROFLOAT / EUROWHITE fixed dimensions (FD) Endcaps

Height

Thicknesses

Number of sheets

E 01

800 - 900 mm

3 mm

E 02

901 - 980 mm

3.1* mm

E 03

981 - 1060 mm

4 mm

E 04

1061 - 1140 mm

5 mm

E 06

1141 - 1280 mm

6 mm

E 07

1281 - 1370 mm

8 mm

E 09

1371 - 1520 mm

10 mm

E 10

1521 - 1600 mm

*on request Maximum length: 2520 mm

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; EUROFLOAT I 53

54 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SILVERSTAR

Plexus Granges-Paccot, Fribourg/Photographer: Hans Ege

4.2. SILVERSTAR – Coated glass The right U and g values for every requirement Windows in winter were long regarded as “heat bridges”, while in summer life behind glass could be made a misery by the greenhouse effect. The reason for overheating in the summer is the different capacity of glass to transmit short-wave and long-wave radiation. Radiated solar energy is converted in the room by absorption and emission into long-wave heat radiation, which cannot escape through the glass (greenhouse effect, see 3.2.). In winter, transmission heat losses in the case of poorly insulating glass lead to cooling of the roomside surfaces, with the result that room occupants near these surfaces feel uncomfortable. Glass coatings offer excellent solutions to both these problems. The range of demands placed on light and energy transmittance by modern insulating glazing for the huge variety of building shapes is very wide. For this reason, there is no single all-round coating for all applications, but instead a finely matched range of SILVERSTAR glass coatings for thermal insulation and solar control. The desired radiation properties are selectively set here. Areas of application For new buildings and renovations For residential buildings, in conservatories For Minergie buildings and passive houses In office complexes and public buildings For commercial and industrial buildings

Two mechanisms

Insolation: In summer/throughout the day

Cooling: In winter/throughout the night

Products – SILVERSTAR I 55

Insolation (solar radiation) Solar radiation that impinges on a surface is broken down into the following components:

Component

Description

Possibilities for influencing this component in glass

Reflection

Proportion of radiation that is reflected at the boundary surface

Increase in reflection by special coatings Reduction in reflection by special opticalinterference coating (antireflection)

Absorption

Proportion of radiation absorbed and dissipated again as heat (secondary heat output)

Reduction in absorption by the use of white glass Increase in absorption by the use of tinted glass Increase in absorption by special coatings

Transmission

Proportion of radiation that passes unhindered through the material

Reduction in transmission by increase in the reflection and/or absorption proportion Increase in transmission by reduction in the reflection and/or absorption proportion

Cooling (heat radiation) Every heat flow – even the transmission heat loss through a pane of insulating glass – is made up of three components. In the case of uncoated double insulating glass, heat conduction and convection together make up 1/3 while radiation makes up 2/3 of the heat losses.

Conduction 33 % Convection

Radiation 67 %

SILVERSTAR manufacture and finishing Insulating glass has for decades been upgraded with translucent and heat-reflecting coatings. Internationally, the high-vacuum magnetron process has won acceptance as the coating technology of choice. This process is used for all SILVERSTAR coatings.

56 I Products – SILVERSTAR

Diagram of a high-vacuum magnetron system System control room and monitoring station

Sputter chambers and cathodes

Outward-transfer chamber

Unloading

Monitoring station

Inwardtransfer chamber

Washing machine

Principle of cathodic evaporation (sputtering) Plasma formation in the sputter process

U = -500 V Ar molecule (neutral) Ar ions (+) Electrons (-)

Cathode -

Anode +

Target Plasma Target atoms

+ anode

Gas inlet

Glass pane

Sputtering: Dislodging of atoms from the target material by means of ion bombardment. Vacuum: The gas contained in a sealed cavity has been removed by means of suitable vacuum pumps. Cathode: Negative electrode of an electrical discharge. Anode: Positive electrode of an electrical discharge. Ion: An ion is an electrically charged molecule which has lost one or more electrons. Nanometre: 1 nanometre = 10â&#x20AC;&#x201C;9 m = 1 thousand-millionth metre or 1 millionth millimetre

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SILVERSTAR I 57

In the magnetron process, the coatings are applied subsequently, after float glass production. Older coating processes that are hardly used any longer are pyrolysis and the immersion (dipping) process. In the case of pyrolysis, liquid metal oxides are sprayed directly onto the hot glass during float glass production. These coatings are very hard, but considerably less effective. Pyrolytically coated glass can also be used, with reservations, as single glazing. Environmental influences can cause coating changes in the case of coatings positioned on the side exposed to the weather. In the immersion process, glass is immersed in a bath of hot, liquid metal oxides and then burned in. The coatings created in this process are always on both sides of a pane. This means that when the glass is assembled into insulating glass one coating is always exposed to the weather. Product properties The SILVERSTAR coatings applied in the magnetron process consist of several extremely thin metal or metal oxide coatings in the nano range. Schematic coating structure of a SILVERSTAR thermal insulation coating Covering coating Oxide 2 = protective coating Blocker = barrier coating Silver = function coating Oxide 1 = adhesive coating

Float glass The thicknesses of the individual coatings are used to determine technical data (e.g. colour, g value, transmission and angle dependence).

The thickness of a SILVERSTAR glass coating is, depending on the coating package, 40 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 160 nm (nanometres). Due to the high colour neutrality in reflection and transmission, SILVERSTAR coated glass is barely distinguishable from normal float glass. The SILVERSTAR coatings are subject to continuous further development. The needs and requirements as to how much solar energy and heat radiation are to be transmitted are varied. The specific values are adapted by different coatings. Normal float glass has the property of transmitting solar energy and heat radiation in a particular wave range. These properties are altered by different coatings in such a way as to create thermal insulation glass, solar control glass or a combination of both.

58 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SILVERSTAR

Selection of the wavelength (nm) of the solar spectrum through SILVERSTAR coatings (setup: 6/16/4) 380 nm

Float

90 %

788 nm

UVm Light Infrared = heat radiation approx. 5 % approx. 45 % approx. 50 %

80 % SELEKT

70 % 60 % 50 %

Combi Neutral 61/32

40 % 30 %

Combi Neutral 51/26

20 % 10 %

Combi Neutral 41/21

2400

2300

2200

2100

2000

1900

1800

1700

1600

1500

1400

1300

1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

There are essentially three different coating types: SILVERSTAR thermal insulation coating

Reduces the heat radiation of the glass surface, resulting in a low Ug value.

SILVERSTAR solar control coating

Guarantees good sun protection thanks to low solar energy transmittance with neutral to colour-accentuated light reflection.

SILVERSTAR COMBI coatings

Ensures a good solar control function combined with thermal insulation.

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SILVERSTAR I 59

4.2.1. SILVERSTAR thermal insulation coatings Efficient thermal insulation The transmission heat losses are high in the case of insulating glass made from normal float glass. However, a Ug value that is as low as possible is crucial to energy-efficient building. SILVERSTAR thermal insulation coatings keep valuable heat radiation in the room, but at the same time permit the greatest possible gain of solar energy thanks to a high g value. High light transmission, a high colour rendering index and the optimum colour neutrality are further hallmarks of SILVERSTAR thermal insulation coatings. Overview of SILVERSTAR thermal insulation coatings

Function

Coating types

Ug value

g value

LT value

Thermal insulation double*

SILVERSTAR EN2plus SILVERSTAR ZERO SILVERSTAR ZERO E***

1.1 W/m²K 1.0 W/m²K 1.0 W/m2K

64 % 50 % 58 %

82 % 71 % 78 %

Thermal insulation triple**

SILVERSTAR EN2plus SILVERSTAR TRIII E SILVERSTAR ZERO

0.6 W/m²K 0.7 W/m²K 0.6 W/m²K

53 % 62 % 35 %

74 % 73 % 57 %

* Double insulating glass SILVERSTAR thermal insulation, pane structure float 2 x 4 mm; cavity 16 mm argon ** Triple insulating glass SILVERSTAR thermal insulation, pane structure float 3 x 4 mm; 2 x cavity 14 mm argon *** The declared values are within the permitted tolerances of EN 1096. These tolerances are for the light-related and radiation-physics values ± 0.03 and for the emissivity + 0.02. On the basis of the European standard, the basic glass SILVERSTAR ZERO E can be processed to make CE-compliant insulating glass.

Position of the SILVERSTAR thermal insulation coating

SILVERSTAR thermal insulation coatings for double insulating glass in position 3 and for triple insulating glass in positions 2 and 5

60 I Products – SILVERSTAR

4.2.1.1. Use as thermal insulation glass Utilising the sun's energy with efficient thermal insulation Modern insulating glass for energy-efficient building must exhibit high thermal insulation, i.e. have a Ug value that is as low as possible. On the other hand it, it is desirable, in order to utilise free solar energy, to let as much sunlight into the room as possible. SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass keeps valuable heat radiation in the room, but at the same time thanks to a high g value permits the greatest possible gain of solar energy. Function of thermal insulation glass The particular coating system delivers the outstanding thermal insulation values of SILVERSTAR insulating glass. It has the property of transmitting short-wave solar radiation almost unhindered (transmission), and on the other hand of reflecting long-wave radiation such as for example thermal or body heat. The pane is thus impermeable to most heat radiation. The heat is kept in the room, significantly reducing the energy loss. The g value specifies how much energy from the impinging solar radiation (in %) passes through the glazing into the room. The higher the g value, the more energy is delivered through the glazing inwards. SILVERSTAR E thermal insulation glass exhibit high g values even at low Ug values and therefore guarantee maximum heat gain.

4. Reflection

Solar energy

Heat conductivity

Secondary output

Solar energy transmittance Reflection

Heat energy Secondary output

SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass manufacture and finishing An extremely thin, barely discernible coating system is applied to float glass by means of a technically sophisticated high-vacuum magnetron coating process. To optimise thermal insulation, the cavity of SILVERSTAR insulating glass is usually filled with a thermal insulation gas.

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SILVERSTAR I 61

4.2.1.2. Combination possibilities EUROLAMEX SILVERSTAR / EUROLAMEX S PHON SILVERSTAR The SILVERSTAR thermal insulation coatings are also possible on all EUROLAMEX and EUROLAMEX S PHON glass. In this way, thermal insulation is combined with safety or sound control functions. The double-pane laminated glass has on one side a coating that is exposed and not applied up to the seal. The technical data are by and large the same as those of SILVERSTAR-coated glass without a seal. EUROWHITE SILVERSTAR Likewise all thicknesses and sizes of SILVERSTAR-coated glass are also available on the extra-white EUROWHITE glass. The technical values are thereby improved as follows: Coating on EUROWHITE NG

Light transmission

SILVERSTAR EN2plus, double 83 % SILVERSTAR ZERO, double 73 % SILVERSTAR TRIII E, triple 75 %

Improvement compared with EUROFLOAT

Total energy transmittance

Improvement compared with EUROFLOAT

+ 1% +2% +2%

68 % 52 % 67 %

+ 4% +2% +5%

Double insulating glass, pane structure EW NG 2 x 4 mm; 1 x cavity 16 mm argon, coating in position 3 Triple insulating glass, pane structure EW NG 3 x 4 mm; 2 x cavity 16 mm argon, coating in positions 2 and 5

4.2.1.3. Available range The glass is available in the following standard dimensions and packings: Thicknesses

2250/2550 x 3210 mm number of sheets per pack

3210 x 6000 mm number of sheets per pack

4 mm 5 mm 6 mm 8 mm 10 mm

30 24 20 15 12

13/24 10/19 8/15 6/11 5/10

Other dimensions, thicknesses and packaging possible on request

To protect the coating, each packaging unit receives a 4 mm float glass top pane or, in the case of coated laminated safety glass, an LSG 6.1 protection sheet.

62 I Products – SILVERSTAR

4.2.2. SILVERSTAR solar control coatings Effective against the sun In the case of insulating glass made from normal float glass, sunlight may give rise to substantial heating of rooms. SILVERSTAR solar control coatings work primarily by reflecting the impinging solar energy and thereby reducing the input of energy into the interiors. The light, i.e. the visible proportion of the sunlight, should however illuminate the interior sufficiently. The crucial value that characterises solar control glass is the g value. The lower the g value, the lower the energy transmittance and the slower the rate of heating. Overview of SILVERSTAR solar control coatings Function Solar control

Coating types

Ug value

g value

LT value

SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Neutral 50 T

0.7 W/m²K

32 %

41 %

SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Blue 50 T

0.7 W/m²K

31 %

40 %

SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Blue 30 T

0.7 W/m²K

19 %

24 %

SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Silver 20 T

0.7 W/m²K

14 %

17 %

Triple insulating glass, pane structure float 1 x 6 mm, 2 x 4 mm; 2 x cavity 12 mm argon Solar control coating in position 2; thermal insulation coating SILVERSTAR EN2plus in positions 3 and 5

SILVERSTAR solar control coating in position 2

SILVERSTAR solar control coating in position 2, SILVERSTAR thermal insulation coating in positions 3 and 5

Products – SILVERSTAR I 63

Large-area glazing has become the obvious choice in modern buildings, but in the summer months the unwelcome heating up of rooms can be a problem. Solar control insulating glass helps here: it lets the daylight through, but reduces the amount of incident solar energy. Extremely thin solar control coatings applied to the glass in the SILVERSTAR magnetron process reduce excessive solar radiation into the room, by reflection and absorption, and with it excessive heating up of the room. Optimum utilisation of natural daylight is nevertheless assured thanks to the high light transmission. Insulating glass with SILVERSTAR magnetron coating satisfies the varying demands placed on contemporary architecture.

The benefits of solar control glass Reduction in solar energy transmittance Effective protection against unwanted room heating Reduction in the cooling and heating energy demand in summer In combination with a good thermal insulation coating, low energy consumption in winter Greater comfort and a pleasant temperature level High light transmission, for optimum utilisation of natural daylight Depending on the architecture, neutral or colourfully brilliant appearance Combinable with solar control and safety functions EUROGLAS offers a wide selection of solutions and products for reconciling aesthetic and functional needs and for covering individual requirements, and so meeting the high expectations of building sponsors and architects. Solar control variants The g value, the light transmission and the visual appearance can be influenced by factors such as the coating material, the coating thickness and the colour of the glass. Every solar control coating is optimised in such a way that high light transmission is maintained, despite low energy transmittance. Another possibility is to use SILVERSTAR ROLL. In this insulating glass variant, slat blinds or gathered fabric are integrated into the cavity and can be manually or automatically controlled.

4.2.2.1. Function of solar control insulating glass Solar radiation Sun equals radiation. The sun can, depending on its altitude and the time of year, release huge quantities of energy. Thus, for example, the insolation of solar energy on a summer's day around noon on a horizontal surface can amount to approximately 800 W/m2.

64 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SILVERSTAR

While normal insulation glazing consisting of 2 x 4 mm float glass transmits solar energy at up to around 80 %, solar control glass can sometimes reduce total energy transmission to under 15 %. The solar spectrum is composed of: Ultraviolet radiation approx. 320 – 380 nm (approx. 4 %) Visible radiation approx. 380 – 780 nm (approx. 45 %) Infrared radiation approx. 780 – 3000 nm (approx. 51 %) In the visible range, not only light but also a large part of the solar energy is radiated. To ensure effective solar control, it is therefore necessary to put up with a reduction in light transmission. For more information, see Chapter 3. The most important terms associated with solar control glass When it comes to solar control glass in particular, three physics terms – and thus also three numerical values – are of crucial importance. Transmission – Passing through of the sun's rays Reflection – Throwing back of the sun's rays; mirror effect Absorption – Taking in of the sun's rays; dark surface At a glance How solar control glass with magnetron coating works in terms of radiation physics

Reflection coating

100 %

Transmission

Reflection Radiation and convection

Radiation and convection

The g value = total energy transmittance The total energy transmittance is, beside the the U value, the most important characteristic quantity for solar control glazing. It indicates how much of the outward-impinging solar energy ultimately passes into the room interior. For an optimum solar control effect, the g value should be as low as possible.

Products – SILVERSTAR I 65

The total energy transmittance denotes the sum total of radiation transmission RT and secondary heat output Qi to the inside. ST + Qi = g value

RT = g value Qi

The greenhouse effect – For more information, see Chapter 3.2. Operation in terms of radiation physics – For more information, see Chapter 3.3. Glass characteristics – For more information, see Chapter 3.4.

Coating and/or tinting The glass for solar control is either tinted, printed, coated or tinted-and-coated. Tinted glass The glass mass acquires its tinting from the admixture of metal oxides. Because the radiation absorptance of tinted glass is really high, this glass must usually be tempered. This increases the temperature change resistance, helping to avoid thermally induced glass fractures. The solar control effect of this glass is based on the principle of radiation absorption. Coated glass Coated glass works above all according to the principle that radiated energy is reflected outwards. The degree of radiation absorptance determines whether the glass has to be tempered.

Tinted and coated glass Works with both absorbing and reflecting effects. Must normally be tempered.

66 I Products – SILVERSTAR

4.2.2.2. Application of solar control insulating glass Protection against overheating SILVERSTAR solar control insulating glass reflects a large part of the impinging solar energy. This reduces the input of energy into the interiors. However, the transmission of light, i.e. of the visible proportion of the solar radiation, is nevertheless assured to a sufficient extent. Solar control is not the same as anti-glare protection The primary function of a solar control system is to protect the interior against overheating by solar radiation. Workplaces are subject to further requirements such as functional anti-glare protection. Glare from the sun is a problem of high luminance. Even when light transmission is reduced to 20 or 30 %, the luminance in the direct field of vision is perceived as irritating. It is therefore recommended to provide, in addition to solar control glass, anti-glare protection in the form of slats, curtains, roller blinds or the like. Buildings with a high proportion of glass In buildings with a high proportion of glass, thermal comfort must be assured not only in winter but also in summer. Both the heating demand in winter and the cooling energy demand in summer should be kept as low as possible. Solar control glass makes a particularly valuable contribution to saving expenditure on energy for air conditioning. The German Energy Conservation Regulation (EnEV) contains, in addition to requirements regarding the limitation of transmission heat losses in heated buildings through the building shell to the outside, stipulations regarding thermal insulation during summer. Maximum permissible solar input factors, which are calculated according to the specifications of DIN 4108-2, are intended to prevent overheating of rooms in summer and hence an uncomfortable room climate. Avoiding insulating glass stress The cavity in the insulating glass is hermetically sealed. As a result, forces act on the insulating glass unit in the event of thermal and barometric changes. These are affected by: Installation height in m above sea level Air pressure changes Temperature changes Radiation absorptance of the glass Size of the cavity Unequal glass thicknesses (asymmetrical structure) Element dimensions Due to the higher radiation absorptance, the cavity heats up more in solar control insulating glass than in insulating glass made with clear glass. If a cavity of over 16 mm is provided, the structure of the insulating glass should already be checked in the planning phase. Moreover, insulating glass with small dimensions or short side lengths is exposed to greater loads than insulating glass with large dimensions. For structural strength reasons, the panes are more rigid and cannot bend in the event of an increase in pressure in the cavity.

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SILVERSTAR I 67

Optical measures Optical distortions can occur as a result of the double-pane effect. To ensure that these are less visible, it is necessary to use the thicker pane on the outside and the thinner pane on the inside. The difference in thickness between the outer solar control glass and the inner pane should not exceed 3 mm. The cavity should not be greater than 16 mm. The outer pane should not be below the minimum thickness of 6 mm. A further improvement in optical quality is achieved by opting for thicker solar control glass, e.g. 8 mm instead of 6 mm. To temper or not to temper? Solar control glass as a rule absorbs more heat than normal float glass or thermal insulation glass. Partial shading can cause the pane surface to heat up to different degrees. If the temperature difference is too great, the pane will fracture. Thermal tempering is used to increase the temperature change resistance to such an extent as to virtually rule out the risk of breakage due to thermal influences. The radiation absorptance can be used as a guideline for whether thermal tempering of the coated pane is necessary or not. If it is more than 50 %, tempering is usually necessary.

Sample glazing Solar control facades are aesthetically ambitious components. For large objects, it is recommended to manufacture sample elements of the insulating glass and the balustrade glass (in the original structure and with the actual glass thicknesses). Colour-matched balustrades For more information, see Chapter 4.2.6. SILVERSTAR solar control insulating glass manufacture SILVERSTAR solar control coatings are coated in a high vacuum in multi-chamber magnetron sputter systems with a wide variety of metals. For more information, see Chapter 4.2. Modern systems technology ensures the building physics values, the regular visual appearance of the glass and series reproducibility. The SILVERSTAR solar control range opens up a wealth of possibilities for facade design. Glass with low outward reflection or with a highly reflecting outward appearance are available in different reflective colours. Individual wishes with regard to a colour-neutral glass view can be catered for with a wide range of neutral glass, and without compromising on the solar control function.

68 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SILVERSTAR

Overview of SILVERSTAR solar control insulating glass Function Solar control

Coating types

Ug value

g value

LT value

SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Neutral 50 T

0.7 W/m²K

32 %

41 %

SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Blue 50 T

0.7 W/m²K

31 %

40 %

SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Blue 30 T

0.7 W/m²K

19 %

24 %

SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Silver 20 T

0.7 W/m²K

14 %

17 %

Triple insulating glass, pane structure float 1 x 6 mm, 2 x 4 mm; 2 x cavity 12 mm argon Solar control coating in position 2; thermal insulation coating SILVERSTAR EN2plus in positions 3 and 5.

4.2.2.3. Available range The glass is available in the following standard dimensions: Dimensions

Thicknesses

Lehr end size 3210 x 6000 mm

Float 4; 5; 6; 8; 10 mm LSG 6.1; 6.2; 8.1; 8.2; 10.2 mm

Split lehr end size 2250 x 3210 mm 2550 x 3210 mm

Float 4; 5; 6; 8; 10 mm LSG 6.1; 6.2; 8.1; 8.2; 8.4; 10.2 mm

Lehr end sizes are supplied in the size 3210 x 6000 mm. For production reasons, reduced useful widths are possible. Certain combinations using screen printing necessitate fixed dimension coating. This is possible on request. The lehr end sizes are shipped in packs of 2.5 tons each. Special packs are possible on request. The glass is arranged on the rack in such a way that the coating side faces inwards. If required, the glass can also be reversed so that the coating side faces outwards. Delivery is handled in complete shipments or added to other SILVERSTAR-coated glass. Other dimensions, thicknesses and packaging methods possible on request. Packing details can be obtained from the relevant in-house staff. To protect the coating, each packaging unit receives a 4 mm float glass top pane or, in the case of coated laminated safety glass, an LSG 6.1 protection sheet.

Products – SILVERSTAR I 69

4.2.3. SILVERSTAR COMBI coatings Two in one – twin-track strategy for solar control and thermal insulation Coating packages can be produced with high selectivity by means of the special magnetron coating. SILVERSTAR COMBI coatings combine good solar control with optimum thermal insulation and at the same time ensure high light transmission. The hallmark is excellent light transmission performance in relation to the total energy transmittance. (For selectivity characteristic, see Chapter 3.4.9.) Overview of SILVERSTAR COMBI coatings Function

Coating types

Ug value

g value

LT value

Solar control and thermal insulation triple*

SILVERSTAR SELEKT

0.7 W/m²K

38 %

65 %

SILVERSTAR SUPERSELEKT 60/27 T

0.7 W/m²K

25 %

54 %

SILVERSTAR SUPERSELEKT 35/14 T

0.7 W/m²K

13 %

32 %

SILVERSTAR COMBI Silver 32/21 T

0.7 W/m²K

19 %

29 %

SILVERSTAR COMBI Silver 48 T

0.7 W/m²K

32 %

44 %

SILVERSTAR COMBI Neutral 70/40

0.7 W/m²K

38 %

65 %

SILVERSTAR COMBI Neutral 70/35

0.7 W/m²K

35 %

64 %

SILVERSTAR COMBI Neutral 61/32

0.7 W/m²K

31 %

56 %

SILVERSTAR COMBI Neutral 51/26

0.7 W/m²K

25 %

46 %

SILVERSTAR COMBI Neutral 41/21

0.7 W/m²K

20 %

37 %

*Triple insulating glass, pane structure float 1 x 6 mm, 2 x 4 mm; 2 x cavity 12 mm argon COMBI coating in position 2; thermal insulation coating SILVERSTAR EN2plus in positions 3 and 5.

1 2

3 4

SILVERSTAR combination coating for double insulating glass in position 2

70 I Products – SILVERSTAR

4.2.3.1. Application of COMBI coating Solar control and thermal insulation combined in insulating glass SILVERSTAR COMBI is a combination coating in a coating package in position 2. The special magnetron coating delivers a combination of good solar control and optimum thermal insulation and at the same time ensures high light transmission. A comfortable room climate is assured â&#x20AC;&#x201C; both in summer and in winter. Areas of application for SILVERSTAR COMBI Wherever good solar control together with plenty of daylight are wanted. For new buildings and renovations. For residential, office and public buildings. For commercial and industrial buildings. In large-area glass facades. Product properties The primary feature of SILVERSTAR COMBI is its outstanding selectivity. This is synonymous with high performance in the ratio of light transmission to total energy transmittance. SILVERSTAR COMBI insulating glass with combination layers yields numerous benefits. The low Ug value reduces the heat losses and by doing so lowers the energy consumption. The outstanding solar control properties also improve cost efficiency. By reflecting solar energy radiation, SILVERSTAR COMBI prevents the unwelcome heating up of rooms, an attribute that can also minimise cooling energy costs. A further plus point of combination layers is comfort in the room, regardless of the outside temperatures. 1 2

3 4

5 6

SILVERSTAR COMBI coating in position 2 and thermal insulation coating in position 5

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SILVERSTAR I 71

Solar control and light transmission are optimally combined in SILVERSTAR COMBI. Thanks to maximum light transmission, plenty of daylight is admitted into the room interior. The insulating glass can be combined with functions such as safety and sound insulation. Dimensions Dimensions up to max. 3210 x 6000 mm. All SILVERSTAR COMBI glass is also available as laminated safety glass up to a maximum thickness of 12 mm. The lehr end sizes are shipped in packs of 2.5 tons each. Special packs are possible on request. The glass is arranged on the rack in such a way that the coating side faces inwards. If required, the glass can also be reversed so that the coating side faces outwards. The fixed sizes are packaged in film with desiccant and shipped on reusable transport racks. Delivery is handled in complete shipments or added to other SILVERSTAR-coated glass. Other dimensions, thicknesses and packaging possible on request.

SILVERSTAR SELEKT/Bienne/Biel Vocational Business School, Switzerland

72 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SILVERSTAR

SILVERSTAR SELEKT Insulating glass for all seasons SILVERSTAR SELEKT combines athermal insulation with solar control and is suitable for use as window or facade insulation with optimum coordination for a pleasant room climate in all four seasons. Areas of application for SILVERSTAR SELEKT SILVERSTAR SELEKT insulating glass is suitable for use in all outdoor architectural applications. For windows and facades. For new buildings and renovations. For residential, commercial and industrial buildings. Product properties The colour-neutral SILVERSTAR SELEKT insulating glass combines thermal insulation with solar control in optimum coordination for a pleasant room climate – and in all four seasons. It provides for a balanced temperature level indoors and so for enhanced comfort. SILVERSTAR SELEKT achieves as double insulating glass a Ug value of 1.1 W/m²K, with a g value of 42 % and light transmission of 72 % (structure SILVERSTAR SELEKT 6 mm; cavity 16 mm argon; float 4 mm). Colour-matched balustrade glass is available for balustrades.

Dimensions Dimensions: made to measure up to max. 3210 x 6000 mm.

SILVERSTAR SUPERSELEKT Selectivity-optimised solar control and thermal insulation glass The SILVERSTAR SUPERSELEKT insulating glass provides plenty of natural daylight, but also prevents overheating by solar radiation in summer. The insulating glass - thanks to its special coating - attains high light transmission with at the same time extremely low total energy transmittance. Moreover, the insulating glass exhibits outstanding thermal insulation, for significantly reduced heating energy costs.

Products – SILVERSTAR I 73

4.2.4. Combination possibilities Solar control and sound control SILVERSTAR solar control insulating glass is also feasible with an asymmetrical structure of panes of unequal thickness â&#x20AC;&#x201C; as double or triple insulating glass. This ensures, as well as solar control, good sound control. The installation of EUROLAMEX laminated safety glass produces SILVERSTAR solar control insulating glass with high sound insulation. Solar control and safety Solar control glass can as a rule meet the same safety requirements as normal glass. SILVERSTAR solar control glass is also available as thermally tempered toughened safety glass (TSG) and as laminated safety glass (LSG). Because the safety requirements can vary greatly above all in office, administrative and industrial buildings, it is recommended to consult the experts at EUROGLAS.

Yas Island Yacht Club, Abu Dhabi, UAE

74 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SILVERSTAR

4.2.5. Insulation glazing 4.2.5.1. Principles, energy gain, comfort in the home The insulating glass used today is the result of continuous further development and improvement of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;good old windowâ&#x20AC;?. Large windows, window fronts and glass facades provide brightness and quality of life. Modern, coated multi-pane insulating glass satisfies the most exacting standards and is impressive as a translucent building material with outstanding thermal insulation and solar control properties. It requires a low mounting depth and achieves peak values that meet the needs and requirements of modern-day architecture. For example, with regard to thermal insulation, solar control, sound control and fire protection, and all this together with flawless safety and high light incidence. Ug values of 0.4 W/m2K and sound reduction values of around 50 dB are possible today. As well as the highest degree of thermal insulation, energy gains through passive solar energy utilisation are possible. Insulating glass is a well thought-out and high-performing building material that has been exhaustively researched down the years. Modern insulating glass is a glazing unit manufactured from two or more glass panes that are separated from each other around the edge by a spacer. The cavity is sealed gas-tight to the outside by a variety of sealants and permanently connects the glass panes to each other. The all-round double seal prevents the ingress of dust and water vapour (edge seal). The principle of the insulating glass unit is founded on the fact that motionless air is a very poor conductor of heat. In this way, the air cushion trapped between the panes forms a good thermal insulation layer. Cavity The cavity is filled with a thermal insulation gas (argon or krypton = noble gases) or with dry air and hermetically sealed to the outside. To prevent condensation water from forming on the cold outer pane inside the cavity, the trapped gas or air filling must be dry. This is achieved with a hygroscopic desiccant that is integrated into the spacer and extracts the moisture in the cavity. When the insulating glass unit is assembled, the air pressure obtaining at the production location prevails in the cavity. Pane spacing Different values for the heat transfer resistance of the gas or air layer inside the cavity are obtained depending on the pane spacing (distance between the panes). The maximum value with air is achieved at approx. 15 mm. Here the optimum lies between heat conduction, which decreases with a larger cavity, and convection (= movement of air, energy flow), which increases with a larger spacing, and worsens the thermal insulation again. The optimum for argon is approx. 16 mm and for krypton approx. 10 mm.

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SILVERSTAR I 75

Edge seal The edge seal is intended to permanently connect the glass panes and form a vapour-tight barrier which must prevent a post-diffusion of water vapour for many years to come. It is also intended to compensate elastically for natural changes in the volume of air inside the cavity due to cold and heat, and to be resistant over time to chemical influences from the atmosphere and to light, especially UV rays. Thermal insulation coating (SILVERSTAR) The glass panes are finished against the cavities with translucent (light-transmitting) and heat-reflecting layers. They are applied in the magnetron process and consist of several extremely thin metal or metal oxide layers in the nano range. Glass rebate space/window frame To maintain long life, the glass rebate space between the insulating glass and the window frame must always be sufficiently ventilated so that the edge seal is not destroyed by constant moisture. Useful life The practical useful life of multi-pane insulating glass is, as far as is known at present, 20 to 30 years. The useful life is exceeded when condensation water appears in the cavity.

Benefits Aside from protection against the weather, modern insulating glass is impressive for the following properties: Energy loss is significantly reduced by a low Ug value. Brightness and quality of life thanks to high light transmission. Solar heat gains due to advantageous total energy transmittance (g value). Effective solar control in summer. Comfort in the vicinity of the window. Natural colour neutrality. Combination with sound control, fire protection and safety possible.

Float or special glass

Thermal insulation coating Cavity with thermal insulation gas or dried air

Spacer with hygroscopic desiccant Water-vapour-tight and ageing-resistant double seal Structure of double insulating glass

76 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SILVERSTAR

Energy gain and comfort Thermal insulation glass is a type of insulating glass that is intended to retain the heat in the room as much as possible. The most important assessment criteria in relation to thermal insulation glass are the heat transfer coefficient (Ug value) and the total energy transmittance (g value). To be able to offer effective thermal insulation, glass must have a Ug value that is as low as possible. The lower the Ug value, the lower the heat loss of the glass and hence the energy consumption. The heating costs and environmental pollution are reduced accordingly. A good Ug value also means higher temperatures at the pane surface on the room side. And consequently outstanding comfort in the room even at very low outside temperatures.

Solar heat gains An additional benefit, i.e. passive solar energy utilisation, can be obtained with a high g value. The g value specifies how much energy from the impinging solar radiation passes through the glazing into the room. The higher the g value, the greater the energy gain â&#x20AC;&#x201C; but also the more pronounced the rate at which the room heats up. Accordingly, effective solar control is required in the summer months. The solar energy gains afforded by the glazing are a highly determining factor in the heating energy balance of buildings. They are often greater than the entire ventilation heat losses and can also easily make up more than half of the remaining heating demand in residential buildings not specially optimised. In Minergie buildings, it can even be significantly more than the remaining heating demand (this would therefore be more than twice as high without solar energy gains). With an appropriate concept and temperature control, the utilisation factor in the winter months is particularly high in that there are hardly any situations in which the heat due to overheating could not be used. The effective solar radiation at our latitudes is approximately 600 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 800 W/m2. Thermal comfort With conventional insulating glass cold zones can be felt in the vicinity of the window. An unpleasantly cold draught manifests itself. This is not the case with SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass. The extraordinarily good thermal insulation eliminates unpleasant currents of air to a large extent.

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SILVERSTAR I 77

The surface temperature of the room-side window pane assimilates to a large extent to the room temperature. Currents of cold air, which manifest themselves as draughts, do not occur in practice, thereby increasing comfort. The formation of condensation in the edge area of the pane is also greatly reduced. Comfort criteria (DIN 4108) The temperature that is felt, taking into account the influencing factors of the room and of the person, is the crucial factor when it comes to comfort. Room air temperature Surface temperatures Movement of air Relative room air humidity Activity and clothing of the person Optimum room temperature as a function of activity and clothing (EN ISO 7730)

0.1

0.2

0.3 m2 K/W

met

3.0

12 14 16 18

Specific heat dissipation

2.0

20 22

1.0 24 26 28

°C

± 5 °C

100

°C

± 4 °C

°C

± 3 °C ± 1.5 °C

± 2 °C 1.0

Thermal insulation value of clothing

Example: Work clothing during sedentary activity, approx. 22 °C room temperature

78 I Products – SILVERSTAR

150

°C

± 1 °C 0

W/m2

°C

± 2.5 °C 2.0 c/o

Cold air drop: Max. Ug values as a function of glass height From a glass height of 1.7 m an insulating glass Ug value of < 1.0 W/m2K is required. In “passive” houses the comfort criterion is: Ug ≤ 0.8 W/m2K. 1.8 1.7 Example: Ug = 1.0 W/m2K (double) Glass height max. 1.70 m

1.6

U value of glass Ug in W/m2K

1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4

1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 Glass height h in m

The temperature difference between room air temperature and surface temperature of the room-side pane means: 0 to 5 °C

Greatest comfort, even directly next to the window No unpleasant draught sensation near the window Condensation water and ice on the room-side pane possible only in exceptional cases Low extraneous heat demand (energy saving)

5 to 10 °C

Medium to good comfort Slight draft sensation possible directly next to the window Condensation water and ice on the room-side pane possible at outside temperatures well below the freezing point Medium extraneous heat demand

above 10 °C

Reduced comfort Draught sensation next to the window Condensation water and ice on the room-side pane possible already at temperatures below the freezing point High extraneous heat demand

Crucial to the comfort of a room is the temperature difference between the room air temperature and the surface temperature of the adjoining wall parts. The greater the temperature differences, the less comfortable the resident will feel. With regard to the window, the surface temperature of the room-side pane is accordingly of interest.

Products – SILVERSTAR I 79

Surface temperature at 20 °C room temperature Glass type

Ug value

Single-pane glass

Outside air temperature 0 °C

- 5 °C

- 11 °C

- 14 °C

5.8 W/m K

+ 6 °C

+ 2 °C

- 2 °C

- 4 °C

Double insulating glass

3.0 W/m K

+ 12 °C

+ 11 °C

+ 8 °C

+ 7 °C

Double insulating glass SILVERSTAR ZERO E

1.0 W/m2K

+ 18 °C

+ 17 °C

+ 16 °C + 16 °C

Triple insulating glass SILVERSTAR E-Line

0.5 W/m2K

+ 19 °C

+ 18 °C

+ 18 °C + 18 °C

2 2

Comfort and room utilisation Comfort without compromises

40 %

100 %

View of glazed portion

Cosy atmosphere near the window

Hot glass surface temperature

SILVERSTAR thermal insulation coating

Ground plan of glazed portion Without thermal insulation coating Ug value e.g. ≥ 3.0 W/m2K

SILVERSTAR thermal insulation coating Ug values up to 0.4 W/m2K Room gain through increased comfort

Comfort zone

Thermally insulating ACSplus edge seal Additional thermal insulation in the edge area by ACSplus

4.2.5.2. Insulating glass edge seal system Thanks to highly effective SILVERSTAR coatings, modern insulating glass has excellent thermal insulation properties. Since the thermal insulation value for the entire window is crucially determined by the insulating glass Ug value, decisive improvements for the entire window system are achieved. In addition, formation of condensation water on the room-side glass surface can be ruled out in practical terms even under extreme conditions. In the edge area, the thermal insulation performance is influenced not by the coatings, but primarily by the design of the so-called edge seal. In other words: in the edge area the thermal insulation is less effective. The consequence of this is lower temperatures on the inside surface of the glazing. In rooms with high air humidity, condensation water may therefore form at times in the edge area in cold winter weather.

80 I Products – SILVERSTAR

Traditionally, insulating glass was equipped with a spacer section – the section determining the spacing between the two glass panes – made of aluminium. These spacers of flawless quality have proven their worth at Glas Trösch for over fifty years. Aluminium is however a good conductor of heat and is therefore a contributory factor in the reduced thermal insulation in the edge area. The functions of the insulating glass edge seal Permanent water-vapour seal / gas-tight seal Guarantee of uniform spacing Compatibility with the edge seal sealants No chemical reactions in the long term Integration of muntins must be ensured

Formation of condensation water in the edge area

Structure of insulating glass

SltH

Dimensions, edge seal

CV = Cavity EW = Edge width = 11.5 - 15.5 mm SH = Section height = approx. 7 mm SltH = Sealant height = 4 - 8 mm

BH = Butyl height = approx. 3.5 mm BT = Butyl thickness = 0.7 mm

BH BT

Products – SILVERSTAR I 81

ACS edge seal Some years ago, EUROGLAS already launched onto the market with the ACS edge seal a system that substantially improves thermal insulation in the edge area and so satisfies the requirement for virtual absence of condensation in the edge zones as well. ACSplus edge seal ACS stands for “Anti Condensation System” and describes the technical function. The edge seal system provides for improved thermal insulation and has the function of minimising appearance of condensation in the edge area. This very function significantly improves hygiene and aesthetics. But ACSplus also optimises the thermal insulation of the window, helping to save valuable heating energy.

ACSplus black cross-section

Thanks to its unique quality, ACSplus absorbs the movements of the insulating glass and so subjects the sealing system of the edge seal to a lesser load than conventional spacers. This is also of crucial importance for the long life of the insulating glass. Installing SILVERSTAR insulating glass with ACSPLUS seal affords benefits in every situation and so can be recommended for all types of window.

ACSplus black (matt black)

82 I Products – SILVERSTAR

ACSplus grey (matt grey)

ACSplus white (matt white)

The crucial improvement with ACSplus Example: Double glazing (structure 4-16-4): Wood window (Uf = 1.3 W/m2K) with SILVERSTAR insulating glass (Ug = 1.0 W/m2K) -10 °C

20 °C

-10 °C

20 °C

15.7 °C

5.2 °C

9.2 °C

with aluminium spacer

with ACSplus spacer

Example: Triple glazing (structure 4-12-4-12-4): Wood window (Uf = 1.3 W/m2K) with SILVERSTAR insulating glass (Ug = 0.7 W/m2K) -10 °C

with aluminium spacer

20 °C

-10 °C

°C

17.3 °C

7.4 °C

11.5 °C

with ACSplus spacer

ACSplus = improved thermal insulation in the edge area of the insulating glass = higher surface temperatures along the window frame. Products – SILVERSTAR I 83

The essential features of ACSplus Improved thermal insulation in the edge area No condensation water formation in the edge area Improvement of the window Uw value (depending on the design between 0.1 and 0.3 W/m2K) What is a heat bridge? Weak points in the outer shell of a building are called heat bridges. They lead to an increased heat loss and to lower surface temperatures on the room side, and so to the risk of the formation of condensation water and mould fungi. The insulating glass edge seal constitutes a heat bridge of considerable length with regard to the increasing improvement in the Ug values of insulating glass. The Ug value of the glass surface is thus not achieved in the edge area of the pane. Consequences for the window In the window, a typical heat bridge in the edge area is created in the transition between the frame and the glazing. The lower surface temperatures arising as a result can give rise to condensation water at times in this area. But the heat bridge also reduces the thermal insulation of the window as a whole.

With the heat-insulating ACSplus edge seal, the propensity to condensation water can be reduced to a minimum and the thermal insulation of the window as an entire element can be significantly improved. Linear heat transfer coefficient The linear heat transfer coefficient Î¨g takes into account the increased heat transfer through the insulating glass edge seal and the glass rebate area of the frame. The thermal significance of the spacer The improvement of the U value for the entire window by ACSplus is dependent on the geometry of the window. The heat transfer coefficient is calculated in accordance with SIA 380/1. Example: Window with aluminium spacer Component part window

Material

U value/psi value

Window frame

Wood/metal

1.4 W/m2K

Glazing

Triple insulating glass

0.5 W/m2K

Spacer

Aluminium

0.097 W/m

U value, entire window (Uw)

84 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SILVERSTAR

1.07 W/m2K

Example: Window with ACSplus spacer Component part window

Material

U value/psi value

Window frame

Wood/metal

1.4 W/m2K

Glazing

SILVERSTAR E 4-4

0.5 W/m2K

Spacer

ACSplus

0.035 W/m

U value, entire window (Uw)

0.84 W/m2K

Improvement of the window U value (U) by ACSplus

21.5 %

Triple insulating glass with SILVERSTAR SELEKT and SILVERSTAR COMBI/Philip Morris International, Lausanne

Psi value tables Î¨ To calculate the thermal value Uw (window and glass), the linear psi value is a factor that must also be taken into consideration. It is dependent on the type of insulating glass spacer and the type of window frame. The psi value is also influenced by whether the glass is double or triple insulating glass. The insulating glass spacer is extremely important in the thermal calculation, particularly when the frame makes up a large proportion of the structure.

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SILVERSTAR I 85

4.2.5.3. Thermal insulation Generously glazed rooms cater for modern preconceptions of comfort. In an era of respect for nature and the environment, purely aesthetic requirements are no longer sufficient. Nowadays, much more is demanded of modern thermal insulation glazing. In earlier times, the window, and hence glazing, was considered to be an “energy hole”. Since then, efforts to improve the thermal insulation value of insulating glass have made impressive advances. A Ug value in double insulating glass of 1.0 W/m2K and in triple insulating glass of 0.6 W/m2K is today standard. Glazing has therefore become a highly heat-insulating component. Trend of U value of insulation glazing with argon fillings

U value in W/m2K

Single glass: U value = 6.0 W/m2K Double insul.: U value = 2.8 W/m2K

6.0

Triple insul. with argon filling: U value = 2.2 W/m2K

5.0

Double SILVERSTAR: U value = 1.3 W/m2K

4.0

3.5

Triple SILVERSTAR: U value = 0.8 W/m2K

3.0 2.5

Triple SILVERSTAR: U value = 0.7 W/m2K

2.0

Triple SILVERSTAR TRIII: U value = 0.6 W/m2K

1.5 1.0 0.5 0.2

Year

Triple SILVERSTAR E: U value = 0.5 W/m2K

World record 2003: SILVERSTAR U 02: U = 0.2 W/m2K

1950

1960

86 I Products – SILVERSTAR

1970

1980

1990

2000

2007

2010

This opens up new prospects. The process of matching the surface temperature of the glazing to the other components eliminates the annoying phenomenon of draughts near the windows. The rooms can be utilised to better effect. The temperatures remain more constant due to the high insulating capacity. This makes it possible to design heating installations of smaller dimensions and to significantly simplify their control systems. Heating oil consumption per m2 glass area per year

Litres 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

Year

1950

1960

1970

1980

2000

2007

2010

The U value in accordance with EN 674/673 The heat transfer coefficient specifies the amount of heat that passes per unit of time through 1 m2 of a component at a temperature difference of the adjacent room and outside air of 1 K. The smaller the U value, the better the thermal insulation. The unit of measurement is W/m2K. The U value of glazing is measured in accordance with EN 674 with the plate apparatus or calculated in accordance with EN 673. The Ug value as a function of cavity and gas filling, degree of filling 90 %, calculated in accordance with EN 673 on the example of SILVERSTAR E4 triple insulating glass (É&#x203A; = 0.01). Ug value

Cavity with Air

Argon

0.4 W/m2K

2 x 12 mm

0.5 W/m K

2 x 16 mm

0.6 W/m2K

2 x 14 mm

0.7 W/m2K

2 x 16 mm

2 x 12 mm

0.8 W/m K

2 x 14 mm

2 x 10 mm

Krypton

2 x 10 mm

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SILVERSTAR I 87

Factors that influence the U value of insulating glass

No. and width of cavities Filling of cavities - Air - Argon - Krypton - Mixed gases Number of thermal insulation coatings and effectiveness (emissivity) of the coatings

Insulating glass and U value Energy exchange through the insulating glass is effected primarily in the form of long-wave infrared radiation. The energy is delivered from the room air to the inner pane. This causes the room-side pane of insulating glazing to heat up. Energy is transported from the inner pane to the outer pane by means of conduction, convection and for the most part radiation. The outer pane in turn passes energy by means of conduction, radiation and convection to the outside air. In the case of conventional double insulation glazing, energy exchange occurs to the extent of 33 % by heat conduction and convection 67 % by radiation Energy exchange in insulating glass without and with thermal insulation coating Thermal insulation coating Conduction

Conduction 33 %

88 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SILVERSTAR

33 %

Convection

Radiation 67 %

Radiation 7 %

The window U value designations In the European standards, all the quantities are abbreviated on the basis of their English designations. Ug Glazing Uf Frame Uw Window Ucw Curtain Wall The U value for glass Ug Generally speaking, the Ug value as the nominal value of glass can either be calculated in accordance with EN 673 or measured in accordance with EN 674 or EN 675. For gas-filled insulating glass, the Ug value is determined by means of the degree of gas filling of 90 %. The details of the process are described in the product standard EN 1279-5. Generally speaking, the Ug value must be specified to one place after the decimal point and used in this form for the subsequent calculation. 1 2+3

To calculate the heat transfer coefficient, the following input variables are required: 1) Emissivity of the glass surfaces to the cavity 2) The type of gas filling in the cavity 3) The degree of gas filling in the cavity 4) The cavity width

For today's typical thermal insulation glazing (SILVERSTAR ZERO E coating with an emissivity of 1 % and an argon gas filling in the cavity), this produces in the case of double insulating glass with 16 mm cavity a Ug value of 1.0 W/m2K. It makes no difference to the Ug value on which surface in relation to the cavity the layer is applied. The g value can vary by several %, depending on the position of the layer. Ug value – from 3.0 to 0.4 W/m2K Just a few decades ago, building glazing was still considered to be an energy hole in that adequate thermal insulation could not be achieved. The double glazing used in the 1950s exhibited a Ug value of roughly 3.0 W/m2K, and the first double insulating glass in 1960 attained values of around 2.8 W/ m2K. Today, modern insulating glass attains outstanding thermal insulation values. A Ug value of 0.4 W/m2K represents the current state of the art for triple insulating glass. Glazing has therefore become a highly heat-insulating component – with indisputable advantages with regard to appearance, longevity and maintenance. Products – SILVERSTAR I 89

Emissivity (low-e) The crucial variable for U value calculation is the emissivity. The emissivity serves to denote the heat radiation of a surface in relation to a precisely defined, so-called “black body”. The lower the emissivity εn of a coating, the more effective the insulating glass in terms of thermal insulation. Emissivity εn of glass and other materials at room temperature

Black body

100 %

Masonry

94 %

Float glass

89 %

Brick

88 %

Water and ice

96 %

SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass

1%–7%

Aluminium

Copper

Silver-coated thermal insulation glass is referred to in technical parlance as “low-e glass” (low emissivity = low heat radiation). Magnetron-coated SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass exhibits an emissivity of 1 – 7 %. The emissivity is determined by the coating manufacturer by means of measurement. Ug values for double insulating glass with a thermal insulation coating SILVERSTAR ZERO E (emissivity 1 %) in accordance with EN 673 Cavity

Ug value Argon, degree of filling 90 %

Air

10 mm

1.4 W/m K

1.8 W/m2K

12 mm

1.2 W/m2K

1.6 W/m2K

14 mm

1.1 W/m K

1.4 W/m2K

16 mm

1.0 W/m2K

1.3 W/m2K

18 mm

1.1 W/m2K

1.3 W/m2K

20 mm

1.1 W/m K

1.3 W/m2K

At EUROGLAS, all values are calculated in accordance with EN 673 with a 90 % gas filling.

90 I Products – SILVERSTAR

The U value of the window Uw Method for calculating the heat transfer coefficient of the window Uw Definitive standards for calculations: EN 674, EN 12412-2, EN ISO 12567-1 The heat transfer coefficient Uw of a window is dependent on: the dimensions and percentages of area (frame/glass) of the window the heat transfer coefficient of the glass Ug the heat transfer coefficient of the frame Uf the linear heat transfer coefficient in the transition area between glass and frame ψg

The U values at a window U w = U f + Ug

Glass Ug

Spacer ψ

Frame Uf

Glass edge: L g; ψg

Glass area A g, Ug

1150 mm

Frame area: A f; U f

1550 mm Standard window size 1150 x 1550 mm outside view

Ug • Ag + Uf • Af + ψ • Lg Uw Aw Uw Ug Ag Uf Af ψ Lg Aw

(W/m2K)

= Heat transfer coefficient, window = Heat transfer coefficient, insulating glass = Glass area = Heat transfer coefficient, window frame = Frame area = Linear heat transfer coefficient, glass edge = Glass edge length = Total window area Products – SILVERSTAR I 91

Uw values for standard windows 1150 x 1550 mm, frame percentage 25 % with stainless steel spacer ψg = 0.06 W/m2K. Glass Ug in W/m2K

Frame Uf in W/m2K 0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.5

2.8

2.9

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

3.0

3.1

2.6

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

2.3

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.1

2.0

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.0

1.9

2.0

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

1.9

1.8

1.9

2.0

2.1

2.2

2.3

1.8

1.9

2.0

2.1

2.2

2.3

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.0

2.1

2.2

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.0

2.1

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.0

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.0

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.0

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

0.9

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

0.8

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

0.7

0.95

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

0.6

0.87

0.92

0.97

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

0.5

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

■ Values meet requirements with regard to unheated rooms Values meet requirements with regard to outside climate

Bold type: Very good values for windows

4.2.6. Balustrade panels Colour-accentuated or from one casting – every wish is catered for As well as transparent glass elements, balustrade panels are used in facades. The colour-matched SWISSPANEL balustrade panel provides for impressive and homogeneous outward appearances, particularly in flush-mounted all-glass facades. But deliberate and playful use of colours can also be achieved with SWISSPANEL. Areas of application for SWISSPANEL Warm and cold facades Projecting facades (solar aprons) and exhaust air facades For bonded facades (structural glazing) In the roof area

92 I Products – SILVERSTAR

Product properties Facades and balustrade panels can, matching the respective thermal insulation or solar control glass, be combined in all facade structures known today.

The back-ventilated cold facade a) The outer facade panel of glass provides protection against the weather and performs architectural design functions. b) The inner shell is the bearing element, protects the room, and provides thermal insulation and sound insulation among others. The cavity between the two shells must be back-ventilated so that accumulated moisture and radiant heat can be dissipated.

The warm facade Glass facade panels can be created with insulation fitted at the rear and a vapour barrier on the room side into an integrated facade element. These elements are a room protection component, an insulating element and an architectural design medium rolled into one. They may not be exposed to static loads. The thickness of the balustrade element is determined by the thermal insulation requirements.

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SILVERSTAR I 93

SWISSPANEL glass structure SWISSPANEL balustrade elements are available monolithically from TSG-H toughened safety glass with heat-soak test, from laminated safety glass consisting of 2x HSG or as double-shell facade panels (insulating glass) of TSG-H.

TSG balustrade element

LSG balustrade element

1a EUROGLAS TSG Flat TSG-H 1b EUROLAMEX LSG of 2x HSG 2 Solar control layer 3 Opaque layer 4 Insulation layer

The back of the SWISSPANEL balustrade elements is provided with an opaque coating. The edges of the SWISSPANEL elements are arrissed (ground chamfer, edge surface not worked). Other forms of finish are possible. For exposed edges, we recommend a polished or dull-ground version Subsequent finishing such as grinding or drilling of TSG-H is not possible. All finishes such as holes, flakings or the like must be applied before the tempering process.

SWISSPANEL can be combined with all solar control or thermal insulation coatings. Colour-matched balustrade panels The use of SWISSPANEL permits colour matching or intentional accentuation of modern glass facades. The balustrade panels are produced to match as much as possible the colours of the individual SILVERSTAR coatings. The term often used in the industry “harmony” presupposes that the facade components (balustrade panels or insulating glass) have an identical shade of colour. Practice however shows that colour coordination of transparent and non-transparent areas is very much dependent on the prevailing light conditions based on the time of day or weather, and consequently absolute “harmony” is not possible.

94 I Products – EUROFLOAT

SILVERSTAR coating and colour-matched SWISSPANEL balustrade panels Insulating glass

BD panel

SILVERSTAR SELEKT 70/40

BD 72-S

SILVERSTAR SUPERSELEKT 60/27 T

BD 72-S

SILVERSTAR COMBI Neutral 70/35

BD 82-S

SILVERSTAR COMBI Neutral 61/32

BD 82-S

SILVERSTAR COMBI Neutral 51/26

BD 84-S

SILVERSTAR COMBI Neutral 41/21

BD 84-S

SILVERSTAR COMBI Silver 48 T

BD 64-S

SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Silver 20 T

BD 64-S

SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Blue 30 T

BD 60-S

SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Blue 50 T

BD 62-S

SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Neutral 50 T

BD 66-S

Dimensions Maximum 1000 x 2500 mm with 6 mm TSG or 1500 x 2500 mm with 8 mm TSG. Minimum 300 x 800 mm. Other dimensions on request.

PEMA GmbH, Herzberg am Harz Products – EUROFLOAT I 95

4.2.7. Special coatings Thermal insulation glass with SILVERSTAR FREE VISION T coating Clear view with no outside misting Owing to its outstanding thermal insulation properties, modern insulating glass is prone to misting from the outside in certain weather conditions. The intelligent SILVERSTAR FREE VISION T coating eliminates outside misting almost entirely. Areas of application for SILVERSTAR FREE VISION T SILVERSTAR FREE VISION T insulating glass is used wherever outside misting is unwelcome. Ideal for insulating glass with very low Ug values. For new buildings and renovations. For residential buildings and villas. For Minergie buildings and passive houses. For exposed glass surfaces with high radiation.

Product properties The outstanding thermal insulation properties of modern thermal insulation glass permit only a minimal flow of heat to pass from the inside of the room to the outside. As a result of radiation to the cold night sky, the outer insulating glass pane can even become colder than the surroundings. This can result in the formation of condensation water and, in the worst case, in this water freezing like on a car windscreen. The SILVERSTAR FREE VISION T coating suppresses - to the greatest possible extent - radiation from the outer pane to the clear night sky. As a result, the pane does not cool down so dramatically and generally remains above the dew point of the ambient air. This eliminates the possibility of misting. The function is long-lasting. With SILVERSTAR FREE VISION T double or triple insulating glass, the outer pane acts permanently as TSG.

Hotel Hof Weissbad, Switzerland

96 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SILVERSTAR

Technical data SILVERSTAR FREE VISION T

TSG

SILVERSTAR EN2plus coating

Structure

SILVERSTAR FREE VISION T coating

SILVERSTAR TRIII E coating

TSG

Double insulating glass

Triple insulating glass

SILVERSTAR FREE VISION T 4 mm / cavity 16 mm argon / SILVERSTAR EN2plus 4 mm

SILVERSTAR FREE VISION T 4 mm / cavity 14 mm argon / SILVERSTAR TRIII E 4 mm / cavity 14 mm argon / SILVERSTAR TRIII E 4 mm

with FREE VISION T

without FREE VISION T

Light transmission

83 %

82 %

75 %

73 %

Light reflection outside

12 %

15 %

18 %

Ug value

1.1 W/m²K

0.7 W/m²K

g value

64 %

63 %

64 %

The appearance is colour-neutral. Dimensions Dimensions up to max. 3210 x 6000 mm.

Products – SILVERSTAR I 97

98 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass

Prime Tower – Swiss Platform, Zurich/Photographer: Hans Ege

4.3. Laminated safety glass 4.3.1. Laminated safety glass EUROLAMEX LSG Protection and safety For many everyday applications, it is important that glass panes retain their intended protective effect if they are accidentally or even intentionally damaged. EUROLAMEX LSG consists of two or more glass panes that are permanently connected with highly tear-resistant, tough-elastic intermediate layers of polyvinyl butyral film (PVB). In the event of overload due to shock or impact, the glass does break, but the fragments adhere to the undamaged PVB layer. In this way the damaged glass has a residual stability and the glazed opening remains closed. The risk of injury is also reduced due to the fact that the shards are retained on the film. Areas of application for EUROLAMEX LSG In school buildings and child care centres as room-dividing glazing, to prevent injury by glass shards and as fall protection elements. For overhead and roof glazing in private and public applications. In interior finishing and in outdoor areas as privacy screening or to achieve optical effects with colours in special printing process as design glass. As single glazing in doors, stairway landings, stairway railings and balcony glazing. In combination with insulating glass as anti-burglar protection for windows. In public applications as fall or fall-through protection glazing for windows, doors and shop/display windows. As breakout-resistant and penetration-resistant glazing in prisons and nursing homes. As bullet-proof glass for cash desks and counter systems in banks, post offices and similar applications. As glazing for animal cages or zoo aquariums. As balustrade elements for all-glass facades such as structural glazing. For industrial and military installations as explosion-resistant glazing and for vehicles, aircraft and ships. Product guidelines and important facts EUROLAMEX LSG is a laminated safety glass in accordance with EN 12543. LSG consists of two or more glass pane with highly tear-resistant, tough-elastic intermediate layers of PVB film. The structure and thickness of the elements are based on the demands made of the glass solution. By combining different glass and film layers it is possible to achieve with EUROLAMEX LSG safety features such as resistance to thrown objects, penetration (in acc. with EN 356) and bullets (in acc. with EN 1063) as well as fall and fall-through resistance and walk-on capability.

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Laminated Safety Glass I 99

EUROLAMEX LSG manufacture and finishing After the pane surfaces have been cleaned, the glass sheets and PVB film are placed on top of each other, heated and pressed together by rollers or by a vacuum into the pre-lamination. The elements are then passed to the autoclave, where they are firmly bonded together under pressure and heat. Edge finishing is performed after the manufacturing process. If LSG or HSG is fashioned into LSG, edge finishing cannot be performed at a later stage.

Manufacturing stage

Description

1. Loading

The system is loaded by gantry stacker.

2. Cleaning

The glass is cleaned in the washing machine. The glass thickness is automatically measured, then the machine parameters are automatically set.

3. Laminating room

Glass-film-glass is joined in accordance with the sandwich principle in this room. Since the PVB film is very sensitive to temperature and moisture, and every speck of dust can impair the optical quality, the laminating room is an air-conditioned clean room. For this reason too, the film is stored specifically for each product in air-conditioned rooms.

4. Pre-lamination

The so-called pre-lamination is made in the pre-lamination furnace from the glass sheets and the film in between. To do so, the glass sheets are heated to a defined temperature and pressed together by rollers.

5. Autoclave

The glass panes are permanently joined to the film under pressure and temperature in the autoclave. The finished LSG sheet is thus fashioned from the pre-lamination.

6. Unloading/delivery

After autoclaving, further processing such as grinding or drilling in the glass can be performed.

100 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Laminated Safety Glass

Laminating room

Vacuum process for production of LSG Beside traditional LSG production with pre-lamination by means of rollers and autoclave, there is a further process in which the pieces of glass are vacuumed both in a pre-lamination (without rollers) and in an actual bonding process in an enclosed bag-like container. This process is much more complicated and is used in the building industry for special glass structures, and primarily for curved glass. Product properties The structure of EUROLAMEX LSG elements and the thickness are based on the safety demands placed on the glazing. Thrown-object / penetration-resistant glass can be adapted to the respective safety requirements by the number of glass layers and the thickness of the PVB film in between. EUROLAMEX LSG is resistant to light and ageing. The edges of the LSG sheets must be protected against acid and alkaline solutions and against permanently wet conditions so that the film is not compromised.

Autoclave

PVB film

4. Glass

Glass

Key to the designation EUROLAMEX LSG 8.2 8 = Element thickness (mm) consisting of 2x float glass 4 mm 2 = Number of films at 0.38 mm

The intermediate layers of PVB film can be clear or tinted, and on request also UV-permeable or sound-reducing or combined with special functions such as shading elements.

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Laminated Safety Glass I 101

When clear film and clear glass is used, translucence is not compromised, exhibiting roughly the same values as single glass of the same thickness. Unlike TSG, EUROLAMEX LSG when damaged does not shatter into small pieces, but retains its intended effect. The fracture pattern of EUROLAMEX LSG shows its shard-retaining capability: It resembles a spider's web which, depending on the severity of the impact, exhibits a narrower or wider mesh structure.

EUROLAMEX LSG fracture pattern: shard-retaining property thanks to PVB film

Technical data of EUROLAMEX LSG EUROLAMEX LSG exhibits the same temperature change resistance and roughly the same tensile bending stress as normal float glass. To increase these values, TSG, TSG-H and HSG can be used instead of float glass in the assembly of EUROLAMEX LSG. EUROLAMEX LSG can be provided with a SILVERSTAR thermal insulation layer and assembled into insulating glass. When worked into insulating glass, EUROLAMEX LSG delivers not only the desired degree of safety, but also improved sound reduction. Special LSG film is available to improve the static properties, particularly the laminated effect and residual stability after fracture. Dimensions The maximum production size of EUROLAMEX LSG is 3210 x 8500 mm. The production size is however dependent on the structure of the laminated safety glass and its application. Available range Structure

Film type

Maximum Dimensions

4.2 / 4.4 / 6.1 / 6.4 / 8.1 / 8.4 / 10.1 / 10.4 / 12.1 / 12.4 / 16.1 / 16.4 / 20.1 / 20.4

Clear, matt

3210 x 8500 mm

6.1 / 6.2 / 8.1 / 8.2 / 10.1 / 10.2 / 12.1 / 12.2 / 16.1 / 16.2 / 20.1 / 20.2

Sound control*

3210 x 8500 mm

Special dimensions and further structures on request. * When used in overhead applications the glazing must always be linear-mounted. The maximum dimensions are 1250 x 2500 mm.

102 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Laminated Safety Glass

Stairwell design with tinted laminated safety glass

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Laminated Safety Glass I 103

4.3.2. Protection and safety with glass Glass is one of the most interesting and popular building materials. It can be used in a huge variety of applications. As with any other material, building with glass calls for some fundamental safety considerations. This aspect is sufficiently taken into consideration thanks to the continuous further development of glass technology. However, safety with glass must be planned and this requires meticulous clarification, depending on the task for which the glazing is intended. Serious safety planning always starts with an agreement on utilisation that defines the safety requirements with regard to the various types of glazing.

The following laws, standards and recommendations in particular must be taken into consideration (not exhaustive) DIN 18299: German construction contract procedures (VOB) – Part C: General technical specifications for construction contracts (ATV) – General rules applying to all types of construction work DIN 18360: German construction contract procedures (VOB) – Part C: General technical specifications for construction contracts (ATV) – Metalwork EN 12978: Industrial, commercial and garage doors and gates – Safety devices for power operated doors and gates – Requirements and test methods EN 1627: Pedestrian doorsets, windows, curtain walling, grilles and shutters – Burglar resistance – Requirements and classification EN 1628: Pedestrian doorsets, windows, curtain walling, grilles and shutters – Burglar resistance – Requirements and classification EN 1990: Basis of structural design EN 1991-1-1: Actions on structures – Part 1-1: General actions – Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings TRLV: Technical rules for the use of linear supported glazing TRPV: Technical rules for the design and execution of glazing with punctiform supports TRAV: Technical rules for the use of fall-proof glazing

4.3.2.1. Passive and active safety In practice a distinction is made between passive and active safety; different types of glass are generally used accordingly. However, glazing often has to assume both passive and active safety functions. Passive safety Passive safety involves providing projection against injury by the glazing itself. The glazing concerned is injury-reducing, e.g. doors, balustrades, table tops, partition walls, vestibules, stairwell, overhead and floor glazing (walk-on safety in this case), etc. Typical properties that must be exhibited by such glazing: Injury-reducing e.g. by crumbling when shattered (TSG) or by shard retention (LSG) Shard-retaining (LSG in the overhead area) Fall-preventing (Glazing with balustrade function) 104 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass

Active safety Active safety involves protection by the glazing against an external attack, by so-called attack-resistant glass. They are intended to provide protection against: Thrown objects (e.g. attack with a stone) Break-in, break-out and penetration Attack with firearms Explosion pressure Passive safety

Injury-reducing Shard-retaining Fall-preventing Resistant to ball impact

Active safety (attack resistance)

Thrown-object-resistant Penetration-resistant Bullet-resistant Explosion-pressure-resistant

It is possible to choose from different products and designs to suit the area of application and the safety requirement. The choice is made on the basis of standards and regulations. If these are not provided, the safety need must be clarified meticulously and with absolute precision before the product is chosen. “One size fits all” solutions rarely deliver successful results, since safety too is perceived individually. An extensive product range permits customised solutions which cover every safety need.

Business Center Andreaspark, Zurich/Photographer: Hans Ege

Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 105

4.3.2.2. Glass with safety properties There are only two types of glass with safety properties Toughened safety glass (TSG, also TSG-H) Laminated safety glass (LSG) (for more information, see Chapter 4.3) TSG (3â&#x20AC;&#x201C;8 mm)

Thermally tempered Increases temperature change resitance Increases mechanical load capability Injury-reducing (crumbling when shattered) Resistant to ball impact

LSG

Penetration-resistant Fall-preventing

LSG

Bullet-resistant

Injury-reducing Shard-retaining Thrown-object-resistant Fall-preventing Resistant to ball impact

The following glass types are not safety glass since they do not exhibit appropriate safety properties; specifically, they are not injury-reducing. Float glass/ ornamental glass

Fracturing can create dangerous and sharp-edged fragments. The relevant safety properties are produced only by tempering into TSG or by assembling into LSG.

Heatstrengthened glass (HSG)

HSG has a higher mechanical strength and a higher temperature change resistance than float glass. Fracturing can however create dangerous fragments.

Wired and wired plate glass

Wired glass is a rolled flat glass with a wire-mesh insert embedded inside it. On fracturing, the wire mesh holds the fragments together up to a certain load. In the overhead area, it can offer limited protection against falling glass pieces. However, serious injuries can be incurred with wired or wired plate glass particularly in doors, partition walls, balustrades, etc. Furthermore, wired and wired plate glass has only very limited structural and thermal load capability.

106 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Laminated Safety Glass Resistant to ball impact

4.3.2.3. Passive safety in practice 4.3.2.3.1. Balustrade glazing Balustrade glazing used in stairway and grandstand, balcony or facade applications must meet specific safety requirements. In particular, they should prevent anyone from injuring themselves or falling. Glazing in the balustrade area requires particular attention.

1.00 m

G lazing in the balustrade area Special safety glazing required Upper floor: injury-reducing and fall- preventing glazing required Ground floor: injury-reducing glazing required

Inner

Outer

Inner

Outer

G lazing above balustrade area of 1.00 m No special measures required for the time being

Cristal Shopping Mall, Martigny, Switzerland

Example of injury-reducing/fall-preventing room-height facade glazing in two variants. Variant on left: outside float 8 mm / inside LSG 16 mm (injury-reducing and fall-preventing) Variant on right: outside LSG 16 mm (fall-preventing) / inside TSG 8 mm (injury-reducing)

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Laminated Safety Glass I 107

For structural verification of fall prevention, a knife-edge load in accordance with EN 1991-1-1 “Actions on structures”, see “Barriers”, is taken as the basis. For residential, office and selling spaces, the characteristic value is 0.8 kN/m. Depending on the type of use and strain to be anticipated (e.g. due to jostling crowds) this can be up to 3.0 kN/m.

4.3.2.3.2. Sloping, roof and overhead glazing

10°

4. Hotel Hof Weissbad, Switzerland

Sloping, roof or overhead glazing refers to single or insulating glazing that is installed with an inclination of more than 10° from the vertical. As well as being sufficiently dimensioned, which results from a variety of factors, it is essential from a safety standpoint in the case of sloping glazing that in the event of the glass fracturing, individual glass pieces or even entire glass elements cannot fall and injure people.

108 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass

Overhead glazing must therefore always have LSG made of float glass or heat-strengthened glass as its innermost glass. LSG consisting of 2 TSG panes is not permitted, since this combination does not exhibit sufficient residual stability after fracture and is therefore prone to the risk of complete elements falling down.

Single glazing

Insulating glazing

Possible structures of overhead glazing Single glazing Insulating glazing

LSG made of float glass LSG made of HSG Glass outer

TSG-H HSG Float glass LSG

Glass inner

LSG made of float glass LSG made of HSG

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Laminated Safety Glass I 109

Caution in the event of larger spans! LSG can – up to a span of 1500 mm – usually furnish its intended properties (preventing individual glass pieces or whole elements from falling down after fracture). For greater spans, additional measures to prevent entire elements from falling must be provided. For elements that are only supported on two sides, this already applies from a span of 1200 mm. Support

Span

Structure

2-sided

Up to 1200 mm

LSG made of 2 x float glass LSG made of 2 x HSG

>1200 mm

Special measures required to prevent entire elements from falling

Up to 1500 mm

LSG made of 2 x float glass LSG made of 2 x HSG

>1500 mm

Special measures required to prevent entire elements from falling

4-sided

Special measures (examples) LSG as a triple structure Increase support surfaces Design measures to prevent falling (e.g. nets or cross-struts, etc.)

4.3.2.3.3. Glass floors Glass floors are subject to the same safety considerations as sloping glazing. However, non-slip safety must also be taken into consideration.

110 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass

4.3.2.3.4. Glazing in sports facilities Gymnasiums and sports halls generally require safety and resistance to ball impact as well as injury reduction. This can be ensured both with toughened safety glass (TSG) and with laminated safety glass (LSG). Safety and resistance to ball impact (for glazing installed on four sides) Glass type

Max. dimensions

EUROGLAS TSG Flat 6 mm

2000 x 3000 mm

EUROLAMEX LSG 8.1

2250 x 4200 mm

For larger dimensions, appropriately thicker glass must be used.

4.3.2.3.5. Structural use of glass The structural use of glass calls for comprehensive considerations regarding the issue of safety. The consideration “What happens when glass breaks?” (is there a risk of injury by glass pieces, can somebody fall, is there sufficient residual stability to prevent entire elements or supporting structures from collapsing?) that should always be made whenever glass is used is particularly important in the case of glass that assumes structural functions, and cannot under any circumstances by replaced by a so-called “static overdimensioning”.

Underground station, Nuremberg, Photographer: Gerhard Hagen/poolima

Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 111

4.3.2.3.6. Passive safety – application recommendations Fracture pattern

Glass types

Windows with balustrades

Railings

Glass balustrades/glass facades

Float glass/ cast glass

Suitable

Unsuitable

Windows with balustrades in acc. with EN 1627/1628

Not permitted

Wired glass

Unsuitable

Toughened safety glass (TSG) EUROGLAS TSG Flat

Suitable

Additional fall prevention in acc. with EN 1627/1628

Heat-strengthened glass (HSG) EUROGLAS TSG Flat

Suitable

Unsuitable

Only as LSG with HSG

Laminated safety glass (LSG) EUROLAMEX made of float glass/ cast glass

Suitable

Without punctiform mounting

Laminated safety glass (LSG) EUROLAMEX made of toughened safety glass

Suitable

If 4-sided in the frame

Laminated safety glass (LSG) EUROLAMEX made of heat-strengthened glass (HSG)

Suitable

Particularly with punctiform mounting

112 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass

Glass doors

All-glass systems/glass partition walls

Glass roofs

Stairways/ walk-on glazing

Sports facility glazing

Unsuitable

Suitable

Unsuitable

Suitable

Panes all-round inside the frame Span small side < 600 mm

Suitable

Use if there is no danger of falling; make glass visible

Only for IV glass; upper pane TSG; lower pane in LSG shard-retaining

Unsuitable

Only as LSG with HSG

Suitable

Necessary if there is a danger of falling; make glass visible; without punctiform mounting

Overhead glazing shard-retaining

Ensure slip resistance

Suitable

Unsuitable

Suitable

TGS is resistant to ball impact; Use if there is no danger of falling

If there is no danger of falling; make glass visible; particularly with punctiform mounting

Suitable

Suitable If there is no danger of falling; make glass visible; particularly with punctiform mounting

Suitable

Necessary if there is a danger of falling; make glass visible; particularly with punctiform mounting

Overhead glazing shard-retaining; particularly with punctiform mounting

Choose pane with high section modulus and slip-resistant; protect support pane

Necessary if there is a danger of falling; make glass visible; particularly with punctiform mounting

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Laminated Safety Glass I 113

4.3.2.4. Active safety in practice For the most part, glass tested in accordance with the relevant standards is used in practice as attack-resistant glazing (active safety). Thrown-object-resistant and penetration-resistant glazing This is standardised glazing in accordance with EN 356, classified into the categories P1A to P5A (thrown-object-resistant glazing) and P6B to P8B (penetration-resistant glazing). Classification in acc. with EN 356

Resistance category

Drop height

No. of drop tests with steel balls weighing 4110 g

Number of blows with hammer/ axe with plastic handle

Resistance to attack

Glass structure

P1A

1500 mm

–

3000 mm

–

Thrown-objectresistant

LSG double

P2A P3A

6000 mm

–

P4A

9000 mm

–

P5A

9000 mm

3x3=9

–

P6B

–

31 – 50

P7B

–

51 – 70

Penetrationresistant

LSG multiple structure

P8B

–

over 70

Optimum attack resistance can only be achieved when the window frame too offers appropriate safety. Particularly during break-in attempts, it is often the case that the perpetrator does not actually break the glazing, but instead tries to forcibly open the window casement. EN 1627 governs the window frame requirements in the resistance categories WK 1 – WK 6 and assigns the appropriate glazing categories. Insulating glass is governed by the principle that glass must exhibit the required classification. Frame categories are not assigned to the glazing categories P1A and P2A, i.e. this glazing does offer a certain degree of safety, but does not conform to any standardised window resistance category. However, glazing of this type is often installed in detached family houses and generally offers adequate protection against simple break-in attempts.

114 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass

4.3.2.5. Safety properties of glass The matrix below provides an overview of the most important types of glass used in building together with their relevant safety properties and the temperature change resistance. The properties “thrown-object- and penetration-resistant” are combined as “burglar-resistant” as glass of this type is usually used to prevent break-ins. The property “bullet-resistant” is not listed as specially structured laminated safety glass is required for this purpose.

temperature change

Increased resistance to

capacity after fracture

Fall-preventing

Residual load-bearing

Burglar-resistant

Resistant to ball impact

Shard-retaining

Injury-reducing

Glass type

Float glass / cast glass Wired / wired plate glass TSG

HSG LSG made of float / cast glass

LSG made of TSG

LSG made of HSG

** ***

Suitable, * Observe structure/thickness, ** Only when held on 4 sides in the frame, *** Only under certain conditions

Vocational Business School, Bienne/Biel, Switzerland

Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 115

4.3.3. EUROLAMEX S PHON – Sound-insulating glass Laminated safety glass with integrated sound control achieves, thanks to its special sound-insulating film, an average improvement in the weighted sound reduction index Rw of 3 dB. EUROLAMEX PHON can be processed like conventional laminated safety glass because it retains all the safety properties of conventional LSG. It can be used as single glazing for interiors and as insulating glass. 50

Sound reduction index (dB)

45 40 35 30

8.2 Standard LSG* 8.2 EUROLAMEX S PHON*

25 Frequency (Hz)

20 100 160 250 400 630 1000 1600 2500 4000

Monolithic LSG structures Sound control film Product designation

Structure

Sound reduction index Rw

EUROLAMEX S PHON

6.2

35 dB

EUROLAMEX S PHON

8.2

37 dB

EUROLAMEX S PHON

10.1

38 dB

EUROLAMEX S PHON

10.2

38 dB

EUROLAMEX S PHON

12.2

40 dB

EUROLAMEX S PHON

16.2

41 dB

EUROLAMEX S PHON

20.2

42 dB

EUROLAMEX matt

6.2

33 dB

EUROLAMEX matt

8.2

35 dB

EUROLAMEX matt

10.2

36 dB

EUROLAMEX matt

12.2

38 dB

Matt film

116 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass

*Not insulating glass

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Laminated Safety Glass I 117

4.3.4. Packing Type

2000

2250

2550

6000

Glass

Film

Sheet

6.1

0.38

1.98

2.23

2.52

2.67

5.35

6.2

0.76

1.93

2.17

2.46

2.75

5.49

6.3

1.14

1.88

2.11

2.39

2.82

5.63

6.4

1.52

1.93

2.17

2.46

2.89

5.78

8.1

0.38

1.97

2.21

2.51

2.75

5.51

8.2

0.76

2.01

2.26

2.56

2.81

5.62

8.3

1.14

1.91

2.15

2.44

2.87

5.73

8.4

0.52

1.81

2.03

2.31

2.92

5.84

10.1

0.38

1.96

2.20

2.50

2.45

4.90

10.2

0.76

1.99

2.24

2.54

2.49

4.98

10.3

1.14

1.85

2.09

2.36

2.53

5.06

10.4

1.52

1.88

2.12

2.40

2.57

5.14

12.1

1.38

1.95

2.20

2.49

2.34

4.69

12.2

0.76

1.98

2.23

2.52

2.38

4.75

12.3

1.14

1.81

2.03

2.30

2.41

4.82

12.4

1.52

1.83

2.06

2.33

2.44

4.88

16.1

0.38

2.08

2.34

2.65

2.34

4.67

16.2

0.76

2.10

2.36

2.67

2.36

4.72

16.3

1.14

2.12

2.38

2.70

2.38

4.77

16.4

1.52

2.14

2.41

2.73

2.41

4.82

20.1

0.38

1.94

2.18

2.48

1.94

3.88

20.2

0.76

1.96

2.20

2.50

1.96

3.92

20.3

1.14

1.97

2.22

2.52

1.97

3.95

20.4

1.52

1.99

2.24

2.54

1.99

3.98

118 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Laminated Safety Glass

Stability tests Two test methods are used to test the safety of LSG: Ball drop test The ball drop test is used to determine the stability of LSG. All panes must be able to withstand being hit three times by a steel ball weighing approx. 4 kg. The drop heights in the individual categories are defined in the following table: Ball drop test in acc. with EN 356 Category

Drop height

P1A

1500 mm

P2A

3000 mm

P3A

6000 mm

P4A

9000 mm

P5A

3 x 9000 mm

Pendulum impact The pendulum impact test is used to simulate the impact load and the resulting fracture behaviour of LSG. A distinction is made between three types of fracture behaviour: Category

Drop height

190 mm

450 mm

1200 mm

LSG fracture

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Laminated Safety Glass I 119

Tested laminated safety glass EUROLAMEX matt Product

Ball drop test EN 356

Pendulum impact EN 12600

EUROLAMEX matt 6.2

P2A

Category 1

EUROLAMEX matt 8.2

P2A

Category 1

EUROLAMEX matt 10.2

P2A

Category 1

EUROLAMEX matt 12.2

P2A

Category 1

Ball drop test EN 356

Pendulum impact EN 12600

EUROLAMEX Product

EUROLAMEX 4.2

P2A

Category 1

EUROLAMEX 4.4

P2A

Category 1

EUROLAMEX 6.1

P1A

Category 2

EUROLAMEX 6.2

P2A

Category 1

EUROLAMEX 6.4

P4A

Category 1

EUROLAMEX 8.2

P2A

Category 1

EUROLAMEX 8.4

P4A

Category 1

EUROLAMEX 8.6

P5A

EUROLAMEX 12.8

P6B

Product

Ball drop test EN 356

Pendulum impact EN 12600

EUROLAMEX S PHON 6.2

P2A

1B1

EUROLAMEX S PHON 8.1

P1A

1B1

EUROLAMEX S Phon

EUROLAMEX S PHON 8.2

P2A

1B1

EUROLAMEX S PHON 8.4

P4A

1B1

EUROLAMEX S PHON 12.2

P2A

1B1

Special structures on request EUROLAMEX – resistance to ball impact in acc. with DIN 18032-3 Product

Max. pane size

EUROLAMEX 6.2

2250 x 4200 mm

EUROLAMEX 8.1

2250 x 4200 mm

EUROLAMEX 8.2

2250 x 4200 mm

120 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass

4.3.5. Sound control

Frankfurt Airport, Frankfurt am Main

Our environment is getting ever louder, with private and public transport constantly increasing. Nobody is safe from excessive noise. Even quiet places today can be exposed to heavy noise tomorrow. But: what is excessive noise? Excessive noise is defined as any type of sound which is felt to be offending, annoying or painful. Ambient noise consists of a multitude of tones of differing frequency and intensity. Specific perception by the human ear is taken into account in the determination of excessive noise intensity. Higher pitched tones are subjectively felt to be louder than lower pitched ones. The loudest tone a human can hear without pain has a sound intensity ten billion times greater than the quietest tone. The human ear copes with this by perceiving a tenfold increase in sound intensity as a doubling of the loudness. Dealing with such large figures is not very practical, and for that reason a logarithmic scale is used. The unit is the decibel (dB), derived from the bel (B) (1 bel = 10 decibels), a non-dimensional proportional number that corresponds to the decadic logarithm.

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Laminated Safety Glass I 121

Sound intensities Examples of the relationship of linear and logarithmic values In linear units

In powers of 10

Decadic logarithm

In bels (B)

In decibels (dB)

100

1000

103

5000

3.7

10000

*Hearing threshold

Landhaus Schaffhausen/Architect: hofer.kick architekten/Photographer: ÂŠ foto-panorama.ch

122 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Laminated Safety Glass

4.3.5.1. Noise sources and perception The diagram below sets out some typical types of noise with their loudness (in decibels) and subjective perception.

Pain threshold

130 dB

Aeroplane (50 m away)

120 dB

Rock concert 110 dB Pneumatic hammer 100 dB Loud factory floor 90 dB Loud radio music 80 dB Road traffic 70 dB Mean range of audibility

Office noise 60 dB

Normal conversation

50 dB

TV programme

40 dB

Quiet garden

30 dB

Ticking clock

20 dB

Rustling paper

10 dB

Painful

Intolerable

Extremely loud

Very loud

Loud

Moderately loud

More quiet

Quiet

Very quiet

Barely audible

Almost inaudible

0 dB Silent

Hearing threshold

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Laminated Safety Glass I 123

4.3.5.2. Measurement curves and their meaning 4.3.5.2.1. Test procedure The testing of sound insulation glass is precisely standardised. The sound reduction index for the individual frequencies of 50 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 5000 hertz is measured at third intervals. The values obtained are entered into a system of coordinates and connected to each other. The curve produced in this way is used to make a reference curve congruent according to precisely defined rules. The value exhibited by the displaced reference curve at 500 hertz corresponds to the weighted sound reduction index Rw. 60

Rw 40

4. Sound reduction index R in dB

125

250

Measurement curve

500

1000

2000

4000

Frequency f in Hz

Displaced reference curve Frequency range corresponds to the curve of reference values (EN ISO 717-1)

Test chambers and measuring equipment can vary from test institute to test institute. This results in possibly diverging values. Test certificates issued by recognised test institutes are still definitive for the assessment of sound reduction insulating glass by building sponsors, architects and authorities.

124 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Laminated Safety Glass

4.3.5.2.2. Sound reduction curve and weighted sound reduction index The weighted sound reduction index Rw can be considered to be a type of average value of measurements at different frequencies. But this in no way means that the different measured values are added up and divided by their number. Instead, the evaluation method takes account of the attributes of the human ear, which reacts to sound sources with low frequencies (100 to approx. 400 hertz) less sensitively than to those with higher frequencies. No conclusions can be drawn as to the sound reduction performance at individual frequencies from the weighted sound reduction index alone. Depending on the situation, the proportion of low frequencies can be high (road intersection with approaching trucks). In these cases, the sound reduction in the relevant frequency range must be noted as well as the weighted sound reduction index. In the event of such problems, the sound reduction curve included with every test certificate can prove useful. Sound reduction insulating glass products with the same weighted sound reduction index can exhibit significant differences at individual frequencies.

4.3.5.2.3. Spectrum adjustment values C and Ctr In the case of the weighted sound reduction index Rw in dB, the acoustic effect on specific noise exposures such as road, aircraft or residential noise is not specifically taken into account. A sound reduction value with regard to the frequency characteristic of a specific noise source can be adjusted with the so-called spectrum adjustment values C and Ctr. For road noise, for example, the spectrum adjustment value Ctr (tr = traffic) is calculated (a negative value) and added to the weighted sound reduction index. The sum of Rw + Ctr provides information about the sound reduction properties of insulating glass with regard to road noise. The adjustment value C applies as a rule to railway and industrial noise. Example The following values were determined in the laboratory for insulating glass: Rw = 39 dB (C = -1 dB; Ctr = -4 dB) It follows that: Sound reduction with regard to railway and industrial noise: Rw + C = 39 + (-1) = 38 dB Sound reduction with regard to road noise: Rw + Ctr = 39 + (-4) = 35 dB

4.3.5.3. Applicable standards and regulations Two important bases for the requirements with regard to the sound insulation of windows: Merkblatt über kennzeichnende Größen der Luftschalldämmung (Pamphlet on characteristic variables of airborne sound insulation) (Bundesinnungsverband des Glaserhandwerks, Hadamar) DIN 4109 “Sound insulation in buildings”, edition 1989 It must be noted here that the values imposed in these two regulations for sound insulation refer to the entire window in the installed state and not just to the insulating glass on its own.

Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 125

4.3.5.3.1. The Federal Noise Control Ordinance Purpose and objective: A large part of the Federal Noise Control Ordinance (LSV) is dedicated to limiting and curbing noise immissions. Where this achieves only limited success, the Noise Control Ordinance lays down specific requirements with regard to sound insulation of buildings (particularly for windows). The most important deciding factors are: Type and use of the building Exact location in a specific zone Intensity of the sound source to be reduced For example, buildings in industrial zones must be treated differently from those in recreational areas. Hospitals are governed by guidelines that differ from those for school buildings. New buildings The Noise Control Ordinance places building sponsors under an obligation to ensure that sound control conforms to the generally accepted rules of architecture. The Ordinance refers in particular to the minimum requirements as stipulated in DIN 4109.

Existing buildings The Noise Control Ordinance lays down so-called load limit values for existing buildings. These are dependent on the respective sensitivity stage of the corresponding building zone. Distinctions are made between recreational areas and residential, mixed and industrial zones. If the load limit values are exceeded, the Noise Control Ordinance specifies for noise-sensitive areas a specific sound noise reduction index as a function of the noise exposure (R‘w + (C or Ctr) = 32 or 38 dB). The local authorities are obligated by the Noise Control Ordinance to draw up noise registers for existing roads, railways and airfields/airports . These are plans which illustrate precisely what areas are exposed to what intensity of noise. These loads (levels of exposure) can be measured or calculated. Requirements with regard to the weighted sound reduction index Rw (measured at the building) of windows and associated components, such as roller shutter boxes, as a function of the determined assessment level Lr (for existing buildings in acc. with LSV). Lr day (dB)

Lr night (dB)

R‘w window R‘w + C R‘w + Ctr

< = 75

< = 70

32 dB

> 75

> 70

38 dB

Rw must be at least 35 dB and at most 41 dB. For particularly large windows, the authorities can increase the requirements appropriately.

126 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass

4.3.5.3.2. DIN 4109 DIN 4109 defines a calculation formula with which the requirements with regard to the sound reduction index of windows can be determined for every room. The values apply to the entire facade part of a room. It is possible to determine the required sound reduction index, which is generally slightly lower, in a calculation procedure, as a function of the room volume and the window proportion of the facade. Neither the Noise Control Ordinance (for existing buildings) nor DIN 4109 (for new buildings) specify sound reduction indices for insulating glass. The prescribed values always refer to the entire window. Generally speaking, a distinction is made between Rw + (C, Ctr) insulating glass: Weighted sound reduction index, insulating glass (laboratory measurement) Rw + (C, Ctr) window: Weighted sound reduction index, window (laboratory measurement) R‘w + (C, Ctr) window: Weighted sound reduction index, window (measured at the building)

4.3.5.4. Definitions pertaining to sound control Sound Sound denotes mechanical oscillations and waves of an elastic medium, particularly in the frequency range of human hearing (16 to approx. 20,000 hertz). These oscillations can propagate in air (airborne sound) and in solid bodies, e.g. masonry (structure-borne sound). A further distinction is made between infrasound for tones with a frequency below 16 hertz, and ultrasound for tones above 16,000 hertz. These are no longer perceptible by the human ear. Decibel (dB) 1 dB = 1/10 bel Non-dimensional logarithmic unit for the sound level. The decibel is named after the inventor of the electromagnetic telephone, Alexander Graham Bell. Frequency The frequency (f) specifies the number of oscillations per second. The unit of this oscillation frequency is the “hertz” (Hz). 1 hertz = 1 oscillation per second. High tones have a high frequency (many oscillations), low tones correspondingly have few oscillations. The frequency range of 100 Hz to 5000 Hz is taken into account in building. Noise Noise is the generic term for all auditory sensations which cannot be exclusively termed as tone or sound. A noise is dependent on its chronological sequence, the tonality (or the spectrum), the interference effect and its origin. Excessive noise Excessive noise denotes all noises which have a stressing or disruptive effect on human hearing or on the environment due to their loudness and structure. Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 127

Sound bridges Rigid connections between leaves of multilayer constructions. Increased transmission of structure-borne sound is effected via these connections. Sound level Designation for the sound intensity. Coincidence dip Characteristic of single-leaf partition elements is a clear decrease in sound reduction at certain frequencies. This phenomenon is called the coincidence dip. The position (frequency) of the coincidence dip is determined by the mass per area (kg/m2) and the bending strength. Loudness The loudness specifies how loudly a specific sound is perceived by the human ear. Here loudness as a measure is dependent on the sound pressure and the frequency.

Sound reduction index Rw in dB

125

250

500

1000

2000

4000 8000 Sound frequency f in Hz

Sound reduction curve of glass panes of different thicknesses (acc. to EMPA, Lauber)

Glass pane thickness 3 mm

Glass pane thickness 6 mm

Glass pane thickness 12 mm

128 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Laminated Safety Glass

Sound control Sound control denotes in particular protection against road, aircraft and train noise as well as industrial noise and neighbourhood noise, etc. A distinction is made between active and passive sound control. Sound control is active when measures are taken at the source of the noise to reduce the sound emission, for example vibration isolation, flight bans, noise prevention walls, etc. Passive sound control is achieved by measures taken at the place of immission, particularly by sound insulation glazing. Sound level difference (D) Difference between sound level L1 in the transmitting room and sound level L2 in the receiving room (or the side facing the sound and the side turned away from the sound of a part of a building). D = L1 - L2 in dB Octave Two frequencies f1 and f2 with an oscillation frequency in the ratio 1:2. Third 3 Two frequencies f1 and f2 in the ratio: 1: 2 . One third equals 1/3 octave. Impact sound Sound that is created when walking on or by other excitations of a wall or ceiling, and partially emitted as airborne sound. Characteristic variables Weighted sound reduction index Rw Measure for characterising airborne sound insulation. Rw is the sound reduction index of a structural element weighted by reference to a standard curve (to take into account human hearing). It is given in dB. Rw comprises only the transmission of sound via the component without secondary paths (e.g. connecting joint). Test value Rw,P Rw,P is another term for Rw and is frequently found in old test certificates. Weighted building sound reduction index R’w R’w is the value of the component measured in the installed state with all secondary paths. Spectrum adjustment values C and Ctr Correction values that take into account special frequencies. The adjustment value C is used for excessive noise with a wide frequency spectrum (railway or industrial noise). Ctr (tr = traffic) is the adjustment value for road and air noise.

Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 129

4.3.5.5. Function and structure of sound reduction insulating glass The sound reduction of insulating glass can be improved with a variety of measures. Thicker glass Asymmetrical structure:Â combination of thin and thick glass Elements with sound-insulating film in the laminated safety glass Gas filling in the cavity Larger cavity: Better sound reduction values are achieved with a larger cavity. However, from a technical insulating glass standpoint, cavities larger than 20 mm present problems. Increased glass dimensions The improvement in sound reduction due solely to thicker panes in the symmetrical structure is not very great. Asymmetrical structure The influence of natural frequency is reduced in insulating glass with an asymmetrical structure. Because the coincidence dips are also apparent at different frequencies, a clear improvement in sound reduction is achieved.

Elements of laminated safety glass Intermediate layers of one or more pieces of film produce flexurally softer leaves and thus less striking coincidence dips. Gas filling in the cavity Depending on the specific structure, sound insulation is improved by the use of krypton thermal insulation gas and mixed gases of argon/krypton. SF6 is not used by EUROGLAS (BUWAL recommendation).

130 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Laminated Safety Glass

Plexus Granges-Paccot, Fribourg/Photographer: Hans Ege

High-performance sound reduction insulating glass is obtained above all from the combination of the previously mentioned measures

Increased cavity Laminated safety glass, laminated glass Intermediate layers of highly tear-resistant film or PVB sound-insulating film Asymmetrical structure Gas fillings MG â&#x20AC;&#x201C; argon/krypton Argon Krypton

4.3.5.6. Properties of sound reduction insulating glass

The sound reduction of insulating glass and windows is format-dependent. Square formats generally demonstrate better values than rectangular formats. The laboratory values of insulating glass refer to a standard dimension (1230 x 1480 mm). Depending on the format, changed sound reduction values may be obtained during

re-measurements.

From an acoustic point of view, it makes no difference whether the thicker or the thinner pane is facing the noise source.

Specifically selected double combinations achieve - with the same element thickness and the same total glass thickness - better sound reduction values than triple insulating glass.

4.3.5.6.1. Laminated safety glass with sound-insulating film (LSG P) The development of the new, special acoustic PVB film provided the breakthrough to delivering the perfect product for acoustic glazing of the highest quality. This product combines in multipane insulating glass excellent sound control properties with all the safety benefits of conventional PVB film.

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Laminated Safety Glass I 131

Sound reduction of monolithic glass

Sound reduction 37 dB

37 dB

36 dB

35 dB 34 dB

34 dB

33 dB

32 dB

31 dB

30 dB

29 dB

Float glass

LSG

LSG S PHON

8 mm

4 – 0.76 – 4

In monolithic laminated safety glass, sound-insulating film already demonstrates its outstanding sound control performance. In terms of sound reduction values, an improvement of up to 2 dB is achieved with LSG with standard PVB film compared with float glass of the same thickness; with SC sound-insulating film even 5 dB. Sound-insulating film thus complies with all the requirements of standard laminated safety glass – also for the overhead area and fall-prevention glazing.

132 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass

Comparison of LSG standard PVB film with sound-insulating film LSG structure

Standard

Sound control film

Glass/PVB/glass

PVB film

RW*

C; Ctr

4 / 0.76 mm / 4

34 dB

37 dB

-1; -4 dB

5 / 0.76 mm / 5

35 dB

38 dB

-1; -3 dB

6 / 0.76 mm / 6

37 dB

39 dB

0; -2 dB

8 / 0.76 mm / 8

38 dB

41 dB

-1; -3 dB

10 / 0.76 mm / 10

39 dB

42 dB

-1; -3 dB

12 / 0.76 mm / 12

40 dB

43 dB

-1; -3

*Measurements at ift Rosenheim acc. to EN 20140-3 / EN ISO 140, test certificates on request

4.3.5.7. Insulating glass – window – facade interrelations The sound reduction of a window is not determined by the insulating glass alone, although at 70 – 80 % it makes up the biggest area. Effective sound reduction can only be achieved when all the components – the window frame, the fittings, the seal between frame and wing and the connection to the structure as well as the insulating glass – are correct .

Insulating glass

Window frame

Sound reduction index Window in building

Installation details

Seal: frame / wing

Influences on the weighted sound reduction index of a window in the building The weakest component determines the sound reduction of the entire window. A poorly insulating frame or a leaking joint cannot be enhanced, or only very minimally enhanced, by highly insulating glass. Meticulous matching of window and insulating glass and expert assembly are always essential. Despite the additional influences mentioned, the insulating glass is one of the most important factors in optimum sound reduction. On condition that all the components are optimally matched and that meticulous and expert assembly is assured, the following interrelations are more or less obtained between insulating glass, window and window in the installed state (as a rough rule of thumb). Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 133

Sound reduction index

Diminution

Example

Rw insulating glass (laboratory value)

39 dB

Rw window (laboratory value)

2 – 3 dB

approx. 36 – 37 dB

Rw window measured at building

1 – 2 dB

approx. 34 – 36 dB

4.3.5.8. Sound control combined with other functions 4.3.5.8.1. Sound control and thermal insulation Good thermal insulation is particularly important in all heated rooms. In particular, proof of the mean U value must be furnished. It must be noted here that a low glazing U value for the glazing not only entails energy savings, but also means a clearly perceptible increase in comfort due to higher surface temperatures on the inner pane. Comfort plays a central role in living and office areas.

SILVERSTAR ZERO E

Argon Argon

Soundinsulating film

8LSG -1PS

Practically every sound reduction insulating glass can be easily provided with adequate thermal insulation. Sound control and thermal insulation can be ideally combined in insulating glass.

4.3.5.8.2. Sound control and safety Safety insulating glass exhibits good sound reduction properties through combination with thicker laminated safety glass. This glass too can be provided, by coating, with excellent thermal insulation. Toughened safety glass EUROGLAS TSG Flat (TSG) The sound reduction properties of float glass are not altered by tempering into toughened safety glass. Accordingly, the same sound reduction indices apply to insulating glass combinations with TSG as to the corresponding combinations without tempered glass.

134 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass

4.3.5.8.3. Sound control and solar control Solar control glass too can be provided with good sound reduction properties. However, smaller cavities are more suitable for solar control insulating glass for physical and aesthetic reasons.

Argon SILVERSTAR ZERO E SILVERSTAR COMBI Neutral 70/40 coating

8 8

16 12

4.3.5.8.4. Sound control and muntins The use of muntins in the cavity of insulating glass may diminish the sound reduction effect. All the sound reduction values confirmed by EUROGLAS refer to test elements without installed muntins.

4.3.5.9. Overview of sound insulation glass Sound reduction, float glass â&#x20AC;&#x201C; single glass Sound reduction values and spectrum adjustment values in acc. with DIN 12758 Glass thickness

Ctr

3 mm float glass

28 dB

-1 dB

-4 dB

4 mm float glass

29 dB

-2 dB

-3 dB

5 mm float glass

30 dB

-1 dB

-2 dB

6 mm float glass

31 dB

-2 dB

-3 dB

8 mm float glass

32 dB

-2 dB

-3 dB

10 mm float glass

33 dB

-2 dB

-3 dB

12 mm float glass

34 dB

-0 dB

-2 dB

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Laminated Safety Glass I 135

136 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; LUXAR

Display case at Museum of Ethnology, Berlin

4.4. LUXAR anti-reflective glass (HY-TECH-GLASS) The important things are only made visible by the invisible Whether you're visiting an exhibition, standing at a shop counter or in front of a shop window, or sitting in your car: non-reflecting glass affords a direct view of reality. The optical-interference coating reduces reflected light waves â&#x20AC;&#x201C; in favour of a clear view. LUXAR glass coatings open up a whole new world of creativity to architects, interior designers and manufacturers of technical products. Innovative magnetron technology is used to transform standard glass types, ranging from simple float glass and insulating glass to bullet-proof glass, into non-reflecting glass. Areas of application for LUXAR anti-reflective glass LUXAR is used whenever a partition is needed that is to remain invisible. Thanks to its high transparency, LUXAR is the preferred choice in architecture for facades, interior design, conservatories and counter systems. Used in shop fitting for shop/display windows, display cases, shop counters and product displays. On indicator boards as covering for plasma, LCD, LED and OLED displays and video walls. For picture frames and display cases in museums. In vehicle manufacturing for cockpit displays, indicating instruments, interior and partition glazing, windscreens and rear windows. Product guidelines and important facts LUXAR glass must be regularly cleaned to preserve its clarity. The special processing guidelines and cleaning instructions must be followed: Use aqueous, neutral and weakly alkaline glass cleaners Do not use scratching / abrasive cleaning agents No alkaline lyes No microfibre cloths LUXAR manufacture and finishing LUXAR glass is coated in the magnetron process with a hard, corrosion-resistant multiple coating of oxides. The coating can be applied to one side or both sides. The optical-interference LUXAR coating can be applied to all types of float glass: to simple float glass, white glass, tinted glass and special glass types. Tempered and partially tempered (heat-strengthened) glass, laminated safety glass, toughened safety glass, alarm glass, curved glass, bullet-proof glass, screen-printed glass and insulating glass combinations with thermal insulation coating can be manufactured from the finished glass.

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; LUXAR I 137

Product properties LUXAR glass is anti-reflective. Regular reflections and reflected glare are reduced to a minimum. Non-reflecting views are in many cases not just a question of aesthetics – they also serve the purposes of safety and visual comfort. High-quality products or works of art in particular must be displayed behind safety glass. Conventional glazing can impair clear views. For the glass surface to create an undisrupted effect for the human eye, reflection must be less than 2 %. The LUXAR coating makes unimpaired colour perception possible. Indicator boards and multifunction displays also benefit with LUXAR from the extremely low residual reflection. LUXAR's outstanding views, brilliant colours and excellent resolution all deliver a product that the viewer barely notices is actually there. The extremely hard surface ensures that the coating is very durable and abrasion-resistant.

LUXAR is available as: LUXAR on one side (for LSG or combinations with another functional layer) Dimensions 3210 x 6000 mm Glass thicknesses 4 – 15 mm LUXAR on both sides (standard for non-reflecting views) Dimensions 1900 x 3210 mm Glass thicknesses 2 – 12 mm On the following float glass substrates: Float clear Float extra-white Float tinted (bronze, grey, green, etc).

Berlin Palm House

138 I Products – LUXAR

4.4.1. LUXAR anti-reflective glass as single glazing Light transmittance and light reflectance of single glazing 100 %

100 %

4.0 %

100 %

0.3 %

4.0 %

90 %

4.0 %

0.3 % 93.7 %

0.3 %

99.5 %

Float glass with LUXAR coating on one side

Float glass with LUXAR coating on both sides

Light reflection 8 %

4.3 %

< 1 x (type 0.6 %)

Light transmission

94 %

97.4 %

Glass type

Float glass uncoated

90 %

4.4.2. LUXAR anti-reflective glass as insulating glass Light transmittance and light reflectance of insulation glazing. Example: Double insulating glass float 2 x 4 mm; cavity 12 mm argon Triple insulating glass float 3 x 4 mm; 2 x cavity 12 mm argon

12 %

< 1.5 %

Glass type

Double insulating glass SILVERSTAR EN2plus

Double insulating glass with LUXAR coating in pos. 1, 2 and 4 and SILVERSTAR EN2plus thermal insulation layer in position 3

Light reflection

12 %

< 1.5 %

In the case of insulating glass, each glass/air transition should be anti-reflective â&#x20AC;&#x201C; even the side of the glass that is facing the cavity. This is recommended above all in conjunction with the SILVERSTAR EN2plus layer. The use of EUROWHITE float glass, coated on both sides with LUXAR, significantly increases light transmission. LUXAR can be combined with the complete SILVERSTAR coating range.

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; LUXAR I 139

4.4.3. LUXAR CLASSIC anti-reflective glass LUXAR CLASSIC is an optical-interference white glass that is anti-reflective on both sides. Areas of application for LUXAR CLASSIC The anti-reflective glass LUXAR CLASSIC is the first choice for picture frames, display cases and glass covers. Used in the art world, galleries. For museums and exhibitions. Product properties The virtually non-glare and extra-white glass ensures an unimpaired colour perception and a direct and reflection-free view onto the exhibit. The practically glare-free coating has a minimum residual reflection of less than 0.5 %. LUXAR CLASSIC can be laminated with film for UV and shard protection into laminated safety glass. As LSG 4.1 the UV protection of LUXAR CLASSIC is 99 %. LUXAR CLASSIC is available in glass thicknesses of 2 and 3 mm and as LSG with 4.4 mm glass thickness.

Robert Burns Museum, Scotland

Dimensions Glass thickness

Available dimensions

Light reflection

UV protection

2 mm

1605 x 1900 mm and 1900 x 3210 mm

<1 %

70 %

3 mm

1605 x 1900 mm and 1900 x 3210 mm

<1 %

70.5 %

4.4 mm as LSG 2.2.1

1605 x 1900 mm and 1900 x 3210 mm

<1 %

99 %

140 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; LUXAR

Grünes Gewölbe (Green Vault), Dresden

Products – LUXAR I 141

Insulation glazing with fire protection/ETH Studio Monte Rosa/Tonatiuh Ambrosetti 142 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Fire Protection Glass

4.5. Fire protection glass The building material glass is, with increasing frequency, taking on the job of protecting against fire, smoke and heat radiation. Transparent fire protection provides for flowing room transitions and efficient daylight utilisation. FIRESWISS fire protection glass as a highly effective special glass permits fire protection solutions in contemporary glass architecture. It provides for openness, transparency and natural lighting with simultaneously comprehensive safety. Accredited testing agency of Glas Trösch

The Buochs fire laboratory of Glas Trösch AG FIRESWISS is accredited as the testing agency for fire tests on components. A series of fire tests can be carried out for national and international certifications in Buochs, Switzerland.

Vertical and horizontal fire testing rigs during a fire test

Products – Fire Protection Glass I 143

4.5.1. FIRESWISS FOAM fire protection glass – classification EI Protection against fire, smoke and heat radiation A significant factor of FIRESWISS FOAM fire protection glass is the additional protection afforded against dangerous heat radiation. A so-called heat shield creates fire lobbies, allowing helpers and emergency services to safely negotiate escape routes. The basis of this property is thermal insulation. The side of the glass facing away from the source of the fire heats up only by max. 100 K at fire temperatures of almost 1000 °C. The average value required according to the standard is 140 K. FIRESWISS FOAM therefore provides extremely reliable protection.

°C 100 K

144 I Products – Fire Protection Glass

Areas of application for FIRESWISS FOAM Wherever in the field of architecture the transparency of glass has to be combined with outstanding fire protection properties of the EI rating. Possible uses for FIRESWISS FOAM EI fire protection glazing include corridor partition walls as room-dividing components in the area of escape routes. A s room-sealing walls between utilised units of a building for creating fire lobbies. For moving fire doors (doors with and without glazing) with room-sealing function and thermal insulation, the fire resistance ratings EI 30, EI 60 and EI 90 are used. For elevator shaft doors with room-sealing function and with thermal insulation in the fire resistance ratings EI 30 and EI 60.

Examples of glass structures for indoor and outdoor uses with FIRESWISS FOAM Indoor use

Outdoor use

Heated  Heated

Unheated  Heated

FIRESWISS FOAM 30-15

FIRESWISS FOAM fire protection insulating glass

Unheated  Unheated

Unheated  Heated

FIRESWISS FOAM 30-19

FIRESWISS FOAM fire protection insulating glass

UV protection by PVB film

Float glass

FIRESWISS FOAM manufacture and finishing FIRESWISS FOAM fire protection glass is structured as a sandwich package of glass in combination with thermo-transformation layers.

Thermo-transformation layers

A wide selection of combination possibilities with functional and decorative properties is available for FIRESWISS FOAM.

Example of structure of FIRESWISS FOAM as laminated glass with foaming-up intermediate layers

Products – Fire Protection Glass I 145

Product properties The innovative thermo-transformation layers of FIRESWISS FOAM demonstrate much greater absorptance than conventional multilayer systems. In this way, the radiation heat is completely absorbed in the interlayer layers in the event of a fire. The energy is equally exhausted. In due course, the layers expand to form a firm and tough foam panel, to which the float sheet fragments on the fire side adhere. The sandwich structure of FIRESWISS FOAM fire protection glass creates in conjunction with the brushed panes a highly efficient heat shield and integrity against smoke and flames. How FIRESWISS FOAM works

Phase 1 Heat radiation by fire

146 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Fire Protection Glass

Phase 2 Energy-consuming foaming up of the first thermo-transformation layer

FIRESWISS FOAM without UV protection

Direct UV radiation, e.g. from UV lamps, or an arrangement of strongly UV-permeable components, must be avoided.

FIRESWISS FOAM with UV protection

UV protection is assured by a special film for outdoor use. UV radiation from the unprotected side must be avoided.

Moisture resistance

The direct effect of high air humidity (swimming pools) requires special precautions with regard to the rebate space (relax the rebate space outwards, glass retaining strip on the outside). Formation of condensation water and standing moisture must be avoided.

Temperature resistance

FIRESWISS FOAM reacts under the influence of thermal energy with the formation of bubbles. Extended exposure outside the temperature range of -40 to +50 Â°C must be avoided in order to prevent optical impairment.

Because FIRESWISS FOAM fire protection glass is structured as laminated safety glass, it offers increased passive safety. Weight and element are in optimum proportion in FIRESWISS FOAM. It can be installed in diverse frame systems. Testing of fire protection glazing with FIRESWISS FOAM 30-15

t = 0 minutes

t > 30 minutes flame exposure duration

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4.5.2. FIRESWISS COOL fire protection glass â&#x20AC;&#x201C; classification EW

Protection against fire and smoke with reduced heat radiation FIRESWISS COOL is a fire protection glazing for the requirements of classification EW (= reduced heat radiation). As well as integrity against smoke and flames, FIRESWISS COOL offers effective protection against the dangerous temperature increase on the side unexposed to the fire and that is to be protected. Escape routes thus remain accessible even after a fire has been burning for some time. Areas of application for FIRESWISS COOL Wherever in the field of architecture the transparency of glass has to be combined with outstanding fire protection properties of the EW rating.

Product guidelines and important facts FIRESWISS COOL is a fire protection glass of the EW fire resistance rating in accordance with EN 13501-2+A1:2009. FIRESWISS COOL manufacture and finishing By using FIRESWISS COOL, it is possible to produce EW glazing with amazingly thin laminated glass. A wide range of combination options for design, function and safety are available. All glass types are also possible with ornamental or coloured glass. Product properties Depending on the requirement and type of glass used, a fire resistance duration of 30 to 120 minutes can be achieved with FIRESWISS COOL. FIRESWISS COOL not only satisfies the requirements of the strict European test standards, but also complements functionality with outstanding appearance. It exhibits outstanding optical quality with no distortions or discolorations. UV protection for example for outdoor use is feasible with optional PVB film. The stabilising effect of FIRESWISS COOL laminated glass offers increased passive safety as well as fire protection. Efficiency and glass thickness are in excellent proportion in FIRESWISS COOL. Various tested glass surfaces are available in many popular wood and steel frame systems.

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Fire protection glazing/Westside, Berne/Photographer: Hans Ege

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150 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Solar/Toughened Safety Glass

Matterhorn Glacier Paradise, Zermatt

4.6. Solar and toughened safety glass EUROGLAS markets solar glass and individually processed glass with drilled hole and edge grinding under the name EUROGLAS ESG Flat (ESG = German abbreviation of EinscheibenSicherheitsGlas = toughened safety glass). It can also be further processed into TSG or HSG. Perfectly fitting and safe â&#x20AC;&#x201C; EUROGLAS ESG Flat Hole cut-outs of varying number and size can be drilled to suit the application. Edge grinding of the glass is possible in three different versions. For information on edge grinding, see Chapter 4.6.2. Manufacture is geared towards mass production. The safety aspect plays an increasingly important role. Broken glass poses a high risk of injury. The fragments are pointed and their edges are often razor-sharp. For many applications, it is important that glass panes are ultimately fracture-proof and, if they do actually break, that they do not pose any danger whatsoever. EUROGLAS ESG Flat has increased fracture strength as a result of thermal tempering and is therefore more resistant to impacts, shocks and hail than regular float glass. Furthermore, it is more resistant to temperature changes and shatters on fracture into small, blunt-edged pieces that pose virtually no risk of injury. The unique production process delivers particularly flat TSG with low warping and high fracture strength.

4.6.1. Areas of application of EUROGLAS ESG Flat Float glass Back glass for solar modules Semi-finished product for further processing TSG For minimising the risk of injury in the event of glass fracture in buildings used for sports (gymnasiums, sports, multipurpose and tennis halls) and in public buildings (schools, child care centres, etc.). In overhead glazing as protection against hailstone damage. TSG is used on the side exposed to the weather in insulating glass in the overhead area. In office blocks and residential buildings with a huge range of possible indoor uses (doors, partition walls, all-glass systems, showers, etc.). In all-glass facades and structural glazing in insulating glass and balustrade elements. In the automotive industry for door and rear windows of cars, for building machinery, railways, agricultural vehicles, cable car cabins, municipal vehicles. For avoiding thermal fractures wherever high thermal loads are expected, e.g. for glass with high radiation absorptance or for glass that is situated less than 30 cm from a radiator or another heat source. In the machine industry as glass covers and sight glasses and for barriers. In combination with other glass. Solar module (front and back glass) Hothouse glazing

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HSG In all-glass facades and structural glazing in insulating glass and balustrade elements. Insulating glass and balustrade elements Canopy roofs Solar module (front and back glass) EUROGLAS ESG Flat is also available as a semi-finished product. It can be further processed individually into TSG/HSG. Product guidelines and important facts Toughened safety glass (TSG) is produced in compliance with EN 12150. TSG is a thermally tempered glass that is brought into a system of constant stress distribution under controlled conditions by heating and then rapid cooling. The glass edges are ground in compliance with DIN 1249. 4.6.2. Manufacture and finishing The EUROFLOAT and EUROWHITE basic glass variants are available to choose from for machining. Two machining lines can each perform three machining steps.

Cutting to size Lehr end sizes can be cut starting from a minimum size of 550 mm in square form.

Drilled hole Drilled holes can be fashioned starting from a minimum size of 8 mm diameter.

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Essentially, the following glass edge machining variations are possible: Cut edge (KG) The cut edge is created by scoring and then cutting off the glass along the cut. The borders of this edge are unmachined and therefore still sharp.

Arrissed edge (KGS) An arrissed edge corresponds to a cut edge whose borders are more or less cut off. The cut surfaces are not machined and the corners are ground off.

Ground edge (KGN) The edge surface is fully worked by grinding. A ground edge can be fashioned with cut-off borders corresponding to an arrissed edge. Ground edge surfaces have a ground-matt appearance. Bare spots and shelling are not permitted.

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The glass can also be processed into TSG, TTG or HSG in the hardening furnace. The following operations are possible on the machining line:

Marking "Stamping"

Loading Cutting to size

Grinding Breaking (cutting off)

Washing Drilling

Automatic online inspection

Removal

Unloading

The system is loaded by fully automatic means. The system can accommodate and cut full lehr end sizes. Cutting is performed directly after loading. The minimum size is 550 mm x 550 mm, the maximum sizes are 2600 mm x 2600 mm or 1700 x 2600 mm for products intended for tempering. The glass is initially scored and then raised. The scored point forms the predetermined fracture point. The cut glass advances for marking. A marking stamp is applied if required by the customer. Now the glass advances for grinding. The system uses water and diamonds to fashion clean glass edges â&#x20AC;&#x201C; peripheral wheels with corresponding profiles enable arrissed edges (KGS) or ground edges (KGN) to be created. After grinding, the panes advance for drilling. The drilled holes are also created using water and diamond bits. The openings can be made in different positions and in different sizes to suit the specific application. The contaminants accrued in the machining steps are then removed in a washing machine. Freshly washed, the glass advances for quality inspection and testing. An online scanner checks each individual pane for irregularities and separates it out where necessary. The next stage in the process is stacking or tempering. TSG cannot be worked further after the tempering process because this would destroy its constant stress distribution and the TSG would fracture immediately. All features such as holes, cut-outs, etc., must be added before the tempering process. TSG cannot be subsequently cut to a different size. Surface machining, such as etching, frosting or printing/coating with colour, is possible in a subsequent stage.

154 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Solar/Toughened Safety Glass

Product properties of tempered glass The compressive and tensile stresses are in the rest state evenly distributed over the glass crosssection. The stresses inside the glass change in response to the load applied to the glass. Technical data Glass thicknesses

Glass type

Dimensions

Drilled hole dia.

Edge

Corner

Minimum

Maximum

Minimum

Maximum

2-8 mm

Float

550 mm

2600 mm

8 mm

50 mm

KG; KGS; KGN

Ground off

3-8 mm

TSG

550 mm

1700 2600 mm

8 mm

50 mm

KGS; KGN

Ground off

3-8 mm

HSG

550 mm

1700 2600 mm

8 mm

50 mm

KGS; KGN

Ground off

2 mm

TTG*

550 mm

1700 2600 mm

8 mm

50 mm

KGS; KGN

Ground off

Special formats subject to agreement *TTG - Thermally treated glass

The panes can be separated with powder, paper and packing cord.

EUROGLAS SOLAR factory building in Haldensleben

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Solar/Toughened Safety Glass I 155

156 I Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Solar/Toughened Safety Glass

Photographer: Thomas Aus der Au, Architect: Peter Felix Partner AG

4.7. DURACLEAR – Permanently brilliant showering pleasure DURACLEAR from EUROGLAS – The shower glass innovation for superb quality Water and glass are symbols of lightness, transparency and elegance. But when these two elements come into contact, it is not long before clear views are compromised. Even the most modern float glass in its uncoated state is prone to microscopically small irregularities and scratches. In the long term, lime and dirt accumulate on the glass to make it look dull. This is why new solutions are called for wherever glass comes into contact with moisture. With the DURACLEAR coating, the glass surface remains very smooth and retains its glass-clear brilliance over many years. The particularly durable seal prevents glass corrosion and ageing. The DURACLEAR coating is applied in the high-vacuum magnetron process. In this process, the extremely thin coating is permanently fused with the basic glass. This makes the glass resistant to chemical, thermal and mechanical influences. DURACLEAR capitalises on this resistance: With its permanently smooth surface, the coating ensures from the outset maximum corrosion resistance, long life and brilliance for the functional glass. DURACLEAR demonstrates its user-friendliness even in the processing stage: it does not require any special machines or cleaning operations for further processing. Lime, cleaning agents, soap residues and dirt particles cannot accumulate on surfaces that do not have any recesses, microcracks or irregularities. It is therefore extremely easy to maintain: standard cleaning agents are perfectly suitable. DURACLEAR is produced as standard on EUROFLOAT. Stringent manufacturing standards ensure high quality and colour stability of the basic glass. Finish-coated with DURACLEAR, the glass is available in thicknesses of 3 to 12 mm and in the lehr end size format of 3210 mm wide and 6000 mm long. The product is made even clearer and more brilliant in combination with the colour-neutral basic glass EUROWHITE NG, the reduced iron oxide content of which eliminates the slight green tinge of conventional float glass.

Products – Solar/Toughened Safety Glass I 157

Applications DURACLEAR can be used in all areas where glass is exposed to water. In indoor applications, these include shower cubicles, wall panelling and partition walls in wet rooms, and even kitchen back walls. The maximum glass formats of up to 20 m2 surface area mean that it can even be used in large-area applications such as swimming pools and wellness centres. Its corrosion-resistant attributes mean that it is also ideal for outdoor use. On the one hand, dirt cannot collect so easily on the smooth surface, and on the other hand, the coating prevents glass ageing. From classic glass facades through patio roofs and conservatories to canopy roofs – DURACLEAR is the perfect solution. The coating is so thin that it can also be considered for curved glass. Curved partition walls and round shower cubicles can be achieved just as much as curved roofs – the scope for creative design and functionality is practically limitless.

The coating

Innovative coating

EUROFLOAT float glass

The innovative coating process permanently fuses an extremely thin special coating with the EUROFLOAT basic glass. The result: maximum corrosion resistance, consistently smooth surface, long life and permanent brilliance – over many years.

The benefits of DURACLEAR Corrosion-resistant Easy to clean Resistant to cleaning materials and cleaning substances

158 I Products – Solar/Toughened Safety Glass

Conventional float glass

Even the latest cutting-edge production processes can't prevent conventional glass from picking up microscopically small recesses, pores and scratches. Constant moisture causes the surfaces to become dull. The result: lime and dirt particles accumulate, and the glass becomes unsightly over time and loses its natural sparkle.

Highly effective glass seal Permanent sparkle and brilliance Resistance Long-lasting with warranty Colour-neutral

Long-term warranty DURACLEAR can be effortlessly kept clean and remains permanently good to look at â&#x20AC;&#x201C; this is covered by the EUROGLAS long-term warranty. Because, thanks to its unique coating, DURACLEAR is corrosion-resistant and reliable against harmful influences of lime, heat, shampoos and synthetic detergents. The tip for correct upkeep: simply apply a standard household cleaner with a soft cloth or a moistened sponge, and rinse clear.

DURACLEAR from EUROGLAS after 10 years of use

Conventional shower glass after 10 years of use

Processing directions The coating can be applied to all basic float glass, simple float glass (EUROFLOAT) and white glass (EUROWHITE NG). The light-related data of the basic glass remain unchanged. The following can be manufactured from the finished glass: heat-strengthened glass, laminated safety glass, toughened safety glass (also TSG-H), curved glass with screen-printed glass and insulating glass combinations with thermal insulation layers. Even drilled holes and edge grinding do not pose a problem.

Products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Solar/Toughened Safety Glass I 159

160 I Logistics

5. Logistics Optimum and in line with requirements: the flow of materials from production to processing. Professional logistics EUROGLAS Logistics ensures delivery on schedule and optimum protection of the freight. Inventory management guarantees mixed shipments with short delivery deadlines, and the internal loaders provide for convenient, low-cost and safe offloading. The customers' full fragment containers are taken back on the return journey, and this important raw material is fed back into the process. Transport is handled by sea and rail, and where necessary export orders are also completed.

5.1. Transport modes Internal loader â&#x2013; Special transport for glass Rapid loading and offloading times Load securing system inside the truck (Hydro Push) Maximum possible tonnage can be moved by road with this (28.8 t gross) Transport of large glass formats up to 3210 x 9000 mm

Maxi-trailer Facilitates transport of lehr end sizes (up to 3210 x 6000 mm) L-rack retracting into the floor for variable use of the loading areas

Logistics I 161

Trailer A-trestles, end caps and picture frames (PFs), assembled as a block Secured with timber, steel bands and lashing straps Maximum tonnage 24.5 t gross Crane or fork-lift truck loading

Open-top container Low-cost shipping modes for sea transport Load secured with timber, steel bands and lashing straps Loaded and offloaded by crane from above (easy handling by the customer) Maximum load up to 22 t (depending on country of destination)

5.2. Packaging L-rack Offloading from one side Holding up to 28 t

162 I Logistics

A-rack Offloading from both sides possible Various glass types with immediate access Holding up to 28 t

Picture frame Glass storage also possible without an A-rack or L-rack Glass edge protection during storage Glass transport in the dimensions 2000 x 3210 mm, 2250 x 3210 mm, 2400 x 3210 mm, 2550 x 3210 mm also possible without special unloading fork.

Fragment container For return of fragments from the customer Capacity 2 t

Logistics I 163

164 I Application and Handling

Pilatus Panoramic Gallery, Alpnach, Switzerland

6. Application and Handling The following additions and further directions for handling glass are also available as fact sheets on the website www.euroglas.com.

6.1. Glass cleaning Cleaning the glass surface Any contaminants on the glass surface, caused by installation, glazing, stickers and spacers, can be carefully removed with a soft sponge or a plastic spatula and plenty of hot soapy water. Alkaline building materials such as cement, lime mortar or the like must be rinsed off with plenty of water before they have set. The same applies to the blooming effect of building materials washed out by rain onto the glass surface. Contaminants that are particularly stubborn such as glue residues and paint or tar splashes should be dissolved only with suitable solvents such as spirit, petroleum ether or acetone, and then the surface should be thoroughly cleaned. In this process, it is particularly important to ensure that these solvents cannot attack or damage other adjoining organic components, sealing materials or the insulating glass edge seal. WARNING Never use cleaning agents with abrasive or scouring ingredients, razor blades, steel spatulas or other metallic objects. Cleaning with 00 grain steel wool is permitted. Change the cleaning implement and the liquid frequently to avoid the risk of washed-off dirt, dust and stand getting back onto the glass surface and scratching it. Residues produced by the smoothing of sealing joints must be removed immediately, as they are virtually impossible to remove once they have dried out. Refer to and follow the manufacturer's/ supplier's specific cleaning instructions when cleaning solar control glass that is coated on the side exposed to the weather or anti-reflective display window glazing.

6. 6.2. Glass fracture Glass as a supercooled liquid is classified as a brittle body that will fracture as soon as the elastic limit is reached. Such fractures can be caused by a wide range of factors. When glass is handled, for example during assembly or transport, edge damage frequently occurs due to carelessness or inadvertent jolting. This damage weakens the glass and can subsequently lead to fracturing, even under comparatively low load. Likewise, modifications to the building or to the structure can exert unacceptable forces on the glass. These loads can also occur for thermal and structural reasons.

Application and Handling I 165

The cause of the fracture and the time of the fracture can occur at different times and can therefore easily cause the glazing to fail a long time afterwards. It is therefore recommended to take out glass breakage insurance that covers breakage damage from the passage of the risk and benefit to the customer or from completed use of the glass unit by the end user.

LSG fracture

HSG fracture

6.2.1. Glass fracture due to thermal shock

Avoidance of glass fracture due to thermal overloading Heavy and uneven heating up can lead to high stresses in the glass and in extreme cases trigger a so-called thermal shock, i.e. a glass fracture as a result of thermal overloading. Heat sources such as radiators, hot-air outlets, dark furniture, etc. should therefore be kept at a minimum distance of 30 cm from the glazing. It is not permitted to paint or affix foil/decals to insulating glass. Furthermore, partial shading should be avoided as sunlight may cause very high temperatures in some places. In sliding door systems with thermal insulation and solar control glass, direct sunlight can cause a build-up of heat in the panes that are positioned one behind the other when the system is opened; this heat build-up can also cause a thermal shock. The same problem is often also encountered in infrared-reflecting roller blinds or in curtains with inadequate air circulation. Possible precautions D o not leave sliding doors or windows slid in front of one another in direct sunlight. Position dark furniture, upholstered seats etc. at least 30 cm from the glazing. Ensure adequate back-ventilation. Set up or operate shading devices (but avoid partial shading).

166 I Application and Handling

Use TSG or HSG instead of normal float glass. This increases the temperature change resistance. Glass fracture due to the effects of temperature can be eliminated by this measure.

WhereTSG or HSG cannot be used for technical reasons , we recommend that the edges be machined and the cavity ventilated. 6.2.2. Spontaneous failure of TSG During glass production both in the float process and with drawn glass, tiny crystals of nickel and sulphur, so-called nickel sulphide inclusions, can appear in the glass. Bubbles, eyes and stones are extremely rare, but due to their size and the optical change (corona) are usually clearly discernible. The situation is different with tiny nickel sulphide inclusions (NIS). They are usually less than 0.2 mm in size and are therefore not visually discernible. Under temperature stress, these NIS inclusions, if they are in the tensile stress zone of the TSG, change their state (allotropic transformation) and so become much larger. That can give rise to a very large increase of stress in the glass and in extreme cases to glass fracture without external influence. This glass fracture is called “spontaneous failure”, but can only occur in TSG and HSG. It occurs extremely rarely and can occur even up to 10 years after production. A very good protective effect against the occurrence of spontaneous failures is achieved with the heat-soak test (HST for short). Heat-soak test (HST) To prevent spontaneous fractures, TSG is subjected after manufacture to heat soaking in accordance with EN 14179. This is mandated for back-ventilated facade panels serving as external enclosures. Here the panes are soaked in the furnace at a mean furnace temperature of 290 °C (± 10 °C) and maintained at this temperature. TSG panes with nickel sulphide inclusions are already destroyed and eliminated by this test before delivery. However, 100 % reliability is not possible. Glass fracture as the result of a spontaneous failure is not covered by the warranty. 6.2.3. Sratches on and fracture of insulating glass Loading, transporting and offloading of glass Many windows and window doors are fashioned in insulating glass in residential and office buildings and in hotels. Also, special glass in internal walls and glass sliding doors is sometimes used in different buildings. Today there are virtually no limits to the use of glass in building construction, interior finishing and modern furniture construction. To prevent glass damage, some safety precautions must be taken when transporting these glass elements by truck from the insulating glass manufacturer to the user or to the construction site. Personnel can also avoid injuries during loading and offloading by taking appropriate technical measures and wearing suitable gloves. Subsequent handling in the workshop or on construction sites can vary greatly, depending on the size, weight and use of the glass element.

Application and Handling I 167

6.2.4. Glass fracture in sliding doors and windows Avoidance of glass fracture in sliding doors and windows Thermal insulation glass with low-e coatings are today used as standard in sliding doors and windows. Under certain conditions, glass fracture due to overheating may occur when these window elements are operated. Insulating glass with low-e coatings has a high thermal insulation capacity. The glass transmits short-wave solar radiation almost unhindered, while long-wave radiation such as heat is reflected, i.e. not transmitted. This physical interaction can under certain circumstances produce an unpleasant effect with sliding windows or sliding doors. If the elements are slid over one another and exposed to the blazing sun for a longer period of time, the space between the sliding elements can heat up to such an extent that the pane fractures as a result of thermal shock. The following precautions can be taken against such a fracture due to thermal shock: D o not leave sliding doors or windows slid one in front of the other in direct sunlight Set up or operate shading devices If sunlight is unavoidable: Use TSG-H or HSG instead of a normal float glass. This increases the temperature change resistance. A glass fracture due to the effects of temperature can be ruled out by this measure. Where TSG-H or HSG cannot be used for technical reasons, we recommend that the edges be arrissed and the cavity ventilated. 6.2.5. Assessment of glass fractures Glass as a supercooled liquid is a brittle body that does not permit any significant plastic deformation (like steel for instance), but will fracture as soon as the elastic limit is reached. Due to the high production quality, there are practically no internal stresses in float glass. Glass fracture and so-called stress cracks can therefore be traced back exclusively to external mechanical and/or thermal influences and are not covered by the warranty.

(It is therefore recommended to take out glass breakage insurance from the passage of the benefit and risk to the customer or from completed use of the glass unit by the user.)

168 I Application and Handling

Typical fracture patterns of flat glass 6.2.5.1. Glass fractures due to direct impact, shock, thrown objects or bullets In response to a hard, short and swift impact, the crack pattern will show either a smoothly pierced hole or a hole with a radial pattern around it.

Shock load

6.2.5.2. Glass fractures due to bending stress, pressure, suction, tension and load Clamping or tensioning the pane at a single point can cause it to fracture. This can be identified from the fact that the crack originates from these points. Simple or continuous cracks are produced for the most part in response to torsion or tension.

Crack emanating from a single point

Radial cracks emanating from a single point

Impact effect

Clamping cracks where the pane was clamped too forcefully into the frame structure.

Tension or torsion

Application and Handling I 169

6.2.5.3. Glass fractures due to local heating or formation of deep shadows In the event of local heating or the formation of deep shadows on the pane surface, the crack direction is repeatedly diverted and adopts an irregular course.

Branching of the crack pattern due to local heating, e.g. by a radiator or sunlight, painting or affi xed film.

Branching caused by affi xed film material

Pane fracture caused by bulging of the glass in the event of temperature and pressure variations in the cavity, wind pressure, water pressure, etc.

Further information can be found in the book “Glasschäden” (Glass Damage) by Ekkehard Wagner (ISBN 978-3-7783-0818-9)

170 I Application and Handling

6.3. Optical phenomena 6.3.1. Natural colour Glass products exhibit natural colours which are produced by the raw materials and which can become more apparent with increasing thickness. In addition, coated glass is used for functional reasons. Even coated glass has a natural colour. This natural colour may be more or less apparent when looking through and/or onto the glass. Variations in the colour impression are possible and unavoidable due to the content of iron oxide in the glass, the coating process, the coating and changes in the glass thickness and the pane structure. Some finished glass likewise exhibits colorations that are inherent to the product, e.g. tempered and partially tempered glass. See EN 12150-1 or EN 1863-1.

Natural colour of EUROWHITE 6 mm (extra-white float glass) and EUROFLOAT 6 mm

6.3.2. Colour differences of coatings For an objective assessment of the colour differences in coatings, measurement and/or inspection of the colour differences under previously defined conditions (glass type, colour, light source) is required.

6.3.3. Visible area of the insulating glass edge seal In the visible area of the edge seal, i.e. outside the clear glass surface, production-related marks may be visible in the glass and spacer element areas of insulating glass. These marks may become visible if the insulating glass edge seal is not covered on one or more sides as part of the design. Permissible deviations in the parallelism of the spacer element(s) relative to the straight glass edge or relative to other spacer elements (e.g. in triple thermal insulation glass) are a total of 4 mm for a limit edge length of 2500 mm and a total of 6 mm for longer edges. Application and Handling I 171

In double-pane insulating glass, the tolerance for the spacer element is 4 mm for a limit edge length of 3500 mm and 6 mm for longer edges. Typical edge seal marks may become visible if the insulating glass design means that the edge seal is not covered. Specific frame structures and edge seal designs for insulating glass must be matched to the respective glazing system. 6.3.4. Insulating glass with internal muntins Climatic influences (e.g. double-pane effect) and shaking or manually induced vibrations can cause rattling noises at times in muntins. Visible saw cuts and minor peeling of paint in the cutting area are caused during production. Deviation from perpendicularity and offset within the field division must be assessed in consideration of the tolerances for production and installation and according to the overall impression. Effects caused by temperature-related changes in the length of muntins in the cavity generally cannot be avoided. Production-related offset of the muntins cannot be completely prevented. 6.3.5. Interference phenomena (Brewster fringes, Newton rings) Isolated instances of interference can appear on multi-pane insulating glass. This phenomenon is based on the mutual effects of beams of light and on the exact plane-parallelism of the float glass planes, which is essential to a distortion-free view. Interference consists of rings, stripes or spots of greater or lesser intensity which become visible in the spectrum colours. They are displaced by simple finger pressure to the pane surface. Interference phenomena do not in any way impair the view or even the function of insulating glass; they are a physical fact and therefore cannot give rise to a customer complaint. Interference can in certain cases be made to disappear by turning or slightly changing the inclination angle of the insulating glass.

172 I Application and Handling

6.3.6. Insulating glass effect (double-pane effect) High outside pressure

Low outside pressure

Insulating glass has an air/gas volume enclosed by the edge seal. The state of this volume is essentially determined by the barometric air pressure, the altitude of the production facility above mean sea level (m.s.l.) and the air temperature at the time and at the place of manufacture. Installing insulating glass at other altitudes, with temperature variations and fluctuations in the barometric air pressure (high and low pressure), necessarily induces concave or convex bulging of the individual panes and thus optical distortions. The extent of the deformations depends on the rigidity and the size of the glass panes and on the width of the cavity. Small pane dimensions, thick glass and/or small cavities reduce these deformations considerably. Multiple reflections of varying intensity can also occur on glass surfaces. These reflections can appear more pronounced if, for example, the background to the glazing is dark.

This phenomenon is a law of physics. 6.3.7. Anisotropies (irisation) Anisotropies are a physical effect in heat-treated glass. The tempering process introduces different stresses in the glass cross-section. These stress fields induce a double refraction in the glass which is visible in polarised light. When thermally tempered soda-lime toughened safety glass is viewed in polarised light, the stress fields become visible as coloured zones, which are also referred to as “polarisation fields” or “leopard's spots”. Polarised light is present in normal daylight. The extent of polarisation is dependent on the weather and the solar altitude. The double refraction is more noticeable from a glancing perspective or through polarised glasses.

Application and Handling I 173

6.3.8. Formation of condensation 6.3.8.1. Condensation on external surfaces of panes (formation of dew water) Condensation (dew water) can form on the outer glass surfaces when the glass surface is colder than the adjacent air and at the same time there is a high degree of moisture in the air (example: misted car windows). Formation of dew water on the outer surfaces of a glass pane is determined by the Ug value, the humidity, the air flow, and the inside and outside temperatures. The greater thermal insulation of modern insulating glass means that the outer pane heats up only slightly due to the fact that little energy passes from the inside outwards. At low night temperatures, the outer pane cools down additionally and can mist over in an atmosphere of high humidity. Condensation on the outside of glazing can be prevented with particular effectiveness with SILVERSTAR FREE VISION T. (See Chapter 4.2.7.)

6.3.8.2. Condensation on the room side Condensation tends to form on the room-side pane surface when the air circulation is impeded, for example by low soffits, curtains, flowerpots, window boxes, internally fitted solar control elements, poor drying-out, low room temperatures and by unfavourable arrangement of radiators and inadequate ventilation. Dew water forms when the interior humidity (relative humidity indoors) is high and the air temperature is higher than the temperature of the pane surface. Frequent ventilation helps to stop the humidity from rising. When thermal insulation glass is used, condensation formation on the room-side surface under normal conditions is a very rare occurrence, at most in the edge area.

Condensation in the edge area The edge seal creates in the edge area of insulating glass a zone with low thermal insulation, and thus lower surface temperatures and the corresponding risk of condensation. This problem zone can be practically eliminated with heat-insulating spacers, as are used for example in the ACSplus edge seal.

6.3.8.3. Dew point determination Misting of the room-side pane is dependent on the outside and inside temperatures, the relative humidity and the thermal insulation value of the glazing. The following table shows the critical surface temperatures at which condensation can form on the inner surface, as a function of the air temperatures and the relative humidity.

174 I Application and Handling

Dew point temperature as a function of air temperature and relative humidity

Air tempe- Dew point temperature in 째C rature in 째C with a relative humidity of 30 % 35 % 40 % 45 % 50 % 55 % 60 % 65 % 70 % 75 % 80 % 85 % 90 % 95 % 30

10.5

12.9 14.9 16.8 18.4 20.0 21.4 22.7 23.9 25.1 26.2 27.2 28.2 29.1

9.7

12.0 14.0 15.9 17.5 19.0 20.4 21.7 23.0 24.1 25.2 26.2 27.2 28.1

8.8

11.1 13.1 15.0 16.6 18.1 19.5 20.8 22.0 23.2 24.2 25.2 26.2 27.1

8.0

10.2 12.2 14.1 15.7 17.2 18.6 19.9 21.1 22.2 23.3 24.3 25.2 26.1

7.1

9.4

11.4 13.2 14.8 16.3 17.6 18.9 20.1 21.2 22.3 23.3 24.2 25.1

6.2

8.5

10.5 12.2 13.9 15.3 16.7 18.0 19.1 20.3 21.3 22.3 23.2 24.1

5.4

7.6

9.6

11.3 12.9 14.4 15.8 17.0 18.2 19.3 20.3 21.3 22.3 23.1

4.5

6.7

8.7

10.4 12.0 13.5 14.8 16.1 17.2 18.3 19.4 20.3 21.3 22.2

3.6

5.9

7.8

9.5

11.1 12.5 13.9 15.1 16.3 17.4 18.4 19.4 20.3 21.2

2.8

5.0

6.9

8.6

10.2 11.6 12.9 14.2 15.3 16.4 17.4 18.4 19.3 20.2

1.9

4.1

6.0

7.7

9.3

10.7 12.0

1.0

3.2

5.1

6.8

8.3

9.8

11.1 12.3 13.4 14.5 15.5 16.4 17.3 18.2

0.2

2.3

4.2

5.9

7.4

8.8

10.1 11.3 12.5 13.5 14.5 15.4 16.3 17.2

-0.6

1.4

3.3

5.0

6.5

7.9

9.2

10.4 11.5 12.5 13.5 14.5 15.3 16.2

-1.4

0.5

2.4

4.1

5.6

7.0

8.2

9.4

10.5 11.6 12.6 13.5 14.4 15.2

-2.2

-0.3

1.5

3.2

4.7

6.1

7.3

8.5

9.6

10.6 11.6 12.5 13.4 14.2

-2.9

-1.0

0.6

2.3

3.7

5.1

6.4

7.5

8.6

9.6

10.6 11.5 12.4 13.2

-3.7

-1.9 -0.1

1.3

2.8

4.2

5.5

6.6

7.7

8.7

9.6

10.5 11.4 12.2

-4.5

-2.6 -1.0

0.4

1.9

3.2

4.5

5.7

6.7

7.7

8.7

9.6

10.4 11.2

-5.2

-3.4 -1.8 -0.4

1.0

2.3

3.5

4.7

5.8

6.7

7.7

8.6

9.4

10.2

-6.0

-4.2 -2.6 -1.2

0.1

1.4

2.6

3.7

4.8

5.8

6.7

7.6

8.4

9.2

13.2 14.4 15.4 16.4 17.4 18.3 19.2

Linear interpolation is permitted by approximation Source: DIN 4108-3, Thermal protection and energy economy in buildings, Part 3

Under the standard climatic conditions of 20 째C temperature and 50 % relative room humidity, the dew point temperature is 9.3 째C. If the surfaces are warmer, no condensation is to be expected.

Application and Handling I 175

6.3.9. Preventing disruptive reflections LUXAR is an optical-interference coated glass which reduces reflections and glare to a minimum. With a reflection rating of less than 0.5 % magnetron-coated LUXAR spells the end for disruptive and annoying reflections. The anti-reflective effect works best when the observer looks square at the glass. If however the viewing angle changes, so too the reflection intensity increases gradually. The anti-reflective effect (the “invisibility”) of the glass is maintained up to a viewing angle of approximately 45°. The minimal reflection of the coating (at > 45°) exhibits a pleasant blue to blue-violet colour. However, the reflection intensity remains significantly below the reflection of standard glass, i.e. reflection is also improved here. Further product information in Chapter 4.4.

Cathedral treasure vault, Cologne

176 I Application and Handling

6.4. Product-specific application directions

6.4.1. Handling/processing guidelines for thermal insulation glass from the SILVERSTAR product family, manufactured by: Euroglas GmbH Euroglas Polska SP. z o.o SILVERSTAR SILVERSTAR Dammühlenweg 60 Osiedle Niewiadów 65 39340 Haldensleben 97225 Ujazd Germany Poland These handling and processing guidelines for thermal insulation glass apply to the following products:

SILVERSTAR ENplus SILVERSTAR EN2plus SILVERSTAR TRIII SILVERSTAR TRIII E SILVERSTAR ZERO Revision number 20130925-01.2 6.4.1.1. Transport and packaging The packaging and delivery of coated glass described here refer to deliveries inside Europe under typical climatic conditions. Deliveries outside Europe, particularly for ocean transports, are covered by separate instructions and directions. Transport Coated glass is usually supplied by special internal loader trucks. Here the glass is packaged either on L-racks – offloading from one side, offloading on the left or right depending on the order A-racks – offloading from both sides.

Standard formats here are: Lehr end sizes (LES) Format: 3210 x 6000 mm Split lehr end sizes (SLES) Format: 2000 / 2250 / 2550 x 3210 mm Other sizes and possible tonnages by arrangement with the field service.

Application and Handling I 177

Position of the coating Depending on the order, the coating is dispatched either coating against suction cup or uncoated side facing suction cup. In both cases, an uncoated pane, the so-called protection sheet, protects the outermost coated pane. The designations in this case are: Yellow â&#x20AC;&#x201C; coating faces the suction cups Blue â&#x20AC;&#x201C; coating faces the rack backrest Separating the packs The packs, which usually weigh 2.5 or 5 t, are separated by spacers so that they can be removed from the rack with a suitable loading fork. These spacers are made from recyclable material and can be returned to EUROGLAS. Separating the sheets within a pack A layer separator is accommodated between the individual panes. This powder serves to prevent contact between glass and coating and to separate individual panes. Bonding The individual packs can, at the customer's request, be sealed all over with a special adhesive tape. Before this is done, desiccant tapes are affixed to the vertical sides to provide protection against moisture. Further packaging variants, particularly for delivery to non-EU countries, in consultation with the external service. Delivery The customer must see to it that the surface on which the L- or A-rack is set down is flat and free of other objects. For safety reasons, the set-down rack must not sway, rock or stand in an inclined position in which the packs are past 87Â° to the horizontal.

Before unloading the individual packs, the customer must perform a visual inspection of the delivered glass. The purpose of this visual inspection is to identify obvious damage which was caused by the delivery process. This includes breakage damage, moisture between the panes and also incorrect number of sheets or incorrect product. Defects which are identified during the delivery must be recorded in the presence of the driver in the consignment note (CMR) accompanying the shipping documents. Always get the driver to countersign the consignment note. If defects are detected, the signed consignment note (CMR) must be sent to EUROGLAS.

178 I Application and Handling

Offloading the packs The packs must be offloaded by instructed or trained staff in accordance with the relevant health and safety directives. Loading forks complying with the generally valid regulations must be used. The rests must be free of any contaminants, e.g. fragments. Storing the packs The storage locations must have an angle of under 87Â°. For safety reasons, the pack to be stored must never be stored vertically or horizontally. At least two rests which do not damage the glass edge must be provided. The packs can be separated using the supplied spacers. The spacers must then be set up as they were when the glass was delivered. It is essential to ensure that in the storage location â&#x20AC;&#x201C; in the opinion of EUROGLAS this must always be a closed building â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the coated glass is not exposed to direct sunlight. Glass that is exposed to direct sunlight is subject to the risk of thermal fracture. The storage location must be dry and the humidity must not exceed 60 %. The ambient temperatures in the area of the packs must not fluctuate to such an extent as to drop below the dew point. Ensure that no chemicals are used in the same building. Experience shows that substances such as hydrochloric acid or even hydrofluoric acid will destroy the coating within a very short space of time and over an extended distance. Apart from the time designated for the actual delivery, coated glass must not be stored outdoors. Storage life If all the above points have been observed in accordance with the stipulations, the storage life of the products on the customer's premises from the day of delivery by our carrier is for deliveries to the following countries: Austria, Benelux, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom

f or unopened packs with special bonding and desiccants: 6 months for opened or non-packaged packs: 2 months In all other receiving countries not listed here in the European Union, the following applies:

for unopened packs with special bonding and desiccants: 4 months f or opened or non-packaged packs: 2 months No information given for outside the European Union and overseas, only by individual consultation between customer and EUROGLAS.

Application and Handling I 179

6.4.1.2. Handling General The coating must not be touched with bare hands. Personnel must always wear clean and dry special gloves to handle SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass. Suitable clean suction cup covers must be used to avoid suction cup prints on the coating when when working with coating against suction cup. We also recommend that suction cup covers be used when processing packs that are supplied coating against rack. Suction cups usually contain softening agents that can leave prints/marks on the coating and on the uncoated side. These can be avoided or significantly reduced by using suitable covers. When working with glass, always adhere to the relevant health and safety measures which conform to the generally applicable regulations. Manually removing glass panes from a pack The suction cross-member used must be positioned such that it approaches the centre of the pack. The height of the suction cross-member to be positioned must be chosen such that the angle of the glass changes so as to reach 90째 during transport. The suction cross-member should first receive a slight pull away from the pack. Take care not to pull the entire pack with it. Then the sheet can be moved slightly at the edges so that air permeates between the panes and the sheet to be removed works free. The sheet can then be lifted. Avoid first pulling the glass up by the pack and then releasing the glass from the pack. This would cause scratches on the coating and on the uncoated side. A glass clamp may also be used. The area in which the clamp has been engaged must not affect the subsequent optimisation and must therefore be removed.

Automatic destacking The timing of automatic destacking must be checked, particularly on initial delivery. Even when the panes are generally separated with a powder, the way in which individual panes are detached may differ from supplier to supplier. In the automatic destacking process, first detach the sheet from the next sheet and then remove. Avoid pulling the glass over the coating or vice versa. This would cause scratches on the coating and on the uncoated side. 6.4.1.3. Cutting the glass to size General The coating must not be touched with bare hands. Personnel must always wear clean and dry special gloves to handle SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass. When working with glass, always adhere to the relevant health and safety measures which conform to the generally applicable regulations. Always cut SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass with the coating side facing upwards! The cutting table must be free of glass shards.

180 I Application and Handling

Cutting to size SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass can be cut and broken like EUROFLOAT. We recommend a highly volatile cutting oil for cutting (suitable for low-e coating). The choice of cutting oil depends on the respective sequence. If the edge coating has already been removed before the glass is cut, evaporation can be significantly quickened on account of the temperature influence. In this case, a cutting oil must be used that in spite of edge coating removal flows 5 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 10 mm round the cut and is present until the cross-members are applied. If the edge coating is removed in the course of subsequent processes, the cutting oil can be more highly volatile. The cutting oil can also be used on EUROFLOAT. When cutting, removing the edge coating and breaking the glass, ensure that, apart from the cutting wheel or the grinding wheel, no contact is made with the coating. Glass shards that get onto the glass when the cross-members applied must be removed. Do not remove shards with a broom or a brush as this would scratch the coating. Cutting of models / manual optimisation Markings or identifications should wherever possible be made on the uncoated side or if necessary in the area of the cut on the coating side. Templates and cutting angles can be placed on top, but then should not be moved around on the coating. When using tape measures, make sure the metal part is not slid over the coating; this also applies when retracting the tape. Otherwise the same points as set out in Cutting to size apply.

6.4.1.4. Removal of edge coating Directly when cutting to size Make sure that the grinding dust is sufficiently removed by suction extraction. Grinding dust can cause scratches during in-house transport. At a later stage, the washing bristles may also pick up this dust and cause scratches. We recommend that the suction power on the cutting table be checked at regular intervals. Manual edge coating removal The general sequence is the same as that of the automatic process when cutting to size. The grinding dust must be removed before washing. We recommend dust extraction here. Edge coating removal at the insulating glass line Here too the general edge coating removal sequence is the same as that of the automatic process when cutting to size. Grinding dust that is accrued must be removed directly. Carry-over into the washing machine area must be avoided.

Application and Handling I 181

General The quality of edge coating removal must be assured in all cases, during cutting to size and subsequently. The grinding process must remove all traces of conductive coating components. Only then can suitable butyl adhesion be ensured. This is important to ensuring gas-tightness and to prevent subsequent corrosion of the coating in the insulating glass. The test can be carried out with a standard ohmmeter (continuity tester). 6.4.1.5. Storage Fragment container EUROGLAS operates a fragment recycling scheme. Fragment containers are provided; these are filled and returned to the EUROGLAS plant. The glass held in each container must be unmixed (i.e. of a single type) and there must be no dirt or pollutants in the containers. Setting down the cutting glass If the glass is not automatically transported for further processing to the insulating glass facility. Never pile small panes from an optimisation together, and then transport them stacked. Always set down panes individually. General The coating must not be touched with bare hands. Personnel must always wear clean and dry special gloves to handle SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass. When working with glass always adhere to the relevant health and safety measures which conform to the generally applicable regulations. Personnel should avoid coming into contact with the coating in the form of, for example, buttons, metallic parts (ballpoint pens), zip fasteners, etc. From a specific glass weight upwards, two persons should handle the panes.

Harp rack When placing glass in harp racks, make sure the separators (usually coated steel cables) between the individual compartments do not have any sharp-edged parts. The coatings on the cables must be regularly checked for damage and if necessary replaced. Make sure the coating on the glass does not wherever possible come into contact with the coatings on the cables during loading and offloading. A- or L-trestle When placing glass on an A- or L-trestle, bear in mind that the coating normally faces the worker. First set the glass down and then push it up to the other panes of glass. The panes must not be moved after this. If the panes do have to be moved, first tilt them accordingly and then move them individually. The panes must stand firmly on the rack and must not be â&#x20AC;&#x153;wobblyâ&#x20AC;?. The arrangement must be safeguarded accordingly to prevent the glass from falling over. The pressure here should be kept as low as is absolutely necessary. At this point it should not be necessary to separate the individual panes with paper or cork as there is still acrylic powder on the panes.

182 I Application and Handling

Intermediate storage It is essential that in the storage area â&#x20AC;&#x201C; which in the opinion of EUROGLAS must always be a closed building â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the cut and coated glass is not exposed to direct sunlight. Glass exposed to direct sunlight is prone to thermal fracture. The storage area must be dry and the humidity must not exceed 60 %. The ambient temperatures in the area of the cut panes must not fluctuate so far as to drop below the dew point. Ensure that no chemicals are used in the same building. Cut-to-size SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass must be processed into insulating glass within 8 hours of being cut to size. 6.4.1.6. Insulating glass manufacture General The coating must not be touched with bare hands. Personnel must always wear clean and dry special gloves to handle SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass. When working with glass, always adhere to the relevant health and safety measures which conform to the generally applicable regulations. SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass is a glass that is categorised into Class C in accordance with EN1096-3. In the case of SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass, the coated side of the glass must always be facing the cavity. In the standard insulating glass design, the coating is applied in position 3. If the glass is triple insulating glass, the position of the coating in the structure is usually at positions 2 and 5. Placement of panes on the insulating glass line General The worker must check the position of the coating. When assembling into standard insulating glass, introduce the pane with the uncoated side into the facility. If the edge coating has already been removed from the SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass in the cutting-to-size stage, the coating side is easily recognisable from the ground edge. If edge coating removal is performed in the next stage on the insulating glass line, the coating side can be easily recognised from the cut edge. Because the coating always faces upwards during cutting to size, the notches on the cutting wheel will also be on the coating side. However, if it still is not clear which is the coated side, this can be ascertained using a coating tester or an ohmmeter. Harp rack During automatic placement of glass onto the insulating glass line, make sure that the coated side does not come into contact with the separator. The same applies when the worker removes a pane from the harp rack. Touching contact on the coating side must be kept to a minimum. A- or L-trestle When removing from an A- or L-trestle, first tilt the pane away from the stack and then remove it from the rack. Avoid pulling a pane upwards along the next pane. Ensure also that no panes are simply pulled out of the stack. This will result in damage to the coating.

Application and Handling I 183

Placement of glass for triple insulating glass manufacture The customer must check whether the facility used is suitable for manufacturing triple insulating glass, since the coating in this case is aligned against the installation. Recommendation: check all the rollers that come into contact with the coating for ease of movement. The rollers should not be too hard, free of shards/splinters and not have any sharp-edged defects. Washing The washing machine and in particular all the brushes must be in a clean state. Softened water must be used for washing. The water in the final and if possible also in the penultimate washing zone must satisfy the following requirements: Conductance < 30 microsiemens Recommended water temperature 30-35 Â°C No detergent additives pH value 6.0 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 7.5 Soft brushes which are approved by the washing machine manufacturer for use on soft-coated glass must be used in the preliminary and main washing zones. If this is not the case, the brushes must be lifted off (e.g. with magnet sensors). In this case the washing result may be poorer. To avoid scratches during the manufacture of triple insulating glass, all the brushes in the washing machine must be approved by the washing machine manufacturer for use on soft-coated glass. Warning! Glass transport must not stop during the washing process, otherwise the coating will be damaged by the brushes. Automatic glass thickness adjustment for the washing machine is essential. A fixed maintenance schedule is recommended. In addition, the washing machine should be cleaned at regular intervals. It is also important to check the length of the bristles. If large glass panes are rarely manufactured, the bristle length may vary significantly over the entire brush from bottom to top. The bristle length should in this case be reduced to a uniform value accordingly.

184 I Application and Handling

6.4.1.7. Quality inspection and testing Recommendation Customers who are working with low-e coatings for the first time are advised to inspect the glass after each work step. This enables flaws to be detected early and avoided. Workers must have their awareness raised and also receive appropriate training. Acceptance criteria for flaws on coated glass EN 1096-1 EUROGLAS supplies the product SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass throughout Europe and all over the world. For this reason, the glass is produced in strict compliance with EN 1096 for coated glass. The testing described in this standard envisages the following: Excerpt from EN 1096-1 The coated glass may be tested in store sizes or in sizes customised for installation. The pane of the coated glass to be examined is viewed from a distance of at least 3 m. The actual distance will depend on the viewed flaw and on the light source. Testing of the coated glass for reflection is conducted in such a way that the observer looks at the side corresponding to the outer side of the glazing. Testing of the coated glass for transmission is conducted in such a way that the observer looks at the side corresponding to the outer side of the glazing. For the test, the angle between the surface normal of the coated glass and the light beam that, based on reflection or transmission on the coated glass, faces the observer's eye must not be greater than 30Â°. Acceptance criteria for flaws on coated glass Flaw type

Homogeneity flaws/ blemishes

Acceptance criteria Pane/Pane

Individual pane

Permitted as long as visually non-disruptive

Main field

Edge zone

> 3 mm

Not permitted

> 2 mm and â&#x2030;¤ 3 mm

Permitted if not more than 1/m2

Clustering

Not permitted

Permitted as long as not in the range of vision

Not permitted

Permitted if they are more than 50 mm apart

Permitted as long as the local density is visually non-disruptive

Permitted as long as the local density is visually nondisruptive

Punctiform blemishes

Not applicable

Dirt spots/pin-holeshaped flaws

Scratches > 75 mm â&#x2030;¤

75 mm

Application and Handling I 185

Test arrangement, see EN 1096-1:2012-04 The assessment criteria can differ from country to country. It is the processing user's responsibility to satisfy the quality requirements within the framework of statutory provisions, directives and guidelines. Example For glass that is intended for the German market, the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Guideline for assessment of the visual quality of glass for the construction industryâ&#x20AC;?, published by Bundesverband Flachglas, must be observed. The current status of this guideline at the time of insulating glass manufacture is always applicable here. Legal information The information in this guideline makes no claim to be exhaustive. EUROGLAS has compile, to the best of its knowledge and belief at the time of writing, the most important stipulations and recommendations. EUROGLAS is not liable for information omitted from this guideline regarding the products from the SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass product family. The handling and processing guideline for thermal insulation glass, revision number 20130925-01.2, provided here supersedes, at the date of publication for the following products: SILVERSTAR Enplus SILVERSTAR EN2plus SILVERSTAR TRIII SILVERSTAR TRIII E SILVERSTAR ZERO the handling and processing guidelines listed in EUROGLAS Products and Data, 3rd Edition. EUROGLAS reserves the right at any time and without prior notice to alter or supplement the content of the revision status. This handling and processing guideline for thermal insulation glass does not cover ordering and handling coated fixed sizes. To obtain the relevant guideline for fixed sizes, please contact our field service.

6.4.1.8. Recommendations Use of cork pads as spacers Never place cork pads as spacers with the suction side on the coating; the softeners that they contain will leave an indelible mark on the coating. If necessary, cork pads should be placed at most in the edge coating removal area. In the case of finished insulating glass, we recommend that cork pads be placed on the pane facing the inside; in this way, these marks are only visible when the windows are cleaned. If cork pads are placed on the outside, they will be visible each time the temperature drops below the dew point.

186 I Application and Handling

Stickers and labels The use of labels with acrylic adhesive is recommended. These can usually be repeatedly peeled off and leave only the slightest marks on the glass. Float glass In the standard insulating glass structure, the uncoated side is usually installed on the outside. Recommendation: always install the tin side of float glass in position 1. Washing process Glass may, depending on the ambient conditions, be exposed to biological contamination. This is manifested in the discoloration of rollers. It may also be indicated by a slimy coating on the walls. A suitable biocide can be used here to counteract this contamination. An improvement to the surrounding area can also be achieved by flushing the washing machine with a suitable chemical. Before using such a chemical, consult the machine supplier (washing machine and water preparation) to ascertain whether this is possible. EUROGLAS is not liable for any damage incurred in this connection. Storage of coated insulating glass Insulating glass should, particularly in the summer months, never be exposed to direct sunlight or partial shading. This makes it highly prone to thermal fracture. Identification of in-stock products To avoid mixing up SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass types, we recommend that the supplied label be left on the last pane. The different SILVERSTAR thermal insulation products are not colour-compatible with each other. Identification of the coating (layer) side A standard continuity tester can be used here. A low-e coating detector manufactured by Bohle can also be used. Identification of the tin side A UV lamp can be used to identify the tin side. TinCheck made by Bohle is also recommended. Cutting pressure The cutting pressure should be checked at regular intervals directly at the cutting wheel. A suitable pressure pickup must be used for this purpose. For example, a suitable pressure measuring device is available from the company Silberschnitt. Determination of insulating glass structures Glass thicknesses in the installed state can be subsequently determined for example using the Bohle Merlin laser.

Application and Handling I 187

6.4.1.9. Standards for glass in civil engineering and building construction EN 356: Glass in building Security glazing â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Testing and classification of resistance against manual attack EN 410: Glass in building Determination of luminous and solar characteristics of glazing EN 572: Glass in building Parts 1/2/8/9 Basic soda lime silicate glass products EN 673: Glass in building Determination of thermal transmittance (U value) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Calculation method EN 674: Glass in building Determination of thermal transmittance (U value) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Guarded hot plate method EN 1096: Glass in building Parts 1-4 Coated glass EN 1279: Glass in building Parts 1-6 Insulating glass units EN 1863: Glass in building Part 1/2 Heat strengthened soda lime silicate glass EN 12150: Glass in building Part 1/2 Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass

EN 12543: Glass in building Parts 1-6: Laminated glass and laminated safety glass EN 12600: Glass in building Pendulum tests - Impact test method and classification for flat glass EN 13363: Solar protection devices combined with glazing Part 1/2 Calculation method EN 20140-3: Acoustics Measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements Part 3: Laboratory measurement of airborne sound insulation of building elements

188 I Application and Handling

DIN 1055-5: Design loads for buildings, live loads, snow load and ice load DIN 1249-10: Flat glass in building – Chemical and physical properties DIN 4102: Fire behaviour of building materials and building components DIN V 4108-4: Thermal protection and energy economy in buildings DIN 4109: Supplement 1 / A1: Sound insulation in buildings DIN 18032-3: Testing of safety against ball throwing - Sport halls; halls for gymnastics, games and multi-purpose use DIN 18516 Part 4: Non-loadbearing, external enclosures of buildings, made from tempered safety glass panels; requirements and testing DIN 18545: Sealing of glazing with sealants Parts 1–3 DIN 52210: Airborne and impact sound insulation DIN 52294: Determination of the load of desiccants in multi-pane insulating glass DIN 52460: Sealing and glazing – Terms DIN 52611: Determination of thermal resistance of building elements DIN 52612: Testing of thermal insulating materials; determination of thermal conductivity by means of the guarded hot plate apparatus DIN 52619: Determination of the thermal resistance and the thermal transmission coefficient of windows

DIN 53122: Determination of water vapour transmission DIN 58125: Construction of schools Constructional requirements for accident prevention TRLV: Technical rules for the use of linear supported glazing Full text extracts and further standards pertaining to glass in building can be found for example at www.beuth.de

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6.4.2. SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T solar control glass 6.4.2.1. General SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T is a temperable solar control glass. There are four different colour-nuanced coating designs: SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Neutral 50 T , Blue 50 T, Blue 30 T und Silver 20 T. For each colour type, the optical and radiation physics values between tempered and non-tempered SUNSTOP T glass are very similar. Note: SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T Blue 50 T and SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T Neutral 50 T can, depending on the lighting situation, be very hard to distinguish by eye. It is recommended that neat and clear-cut identification or labelling be assured before and during work, as otherwise there is a risk of mix-ups.

Technical data The optical and radiation physics values of the SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T coatings are altered during the tempering process. The technical data depend not only on the coating, but also on the entire process sequence, including storage, cutting, edge finishing, washing and in particular tempering. When this process sequence is under control, the optometric data are within the tolerance limits. Quality inspection and testing During the production process, EUROGLAS continuously checks the optical and electrical values of the non-tempered SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T coatings. From each production campaign, random samples are taken, tempered and then tested in the laboratory for their optometric and mechanical properties: ■ Colour values (L, a*, b*) for reflection and transmission ■ Electrical surface resistance of the function coating ■ Haze ■ Mechanical load capacity ■ Chemical load capacity EUROGLAS thus creates the ideal conditions for reproducibility of the tempered solar control glass.

6.4.2.2. Tempering process requirements Basic principles With heavily reflecting solar control glass, even small scratches might already be visible. The glass must therefore be handled with appropriate care: in particular, the coated side should not be touched unless this can be avoided. Compared with normal solar control glass, a complicating factor with temperable solar control glass is that even minor damage or impurities on the coated side which are barely visible to the naked eye can be much more conspicuous after tempering.

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Time spans and storage For temperable solar control glass, we recommend the following time spans: Storage until processing: < 12 months Storage as cut and fixed size: < 24 hours Handling and transport SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T is a really robust and durable product. If there are nevertheless marks such as fingerprints or suction cup marks on the tempered glass, the following rules should apply: â&#x2013; Avoid touching the coating side. â&#x2013; If it is essential to pick up the temperable solar control glass by its coating side, the suction cups used must be either very well cleaned and degreased or have suitable protective covers. â&#x2013; Use clean and soft gloves for manual handling. After cutting, the glass can be transported sheet against sheet, as there are still separating agents on the glass surface; however, at the latest after washing the glass sheets must be stacked with cardboard or paper interleaves or cork or plastic spacers! Cutting unit Cutting oil residues adhere to the coating, and in some cases may be impossible to remove completely in the washing machine, therefore becoming visible again as spots after tempering. In any event, the time between cutting and edge finishing should be kept as short as possible. Edge finishing and washing after tempering After edge finishing, the glass must be washed without delay. It must be ensured that residues from edge finishing cannot dry onto the glass surface before washing. Furthermore, the glass should be rinsed off with sufficient water so that any glass dust is completely removed before the brushes start polishing. A high water quality is of crucial importance, and regular cleaning of the washing unit is an essential feature of this. The glass must be absolutely clean, meaning it emerges from the washing machine cleaned of all residues from packaging (acrylic powder), cutting (oil), edge finishing (glass dust) and absolutely dry.

6.4.2.3. Tempering furnace General In any event, the glass is transported through the facility, heated and tempered with the coating side (= fire side) upwards. As a general principle, a normal float glass program can be used for the tempering process in a first step.

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The solar control coating can be destroyed by excessively high temperature stress or by over-long heating-up times. It is important to heat the glass to the lowest possible tempering temperature, to initiate an optimum tempering process. The furnace temperature should not exceed 700 째C here. SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T can be tempered up to a thickness of 19 mm. Convection assistance SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T can be tempered in furnaces with or without convection assistance. Cleaning the tempering system A clean furnace is a further important factor in the successful tempering of SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T. It is recommended to operate the furnace system without or with only with a minimum supply of SO2 (sulphur dioxide gas). Before tempering the solar control glass, the ceramic furnace rollers can be cleaned, for example with a few batches of structural glass, hence picking up dust particles inside the furnace system. It must also be ensured that there are no more glass particles in the tempering station that could get blown onto the glass during the blowing-off process. Heat-soak test In the heat-soak test, it must be ensured that the spacers are not pressed too hard by the weight of the glass onto the coating side, as this can leave marks which can no longer be removed. For further details, see EN 14179-1. Quality inspection and testing The tempered solar control glass can be visually assessed for flaws prior to further processing, in accordance with EN 1096-1.

Packaging If SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T is not immediately processed further on the spot after tempering, it must be carefully packaged for further transportation. There must always be an interleaf between the glass sheets, but not cork spacers if possible. SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T can be bent with radii of up to 2000 mm, either convex or concave, and as float, toughened safety or heat-strengthened glass. Success and possible tighter radii depend however to a great extent on the bending process. Bendability should be confirmed with tests in each individual case.

6.4.3. Technical directions for using thermal insulation and solar control glass Assessment criteria for solar control insulating glass and solar control balustrade panels The coated glass is assessed in accordance with EN 1096-1.

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Colour consistency in the outward appearance For production reasons, absolute identical matching of coated glass panes in colour and/or reflectance, both in their outward appearance and when looking through them, is not always possible: this applies in particular to subsequent orders. If glass is ordered for a building over a lengthy period, this must be made known to the manufacturer at the very start of the order so that divergences in the colour impression can be minimised. An essential factor for maximum colour consistency is of course always installing the glass in the direction we suggested. Flatness Slight discrepancies in flatness may arise both during processing and due to the double-pane effect. Deformations of the glass surface which lead to a slightly altered mirror image do not constitute grounds for complaint. To reduce the double-pane effect, we recommend that you choose a slightly thicker outer reflecting pane. Slight deformations due to technical factors are possible in the case of heat-strengthened glass. These do not consitute grounds for complaint. Technical values All the technical values have been determined within the framework of testing by independent test institutes in accordance with the relevant standards. If other institutes arrive at a different result, this result carries no weight with us; only the result of the test by an institute commissioned by us carries weight. Thermal fracture risk Thermal fracture is an overstressing of the glass by different temperatures acting on the same glass surface. Solar control glass is at greater risk from such overstressing than clear glass due to the fact that it absorbs and is therefore heated by a certain amount of solar energy. The risk of fracture is virtually eliminated by thermal tempering into toughened safety glass (TSG). For glass combinations that exhibit a radiation absorptance of more than around 50 %, the solar control glass should always be tempered. Partial shading Glass that is partially shaded and partially exposed to the sun is subject to a certain thermal fracture risk. The extent of the risk crucially depends on the type of shading. A significant risk exists if for example less than 25 % of the surface of a piece of glass is shaded, but the shaded zone covers more than 25 % of the glass perimeter. Apparent defects during processing into insulating glass The following are excluded from the assessment and do not constitute grounds for complaint: ■ Interference phenomena ■ Double-pane effect ■ Anisotropies ■ Multiple reflections ■ Condensation on the outer surfaces of insulating glass

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6.4.4. Milky coatings on insulating glass Milky outer coatings on insulating glass occur above all in the transition periods in spring and autumn. They are caused by the different degrees of evaporation of building materials. Description and analysis Insulating glass exhibits a recurrent coating that is easily removed by cleaning, but becomes visible again after a short time. This contamination is, according to analyses by EMPA (test report no. 415681 of 22 December 2000), a type of precipitation that is increased by the normal environmental pollution contained in the air. The evaporation of different building materials causes the formation of a kind of undercoat that promotes this contamination. If the glass has a label, the contamination is much lower because an â&#x20AC;&#x153;undercoatâ&#x20AC;? is unable to form. Such precipitation is visible above all in appropriate weather conditions, i.e. high relative humidity and/or high dust content in the air. The glass therefore does not exhibit any defect because environmental influences are the cause of the problem. Regular cleaning reduces the dust propensity to such an extent as to virtually eliminate the precipitation of environmental pollution on the pane.

6.4.5. Plant growth behind thermal insulation glazing Analyses have clearly shown that particularly the visible component of solar radiation (between 380 and 780 nm), i.e. light, is very important for the growth of plants. This radiation range is used by plants for photosynthesis.

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In thermal insulation glass, the coating does change the spectral transmittance of solar radiation, but this affects primarily the infrared range, which is less important to the growth of plants. Light transmission is only marginally reduced in comparison with normal insulating glass. However, a further radiation component, UV radiation, is important for monitoring plant growth, and it too is only slightly altered by thermal insulation coatings. Plants generally flourish behind thermal insulation glazing, but it must be borne in mind here that it is not just the light transmission of the glazing that affects growth, but also other factors like room temperature, ventilation (CO2 content), humidity, insolation duration (orientation), intensity and type (direct or indirect) of sunlight, supply of water and nutrients, etc. Good growth can be achieved in particular when all the influencing factors are optimised in accordance with the relevant plant type. Glazing with LSG is a special case. Conventional laminated safety glass blocks the transmission of UV radiation, depriving the plants of an important control mechanism and subjecting them to uncontrolled growth. This unwelcome development can be prevented by using special UV-transmitting LSG film.

6.4.6. FIRESWISS FOAM fire protection glass Transportation, storage and packaging Transport, storage and packaging must be in accordance with the specifications of the manufacturer. Glass surfaces that have come into contact with cement slurry or with liquid that has been in contact with cement slurry and then with glass surfaces must be rinsed off, but not rubbed clean, using clean water. Failure to comply with the recommendations for transport, storage and cleaning can result in damage or – in the worst case – destruction of the glass product. EUROGLAS/Glas Trösch shall not accept any responsibility for resultant direct and consequential damage. The guidelines for assessment and handling of FIRESWISS FOAM are available at all times from EUROGLAS or Glas Trösch.

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6.4.7. One-way glass We recommend clean and soft cotton cloth or chamois leather to clean one-way glass. Aqueous, neutral and weakly alkaline glass cleaners without abrasive additives (permitted amounts of ammonia <5 % by vol. and organic solvents mixable with water <5 % by vol.) such as "Flux" or "Ajax". However, the glass surface must under no circumstances be scraped with razor blades or cleaned with strong polishing compounds (please observe processing guidelines at www. luxar.ch).

12 %

20 %

WC – View from outside

WC – View from inside

6.4.8. Laminated safety glass 6.4.8.1. Edge zone on LSG The LSG films normally used are slightly hygroscopic, i.e. they absorb a certain degree of air moisture when the edges in the edge zone are freely exposed to weather conditions. Depending on the weather situation (e.g. forest zone, frequent mist, etc.), there may be a slight detachment of film from the glass in the outermost edge zone (a few millimetres) – with the glass then taking on a matt appearance. These detachments in the outermost edge zone neither compromise the product's safety properties nor give rise to colour changes.

These detachments are inherent in the system and cannot be prevented. They do not constitute defects.

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6.4.8.2. Laminated safety glass with UV protection The following points must be taken into consideration when laminated safety glass (LSG) with UV protection is used: The special PVB films used absorb 99.5 % UV light in the radiation range of 300 to 380 nanometres. The values specified by the supplier refer to a radiation intensity based on measurements of 150 to 450 metres above sea level. Higher UV transmissions must be expected if laminated safety glass is used at higher altitudes. This is the case because greater radiation intensities UV film prevail at higher altitudes. From 380 nanometres upwards, highly photochemical rays become effective which can slightly impair the colours of displays (fading). Displays are faded first and foremost by the visible radiation – the light, i.e. both by artificial lighting and by the prevailing daylight. Neon lamps, spotlamps, etc. for lighting interiors also generate UV rays. In the boundary area of 300 or 380 nanometres, UV rays can affect the colour fastness and the tinge of the relevant displays and cause possible colour changes.

6.4.9. Assessment of view-restricting facades (SECO, work conditions) Source of information for assisting in the assessment of various new forms of facade design as part of the construction permit process New facade elements and materials are increasingly being used in industry and office architecture. These elements can also appear in the form of screen printing on glass, films, wire grilles, perforated sheets, expanded metal or woven glass fabric for advertising surfaces. Typical of these new elements are transparent grid structures which are appreciated as aesthetic elements, as energy-saving elements and as anti-glare protection. However, facade elements with grid structures which must ensure a clear and unrestricted view do not in practice meet the anti-glare protection requirements. Likewise, the new forms of facade design obstruct a clear, unrestricted view. It is important to ensure, particularly in rooms with permanent workplaces, that a clear and unobstructed view is ensured as laid down in health and safety legislation. It is advisable to already incorporate health requirements and aspects into the planning of building facades, in order to avoid expensive modifications and adaptations at a later stage.

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Lokremise Cultural Centre, St. Gallen, Switzerland

7. Standards, Technical Regulations Standard Standards help producers, suppliers and final consumers use goods on a daily basis and make it easier to handle such goods safely. Standards ensure that one thing matches the other. Products are made comparable on the basis of standards since they are guided by the same framework conditions. This creates a general basis on which producers, suppliers and final consumers can rely. The standards drawn up by agreement between the normative parties are checked before they come into force by a higher-level institution for their suitability, and so are above the interests of individuals. Validity The standards are checked every five years to ascertain whether they are “state of the art”; if necessary they are amended and brought into force again along similar lines to new standards. A standard is a recommendation and its application is voluntary. However, because legislators and authorities can declare standards to be binding in decrees (laws and ordinances), a standard achieves legal status in these cases (e.g. safety, health, environmental protection). 7.1. ISO international standards The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) was founded in 1946 and is a voluntary organisation based in Geneva whose decisions do not have the character of internationally binding contracts. The purpose of the ISO is to promote standardisation around the world in order to promote the exchange of goods and services and to develop mutual cooperation in different technical fields. DIN represents the standardisation interests of Germany in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (www.iso.org). Examples of ISO members SNV Schweizerische Normenvereinigung: www.snv.ch DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung: www.din.de BSI British Standards Institution: www.bsi.org.uk AFNOR Association Française de Normalisation: www.afnor.fr ANSI American National Standards Institute: www.ansi.org

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Examples of ISO standards ISO 31 Quantities and units ISO 216 Writing paper and certain classes of printed matter – Trimmed sizes ISO 868 Plastics and ebonite – Determination of indentation hardness by means of a durometer (Shore hardness) ISO 2108 Information and documentation – International standard book number (ISBN) ISO 9000 Quality management systems – Fundamentals and vocabulary ISO 9001 Quality management systems – Requirements ISO 9004 Quality management systems – Managing for the sustained success of an organization ISO 9022 Optics and photonics – Environmental test methods ISO 14001 Environmental management systems

7.2. European standards Since the beginning of the 1990s, the EU and EFTA have been commissioning the drafting of standards which are intended to simplify the free flow of goods in Europe. These standards apply above all to tradable goods which can be installed in buildings. A European product standard outlines all the properties of the product which can substantially influence a building. Standardisation organisations at the European level CEN - Comité Européen de Normalisation/European Committee for Standardization is responsible for European standards in all fields except electrical engineering and telecommunications (www.cen. eu). Cooperation at the international level To elaborate international standards, the national standard organisations send experts to working groups (WGs) and subcommittees (SCs) of technical commissions (TCs), CEN and ISO. This guarantees a continuous flow of information with input by the national standard organisations. Technical commissions for glass: CEN/TC 129 – Glass in building ISO/TC 160 – Glass in building

7.3. German / European standards (DIN EN) German Institute for Standardization (DIN)

Objective of construction standardisation The objectives of European and DIN standardisation were completely different in the initial phase, even if today these objectives have in some cases been brought closer together. It is set out in the DIN statutes that standards are intended to be tools and means of communication in the exercise of professions. DIN therefore draws up standards “by experts - for experts” which collate in a self-contained way, briefly and succinctly all the relevant information on a field of topics – from communication and project planning to choice of building materials and execution – and in so doing set forth the rules of architecture.

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In contrast, the main objective of European standardisation is to avoid trade barriers caused by different trade goods requirements. However, European standardisation continues to evolve and, beginning with the “Eurocodes” (the European building structure standards), is increasingly turning to services and the good of society. Today there exist, or there are in preparation, European standards on subjects such as the layout of business letters, services at hotel receptions and environmental influences caused by buildings. Some of these subjects could therefore technically fall entirely within DIN's remit. Obligation to adopt European standards As a full member of the CEN, the German Institute for Standardization (DIN) is obligated to adopt all new standards. DIN supplements the European standard with a national title page and a national preface. The scope and integration of the standard are explained in this preface and reference is made to possible particularities in the application of the standard in Germany. Particular regulations or methods can be explained in a national annex (attachment). The ever-widening influence of European standardisation is putting the national body of standards under intense pressure to adapt. The properties defined for the standardised products must be taken into account, but often whole terms must be redefined. DIN has taken up this challenge and is allowing the new standards to filter down gradually into its body of standards. Sometimes European standards are also summarised or only partial aspects are standardised. The German Institute for Standardization (DIN) is responsible for implementation in Germany. Standards must be supplemented with a national preface when they are adopted. It must also be ensured that the purely national standards are in accord with the European standards. Designation of standards in Germany The alphanumeric standard designation is used to determine the origin and level of the recognising institution. A distinction is made between international, European and national (German) standards. ■ DIN ISO Standard elaborated at the international level which has been incorporated into the German body of standards. ■ EN Standard elaborated at the European level which has been incorporated into the German body of standards. ■ EN ISO European standard adopted on the basis of an international standard which has been incorporated into the German body of standards. ■ DIN German standard

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7.4. German standards Deutsches Institut für Normung / German Institute for Standardization (DIN) In many areas of standardisation, there are country-specific characteristics which do not allow international standards to be adopted. These special regulations are rapidly losing in importance due to globalisation and international trade. DIN no.

Year

Title

DIN 18299

2012 German construction contract procedures (VOB) – Part C: German general technical specifications for construction contracts (ATV) – General rules applying to all types of construction work

DIN 18360

2012 German construction contract procedures (VOB) – Part C: German general technical specifications for construction contracts (ATV) – Metalwork

DIN 4108

2006 Thermal insulation and energy economy in buildings - Thermal bridges – Examples for planning and performance

DIN 4109

1989 Sound insulation in buildings; requirements and testing

EN 12978

2009 Industrial, commercial and garage doors and gates – Safety devices for power operated doors and gates – Requirements and test methods

EN 1627

2011 Pedestrian doorsets, windows, curtain walling, grilles and shutters – Burglar resistance – Requirements and classification

EN 1628

2012 Pedestrian doorsets, windows, curtain walling, grilles and shutters – Burglar resistance – Requirements and classification

EN 1990

2010 Basis of structural design

EN 1991-1-1

2010 Actions on structures – Part 1–1: General actions – Densities, selfweight, imposed loads for buildings

DIN V 18599

2013 Energy efficiency of buildings

The current and complete status of the collection of German standards can be downloaded from the German Institute for Standardization (DIN) at the link: www.din.de

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