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YPø¶AIKH EKºPA™H E .. TPIMHNIAIA EK¢O™H EYPø¶A I KOY ¶POB§HMATI™MOY
ETO™ I¢PY™H™: 1989 ñ ISSN: 1105-8137 ñ EURO 5 ñ ETO™ 13Ô ñ TEYXO™ 49 ñ ∞¶ƒπ§π√™ - ª∞´√™ - π√À¡π√™ 2003
π¢π√∫∆∏™π∞: ∞ÛÙÈ΋ ÌË ÎÂÚ‰ÔÛÎÔÈ΋ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›· "∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓ›·, ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË, £ÂÛÌÔ›"
√Ì‹ÚÔ˘ 54, ∞ı‹Ó· 106 72 ∆ËÏ.: +30210 3643223 -4 ñ Fax: 3646953 E-mail: ekfrasi@ekfrasi.gr http://www.ekfrasi.gr ∂∫¢√∆∏™ - À¶∂À£À¡√™ ™Àªºø¡∞ ª∂ ∆√ ¡√ª√:
Editorial: ∏ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢ÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Î·È ÙÔ ™¯¤‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ¡¤·˜ ™˘Óı‹Î˘.................................................................3 ∏ ™À¡∆∞∫∆π∫∏ ™À¡∂§∂À™∏ & ∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ ∂¡ø™∏ ∆∏™ ∂Àƒø¶∏™
¡›ÎÔ˜ °È·ÓÓ‹˜ ™Àªµ√À§√™ ™À¡∆∞•∏™ ∫∞π ∂∫¢√™∏™:
¢.¡.ÃÀ™√Ã√√À, ∆Ô ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ......................................................4
N¿ÓÛ˘ B·ÛÈÏÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ ∞ƒÃπ™À¡∆∞∫∆∂™:
∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˜ ¢È·Ì·ÓÙ›ÎÔ˜ ¡›ÎÔ˜ πÙÛÈÓ¤˜ ∂π¢π∫∏ ™À¡∂ƒ°∞∆∏™:
£.∫√À∫√À§∏, ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢ÛË & ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›· Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜ ..............................................................................................8 ª.¶∞¶∞∫ø¡™∆∞¡∆∏, ∏ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ¤ÓˆÛË Î·È Ô ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˜ ÔÏ›Ù˘..............................13
∂ϤÓË ¢ÂÌ›ÚË ™À¡∂ƒ°∞∆∂™:
°ÂˆÚÁ›· AÛÙڷο ñ N¿ÓÛ˘ B·ÛÈÏÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ ñ µ·ÛÈÏÈ΋ °ÂˆÚÁÈ¿‰Ô˘ ñ ™Ù·‡ÚÔ˜ ∫Ô‡ÚÙ·Ï˘ ñ M·Ú›Î· K·Ú·ÁÈ¿ÓÓË ñ KÒÛÙ·˜ §¿‚‰·˜ ñ ¢ËÌÔÛı¤Ó˘ M·Ì̈ӿ˜ ñ AÓÙÔ˘·Ó¤ÙÙ· OÈÎÔÓÔÌÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ ñ °ÈÒÚÁÔ˜ ¶·ÁÔ˘Ï¿ÙÔ˜ ñ ÷ڿϷÌÔ˜ ¶··ÛˆÙËÚ›Ô˘ ñ £Âfi‰ˆÚÔ˜ ¶ÂÏ·Á›‰Ë˜ ñ X¿Ú˘ TÛÈÏÈÒÙ˘ ñ £fi‰ˆÚÔ˜ æ·ÏÏȉfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜ ñ ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚ˘ ÃÚ˘ÛÔ¯fiÔ˘
∏ ¢π∂ÀƒÀ¡™∏ ∆∏™ ∂.∂. ∂.∆∂ª¶√À, ∏ ‰È‡ڢÓÛË Ù˘ ∂.∂.: ÔÈ ÚÒÙ˜ ·ÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ.................................................15
∂.∂. & ∂£¡√™-∫ƒ∞∆√™ ∂.°.ª∞¡√Àµ∂§√À, ∏ ÏÔÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÂÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ & Ë ‰È¿‰Ú·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Ì ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ..........20
∂¶π™∆∏ª√¡π∫∏ ∂¶π∆ƒ√¶∏:
£·Ó¿Û˘ ¢È·Ì·ÓÙfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜ ñ ¶·Ó·ÁÈÒÙ˘ πˆ·ÎÂÈÌ›‰Ë˜ ñ ¶¿ÓÔ˜ ∫·˙¿ÎÔ˜ ñ ∏Ï›·˜ ∫·ÙÛÔ‡Ï˘ ñ ∞ÓÙÒÓ˘ ª·ÎÚ˘‰ËÌ‹ÙÚ˘ ñ ™Ù¤ÚÁÈÔ˜ M·Ì·Ó¿Û˘ ñ °ÈÒÚÁÔ˜ ¶··‰ËÌËÙÚ›Ô˘ ñ ∞ÚÁ‡Ú˘ ¶·ÛÛ¿˜ ñ ∫ˆÓ/ÓÔ˜ ™ÙÂÊ¿ÓÔ˘ ñ ¶·‡ÏÔ˜ ∆˙ÂÚÌÈ¿˜ ñ Mȯ¿Ï˘ ∆ÛÈÓÈÛÈ˙¤Ï˘ ñ ¡›ÎÔ˜ ºÚ·Áο΢
∫∞¡∞¢π∫∏ √ª√™¶√¡¢π∞ ™∆. ∫√Àƒ∆∞§∏, ∫·Ó·‰ÈÎfi˜ √ÌÔÛÔÓ‰ÈÛÌfi˜: ÌÈ· ¢¤ÏÈÎÙË ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ √ÌÔÛÔÓ‰›· .....26
∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∂™ ™Ã∂™∂π™ ∆∏™ ∂.∂.
™Àªµ√À§√™ ∂∫¢√™∏™ - ¢∏ª√™π∂™ ™Ã∂™∂π™:
∞ϤͷӉÚÔ˜ §·ÎÂÚ‰¿˜ - À„ËÏ¿ÓÙ˘
¢.∫. •∂¡∞∫∏, √È ∂˘Úˆ-ÌÂÛÔÁÂȷΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋ ¶ÚÔ‰ڛ· .......................31
ª∂∆∞ºƒ∞™∂π™:
µ. °Î¤Î· ñ ™Ù. ∫·Ú·ı¿ÓÔ˘ ñ ¶. ª·ÏÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ ñ ∞‰. ª·ÌԇϷ ñ B. ¶ÔÏ˘˙ˆ›‰Ë
∂.¢∂ªπƒ∏, EU-Japan: Opportunities, Incentives, Limitations .............................................38
∂¶πª∂§∂π∞ ∂∫¢√™∏™:
ª∫√
¶ÔÏÈÙÈο £¤Ì·Ù· ∂¶∂ ™À¡∂ƒ°∞∆∂™ ™∆√ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫√:
Eszter Almassy (µÔ˘‰·¤ÛÙË), ¡›ÎÔ˜ °È·ÓÓ‹˜ (BڢͤϘ), Ã. ∑Ô˘ÌÔ‡Ï˘ (µÂÚÔÏ›ÓÔ), Ronald Meinardus (ª·Ó›Ï·), ™¿‚‚·˜ ¶··Û¿‚‚·˜ (§Â˘ÎˆÛ›·), Camil Parvu (µÔ˘ÎÔ˘Ú¤ÛÙÈ), Irina Pavlova (™ÎfiÈ·), Beata Plonka (√˘¿ÛÈÁÎÙÔÓ), Alessandro Stricca (ƒÒÌË), ¢. ∆ÚÈ·ÓٷʇÏÏÔ˘ (µÚ˘Í¤ÏϘ), °. ÷Ù˙ËÌ·Úο΢ (µfiÓÓË), °ÈÒÚÁÔ˜ ÷ÈÚ¤Ù˘ (µÂÏÈÁÚ¿‰È), ¢. ÃÚÈÛÙfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜ (ªÚ›ÛÙÔÏ).
¡.¶π∆™√À§∏, √ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ª∫√ ..............................................43
MONIME™ ™∆∏§∂™ µπµ§π√¶∞ƒ√À™π∞™∏........................................................................................................46 ¡∂∞ ∆∏™ ∂∫ºƒ∞™∏™ .......................................................................................................47
EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
CONTENTS
2
VROPAIKI EKFRASSI E QUARTERLY EDITION ON EUROPEAN ISSUES
PROPRIETOR - EDITION: "European Society, Politics, Expression,
FIRST PUBLISHED: 1989 ñ ISSN: 1105-8137 ñ EURO 5 ñ YEAR 13 ñ VOL. 49 APRIL - MAY - JULE 2003
Institutions", non Profit Making Company
Editorial: The convention for the future of Europe & the draft of the new Treaty.....................3
54 Omirou St., Athens 106 72 Tel.: +30210 3643223-4 Fax: +30 1 3646953 E-mail: ekfrasi@ekfrasi.gr http://www.ekfrasi.gr
THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION & THE POLITICAL UNION OF EUROPE
EDITOR - PUBLISHER BY LAW:
Nikos Yannis
D.N.CHRYSSOCHOOU, The political constitution of Europe .............................................4
EDITOR CONSULTANT:
Nancy Vasilopoulou
TH.KOUKOULIS, The European Convention & the Greek Orthodox church about the religious freedom .....................................................................................................................8
EDITORS IN CHIEF:
Konstantinos Diamantikos Nikos Itsines
M.PAPAKONSTANTIS, The political Union & the European citizen
∞SSISTANT EDITORS:
Eleni Demiri
EU ENLARGEMENT
REGULAR CONTRIBUTORS:
Georgia Astraka ñ Antuanetta Ekonomopoulou ñ Vassiliki Georgiadou ñ Stavros Kourtalis ñ Dimosthenis Mammonas ñ Marika Karayanni ñ Kostas Lavdas ñ George Pagoulatos ñ Ch. Papassotiriou ñ Thodoros Psalidopoulos ñSylvia Tsaglioti ñ H. Tsiliotis ñ Nancy Vasilopoulou, Dimitris Chryssochou ADVISORY COMMITTEE:
Stergios Babanasis ñ Thanasis Diamandopoulos ñ Nikos Frangakis ñ Panayotis Ioakimidis ñ Ilias Katsoulis ñ Panos Kazakos ñ Antonis Makrydemetres ñ Yiorgos Papadimitriou ñ Argiris Passas ñ Konstantinos Stefanou ªichalis Tsinisizelis ñ Pavlos Tzermias ADVISOR - PUBLIC RELATIONS:
E.TEMBOS, EU enlargement: the first evaluation.................................................................15 EU & THE NATION STATE E.G.MANOUVELOS, The Europeanization logic and its interaction with the nation state...20
CANADIAN FEDERATION ST.KOURTALIS, Canadian federalism: a flexible democratic federation................................26
EU FOREIGN RELATIONS D.K.XENAKIS, The Euro-Med. Relations after the Greek presidency ...................................31
Alexandros Lakerdas–Ypsiladis TRANSLATIONS:
ñ A. Baboula ñ P. Balopoulou ñ V. Geka ñ St. Karathanou ñ V. Polyzoidi TECHNICAL ADVISOR:
E.DEMIRI, EU-Japan: Opportunities, Incentives, Limitations..............................................38
NGO
Politika Themata Inc. CORRESPONDENTS ABROAD:
Eszter Almassy (Budapest) ñ G. Chatzimarkakis (Bonn) ñ D. Christopoulos (Bristol) ñ Yorgos Heretis (Belgrade) ñ Irina Pavlova (Skopja) ñ Ronald Meinardus (Manila) ñ Savas Papassavas (Nikosia) ñ Camil Parvu (Bucarest) ñ Beata Plonka (Washington) ñ Alessandro Stricca (Rome) ñ D. Triantafyllou (Brussels) ñ Nikos Yannis (Brussels) ñ Ch. Zoumboulis (Berlin),
N.PITSOULIS, The contemporary way of NGOs function...................................................43
COLUMS BOOKS.................................................................................................................................46 EKFRASI’S NEWS ...............................................................................................................47
EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
¯ÂÈ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÂȈı› fiÙÈ ÙÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ™‡ÛÙËÌ· ™˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËΠÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔÓ µ' ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ¶fiÏÂÌÔ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂϤÁÍÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÌfi, Ó· ËÚÂÌ‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷΤ˜ ·ÓÙÈı¤ÛÂȘ Î·È ÁÈ· Í·Ó·ÎÙ›ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ˘Ô‰Ô̤˜ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘. ∏ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÂÌÏÔ˘Ù›ÛıËΠ۠‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È ÛÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÙÔ˘ æ˘¯ÚÔ‡ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘ Ì ÙË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÂÈ·Îfi ̤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ∂√∫/∂.∂. ∏ ʇÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ™˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ‹ ηχÙÂÚ· Ë ÔÏÈÙÂȷ΋ ÙÔ˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ··Û¯ÔÏÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË Û¯Â‰fiÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ∫ÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù˘ ∂∫∞à ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ‘50.
ÙÂÏ› ·ÏÒ˜ ÌÈ· ηϋ ‚¿ÛË ÂÎΛÓËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ¢È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋ ¢È¿Û΄˻ Ô˘ ı· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂÈ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔÓ ¡Ô¤Ì‚ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2003 Î·È ÂӉ¯Ô̤ӈ˜ Ù›ÔÙ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ·˘Ùfi.
∞fi ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ ’80 ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·Ó¤Ù˘Í ÌÈ· ȉȷÈÙ¤Úˆ˜ ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛȷ΋ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ Ì ÙËÓ ı¤ÛË Û ÈÛ¯‡ Ù˘ ∂ÓÈ·›·˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ¶Ú¿Í˘ Î·È ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË Ù˘ ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ∞ÁÔÚ¿˜. ∂Î ÙˆÓ Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· Ô‰‹ÁËÛ ÛÙËÓ ™˘Óı‹ÎË ÙÔ˘ ª¿·ÛÙÚÈ¯Ù Î·È ÙË ¤ÁÎÚÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ۯ‰›Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ù˘ √¡∂. √È ‰‡Ô ÂfiÌÂÓ˜ ¯ÚÔÓÈο ™˘Óı‹Î˜ ›¯·Ó ˆ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ∂.∂ ÂÓfi„ÂÈ Ù˘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›·˜ ¤ÌÙ˘ Î·È ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˘ ‰È‡ڢÓÛ˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ∫ÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ Î·È ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋˜ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ , ÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ª¿ÏÙ·.
Afi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÌÂÚÈ¿ Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ıˆÚËıÔ‡Ó ·ÌÂÏËÙ¤· ·Ó Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙÔ ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ ÙȘ ÁÓˆÛÙ¤˜ ÈÛÔÚÚԛ˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ˘ÂÚÂıÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜.
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¶ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· Ô Úˆı˘Ô˘ÚÁfi˜ Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜ Û ÌÈ· Û˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢͋ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ƒÒÌË ıÂÒÚËÛ ÛÎfiÈÌÔ Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ fiÙÈ ı· ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ Î·È ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·Ó·ıÂÒÚËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ È‰Ú˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ. ¢ÂÓ Â›Ì·È ÚÔÊ·ÓÒ˜ Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙ˆ ÙÈ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘ÌʈÓËı› ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ∞Ú¯ËÁÒÓ ∫Ú·ÙÒÓ ‹ Î·È ∫˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÙˆÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Ë ‰‹ÏˆÛË ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ Îϛ̷ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı›. ¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÛËÌ·Óı› fiÙÈ Ë ™˘Ó¤Ï¢ÛË Ë ÔÔ›· Û˘ÓÂÛÙ‹ıË Ì ÙË ¢‹ÏˆÛË ÙÔ˘ §¿·ÎÂÓ ¤Î·Ó ڷÁÌ·ÙÈο ÌÈ· ÛÔ˘‰·›· ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿, ·ÊÔ‡ ÚÔÛ¿ıËÛ ӷ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ Ù· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·fi Ù· ÂÎÎÚÂÌ‹ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ıÂÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ΢ڛˆ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·, Ù˘ ∂.∂. ∂Ӊ¯Ô̤ӈ˜ ÙÔ ÙÂÏÈÎfi ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ·¤¯ÂÈ ·fi ÙȘ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ ÔÏÏÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛÂ Ë ÏÔÁÈ΋ Ù˘ ÚÔۋψÛ˘ ÛÙÔ ÌÔÓÔ¿ÙÈ. ∞˘Ù‹ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È Î·È Ë Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ë ÏÔÁÈ΋ Ë ÔÔ›· ‰È·Î·Ù¤¯ÂÈ fiϘ ÙȘ ·Ó·ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ¤ˆ˜ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Î·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ ÍÂʇÁÂÈ Ô‡Ù ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ Ù˘ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘. ªÂÚÈΤ˜ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È: ¶ÚÒÙÔÓ, ‰ÂÓ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢ÛË. ¢ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ¿ÏψÛÙ ·Ú·ÙËÚËı› ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ÔÈ Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÓÂχÛÂȘ Ó· Â›Ó·È ‰ÈÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜. ÕÏψÛÙ fiˆ˜ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛÂ Ô Schmitter ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË, Ú·ÍÈÎfiËÌ·, ·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛË ·fi ͤÓË Î·ÙÔ¯‹, ‹ÙÙ· ‹ Ó›ÎË Û fiÏÂÌÔ ÎÈÓËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ancient regime, ‹ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ηٷÛÙÚÔÊ‹, ηӤӷ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ̤ÏÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙȘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· Ì›˙ÔÓ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜. ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÂÏÈÎfi ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ‰‡Ô ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÂfiÌÂÓ· ÛÙ¿‰È· ‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÛˆÓ: ∏ ‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋ ¢È¿ÛÎÂ„Ë Î·È ÙÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ Ô˘ ı· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂÈ Ì ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ¢È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋˜. ÕÏψÛÙ ÛÙ· ™˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ¶ÚÔ‰ڛ·˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË ™‡ÓÔ‰Ô Ù˘ £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔӛ΢ ÚËÙÒ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È fiÙÈ «ÙÔ ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·ÔEYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
∆Ú›ÙÔÓ, ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· fiˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ˘ÎÓ¿ ÛÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Î·È fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ·˘ÙÔ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È. ¢ÂÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ› ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÌÈ· ¶ÔÏÈÙ›· Ô‡Ù ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÂÓfi˜ ÂÓÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈο Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ¢‹ÌÔ˘ Î·È Â›Ó·È ·ÏÒ˜ Ë ÂÈÛ‹ÁËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·ıÂÒÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ÌÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˘ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘.
∏ ·ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ, Ë ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙȘ ™˘Óı‹Î˜ Ù˘ ÿÚÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ £ÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ ¢ÈηȈ̿وÓ, Ô ÀÔ˘ÚÁfi˜ ∂͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ Ù˘ ∂.∂ , Ô ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ∂.∂ Î·È Ë Î·Ù¿ÚÁËÛË Ù˘ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÛÛfiÌÂÓ˘ ¶ÚÔ‰ڛ·˜, Ë Û‡ÓıÂÛË Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ Î·È Ë ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘ ∂ÈÙÚfiÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ∂ÈÙÚfiÔ˘, Ë ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÈÛ¯˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ÕÌ˘Ó·˜ Î·È ÔÈ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ Ú‹ÙÚ˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë˜, Ë ·fi‰ÔÛË ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ë Î·Ù¿ÚÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÒÓˆÓ ‹ Î·È Ë ÚÔÊ·ÓÒ˜ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋˜ ¤ÌÓ¢Û˘ ÌÂÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›· ÙˆÓ Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÌÒÓ Î·È Ô‰ËÁÈÒÓ Û ÓfiÌÔ˘˜ Î·È ÓfiÌÔ˘˜ Ï·›ÛÈ· Î·È Ë ˘ÔÎÚ˘ÙfiÌÂÓË (;) ÈÂÚ¿Ú¯ËÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ÓfiÌˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ıÂÛÌÈÎÒÓ Î·ÈÓÔÙÔÌÈÒÓ ¤ÛÙˆ Î·È Â¿Ó ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ‰È¯ÔÁӈ̛˜ Î·È ·ÓÙȉÈ˘ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ™˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ∞ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ¿ÓÙˆ˜ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù· ÔÔ›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÓÂÈÏËÌ̤ӈ˜ ÙÂı› Û ‰È·‰Ô¯ÈΤ˜ ‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÛΤ„ÂȘ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·. ∞˘Ùfi ·fi ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÛÔ˘‰·›Ô ÏfiÁÔ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÎÙÈÌËı› ‰ÂfiÓÙˆ˜ ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ Ù˘ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘. ∆Ô ÙÂÏÈÎfi ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ı· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÚÔÊ·ÓÒ˜ Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË ÏÂÈfiÓˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ. √È ∂˘Úˆ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ¯¿ÚË ı· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ÛÙËÓ ÙÂÏÈ΋ ¤Î‚·ÛË ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ Ì ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ fiÙÈ Ë ÁÂʇڈÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ̤۷ ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙËÓ ∂.∂. Î·È ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ·Ï·È¿˜ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ (ÁÈ· Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹Ûˆ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ·Ôχو˜ ·‰fiÎÈÌÔ fiÚÔ ÙÔ˘ Î. Ramsfeld) Î·È ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ ı· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÚÔ˜ fiÊÂÏÔ˜ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎfiÙÂÚˆÓ – status quo- ÂÈÏÔÁÒÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ Ù˘ ·Ó·ıˆÚËÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÙÔÓÈÛı› fiÙÈ ·Ú¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë ∂.∂. ‰È‹Ïı ·fi Ì›· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Î·È ÔχÏ¢ÚË ÎÚ›ÛË Ì ·ÊÔÚÌ‹ ÙÔÓ fiÏÂÌÔ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘ Â›Ó·È ıÂÙÈο. ∫·Ù¿ Ù· ÂfiÌÂÓ· ÛÙ¿‰È· Ù˘ ·Ó·ıˆÚËÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ Ô ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ fiÏˆÓ Ì·˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ Ë ‰È·Ê‡Ï·ÍË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌʈÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ. ª.π.∆ÛÈÓÈÛÈ˙¤Ï˘
Editorial
∏ Û˘Ó¤Ï¢ÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Î·È ÙÔ ™¯¤‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ¡¤·˜ ™˘Óı‹Î˘
∏ ™ À ¡ ∆∞ ∫ ∆ π ∫ ∏ ™ À ¡ ∂ § ∂ À ™ ∏
4
To ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ™‡ÓÙ· ÙÔ˘ ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚË ¡. ÃÚ˘ÛÔ¯fiÔ˘ Reader ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ∂ÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ Exeter, ª. µÚÂÙ·Ó›·
Το Σχέδιο Συντακτικής Συνθήκης φέρνει την Ευρώπη πιο κοντά στην Οµοσπονδιακού τύπου πολιτική οργάνωση;
Ô ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË ™‡ÓÔ‰Ô ∫ÔÚ˘Ê‹˜ Ù˘ £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔӛ΢ Â›Ó·È Â¿Ó Ë ™˘Óı‹ÎË ÁÈ· ÙË £¤ÛÈÛË ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ʤÚÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÓˆÛË (∂∂) ÂÁÁ‡ÙÂÚ· Û ¤Ó· ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, ‹ Â¿Ó Ë ∂∂ ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ó· ÎÈÓÂ›Ù·È ÛÙË ÛÊ·›Ú· ÌÈ·˜ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋˜ Î·È È‰ÈfiÙ˘Ë˜ Û˘ÓÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·˜, ‰È·ÙËÚÒÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ Ù˘ ÚˆÙÔÙ˘›· ˆ˜ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘. ∏ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙÔ Â›Î·ÈÚÔ ·˘Ùfi ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ·ÔÚÚ¤ÂÈ ·fi ÙȘ ›‰È˜ ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÓƠ̂˜ Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È ÙË Û˘ÓıÂÙÈ΋ ʇÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ∂∂, Ì ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ Û¯¤ÛË Ô˘ ÙË ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙfiÛÔ Ì ÙȘ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÔÏÈÙ›˜ fiÛÔ Î·È Ì ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ. Ÿˆ˜ Ë ›‰È· Ë ∂∂, ¤ÙÛÈ Î·È ÙÔ ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ™˘Óı‹Î˘
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Ô˘ ÂÎfiÓËÛÂ Ë fi¯È Î·È ÙfiÛÔ «™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋» ™˘Ó¤Ï¢ÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ ª¤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ - ÂÏÏ›„ÂÈ ÌÈ·˜ ÁÓ‹ÛÈ· Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ - ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ΛÌÂÓÔ ˘‚ÚȉÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÂÁÁ‡ÙÂÚ· ÛÙË ÏÔÁÈ΋ ÌÈ·˜ ¢ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ™˘Óı‹Î˘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ΢ڛ·Ú¯· ÎÚ¿ÙË, ·Ú¿ ÂÓfi˜ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜. ∆Ô ˙‹ÙËÌ· fï˜ ·˘Ùfi ·ÊÔÚ¿ ›Û˘ ÙËÓ ÔÈÔÙÈ΋ ÌÂÙÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ∂∂ ·fi ¤Ó· Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ·Û·Ê¤˜ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Û ÌÈ· Û˘ÓÙÂÙ·Á̤ÓË Î·È ‰ËÌÔÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙ›·, ÔÈ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ› ıÂÛÌÔ› Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ·Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ‰ÂÛÌ¢ÙÈΤ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Ó· ηٷӤÌÔ˘Ó ·Í›Â˜ ÛÙËÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ∏ ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓË ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜ ÙËÓ ÂÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·Ù¿ÍÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ™¯Â‰›Ô˘ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ™˘Óı‹Î˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ‚›Ô Ù˘ ∂∂, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ‰È·‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, οÙÈ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÛÙ· Â˘Úˆ·˚ο ‰ÚÒÌÂÓ·. ™ÙË ‚¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ¿ÏψÛÙÂ Î·È Ë ÂÈÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰˘ÛË ÂÓfi˜ «ÂÚÈÂÎÙÈÎÔ‡» Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘, ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÂÌ‚¿ı˘ÓÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ȉÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÔÏ›ÙË. ∏ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ ª¤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤ÙÛÈ ÌÈ· ·ÎfiÌË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÚfiÛÎÏËÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È‡ڢÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Ô˘ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË ÂÓfi˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ‰‹ÌÔ˘, ÈηÓÔ‡ Ó· ÌÂÙ·‚È‚¿ÛÂÈ Ù· ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ·ÈÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔ˜, Î·È Ì¤Ûˆ, ÙˆÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ. ∞·ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ıÂÛÌÈÎÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-„˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ «‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÏÏ›ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜» Ù˘ ∂∂, Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
& ∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ ∂¡ø™∏ ∆∏™ ∂Àƒø¶∏™
ÁÌ· Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ˆ˜ ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÙÔÌ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ï‹„˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, ÙÔ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù˘ ‰È·‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÂÓfi„ÂÈ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Á΢ ÁÈ· ÙÚÔÔÔ›ËÛË - ÂΉËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌfi - Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ·Ó·ıÂÒÚËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ, ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÏ˘fiıËÙÔ ÔÈÔÙÈÎfi ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ∂∂ «·fi ‰ËÌÔÎڷٛ˜ Û ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·». ™ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ Ù˘ «ÌÂÙ·ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘» - Ë ÔÔ›· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Ù˘ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÎÙÂÏÂÛÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ - Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÂÈÙ·ÎÙÈ΋. ∏ ıÂÒÚËÛË fï˜ Ù˘ ȉÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏ›ÙË ˆ˜ ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤Ó˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÛÙ· ÎÔÈÓ¿ ·Ú·¤ÌÂÈ ÛÙË ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ Î·È ¿Ú· ÛÙË Ï‹„Ë ‰ÂÛÌ¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ. ∏ ÂÁηı›‰Ú˘ÛË ¤ÙÛÈ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ∂∂, ̤ۈ ÂÓfi˜ ÓÔÌÈο ‰ÂÛÌ¢ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÿÚÙË £ÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ ¢ÈηȈ̿وÓ, Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó‹ÎÂÈÓ Î·È Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË ÂÓfi˜ ÔÏ˘Â›Â‰Ô˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ·›Ô˘. ∆Ô ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô fï˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ¤Ó·Ó Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ Ó· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Û Ӥ˜, ÌË ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈΤ˜, Î·È ÚˆÙ›ÛÙˆ˜ ÌË Â‰·ÊÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, Ë ıÂÒÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ «ÌÂÙ·ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡» ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂÈ ¤Ó· Ó¤Ô ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi fiÚ·Ì· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂∂. ™‹ÌÂÚ· fï˜, Ë ∂∂ ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ó· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÂÈÒÓ. ∆Ô Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·˘Ùfi ·›ÚÓÂÈ ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÌÈ·˜ Û˘Ó·ÈÓÂÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÓÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÌÈ·˜ Û˘Ó·ÈÓÂÙÈο ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˘ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ¤ÓˆÛ˘, Ù· ̤ÚË Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯È΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ·˘ı˘·ÚÍ›· ̤ۈ Ù˘ Û˘Ó‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ıÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈÒÓ.1 ∏ Ó¤· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ Û˘Ó‰È¿ıÂÛ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÎÏÂȉ› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓˆÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ Ù˘ ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ÌÔÚ› ϤÔÓ Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ¢Ù› ˆ˜ ÙÔ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ Û ¤Ó· ÔÏ˘Â›Â‰Ô ÔÏÈEYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
Τα κράτη παραµένουν οι αποφασιστικοί «παίκτες» στη διαδικασία οικοδόµησης της ευρωπαϊκής πολιτείας.
ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, Î·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ˆ˜ Ë ÙÂÏÈ΋ ¢ı‡ÓË. ∫˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ¿˜ Ù˘, Ë ∂∂ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÎfiÌË ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ·˘ÙÔÙÂÏ‹ ˘Ú‹Ó· ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ Ô˘ Ó· ·ÔÚÚ¤ÂÈ ·fi ÌÈ· ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ‹ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ë Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›· Û˘Ó¯›˙ÂÈ Ó· ‰ڿ˙ÂÈ ÛÙ· Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο Ù˘ ̤ÚË. ∏ ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ, ÙfiÛÔ ˆ˜ «∫‡ÚÈÔÈ ÙˆÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ», fiÛÔ Î·È ˆ˜ ÔÈ ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈÎÔ› ‰ÚÒÓÙ˜ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛ˘ Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÔÏÈÙ›·˜, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ modus operandi ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∆Ô ›‰ÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ë ‰È·Ú΋˜ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Â͇ÚÂÛ˘ Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛ˘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ËÁÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ Î·È Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÛÎÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘ ∂∂. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ë Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ‰È΋ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋, ·‡ÔÓÙ·˜ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› «¤Ó·Ó ȉȈÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ô Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÈÛ¤ÏıÂÈ».2 ∂ÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ¤Ó·˜ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔ˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÂıÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜: ¤Ó· ÛËÌÂ›Ô fiÔ˘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙÒÓÙ·È ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ΛÓËÙÚ· ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘. Ÿˆ˜ ÛˆÛÙ¿ Ì·˜ ˘ÂÓı˘Ì›˙ÂÈ Ô Forsyth, Ë ∂∂ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· «ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÛÒÌ· ‚¿ÛÂÈ ™˘Óı‹Î˘» Î·È fi¯È ÌÈ· «ÌÔÓÔÌÂÚ‹ ‰Ú¿ÛË ÂÓfi˜ Ï·Ô‡».3 √ÌÔ›ˆ˜, ‰ÂÓ ·-
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∏ ™ À ¡ ∆∞ ∫ ∆ π ∫ ∏ ™ À ¡ ∂ § ∂ À ™ ∏ & ∏ ¶ √§ π ∆ π ∫ ∏ ∂ ¡ ø ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ À ƒ ø ¶ ∏ ™ ÓÙÏ› ÙËÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· Ù˘ ·Â˘ı›·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Â˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜ Ôϛ٘, ·ÏÏ¿ ·fi ÙȘ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ‰È·ÌÔÚʈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ‰‹ÌÔ˘˜. √‡ÙÂ, fï˜, ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÙ‡¯ÂÈ Ë ∂∂ ÌÈ· Ï‹ÚË «Û‡˙¢ÍË» ÌÂٷ͇ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Ô˘ Ó· ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ·ÂÈÏ‹ ÁÈ· ÙȘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È Ù· ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ·Íȷο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÌÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÚ·ÙÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÛÙ¤˜, ÙÔ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô ÚfiÙ˘Ô ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ÂΛÓÔ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ù· ̤ÚË ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰ÚÒÓÙ˜ ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÔÏÈÙ›·˜, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô Û˘ÛÙËÌÈ΋˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹˜. ∞˘Ùfi ·ÓÙÈηÙÔÙÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÎÙÂÏÂÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÓ Ó· ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ÂÓÔÔÈËÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Î·È ¿Ú· ÙȘ ÂÎÚÔ¤˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂∂. ø˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·, Ë ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ‰È·Ê˘Ï¿ÛÛÂÙ·È, ‹ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÙ·È, ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Û˘Ó¯ԇ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢Û˘ Û ‰ÈÂıÓÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô Ô˘ ·Ú·¤ÌÂÈ Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ Û ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Û˘Ó‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯ÈÒÓ fiÙ·Ó Û˘ÓÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔ› ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎÔ› ÏfiÁÔÈ ÁÈ· Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰Ú¿ÛË. £· ‹Ù·Ó fï˜ Ï¿ıÔ˜ Ó· ÂÍÈÛÒÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔÓ ÎÚ·ÙÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Ù˘ ∂∂ Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙˆÓ ¢ÈÂıÓÒÓ ™¯¤ÛˆÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÙÔ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ˆ˜ ·Ó·fiÛ·ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÎÈÓËÙ‹ÚÈ· ‰‡Ó·ÌË Ù˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘. ∏ Ó¤· ·˘Ù‹ ȉÈfiÙËÙ· ÛÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ «·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· Ôχ ÈÔ ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ·fi ÙÔ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi ‰Èη›ˆÌ· Ù˘ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘».4 ¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·Ú¿ÍÂÓÔ ¤ÙÛÈ fiÙÈ ÔÏÏÔ› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÔ˘‰·ÛÙ¤˜ Ù˘, ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ∂∂ ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ÂÁ¯Â›ÚËÌ· Ô˘ ηıÔ‰ËÁÂ›Ù·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ·fi Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË, ÂÓ¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ fï˜ ÌÈ· ·ÓÔÈÎÙ‹ finalité politique. ™ÙË ÏÔÁÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹, Ë ıÂÒÚËÛË Ù˘ ∂∂ ˆ˜ Û‡ÓıÂÙ˘ ÔÏÈÙ›·˜ ‹ Û˘ÌÔÏÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ÚÔÛ‰›‰ÂÈ ÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÂÓfi˜ ȉÈfiÙ˘Ô˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔÚÊÒÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô «¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÙË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ Ù·‡ÙÈÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ¤‰·ÊÔ˜, Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹ÚÈ˙ ÙÔ ÂıÓÈÎfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜»,5 ¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·ÂÈÏ‹ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Ó· ·Ó·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰ÂȘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›Â˜ Û ÎÔÈÓÔ‡˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜. ∆Ô ÚfiÙ˘Ô ·˘Ùfi ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó· Û˘Ó·ÈÓÂÙÈÎfi (consociational) Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ οÙÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÚÒÓ ÙÔ˘, ·Ú¿ ÙÔ fiÙÈ Ë Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ ·ÎfiÌË Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ȉÈÔًوÓ.
¶·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ¤ÙÛÈ ÂÈÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È‡ڢÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰›Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÛÙË ‰ÈÂıÓÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·, ̤ۈ Ù˘ Ï‹„˘ ‰È·‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ı· ÚÔ¿ÁÔ˘Ó Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ·Á·ı¿ ¤Ú·Ó Ù˘ ÂÎÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜. ∞˘Ù¿ Ù· ·Á·ı¿ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÂ‡Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÁÈ· ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·ÚÂÙ‹˜ Î·È Ù˘ ¯ÚËÛÙ‹˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘, ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÌÈ· Ó¤·˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ civitas ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ıÂÛÌÔı¤ÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ «·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ». °È· ÙÔ˘˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ÚÂÔ˘ÌÏÈηÓÈ΋˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ ıÂÒÚËÛ˘, «Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ηٷÛ··ÛÌ· Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ·˘ÙÔÚ˘ıÌÈ˙fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ Ô‡Ù ¤Ó· ÎÔÈÓ¿ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù¢fiÌÂÓÔ Ì¤ÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜».6 ∏ ÏÔÁÈ΋ Î·È ÙÔ ·ÍÈ·Îfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÌÈ·˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ res publica ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ¤ÙÛÈ Û ÌÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ ¤ÓˆÛ˘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÌÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎÒÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Û ÌÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·: ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·ÍÈÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ Â͢ËÚ¤ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Ô˘ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜, fiÔ˘ ÔÈ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏ›ÙË Î·Ù·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ı¤ÛË. √ÌÔ›ˆ˜, Ë È‰¤· Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ res publica Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙ÂÙ·È ·ÚÌÔÓÈο Ì ÙË ÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂÓfi˜ «ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜» Ô˘ ÈηÓÔÔÈ› Ù· ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο: (·) ÈÛfiÚÚÔË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘, (‚) Âȉ›ˆÍË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ ηÏÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, Î·È (Á) ÌÂÁÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ È‰ÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÔÏ›ÙË. ∏ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ·˘Ù‹ ·Ú·¤ÌÂÈ Û ¤Ó· ηıÂÛÙÒ˜ ÌÂÈÎÙ‹˜ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ ÌÈ· Û˘ÌÔÏÈÙ›· ÂÈÎ·Ï˘ÙfiÌÂÓˆÓ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯ÈÒÓ - ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È fi¯È ‰Èη˚΋ ÂÚÌËÓ›· Ù˘ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ «™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·», ηıÈÛÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ·˘Ù‹ Û˘Ì‚·Ù‹ Ì ÙÔ ÔÏ˘Â›Â‰Ô Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ∂∂. ™ÙË ‚¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹, ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÓÔÚÌÒÓ, ·Ú¯ÒÓ Î·È ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Ô˘ Û˘Óı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘. ∆Ô ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ú·¤ÌÂÈ ÛÙË ÏÔÁÈ΋ ÌÈ·˜ «™˘Óı‹Î˘-Ï·›ÛÈÔ» Î·È fi¯È ÌÈ·˜ ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚÔ‡˜ «™˘Óı‹ÎË Ófïӻ, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ¢¤ÏÈÎÙÔ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Ô˘ ÛÙfi¯Ô ¤¯ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍÈÛÔÚÚÔ‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ Û˘ÓÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· «ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ÛÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·». ¶·Ú¿ ÙËÓ fiÔÈ· Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ Ì ÌÈ· ‰Èη˚ο ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ÂΉԯ‹ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡, Ô ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÓÙÈEYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
∏ ™ À ¡ ∆∞ ∫ ∆ π ∫ ∏ ™ À ¡ ∂ § ∂ À ™ ∏ & ∏ ¶ √§ π ∆ π ∫ ∏ ∂ ¡ ø ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ À ƒ ø ¶ ∏ ™ 7 ÚÔۈ‡ÂÈ ¤Ó· ˘‚ÚȉÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Ô˘ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÍÂÏÈÎÙÈ΋ ʇÛË Ù˘ ∂∂ Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Â‰Ú¿˙ÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó· ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ηÓfiÓˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÔÚÚ¤Ô˘Ó ·fi ¢ÈÂıÓ›˜ ™˘Óı‹Î˜. ∞Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ Ù˘¯¤˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ËÁÒÓ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ¤Ó· Û‡ÓıÂÙÔ, ÏËÓ fï˜ ‰È·ÈÚÂ̤ÓÔ, ÛÒÌ· ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÌÈ·˜ Ó¤·˜ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘. ∏ ‚·ÛÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ô˘ ÂÈÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ ∂∂ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜ Î·È Ù· ̤۷ Ì ٷ ÔÔ›· ÌÔÚÊÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ¤Ó·˜ ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤ÓÔ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜, ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ·ÌÈÁÒ˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘. ¶Ò˜ fï˜ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ Û˘ÏÏ¿‚Ô˘Ì ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈο ÙËÓ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙÔÓ ÏÔ˘Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ∂∂; √È Bellamy Î·È Castiglione ·Ó·˙ËÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·¿ÓÙËÛË Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ ÙÔ˘ «‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡», Ë ÔÔ›· ‰ڿ˙ÂÙ·È Û ÌÈ· «ÚÔ-ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÂÚ› Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡, Ù·˘Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ Û‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Û‡ÛÙ·ÛË Î·È ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙ›·˜.7 ∆Ô ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ·˘Ùfi Û¯‹Ì· ·Ó¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Û «¤Ó· ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ô˘ ‰È·¯¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ … Î·È ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ̤ÚË ÙÔ˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜».8 ∆ÔÓ›˙Ô˘Ó Â›Û˘ fiÙÈ, «·ÓÙ› ÙÔ Û‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, Ë ÔÏÈÙ›· ·˘ÙÔ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ù·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘».9 ªÂ ÎÚÈÙÈÎfi Ó‡̷ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙˆÓ Â‰·ÊÈο ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜, Ë ıˆڛ· ·˘Ù‹ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙ›·˜ Ó· ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜, Î·È ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ «ÛÙË ‰È¿¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘Û˘ Î·È ‰È·‚Ô˘Ï‡ÛÂˆÓ [ˆ˜ ̤ÛÔ ‰ÈÔ¯¤Ù¢Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛˆÓ] … ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË Î·È ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÔʤÏÔ˘˜, Î·È fi¯È ÙˆÓ ÛÙÂÓÒÓ ÙÔÌ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ».10 ™ÙËÓ ÏÔ˘Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ÔÏÈÙ›· Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ¤Ó· ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ÂÌÊ·ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒ¢Û˘ ÁÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜. ∏ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËEYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
Ú›˙ÂÈ Ô ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi˜, ηıÒ˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÈ ÙË ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡ÓË, ÙÔ ∫Ú¿ÙÔ˜ ¢Èη›Ô˘ Î·È ÙË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È¿¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜, ÚÔÛʤÚÔÓÙ·˜ ¤Ó· ÈÛÔÚÚÔË̤ÓÔ Ì›ÁÌ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ. ™˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ·ÙÈο, ı· ϤÁ·Ì fiÙÈ Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ - ÙÔ ÈÛÔ‰‡Ó·ÌÔ ÌÈ·˜ fiψ˜, Ë ÔÏÈÙ›· Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ·ÓÙÈηÙÔÙÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎfi ÛÎÔfi Ù˘ - ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙȘ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ¤˜ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ÁÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·¿ıÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌÔ‡. ∏ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Ù˘ «Ó¤·˜» ∂∂ Ô˘ ı· ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ·fi ÙȘ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ¢È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ ¢È¿Û΄˘ ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙË ‰È·Ê‡Ï·ÍË Ù˘ ÂÁÁÂÓÔ‡˜ ÂÙÂÚÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜ Ù˘ ∂∂, Ë ÔÔ›· Û˘Óı¤ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ È‰ÈfiÙ˘Ë Ê˘ÛÈÔÁӈ̛· Ù˘ ˆ˜ ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó‰È¿ıÂÛ˘. ∫·È Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÂÙÂÚÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·, ÛÂ Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË Ì ÙÔ Û‚·ÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎ›ÏˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ Î·Ù·‚ÔÏÒÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Ô˘ ı· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Û ÌÈ· Ó¤·, ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ res public·, Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ‰È¤ÂÙ·È ·fi ·Ú¯¤˜.
™ËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ: 1. ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚ˘ ¡. ÃÚ˘ÛÔ¯fiÔ˘, £ÂˆÚ›· Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ∂ÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ∞ı‹Ó·: ¶··˙‹Û˘, 2003. °È· ÙË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ó¤ˆÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ Ì ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂∂ ‰Â˜ ›Û˘ ªÈ¯¿Ï˘ π. ∆ÛÈÓÈÛÈ˙¤Ï˘, Quo Vadis Europa?, ∞ı‹Ó·: ∞η‰ËÌ·˚Τ˜ ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ ™Ì˘ÚÓȈٿÎË, 2001, Î·È Dimitris N. Chryssochoou, Michael J. Tsinisizelis, Stelios Stavridis and Kostas Ifantis, Theory and reform in the European Union, ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ·Ó·ıˆÚË̤ÓË ¤Î‰ÔÛË, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2003. 2. Paul Taylor, ‘The United Nations in the 1990s: Proactive Cosmopolitanism and the Issue of Sovereignty’, Political Studies, Vol. 47, No. 3, 1999, Û. 538. 3. Murray Forsyth, ‘Towards a New Concept of Confederation’, in Conference Proceedings The Modern Concept of Confederation, European Commission for Democracy Through Law, Council of Europe, 1995, Û. 4. 4. Taylor, Û. 564 5. Brigit Laffan, ‘The European Union: a distinctive model of internationalization’, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1998, Û. 238. 6. Nicholas Onuf, Republican Legacy in International Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press, 1998, Û. 5 7. Richard Bellamy and Dario Castiglione, ‘Democracy, Sovereignty and the Constitution of the European Union: the Republican Alternative to Liberalism’, EurCit Working Papers, No. 99/11, 1999. 8. Ÿ.. ¢Â˜ ›Û˘ ∫. ∞. §¿‚‰·˜, ‘¢ËÌfiÛȘ ™Ê·›Ú˜ ÛÙÔ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ™‡ÛÙËÌ· Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘: ∫Ú·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ¶ÔÏ˘ÊˆÓ›· Î·È £ÂÛÌÔÔ›ËÛË ÛÙȘ ¢È·‰Èηۛ˜ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡’, ∆ÂÙÚ¿‰È· ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, 1, ºıÈÓfiˆÚÔ 2002, ÛÛ. 63-91. 9. Ÿ.. 10. Ÿ..
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¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Ù˘ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ £Âfi‰ˆÚÔ˘ ∫Ô˘ÎÔ‡ÏË, £ÂÔÏfiÁÔ˘, ª∞ ¢ÈÂıÓ›˜ Î·È ∂˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ ™Ô˘‰¤˜
Η ελευθερία εκδήλωσης του θρησκεύµατος είναι δικαίωµα που κατοχυρώνεται από τον Χάρτη των Θ.Α. ∆ικαιωµάτων της Ε.Ε.
∏ ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢ÛË Ù·Ó ÙÔÓ ºÂ‚ÚÔ˘¿ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2002 ¿Ú¯È˙ ÙȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ù˘ Ë ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢ÛË Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËÎÂ Ë ÂÔ›ıËÛË ˆ˜ Ë ∂˘ÚÒË ı· ÎÈÓËı› ÂÈÙ¤ÏÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ÌÈÛfi ·ÈÒÓ· ˙ˆ‹˜ ÈÔ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈο ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ÙÂÏÈÎfi ÚÔÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘: ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ¤ÓˆÛË. √ ·ÚÈÔ˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜ Ô˘ ¤Î·Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ·Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Ì ٷ ÙÂÎÙ·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ÛÙËÓ Âӈ̤ÓË ∂˘ÚÒË Ó· ÈÛÙ¤„Ô˘Ó Î¿ÙÈ ÙfiÛÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ‹Ù·Ó Ë ÂÓÙÔÏ‹ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÂÓfi˜ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÙ¿ ‰È‡ڢÓÛË ÂÔ¯‹. ªÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ Ê˘ÛÈο
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‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó οÙÈ Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ıˆÚËı› ‡ÎÔÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ηıÒ˜ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¤ÚÁÔ ÔÈÎÈÏfiÌÔÚÊÔ Î·È Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛË Â˘Ú›· ·fi fiÏ· Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË Ì¤ÏË.1 ªÂ ‰Â‰Ô̤Ó˜ ÙȘ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ Û ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ Â›Â‰Ô (ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÏÂÌÈΤ˜) ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÏÔ¤Ó· Î·È ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ¢·ÈÛıËÛ›· ÙˆÓ ··ÓÙ·¯Ô‡ ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Ï·ÒÓ, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ·Í›· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Ë ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ıÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ Ù˘ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜. ∫·Ù·ÓÔÒÓÙ·˜ ÏÔÈfiÓ Ë ™˘Ó¤Ï¢ÛË ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ·˘Ù¤˜ (Ë ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ı· ÚÔÛ¤‰È‰Â Û·ÊÒ˜ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ËıÈ΋˜ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È ·Ô-
‰Ô¯‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ Ù˘ ·fi ÏÂ˘Ú¿˜ ÙˆÓ ¿ÌÂÛ· ÂӉȷÊÂÚÔ̤ӈÓ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙˆÓ Ï·ÒÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘) , ¤‰ˆÛ ÂÓÙÔÏ‹ ÛÙËÓ √Ì¿‰· ππ Ó· ‰ÈÂÚ¢ӋÛÂÈ ‰˘Ô Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘¯¤˜: ñ ∆ÚfiÔ˘˜ Î·È Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÌÈ·˜ ÂӉ¯fiÌÂÓ˘ ÂÓۈ̿وÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÿÚÙË ÙˆÓ £ÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ ∞ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ¢ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ÛÙÔ ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·. ñ ™˘Ó¤ÂȘ Ù˘ ÂӉ¯fiÌÂÓ˘ ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ∫ÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ / ŒÓˆÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ™‡Ì‚·ÛË ∞ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ¢ÈηȈ̿وÓ.2 ∂ÈÎÂÊ·Ï‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ √Ì¿‰·˜ ∂ÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÂÙ¤ıË Ô Î. Antonio Vitorino, Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ÒÛÂÈ ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ¯ÒÚÔ ·fi ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ. ∂›Ó·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈ΋ Ë ·¿ÓÙËÛË Ô˘ ¤‰ˆÛ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏËÓ›‰· Â˘Úˆ‚Ô˘ÏÂ˘Ù‹ η ∫·Ú·Ì¿ÓÔ˘ fiÙ·Ó ·˘Ù‹ ¤ÊÂÚ ÚÔ˜ „‹ÊÈÛË ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÂÚ› ηٷÚÁ‹Ûˆ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·‚¿ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ∞Á›Ô˘ ŸÚÔ˘˜.3 ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ÙÔÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Î. Vitorino ÂÈÎÂÊ·Ï‹˜ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ Ù˘ √Ì¿‰·˜ «Ë ÛˆÊÚÔÛ‡ÓË ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ˆ˜ ·ÊÂÙËÚÈ·Îfi ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ù˘ √Ì¿‰·˜ ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰Ô¯‹ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
∏ ™ À ¡ ∆∞ ∫ ∆ π ∫ ∏ ™ À ¡ ∂ § ∂ À ™ ∏ & ∏ ¶ √ § π ∆ π ∫ ∏ ∂ ¡ ø ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ À ƒ ø ¶ ∏ ™ ÙÔ˘ ÿÚÙË, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ıËÎÂ Ë ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ™˘Ó¤Ï¢ÛË, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÎÔÈÓfi ÎÂÎÙË̤ÓÔ Ô˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚËı›». ÿÛˆ˜ fï˜ Ó· ·Ó·ÚˆÙËı› ηÓ›˜ ÁÈ·Ù› ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ÙfiÛË ÛËÌ·Û›· ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ÿÚÙË ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈο ÛÙË ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË Ù˘ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜. ∏ ·¿ÓÙËÛË Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Â›Ó·È ˆ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ›Ûˆ˜ ÙÔ ÈÔ Û·Ê¤˜ -·fi ηٷ‚ÔÏ‹˜ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘- ΛÌÂÓÔ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔ¿ÛÈÛË ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Ù˘ ıÚËÛΛ·˜ ÛÂ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ›‰Ô. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÛÙÔ ÕÚıÚÔ 10, Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ∂Ï¢ıÂÚÈÒÓ, ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ˆ˜: «∫¿ı ÚfiÛˆÔ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›· ÛΤ„˘, Û˘Ó›‰ËÛ˘ Î·È ıÚËÛΛ·˜. ∆Ô ‰Èη›ˆÌ· ·˘Ùfi Û˘Ó¿ÁÂÙ·È ÙËÓ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›· ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹˜ ıÚËÛ·̷ÙÔ˜ ‹ ÂÔÈı‹ÛˆÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›· ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ıÚËÛ·̷ÙÔ˜ ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘, ·ÙÔÌÈο ‹ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈο, ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ‹ ηْȉ›·Ó, Ì ÙË Ï·ÙÚ›·, ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË, ÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË ÙˆÓ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·ıËÎfiÓÙˆÓ Î·È ÙȘ ÙÂÏÂÙ¤˜».4 ¶·Ú¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ˆ˜ ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi ·ÔÙÂÏ› ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÁÈ· ÙË Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ Ì ٷ ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘ ·fi ÏÂ˘Ú¿˜ ∂.∂. Î·È ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ Ë ÛÙ¿ÛË Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛË ‰ÂÛÌ¢ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi, ˘‹ÚÍ ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ·ÚÁÔÔÚË̤ÓË (ı˘Ì›˙Ô˘Ì ˆ˜ ÚÒÙË Û·Ê‹˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜ ÚfiıÂÛ˘ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÂ Ë Û˘ÌÂÚ›ÏË„Ë –Ì ÙÔ ÎÏ›ÛÈÌÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Ù˘ ¢È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ ¢È¿EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
Û΄˘ Ô˘ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ ÛÙË ™˘Óı‹ÎË Ù˘ ¡Èη›·˜- ·Ó¿ÏÔÁÔ˘ ·ÈÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· Ù˘ ¢È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ ¢È¿Û΄˘ ÙÔ˘ 2004). ∏ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ¿ÏÏ·Í ÚÈ˙Èο. ∏ ÙÂÏÈ΋ ¤ÎıÂÛË Ù˘ √Ì¿‰·˜ ∂ÚÁ·Û›·˜ ππ, Ô˘ „ËÊ›ÛÙËΠÛËÌÂȈ٤ÔÓ ÔÌÔÊÒÓˆ˜ ·fi Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘, ¤ıÂÛ ÙȘ ÂÍ‹˜ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜: 1. ∆ËÓ ÚÔÛı‹ÎË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ¿ÚıÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÿÚÙË ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ™˘Óı‹Î˘, Û ¤Ó·Ó ∆›ÙÏÔ ‹ ∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ·˘Ù‹˜
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∆Ô ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ÿÚÙË ÙˆÓ £ÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ ∞ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ¢ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÎÔÈÓfi ÎÂÎÙË̤ÓÔ Ô˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚËı›
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Ù˘ ™˘Óı‹Î˘, ‹ 2. ∆ËÓ ÚÔÛı‹ÎË Û ¿ÚıÚÔ Ù˘ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ™˘Óı‹Î˘ ÌÈ·˜ ηٿÏÏËÏ˘ ·Ú·ÔÌ‹˜ ÛÙÔÓ Ã¿ÚÙË Ë ·Ú·ÔÌ‹ ·˘Ù‹ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÙ› Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛı‹ÎË ÙÔ˘ ÿÚÙË Û ·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· Ù˘ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ™˘Óı‹Î˘ ‹ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ÚÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ Û ·˘Ù‹Ó, ›Ù ˆ˜ ÂȉÈÎfi ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ™˘Óı‹Î˘ Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔÓ Ã¿ÚÙË Â›Ù ˆ˜ ¯ˆÚÈÛÙfi ÓÔÌÈÎfi ΛÌÂÓÔ (.¯. ˘fi ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÚˆÙÔÎfiÏÏÔ˘). ª¿ÏÈÛÙ· Ë √Ì¿‰· ˘ÔÁÚ¿ÌÌÈÛ fiÙÈ Ô Ã¿ÚÙ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÈÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ Ú›˙˜ ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú·‰fiÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ, Ô˘ ÂÌÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ÂÎÙÂÓ‹ ÓÔÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÁÈ· Ù· ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë ‰ÈηÈÒ-
Ì·Ù·. ÷ڷÎÙ‹ÚÈÛ ‰Â ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ÿÚÙË ˆ˜ «¤Ó· ‰ÔÌÈÎfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ÙfiÛÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi, fiÛÔ Î·È Ù· ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù·, Ô˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ ÔˆÛ‰‹ÔÙ ӷ ÂÓÙ·¯ı› ÛÙÔ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘». ™ÙËÓ ›‰È· ¤ÎıÂÛË Ë √Ì¿‰· ‹Ú ı¤ÛË Î·È ÛÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ™‡Ì‚·ÛË ÁÈ· Ù· ¢ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ∞ÓıÚÒÔ˘ (∂™¢∞). ∆Ô Î›ÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· ¤Ó· ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· Û‚·ÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ıÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘ÔÁÚ¿„› ۯ‰fiÓ fiÏ· Ù· Â˘Úˆ·˚ο ¤ıÓË ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È Î·È Ë ›‰È· Ë ŒÓˆÛË, Î·È ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÔÏÏ¿ ¿ÚıÚ· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔ¿ÛÈÛË Ù˘ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜: ÕÚıÚÔ 3: «¢Èη›ˆÌ· ۈ̷ÙÈ΋˜ Î·È „˘¯È΋˜ ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙË-Ù·˜», ÕÚıÚÔ 9 : «∂Ï¢ıÂÚ›· ÛΤ„ˆ˜, Û˘ÓÂȉ‹Ûˆ˜ Î·È ıÚËÛΛ·˜», ÕÚıÚÔ 11: «∂Ï¢ıÂÚ›· ÂÓÒÛˆ˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ıÚÔ›Ûˆ˜», ÕÚıÚÔ 14: «∞·ÁfiÚ¢ÛË ‰È·ÎÚ›Ûˆӻ. 5 ∆· ΢ÚÈfiÙÂÚ· ÔÏÈÙÈο Î·È ÓÔÌÈο ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· ˘¤Ú Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂™¢∞, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÎıÂÛË Â›Ó·È Ù· ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı·: ñ ∏ ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛË ÛÙËÓ ∂™¢∞ ı· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‹Ì· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÔ¯‹˜ Ô˘ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ «Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚ˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘», fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Î·È ÙÔ ·ÓÂ˘Úˆ·˚Îfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘. ñ ∏ ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛË ı· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁË ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ fiˆ˜ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ·˘Ù‹ Ô˘ ·ÔÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ·˘Ù‹ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÙÂÏÈο ÁÈ· ˙‹ÙËÌ· ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË Ì¤ÏË ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂ-
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10
∏ ™ À ¡ ∆∞ ∫ ∆ π ∫ ∏ ™ À ¡ ∂ § ∂ À ™ ∏ & ∏ ¶ √ § π ∆ π ∫ ∏ ∂ ¡ ø ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ À ƒ ø ¶ ∏ ™
Ù·‚È‚¿ÛÂÈ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÛÙËÓ ŒÓˆÛË Î·È Ë ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛË ÛÙËÓ ∂™¢∞ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ϤÔÓ fiÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ Ó¤ˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ŒÓˆÛË. ∫·Ù·Ï‹ÁÂÈ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÛÙÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· ˆ˜ Ë ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛË Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂™¢∞ ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ˆ˜ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ·, ·ÏÏ¿ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ˆ˜ Û˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈÎfi ‚‹Ì· ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ŒÓˆÛË.6 ªfiÏȘ 6 Ë̤Ú˜ ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· Ë ™˘Ó¤Ï¢ÛË ·Ó·ÎÔ›ÓˆÛ ¤Ó· ¶ÚÔÛ¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘Óı‹Î˘, ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÛËÌ›·. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÛÙÔ ÕÚıÚÔ 1 ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÒÙÔ˘ ∆›ÙÏÔ˘ «¶ÂÚ› ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘», οÓÂÈ ÏfiÁÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Ù˘ ÔÈÎÈÏÔÌÔÚÊ›·˜ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘, ÛÙÔ ÕÚıÚÔ 2 ÙÔ˘ ȉ›Ô˘ ∆›ÙÏÔ˘ ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ·Í›Â˜ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ Î·È Î¿ÓÂÈ ÚËÙ‹ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙ· ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù·, ÛÙÔ ÕÚıÚÔ 6 ÙÔ˘ ¢Â˘Ù¤ÚÔ˘ ∆›ÙÏÔ˘ «¶ÂÚ› Èı·Á¤ÓÂÈ·˜ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ Î·È £ÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ ¢ÈηȈ̿وӻ, οÓÂÈ ÏfiÁÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÂÓۈ̿وÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÿÚÙË Î·È ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂™¢∞: ·) ·Ú·ÔÌ‹ ÛÙÔ Ã¿ÚÙË, ‚) ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ Ù˘ ÂÓۈ̿وÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÿÚÙË Î·È ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë ÙˆÓ ¿ÚıÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Û ¿ÏÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ™˘Óı‹Î˘ ‹ Û ¤Ó· ÂȉÈÎfi ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏÔ, ÚÔÛ·ÚÙÒÌÂÓÔ ÛÙÔ ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·, Á) ÂÓۈ̿وÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ¿ÚıÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÿÚÙË. 7 ∞fi ÙfiÙ ¤Ú·Û οÙÈ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ·fi ¤Ó·˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ ̤¯ÚÈ Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙ› ÙÔ Â›ÛËÌÔ Ï¤ÔÓ ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÕÚıÚˆÓ 116 Ù˘ ™˘Óı‹Î˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ı¤ÛÈÛË ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË. ∆Ô Î›ÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Ù· ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· Ô˘ ÂÚ¢ÓÔ‡ÌÂ: ™ÙÔÓ ¶ÚÒÙÔ
∆›ÙÏÔ Û˘Ó·ÓÙԇ̠ٷ ÂÍ‹˜ ¿ÚıÚ·: ÕÚıÚÔ 1 «¶ÂÚ› ȉڇÛˆ˜ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘»: ∏ ŒÓˆÛË Û¤‚ÂÙ·È ÙËÓ ÂıÓÈ΋ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ Ù˘. ÕÚıÚÔ 2 «¶ÂÚ› ·ÍÈÒÓ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘»: -ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ›- Ô Û‚·ÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ‰ÈηȈ̿وÓ. ÕÚıÚÔ 3 «¶ÂÚ› ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘»: ∏ ŒÓˆÛË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó ¯ÒÚÔ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜, ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡Ó˘, ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ·Í›Â˜ Ù˘ Î·È Â›Ó·È Û‚·ÛÙfi˜ Ô ÏÔ‡ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÈÏÔÌÔÚÊ›·˜ . ™ÙÔÓ ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔ Ù›ÙÏÔ Û˘Ó·ÓÙԇ̠ٷ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı· ¿ÚıÚ·: ÕÚıÚÔ 5 «¶ÂÚ› £ÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ ¢ÈηȈ̿وӻ: ·) √ ÿÚÙ˘ ÙˆÓ £ÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ ¢ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜. √ ÿÚÙ˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È [ ÛÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ / Û ڈÙfiÎÔÏÏÔ ÚÔÛ·ÚÙÒÌÂÓÔ] ÛÙÔ ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·, ‚) ∏ ŒÓˆÛË ‰‡Ó·Ù·È Ó· ÚÔÛ¯ˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ™‡Ì‚·ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔ¿ÛÈÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ıÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÒÓ. ∏ ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛË Û ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙË ™‡Ì‚·ÛË ‰ÂÓ ÙÚÔÔÔÈ› ÙȘ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ fiˆ˜ ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·, Á) ∆· ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù·, fiˆ˜ ηÙÔ¯˘ÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ۇ̂·ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔ¿ÛÈÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ıÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÒÓ Î·È fiˆ˜ ·ÔÚÚ¤Ô˘Ó ·fi ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú·‰fiÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ, ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ ‰Èη›Ô˘ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ˆ˜ ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜.8 §›ÁÔ Î·ÈÚfi ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· Ô °ÂÓÈÎfi˜ °Ú·ÌÌ·Ù¤·˜ Ù˘ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘ ¤Ï·‚ ·fi ÙÔÓ Î. Borrell (Ù·ÎÙÈÎfi ̤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘) Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÎ Carnero & Lorez Garido (·Ó·-
ÏËڈ̷ÙÈο ̤ÏË) ¤Ó· ÛËÌ›ˆÌ· «¶ÂÚ› Û‚·ÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ Ù˘ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜», ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Â›¯·Ó ˘ÔÁÚ¿„ÂÈ 163 ̤ÏË ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘. ªÂ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÛËÌ›ˆÌ· ˙ËÙÔ‡Ó ·fi ÙË ™˘Ó¤Ï¢ÛË Î·È Ù· ̤ÏË ·˘Ù‹˜, ·fi ÙÔ ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ (Ô˘ ÛËÌÂȈ٤ÔÓ ı· ¿ÚÂÈ Î·È ÙȘ ÙÂÏÈΤ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· ÙÔ 2004 ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓË ¢È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋ ¢È¿Û΄Ë9), ·fi ÙȘ ÂıÓÈΤ˜ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ·fi Ù· ÂıÓÈο ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô‡ÏÈ· Ù· ÂÍ‹˜: ñ ∫·Ì›· ıÚËÛΛ· Ó· ÌËÓ ·ÔÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Â˘ÓÔ˚ÎÔ‡ ηıÂÛÙÒÙÔ˜, Ô˘ Ó· ·ÔÚÚ¤ÂÈ ·fi Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ¿ÚıÚ· ‹ ·fi ÙÔ ÁÂÓÈÎfi Ó‡̷ Ù˘ ™˘Óı‹Î˘. ñ ∏ ™˘Óı‹ÎË Ó· ÂÁÁ˘¿Ù·È ÙË ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·, ÙÔ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÔÈı‹ÛˆÓ, ÙËÓ ÂχıÂÚË Ï·ÙÚ›· Î·È Û˘Ó¤ÓˆÛË ÁÈ· ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜. ñ ∏ ™˘Óı‹ÎË Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÎÔÛÌÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ * Î·È Ó· οÓÂÈ Û·Ê‹ ÏfiÁÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi ∫Ú¿ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜**.10 ™ÙÔ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ ·˘Ùfi, Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÓÔ›ÍÂÈ Ì ÙȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ù˘ ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘, ·›ÚÓÔ˘Ó Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Î·È Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË Ì¤ÏË Ì ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘, οÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÏfiÁÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ, Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó· ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›ÛÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ıÚËÛΛ˜ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· Û ¤Ó· ·Û·Ê¤˜ ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, Ô˘ ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ì ÛÙȘ Ë̤Ú˜ Ì·˜.11
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È· ·fi ÙȘ ÈÔ ÂÓÂÚÁ¤˜ ·Ó¿ ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË ∂ÎÎÏËۛ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈο ÛÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙˆÓ
EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
∏ ™ À ¡ ∆∞ ∫ ∆ π ∫ ∏ ™ À ¡ ∂ § ∂ À ™ ∏ & ∏ ¶ √ § π ∆ π ∫ ∏ ∂ ¡ ø ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ À ƒ ø ¶ ∏ ™ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Ù˘ ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Â›Ó·È Î·È Ë ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›· Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜. ¶ÚÔ˜ Â͢ËÚ¤ÙËÛË ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘Ó¤ÏıÂÈ ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜, ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ù˘ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘, ¿Ù˘Ë ∂ȉÈ΋ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ Ì ı¤Ì· ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙËÓ ÛÙÂÓ‹ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÎÔÈÓˆı¤ÓÙˆÓ Ù˘ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ‹Ì·ÓÛË ÙˆÓ ı¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ·ÈÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Ù˘ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘. ∏ ¢È·Ú΋˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ £ÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ πÂÚ¿˜ ™˘Ófi‰Ô˘ Ù˘ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ÂÓ·ÚÁ‹ ÂÓ·Û¯fiÏËÛË Ì ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó¿˜ Ì·˜ ÂÓÓÔÔ‡ÌÂ Ê˘ÛÈο ÙËÓ ÚÔ¿ÛÈÛË Ù˘ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜ Î·È ÙË ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ηıÂÛÙÒÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ó¿ ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË ∂ÎÎÏËÛÈÒÓ - Âͤ‰ˆÛ ÌÈ· «¢‹ÏˆÛË Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘». ªÂٷ͇ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙË ‰‹ÏˆÛË ·˘Ù‹: 1. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÔÚ›·˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿ Ó· ÌË ¯¿ÛÂÈ Ô ÔÏ›Ù˘ ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË Î·È ÙÔ Û‚·ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ÛÙË ∑ˆ‹, ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ̤۷ ÛÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÏ· fiÛ· ‰ÂÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù·Ó·ÏÒÓÔÓÙ·È, ÁÈ’·˘Ùfi Î·È Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ ·ÈÒÓȘ ·Í›Â˜, ¿Êı·ÚÙ˜ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ì¤Û· ÛÙË ‰›ÓË Ù˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔÈË̤Ó˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ù˘ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ΤډԢ˜. 2. £›ÁÂÈ ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ·fi Ù· ΢ÚÈfiÙÂÚ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘: ·ÓÂÚÁ›·, ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ¢ÛË, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi˜ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌfi˜. 3. ∫·Ù·‰Èο˙ÂÈ ÂÈۋ̈˜ Î·È Û˘Ó¯Ҙ οı ·ÎÚ·›· ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡, ÂıÓÔÊ˘ÏÂÙÈÛÌÔ‡, Ú·ÙÛÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Î¿ı ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÊÔEYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
ÓÙ·ÌÂÙ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·Ó·˙ËÙ› ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿‰ÂÈÍË Û‚·ÛÌÔ‡ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘ ÏÔ‡ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ ÔÏ˘ÌÔÚÊ›·˜ ÙˆÓ Ï·ÒÓ. 4. ∂È˙ËÙ› ÙÔ Û‚·ÛÌfi Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂȉ‹Ûˆ˜ ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ Ï·ÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈΤ˜ Ú›˙˜ Ù˘ ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Û˘Á¯ÚÔÓÈ΋˜ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ı›ÁÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·˘Ùfi Ë ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜ ÁÈ· fiϘ ÙȘ £ÚËÛΛ˜ ‹ √ÌÔÏÔÁ›Â˜12. ⁄ÛÙÂÚ· ·fi Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË Ì ˘Â˘ı‡ÓÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ¢È·ÚÎÔ‡˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢ÛË Ù˘ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ ˘fi ÙËÓ ÚÔ‰ڛ· ÙÔ˘ ™Â‚·ÛÌÈÔÙ¿ÙÔ˘ ªËÙÚÔÏ›ÙÔ˘ ∞ÙÙÈ΋˜ Î. ¶·ÓÙÂÏ‹ÌÔÓÔ˜ - Û¯ËÌ·Ù›Û·Ì ÙËÓ ÂÓÙ‡ˆÛË ˆ˜ Ë Â›ÛËÌË ·ÊÂÙËÚȷ΋ ı¤ÛË Ù˘ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù’·Ú¯‹Ó ıÂÙÈ΋ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ ¢ڇÙÂÚ˘ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔ ÂӉ¯fiÌÂÓÔ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÌÂÙ¿ ‰È‡ڢÓÛË ∂˘ÚÒË. ∂›Ó·È ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ˆ˜ ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È Î¿ÔȘ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜ ηıÒ˜ ‚ÚÈÛÎfiÌ·ÛÙ ÂÓÒÈÔÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ Ô˘ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó ·ÚÎÂÙfi ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ú¯›ÛÔ˘Ó Ó· ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·ÊÔÌÔ›ˆÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ï·Ô‡˜ Ù˘ Ë›ÚÔ˘ Ì·˜. À‹ÚÍ ÌÈ· ‰È¿ıÂÛË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ Ì ٷ fiÚÁ·Ó· Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ Û ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Ó ¿ÌÂÛ· ÙËÓ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›· Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë ÛÙË Ó¤· ™˘Óı‹ÎË ÚËÙ‹˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÔ˘‰·›Ô ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙˆÓ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÒÓ.13 ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈ΋ Â’·˘ÙÔ‡ Â›Ó·È Î·È Ë Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔηı‹ÌÂÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ ÎÎ. ÃÚÈ-
11
ÛÙÔ‰Ô‡ÏÔ˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ÂÈÎÂÊ·Ï‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Ù˘ ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘ Î. Valery Giscard d’ Estaing, ηٿ ÙËÓ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË Â›ÛÎÂ„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ÛÙȘ 19 ºÂ‚ÚÔ˘·Ú›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ 2003:«…∂ÍÔ¯ÒÙ·ÙÂ… ∂Ï›˙Ô˘Ì ˆ˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÛÙË ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ™˘Óı‹ÎË ÌÈ· ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈ΋ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÛÙÔ ÚÔÔ›ÌÈfi Ù˘». 14 ™ÙËÓ ··ÓÙËÙÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ª·Î·ÚÈÒÙ·ÙÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ı¤Ì· Ù˘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ‹ ÌË Ù˘ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ÛÙË ‰È¿Ù·ÍË ÙÔ˘ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘ 2 Ù˘ ™˘Óı‹Î˘, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔηϤÛÂÈ ¤ÓÙÔÓ˜ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ, ÛËÌ›ˆÓÂ Ô ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘: «…ηٿ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÌÔ˘ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ı· ¤‚ÚÈÛΠ¢ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚ· ÙË ı¤ÛË Ù˘ Î·È ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÂÚÈÏËÊı› ÛÙÔ ¶ÚÔÔ›ÌÈÔ Ù˘ ™˘Óı‹Î˘, ·Ú¿ ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘ Ù˘…∂ȉ›ˆÍ‹ ÌÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÂÚÈÏËÊı› ÛÙÔ ÙÂÏÈÎfi ΛÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ™˘Óı‹Î˘ Ë ˘’·ÚÈıÌfiÓ 11 ¢‹ÏˆÛË Ù˘ ™˘Óı‹Î˘ ÙÔ˘ ÕÌÛÙÂÚÓÙ·Ì, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ë Ú‡ıÌÈÛË ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ Î·È ¶ÔÏÈÙ›·˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÊÂı› ÛÙÔ ÂıÓÈÎfi ‰›Î·ÈÔ Î¿ı ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜-̤ÏÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ∂.∂.».15 π‰È·›ÙÂÚ˘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ¯Ú‹˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ÔÚ›ÛÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ¢ÈÔÚıfi‰ÔÍÔ˘ ™˘Ó‰ڛԢ › ÙÔ˘ ™¯Â‰›Ô˘ Ù˘ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ™˘Óı‹Î˘ Ù˘ ∂.∂., Ô˘ ‰ÈÔÚÁ·ÓÒıËΠÛÙËÓ ∫Ú‹ÙË Î·ÙfiÈÓ ÚÔÛÎÏ‹Ûˆ˜ ÙÔ˘ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ¶·ÙÚÈ¿Ú¯Ô˘ ÎÎ µ·ÚıÔÏÔÌ·›Ô˘ (1819/03/2003). ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ Ù· ÛËÌ›· Ô˘ Ì·˜ ¤Î·Ó·Ó ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ÂÓÙ‡ˆÛË ˘‹ÚÍ·Ó Ù· οوıÈ: 1. ™ÙË Ó¤· ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ™˘Ó-
12 ∏ ™ À ¡ ∆ ∞ ∫ ∆ π ∫ ∏ ™ À ¡ ∂ § ∂ À ™ ∏ & ∏ ¶ √ § π ∆ π ∫ ∏ ∂ ¡ ø ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ À ƒ ø ¶ ∏ ™ ı‹ÎË Ë Î·ÙÔ¯‡ÚˆÛË Ù˘ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ˆ˜ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi ‰Èη›ˆÌ· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ˆ˜ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· ÙˆÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ∂ÎÎÏËÛÈÒÓ Î·È £ÚËÛÎÂÈÒÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘.
2. ∂È‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È Ë Úfi‚ÏÂ„Ë ·˘ÛÙËÚÒÓ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙˆÓ ˘fi Ù˘ ÓÔÌÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ¢ÈÂıÓÒÓ ¢ÈηÛÙËÚ›ˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÔÚ›ˆÓ ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛˆÓ
(Û¤ÎÙ˜) ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜, fiÛÔ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙË ÓÔÌÈÌfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË ·ı¤ÌÈÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛËÏ˘ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙ· ÎÚ¿ÙË-̤ÏË Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘. 16
™ËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ 1. ÕÔ„Ë Ô˘ ÂͤÊÚ·ÛÂ Ô Î·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ Î. °. ¶··‰ËÌËÙÚ›Ô˘, Û ÎÏÂÈÛÙ‹ Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ, ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· Î·È ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ‰ÈÔÚÁ·ÓÒıËΠ·fi ÙÔ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎfi ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ªÂÏÂÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ ∑¿ÂÈÔ ª¤Á·ÚÔ ÛÙȘ 22/04/2002. 2. ™ËÌ›ˆÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ Ù˘ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ √Ì¿‰·˜ ∂ÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î. Antonio Vitorino ÚÔ˜ Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘ Ì ı¤Ì·: «∂ÓÙÔÏ‹ Ù˘ √Ì¿‰·˜ ∂ÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ã¿ÚÙË» Ì ËÌÂÚÔÌËÓ›· 31/05/2002.∆Ô ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊÔ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ CONV 72/02 Î·È Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔ ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰· Ù˘ ∂.∂. :www.europa.eu.int. 3. ¢‹ÏˆÛË ÂÚ› ‰È·ÙËÚ‹Ûˆ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·‚¿ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ∞Á›Ô˘ ŸÚÔ˘˜ (12/07/2001), ·fi ÙÔÓ ∂›ÙÚÔÔ ÁÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù· ¢ÈηÈÔÛ‡Ó˘ Î·È ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ÀÔı¤ÛˆÓ, Î. Antonio Vitorino, Ô˘ ‰ËÌÔÛȇıËΠÛÙËÓ ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰· ∫·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÛÙȘ 13/07/2001. 4. ŒÎ‰ÔÛË Â›ÛËÌË Ù˘ ∂.∂. Ì ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ÿÚÙË Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È Ì ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÙÔÌÔ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi ÙÔ˘, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌË ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙ· ÁÚ·Ê›· ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó· fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙ· ÁÚ·Ê›· Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó· ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙȘ ÂÍ‹˜ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜: www.europarl. eu.int. , www.europa .eu.int/comm. www.europa. eu.int. Charter of Fundamental Rights, Frequently Asked Questions, download of 03/04/ 2002. 5. ∏ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ™‡Ì‚·ÛË ÙˆÓ ¢ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÓıÚÒÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌË ÛÙÔÓ Â›ÛËÌÔ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘: www.coe.org. 6. ∆ÂÏÈ΋ ¤ÎıÂÛË Ù˘ √Ì¿‰·˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ππ, Ô˘ ηٷ٤ıËΠÛÙË ™˘Ó¤Ï¢ÛË ÛÙȘ 22/10/2002, Ì ·ÚÈıÌfi CONV 354/02, Î·È Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌË ÛÙË ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË http://register. consilium.eu.int/pdf/ gr/02/ cv00/00354gr2.pdf. 7. ¶ÚÔÛ¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ™˘Óı‹Î˘, Ô˘ Âͤ‰ˆÛÂ Ë ™˘Ó¤Ï¢ÛË ÛÙȘ 28/10/2002, Ì ·ÚÈıÌfi ÂÁÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ CONV 369/02, Î·È Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔ ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰· Ù˘ ∂.∂. www.europa.eu.int. 8. ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ÙˆÓ ¿ÚıÚˆÓ 1-16 Ù˘ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ™˘Óı‹Î˘, Ô˘ Âͤ‰ˆÛÂ Ë ™˘Ó¤Ï¢ÛË ÛÙȘ 06/02/2003, ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊÔ Ì ·ÚÈıÌfi CONV 528/03, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔ ÛÙË ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ∂.∂. www.europa.eu.int. 9. ™ÙÔȯ›· Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ·ÚÎÙ‹ÚÈ· ÔÌÈÏ›· Ô˘ ¤‰ˆÛÂ Ô Î·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ Î. ¶.∫. πˆ·ÎÂÈÌ›‰Ë˜ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÎÏÂÈÛÙ‹˜ Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛ˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡, Ô˘ ‰ÈÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ ÙÔ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎfi ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ªÂÏÂÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ ∑¿ÂÈÔ ª¤Á·ÚÔ (22/04/2002), Ì ı¤Ì·: «ƒfiÏÔ˜, ÛËÌ·Û›· Î·È ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜» Î·È Î˘ÎÏÔÊÔÚ› ·fi ÙȘ ÂΉfiÛÂȘ ™¿ÎÎÔ˘Ï·. * ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ Ì·˜ ¿Ô„Ë ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÎÚ‡‚ÂÈ ÙËÓ ··›ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ ÁÈ· ¿ÌÂÛË ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘ ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛ˘ ıÂÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‹ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚÔ‹˜ ‹‰Ë ˘·Ú¯fiÓÙˆÓ Î·ıÂÛÙÒÙˆÓ Û ıÂÔÎÚ·ÙÈο Î·È Ù›ÔÙ· ·Ú·¿Óˆ. ** ∆Ô Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ›Ûˆ˜ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› Î·È ÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÂÛÙ›· ¤ÓÙ·Û˘ Î·È ÙÚÈ‚ÒÓ ÛÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ∂ÎÎÏËÛÈÒÓ Î·È ∂.∂. ηıÒ˜ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙÈÏËÙfi ÙÔ Ó‡̷ ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ë ÛÎÔÈÌfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜. ¶ÈÛÙ‡ԢÌ ˆ˜ Ì ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ
ÙÚfiÔ ı· ‰È·ÛÊ·ÏÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Ù· Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ· Î·È Ë ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· –ÚÒÙ· Î·È ¿Óˆ ·’fiÏ·- ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ô ıÂÛÌÒÓ. ∂›Ó·È ‚¤‚·È· ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ Ó· ‰Ô‡Ì ÙÈ ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÈÛÙÔÚÈο Ë ¿ÌÂÛË ÂÌÏÔ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ Î·È Ê˘ÛÈο -ÙÔ ¯ÂÈÚfiÙÂÚÔ ›Ûˆ˜ fiψÓ- Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·ÓÙÈηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡ ·fi ÙÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔ. ∞Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÏÔÈfiÓ ˆ˜ ÌfiÓÔ Û‡Á¯˘ÛË, fiÏÂÌÔÈ Î·È ‰È¯·ÛÌfi˜ ÚÔ‹Ïı·Ó ·fi ÙȘ ·Èٛ˜ Ô˘ ‰ËÏÒÛ·Ì ·Ú·¿Óˆ fiÙ·Ó Ù· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· ˆı‹ıËÎ·Ó Û ÔÚÈ·Îfi ÛËÌÂ›Ô (‰ÈˆÁÌÔ› ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÒÓ ·fi ÙË ƒˆÌ·˚΋ ∞˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·, ÂÈÎÔÓÔÌ·¯›· ηٿ ÙÔ˘˜ ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÔ‡˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘˜, ÈÂÚ¿ ÂͤٷÛË ÙˆÓ Î·ıÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÛÙ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÙÔ˘ ªÂÛ·›ˆÓ·). ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î·È Ô ·ÓÙ›ÏÔÁÔ˜ Ô˘ ϤÂÈ ˆ˜ ÁÈ· ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ Â˘Úˆ·˚ο ¤ıÓË –¤Ó· ·fi ·˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· ÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi- Ë ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›· ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ ÙÔ «ÛˆÛ›‚ÈÔ ÂÈ‚›ˆÛ˘» Û ÎÚ›ÛÈ̘ η̤˜ Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (΢ڛˆ˜ οÓÔ˘Ì ÏfiÁÔ ÁÈ· ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘˜ ηÙÔ¯‹˜ ·fi ͤÓ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ Î·È Ê˘ÛÈο ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È¿ÛˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Ù· ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Î·È ÔÈ Ù¤¯Ó˜, ÙˆÓ Ï·ÒÓ, Ô˘ ÚfiÛÊÂÚÂ Ë ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›· Û ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ¯ÚÔÓÈο ‰È·ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·). ∞ÏÏ¿ ·˜ ÌËÓ ÏËÛÌÔÓԇ̠ˆ˜ Î·È ÙÔ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜ Ô˘ ‰È¤ÂÈ ÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ Î·È ∫Ú¿ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È Û ÔÏϤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ ·Û·Ê¤˜ Î·È ÛÎÈ҉˜, οÙÈ Ô˘ Ê˘ÛÈο Â›Ó·È Â˘‰È¿ÎÚÈÙÔ Û ¯ÒÚ˜ fiˆ˜ Ë ∞ÁÁÏ›·, Ë πÙ·Ï›· Î·È Ë ∂ÏÏ¿‰·. 10. ¢È·‚È‚·ÛÙÈÎfi ™ËÌ›ˆÌ· ÙˆÓ ÎÎ Borrell, Carnero, Garido ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ °Ú·ÌÌ·Ù¤· Ù˘ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘ ÂÚ› «Û‚·ÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ Ù˘ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜»,Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÙËΠÛÙË ™˘Ó¤Ï¢ÛË ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚÂȘ, Ì ·ÚÈıÌfi ÂÁÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ CONV 587/03, Î·È Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔ ÛÙË ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË: www.europa.eu.int. 11. ŒÁÁÚ·Ê· ˘’·ÚÈıÌfiÓ: CONV 108/02 Ù˘ °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·˜, CONV 174/02 Ù˘ ∞˘ÛÙÚ›·˜ Î·È CONV 110/02 Ù˘ πÙ·Ï›·˜. 12. ¢‹ÏˆÛË Ù˘ √ÚıÔ‰fiÍÔ˘ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ª¤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Ô˘ Â͉fiıË ÛÙȘ 30/05/2002 Î·È Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌË ÛÙË ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË: www.ecclesia.gr/greek/ news/ europe/ declaration.htm. 13. ™ÙÔȯ›· Ô˘ ÚÔ‹Ïı·Ó ·fi Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛË Ì ÙÔ ¢Ú. ∫. ∑ÔÚÌ¿, ÂȉÈÎfi ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿ÙË ÙÔ˘ °Ú·Ê›Ԣ ¶·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹Ûˆ˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ £ÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜, Ô˘ ¤Ï·‚ ¯ÒÚ· ÛÙÔ ÁÚ·ÊÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ ÛÙȘ 27/03/2003. 14. ¶ÚÔÛÊÒÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ª·Î·ÚȈٿÙÔ˘ ∞Ú¯ÈÂÈÛÎfiÔ˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ Î·È ¿Û˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ Î.Î. ÃÚÈÛÙÔ‰Ô‡ÏÔ˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ Valery Giscard d’ Estaing ÛÙȘ 19/02/2003, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌË ÛÙË ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË: www.ecclesia.gr/greek/archbishop/europe/giscard_1.html. 15. ∂ÈÛÙÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ Ù˘ ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Î. ¡Ù’∂ÛÙ¤Ó ÛÙÔÓ ª·Î·ÚÈÒÙ·ÙÔ , Ô˘ ‰ËÌÔÛȇıËΠÛÙËÓ ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰· ∂χıÂÚË flÚ·, ÛÙȘ 19/03/2003. 16. ¶ÔÚ›ÛÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ÂÓ ∫Ú‹ÙË ¢ÈÔÚıÔ‰fiÍÔ˘ ™˘Ó‰ڛԢ › ÙÔ˘ ۯ‰›Ô˘ Ù˘ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ™˘Óı‹Î˘ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ∂ÓÒÛˆ˜, Ô˘ Ì·˜ ‰fiıËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂȉÈÎfi ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿ÙË ÙÔ˘ °Ú·Ê›Ԣ ¶·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹Ûˆ˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ £ÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜, ¢Ú. ∫. ∑ÔÚÌ¿.
EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
∏ ™ À ¡ ∆ ∞ ∫ ∆ π ∫ ∏ ™ À ¡ ∂ § ∂ À ™ ∏ & ∏ ¶ √ § π ∆ π ∫ ∏ ∂ ¡ ø ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ À ƒ ø ¶ ∏ ™ 13
∏ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ¤ÓˆÛË Î·È Ô ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˜ ÔÏ›Ù˘ ÙÔ˘ ª¿ÚÎÔ˘ ¶··ÎˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ‹ ¢È‰¿ÎÙÔÚ· ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ¢Èη›Ô˘ – Nancy II
∏ ÎÚ›ÛË Î·È Ô fiÏÂÌÔ˜ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ¤ÊÂÚ·Ó Í·Ó¿ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈηÈÚfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ ı¤Ì· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓ ¢Âη¤ÓÙ ÛÙ· ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ‰ÚÒÌÂÓ· Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó fi¯È Ó· ÂÈ‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÎÚ›Û˘. ∆· ·›ÙÈ· Ù˘ ¯ÚfiÓÈ·˜ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›·˜ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο ¤Ó· Ì›˙ÔÓÔ˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜
È ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ·Ó·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏ· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË. ªÈÏÔ‡Ó fï˜ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘Û΢·Û›· Î·È fi¯È ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ. ∆· ·›ÙÈ· Ù˘ ·Ó‡·ÚÎÙ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Â›Ó·È ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚ·. ∏ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Â˘Úˆ·›Ô˘ ÔÏ›ÙË Î·È Î·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Ë ·Ô˘Û›· ÙÔ˘ ·fi Ù· Â˘Úˆ·˚ο ‰ÚÒÌÂÓ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ÏfiÁÔ Ô˘ Ë ŒÓˆÛË ·ÎfiÌ· ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘Ï¿ Î·È ‰Â ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÔÚıÒÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÛÙËÌ·. ∞Ùfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ˘‹ÚÍÂ Ë ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ÛÙ¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ-ÌÂÏÒÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË Î·È ÙÔÓ fiÏÂÌÔ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î. ª¤Û· ·fi ÙȘ ÔÏ˘ÏËı›˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·‰ËÏÒÛÂȘ Â΂›·Û·Ó ÙË Û˘ÓÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ
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EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
ı¤Ì· Ù˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì fiϘ ÙȘ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÂȉÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘, ÛÙËÓ «¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‚Ô‡ÏËÛ˘». ™ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛË ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ-ÌÂÏÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ‚Ú·¯˘ÚfiıÂÛÌÔ˘ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌÔ˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡.
¢Âη¤ÓÙÂ, ÂͤÊÚ·Û·Ó ÙËÓ ·ÁˆÓ›· ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· Ù· fiÚÈ· Ù˘ ËÁÂÌÔÓÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙˆÓ ∏.¶.∞. Î·È ··›ÙËÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË Ù˘ ∂.∂. ˆ˜ fiÏÔ˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÂÈÚ‹Ó˘. ∞Ó Á˘Ú›ÛÔ˘Ì ϛÁÔ ›Ûˆ ÙÔ ÊÈÏÌ Ù˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ı· ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Ë ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÂȯÂÈÚ› ηٿ ηÈÚÔ‡˜ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÂÎÛÙÚ·Ù›˜ ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜, fiˆ˜ οı ÂÎÛÙÚ·Ù›·, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÛˆÚÈÓfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Î·È ·‚¤‚·È· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·. ŸÏ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙ· ÂÓËÌÂÚˆÙÈο Ê˘ÏÏ¿‰È· (fiÛˆÓ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ·È Ó· Ù· ÚÔÌËı¢ÙÔ‡Ó), ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û ÂȉÈΤ˜ ÂΉËÏÒÛÂȘ ·fi ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÚÔۈ›˜ Ù˘ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ηÈ
ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ÛÙȘ ÚˆÙ‡ԢÛ˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓÌÂÏÒÓ (fiÛˆÓ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÙȘ Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È fiÛˆÓ ÚÔÛηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È). √È ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Â˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ· ·ÁÁ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ Â˘Úˆ·›Ô ÔÏ›ÙË. √È Â˘Úˆ·›ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÔÎÚ¿Ù˜ ηٷʤÚÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÂÓfi˜ ÔÏ˘‰·›‰·ÏÔ˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ fiÔ˘ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ·˘ÙÔ› ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ·Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ٷ Â˘Úˆ·˚ο ı¤Ì·Ù· ·‰˘Ó·ÙÔ‡Ó Û˘¯Ó¿ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó. ∆Ô ÂÚÒÙËÌ· fï˜ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ù›ıÂÙ·È Â›Ó·È Û ÔÈÔ˘˜ ÙÂÏÈο ·Â˘ı‡ÓÂÙ·È ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘; ª‹ˆ˜ Û’¤Ó· ÌÈÎÚfi ÌfiÓÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ËÁ·ÈÓÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ ÛÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ ¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ¿ÏÏÔÙ ÙË ı¤-
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∏ ™ À ¡ ∆∞ ∫ ∆ π ∫ ∏ ™ À ¡ ∂ § ∂ À ™ ∏ ∫ ∞ π ∏ ¶ √ § π ∆ π ∫ ∏ ∂ ¡ ø ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ À ƒ ø ¶ ∏ ™
ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÌÈÏËÙ‹ Î·È ¿ÏÏÔÙ ·˘Ù‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÎÚÔ·Ù‹; ∞Ó·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏ· Ù· 56 ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· Â˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ ÛÙÔ fiÚÈÔ Ù˘ ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ·˜ (ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ÔÚ›Ô˘ ÂÓ›·˜ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ˘fi„Ë ÌfiÓÔ Ù· ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÈο ÂÈÛÔ‰‹Ì·Ù·)1, Ù· 30 ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ÙˆÓ ·Ó¤ÚÁˆÓ (·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÙÔ 25% Â›Ó·È ¿ÓÂÚÁÔÈ ÁÈ· Ì·ÎÚfi ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ·), Ù· ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ÙˆÓ ·ÛÙ¤ÁˆÓ ‰Â ı· ‚ÚÔ˘Ó ÙË Ï‡ÛË ÛÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ̤۷ ·fi Ù· Ôχ¯ÚˆÌ· Ê˘ÏÏ¿‰È· Ô‡Ù ̤۷ ·fi ÙȘ ·›ıÔ˘Û˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰ÚÈ·ÎÒÓ Î¤ÓÙÚˆÓ ‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÏ˘ÙÂÏÒÓ ÍÂÓԉԯ›ˆÓ. ∆ÔÓ Â˘Úˆ·›Ô ÔÏ›ÙË ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ·ÔÛ·ÛÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘ ÙÔÓ ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Î·È ÙÔÓ ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ‡ÓÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙÔ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÌ·. ∆Ô˘ ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·›ÛıËÛË ÙÔ˘ ı·ً Û’¤Ó· ¤ÚÁÔ Ô˘ ÏËÚÒÓÂÈ ·ÎÚÈ‚¿ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ÂÈ Î·È Ô˘ ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ʇÁÂÈ ‰˘Û·ÚÂÛÙË̤ÓÔ˜ ÁÈ·Ù› ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù¿Ï·‚ ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË. ∏ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÓˆÛË ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÙ‡¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ¤ÓˆÛË ÔÊ›ÏÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙ‹. ¡· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÂÈ ·Ï¿ ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ Ù˘ ÁÈ· Ó· ¤ÚıÂÈ ÈÔ ÎÔÓÙ¿ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Â˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜ Ôϛ٘ Î·È Ó· ÎÂÚ‰›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË ÙÔ˘˜ 2. √È Â˘Úˆ·›ÔÈ ¿Û¯Ô˘Ó ·fi ¤Ó· ¤ÏÏÂÈÌÌ· ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘. ∏ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛË ÛÙȘ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ë ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË
ÙÔ˘ ÔÏ›ÙË ÛÙ· ΤÓÙÚ· Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ µÚ˘ÍÂÏÏÒÓ ı· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Û‡ÁÎÏÈÛË Ù˘ Âӈ̤Ó˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Î·È ı· ÂÙ‡¯ÂÈ Ó· ÂÓÒÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘ Ù˘ Ôχ ÈÔ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ·, ÛÙÂÓ¿ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο ·’fiÙÈ Ì ÙËÓ Â·Ê‹ ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ. √È Â˘Úˆ·›ÔÈ ı· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤Ô˘Ó ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ÈÛÙÔÚÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú·‰fiÛÂȘ, ÎÔÈÓ¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·, fiÙÈ ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ı· Û˘ÌÔÚ‡ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ı· ÚˆÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Ì·˙› Âӈ̤ÓÔÈ. ŒÙÛÈ ÌfiÓÔ ı· ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓ‹ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ Û˘Ó›‰ËÛË Î·È ı· ÂÎÏ›„Ô˘Ó Ù· ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÙÈο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· Ù· ÔÔ›· Ô‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ, Ì ·ÊÂÙËÚ›· ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË, ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰˘Ô ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˘˜ ÔϤÌÔ˘˜. ∂¿Ó ÌÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ÂȉÈÒÍÂȘ ÙˆÓ ¢Âη¤ÓÙÂ Â›Ó·È Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ¤ÓˆÛË, ˆ˜ ·ÏÏÈÒ˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› ·Ó fi¯È Ì ÙËÓ Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ Û˘Ó›‰ËÛ˘; ∏ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ¤ÓˆÛË ··ÈÙ› ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Ì ÎÔÈÓ¿ ÔÚ¿Ì·Ù·, Ì ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ȉ¤Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Î·È Ì ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ÊÈÏÔ‰Ô͛˜. √ ·ÚfiÛˆÔ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÓ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ‰ÂÓ ÎÂÓÙÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘ Â˘Úˆ·›Ô˘ ÔÏ›ÙË ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ÛÙËÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ‹ÂÈÚÔ. §›ÁÔÈ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ Úfi‰ÚÔ Ù˘
∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜, ·ÎfiÌ· ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔÈ ÙÔÓ Î. ∫∂¶¶∞ Î·È ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙÔÈ ÙÔÓ Úfi‰ÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘, οÔÈ· ·fi Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘. ∞Ó·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏ· Ë ŒÓˆÛË Â›Ó·È ˘ÂÚ¿Óˆ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ Î·È ·˘Ùfi ÂÁÁ˘¿Ù·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Ù˘ Î·È ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ ÌÈ· ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÛÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘. √ ·ÚfiÛˆÔ˜ fï˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ¤Ó· ·›ÛıËÌ· ·ÔÌfiÓˆÛ˘ Î·È ÌÈ· ·fiÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ ·fi Ù· ΤÓÙÚ· Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ. ¢›ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÓÙ‡ˆÛË fiÙÈ Ë ŒÓˆÛË Î˘‚ÂÚÓ¿Ù·È ·fi ·ÚfiÛÈÙÔ˘˜ Ù¯ÓÔÎÚ¿Ù˜, ÏÔ‡ÛÈ· ·ÌÔÈ‚fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ‰˘ÛÎÔχÔÓÙ·È Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ·Ù¿ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ. ªÔÚ› Ù· Û‡ÓÔÚ· Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¤ÛÂÈ, ·ÏÏ¿ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙȘ ηډȤ˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ Ì˘·Ïfi Ì·˜. £· Ú¤ÂÈ ÏÔÈfiÓ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÈ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÂÓÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Â˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜ Ôϛ٘. √È ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ·Í›Â˜, ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓÔ› ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ›, ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓÔ› ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ Î·È Ù· ÎÔÈÓ¿ ÔÚ¿Ì·Ù· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÛÙ·ıÂÚfi ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÁÈ· fiÏ· Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË-̤ÏË. ∏ ÛˆÛÙ‹ ÚÔ‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ··Û¯ÔÏ‹ÛÂÈ ¿ÌÂÛ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¢Âη¤ÓÙÂ. ∏ ŒÓˆÛË ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ˘fiıÂÛË ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· ÌÂÚÈÎÒÓ. ∞ÔÙÂÏ› ˘fiıÂÛË fiÏˆÓ Ì·˜.
™ËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ 1. √ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ÙȘ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù˜ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÙËÎ·Ó ÛÙËÓ Eurostat Î·È ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·Ó ÛÙËÓ «ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ· Î·È ÙÔÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌfi». ™Ù· fiÚÈ· Ù˘ ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ·˜ ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ fiÛÔÈ ÙÔ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛfi‰ËÌ· Â›Ó·È Î¿Ùˆ ÙÔ˘ 60% ÙÔ˘ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÈÛÔ‰‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∞Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· ÛËÌÂȈı› fiÙÈ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ›‰È· ¤Ú¢ӷ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ÙÔ fiÚÈÔ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÛÙ· fiÚÈ· Ù˘ ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ·˜ ·Ó¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ 21% ÙÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘, Pauvreté et exclusion sociale dans l’UE après Laeken – partie 1 et 2, Eurostat,
Statustiques en bref, Population et conditions sociales, 4/2003. ™ÙË °·ÏÏ›· ¤Ó· ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈÔ ·È‰È¿ ˙Ô˘Ó Î¿Ùˆ ·fi ÙÔ fiÚÈÔ Ù˘ ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ·˜, ∆· ¡¤·, 30/4/2003, ÛÂÏ. 48. 2. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ Â˘Úˆ‚·ÚfiÌÂÙÚÔ ÙÔ 31% ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ‰ÂÓ ÈÛÙ‡ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ‹Ù·Ó ˆÊÂÏ‹˜, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ 40 % ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË ÛÙËÓ ŒÓˆÛË Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ Ù˘, Commission européenne, Les européens vus par eux-memes, Documentation européenne, 2001, ÛÂÏ. 23 Î·È 27.
EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
∏ ¢π∂ÀƒÀ¡™∏ ∆∏™ ∂∂
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∏ ¢È‡ڢÓÛË Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘: √È ¶ÚÒÙ˜ ∞ÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘¿ÁÁÂÏÔ˘ ∆¤ÌÔ˘ ¢È‰¿ÎÙÔÚÔ˜ πÛÙÔÚ›·˜, Ï‹Ú˜ ̤ÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ªÂÏÂÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ §ÔÓ‰›ÓÔ˘ (IISS) Î·È ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÔ‡ ∞Ó·Ï˘Ù‹ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ∂Ù·ÈÚ›·˜ ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ªÂÏÂÙÒÓ (∂§.∂.™.ª∂.)
∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ¶ÚÔ‰ڛ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ÀÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘, Ô˘ ‰È·ÚΛ ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ÂÍ¿ÌËÓÔ ÙÔ˘ 2003, ˘ÔÁÚ¿ÊÙËΠÛÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó· Ë ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛË ‰¤Î· Ó¤ˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ∏ ·fiÊ·ÛË ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋. ⁄ÛÙÂÚ· ·fi Ôχ ÛÎÏËÚ¤˜ Î·È ÔχˆÚ˜ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ, ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ËÁÂÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ-ÌÂÏÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ˘Ô„ËÊ›ˆÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ, Ô˘ ·Ú·Ï›ÁÔ Ó· ÎÔÛÙ›ÛÔ˘Ó ·˘Ù‹ ηı’ ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ‰È‡ڢÓÛË, ÂÈÙ‡¯ıËΠÙÔ ÂÈı˘ÌËÙfi ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ˘¿ÚÍÔ˘Ó ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÚÔÛÙÚÈ‚¤˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ-ÌÂÏÒÓ Ù˘ ∂∂ fiÛÔ Î·È ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÚÒÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ˘Ô„ËÊ›ˆÓ. ªÂ ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰È‹ÌÂÚ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ ‰È¿Û΄˘ ÎÔÚ˘Ê‹˜, Ë ∂.∂. ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÛ Ì ‰¤Î· 10 Ó¤· ÎÚ¿ÙË Ô˘ ı· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó Ì¤ÏË Ù˘ ÙË 1Ë ª·˝Ô˘ 2004, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ Î˘Úˆı› Ë ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÂıÓÈ΋ ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›· ÙÔ˘ οı ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ·fiÊ·ÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ¤ÌÙË (1973, 1981, 1986, 1995, 2003) ηٿ ÛÂÈÚ¿ ‰È‡ڢÓÛË Ù˘ ∂.∂. ı¤ÙÂÈ Û Ӥ˜ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÙË ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙfiÛÔ ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔ‡ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ÙÔÓ ··ÚÙ›˙Ô˘Ó.
To M¤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ÙˆÚÈÓ‹ ‰È‡ڢÓÛË Ù˘ ∂.∂. Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ηıÒ˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏ¿ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ô˘ ÁÈ· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ¯ÒÚ·. °È· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ù˘ ∂.∂. ı· ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ‰È‡ڢÓÛË Ì 10 ÎÚ¿ÙË. √˘‰¤ÔÙ ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ ˘‹ÚÍ ÌÈ· ÙfiÛÔ ÊÈÏfi‰ÔÍË Î·È Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ ·Ú¿ÙÔÏÌË ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· Ì ÙfiÛÔ ÔÏÏ¿ Ó¤· ÎÚ¿ÙË. ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜ ˘‹ÚÍ ‰È-
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‡ڢÓÛË Ù˘ E∂ Ì ¤Ó· ÌfiÓÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜, ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·. ∆· Ó¤· ÎÚ¿ÙË Ù˘ ∂.∂. ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È Û¯Â‰fiÓ ÂÍ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚÔ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ Î·È ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋ ∂˘ÚÒË Î·È Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·Ó –Î·È ·ÎfiÌ· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ù· ı¤Ì·Ù· ¿Ì˘Ó·˜ Î·È ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜- ÛÙÔ ˙ˆÙÈÎfi ÁˆÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎfi Î·È ÁˆÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ƒˆÛ›·˜. ∏ ∂.∂. Ì ÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË Ù˘ ·˘Ù‹, fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÂÍ·Ï›ÊÂÈ ÂÌÚ¿-
ÎÙˆ˜ Ù· Ï¿ıË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓÙÔ˜ Ì ÙÔ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Û ‰˘ÙÈ΋ Î·È ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔ›¯ˆ˜ Û ·Ì˘ÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡˜ Û˘Ó·ÛÈÛÌÔ‡˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ‰ÚÔÌÔÏÔÁ› Ӥ˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ Ì ÙËÓ Â·Ó¤ÓˆÛË Ù˘ °ËÚ·È¿˜ ∏›ÚÔ˘ Î·È Ù›ÓÂÈ ¯Â›Ú· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÊÈÏ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ƒˆÛ›· Î·È Û fiÏ· Ù· ¿ÏÏ· ÎÚ¿ÙË ÙÔ˘ ÚÒËÓ ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÌÏÔÎ ÚÔÛηÏÒÓÙ¿˜ Ù· Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó Î·È ·˘Ù¿ Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ̤ÏË Ù˘ ∂.∂. fiÙ·Ó Â›Ó·È ¤ÙÔÈÌ·. ªÂ ÙË ‰È‡ڢÓÛË ·˘Ù‹ Ë ∂.∂. ·Ó·ÈÚ› fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ï·ÈÔ‡˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È ÂÈÊ˘Ï¿ÍÂȘ Î·È ·ÓÔ›ÁÂÈ Ó¤Ô˘˜ ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ˜ ‰È·ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË. ∏ ‰È‡ڢÓÛË ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È Â›Û˘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÁÈ·Ù› ı· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ¿‚ÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Ì Ôχ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÌÂÁ¤ıË, ÙfiÛÔ ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈο fiÛÔ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο. ¢È·Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë ÂÓۈ̿وÛË ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÈÛÔÚÚÔË̤ÓË ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈο ηıÒ˜ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÎÚ¿ÙË Ô˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ ‚ÔÚÚ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ ¤ˆ˜ ÙÔ ÓfiÙÔ Î·È ÙË ‰‡ÛË. ŒÙÛÈ ı· ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÛÂÈ ¤Ó· Ôχ ÌÈÎÚfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜, ÙË ª¿ÏÙ·, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ¤Ó· Ôχ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ, ÙË ¶Ôψӛ·. ∂›Û˘ ı· ÂÓÙ·¯ıÔ‡Ó ÎÚ¿ÙË Ô˘ ·-
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Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ –ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜, ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜- ˘ÔÂÚÈʤÚÂȘ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘. ∏ §ÈıÔ˘·Ó›·, Ë §ÂÙÔÓ›· Î·È Ë ∂ÛıÔÓ›· fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙȘ µ·ÏÙÈΤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ οÔÙ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û·Ó Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ̤ÏË Ù˘ ÚÒËÓ ∂™™¢. ∏ ¶Ôψӛ·, Ë ∆Û¯›·, Ë ™ÏÔ‚·Î›· Î·È Ë √˘ÁÁ·Ú›· ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ˘ÔÂÚÈʤÚÂÈ· Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘, Ô˘ ·ÔηÏÂ›Ù·È Î·È –ˆ˜ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜– µ›˙ÂÁÎÚ·ÓÙ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÌÒÓ˘ÌË Û˘Ìʈӛ·, Î·È Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ›˙ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÛÙÂÓfiÙÂÚË ‰È·ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ·ʋ Û ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi ›‰Ô. ∏ ª¿ÏÙ· Î·È Ë ∫‡ÚÔ˜ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ÌÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋ ÏÂοÓË Î·È ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙËÓ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋ ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ. ªÂ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ù· Û‡ÓÔÚ· Ù˘ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ı· ÂÎÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÙÚ·¯È¤˜ ·ÎÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ¡ÔÚÌ·Ó‰›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¶· ÓÙ ηϤ ÛÙÔÓ ∞ÙÏ·ÓÙÈÎfi, ¤ˆ˜ ÙȘ ·Ú˘Ê¤˜ Ù˘ ªfiÛ¯·˜ Î·È ÙȘ ·ÁˆÌ¤Ó˜ Û٤˜ Ù˘. £· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ˙ÂÛÙ¿ Îϛ̷ٷ Î·È ‡‰·Ù· Ù˘ ∞Á›·˜ ¡¿·˜ Î·È Ù˘ µ·Ï¤Ù·˜, ̤¯ÚÈ Ù· ÙÚÈ΢ÌÈÒ‰Ë ÓÂÚ¿ Ù˘ µ·ÏÙÈ΋˜ £¿Ï·ÛÛ·˜. °È· ¿ÏÏË ÌÈ· ÊÔÚ¿, Ë ¤ÌÙË Î·Ù¿ ÛÂÈÚ¿ ‰È‡ڢÓÛË Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ı· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ¿‚ÂÈ ÎÚ¿ÙË Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Û¯Â‰fiÓ ·ÌÈÁÒ˜ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈο Î·È Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ηıÔÏÈο.
∏ ¢È‡ڢÓÛË ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ¡fiÙÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÓˆÛË ÚÔ¯ÒÚËÛ ÔÚıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚ›ÏË„Ë ÂÓfi˜ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi Ù· µ·ÏοÓÈ·. ∏ ΛÓËÛË ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È Ôχ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋ ÁÈ·Ù› ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ÂÌÚ¿ÎÙˆ˜ ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Ù˘ ∂.∂. ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙÔÓ ÙÂÚÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÔÏ¤ÌˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÔÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÂÓ¤ÍÂˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÍ¿ÏÂÈ„Ë ÙˆÓ ÂÛÙÈÒÓ ·Ó¿ÊÏÂ͢ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹. ªÂ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ë ∂.∂. ı¤ÏÂÈ Ó· ÌÂÙ·-
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‰ÒÛÂÈ ÙÔ Ì‹Ó˘Ì· fiÙÈ Î·È ÔÈ ¿ÏϘ ¯ÒÚ˜ ÙˆÓ µ·ÏηӛˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÈηӤ˜ Î·È ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÈηÓÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈο Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ Ì ÛÎÔfi Ó· ηٷÛÙÔ‡Ó Ï‹ÚË Ì¤ÏË Ù˘. ª¤Ûˆ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ÔÈ µÚ˘Í¤ÏϘ ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ‡ÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹ Ô˘ ‹ıÂÏ ÙȘ ‰˘ÙÈΤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· µ·ÏοÓÈ· ˆ˜ ÙËÓ «˘ÚÈÙȉ·Ôı‹ÎË Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘». ŒÓ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÙˆÓ µ·ÏηÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ ‹Ù·Ó fiÙÈ ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈο ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó ÔÙ¤ Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏËÊıÔ‡Ó Ô‡Ù ÛÙ· ÎÚ¿ÙË Ù˘ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ Î·È ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋˜ ∂˘ÚÒ˘, Ô‡Ù ÛÙ· ÎÚ¿ÙË Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁ›Ԣ, ηıÒ˜ Ë µ·ÏηÓÈ΋ ¯ÂÚÛfiÓËÛÔ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ͯˆÚÈÛÙ‹ ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ·. ŒÙÛÈ, ÂÈϤÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÓËÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÌÔ‡ «˘ÚÈÙȉ·Ôı‹ÎË Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘», Ù· µ·ÏηÓÈο ÎÚ¿ÙË ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏËÊıÔ‡Ó Â‡ÎÔÏ· ÛÙȘ ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ ∂.∂. (Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¡∞∆√). √È µ·ÏηÓÈΤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ ·Ú¤ÌÂÓ·Ó ¿ÓÙÔÙ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙȘ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ Ù˘ ∂.∂. ∞ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ·˘ÙÔ‡ ‹Ù·Ó Ô Î·Ù·ÎÂÚÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ µ·ÏηÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ, Ù· ·ÓÙÈÎÚÔ˘fiÌÂÓ· Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ë ·Ô‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ Î·È ÊˆÓ‹˜ ÙˆÓ µ·ÏηÓÈÎÒÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ.
∏ µ·ÏηÓÈ΋ ¢È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ · µ·ÏοÓÈ· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Î·È ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÔ˘Ó Â› ›Û˘ fiÚÔȘ ÙËÓ ∂.∂.. ∏ ·fiÊ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ Ù˘ ∫ÔÂÁ¯¿Á˘ ÙÔÓ ¢ÂΤ̂ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2002 ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘Ô„ËÊÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ™ÏÔ‚ÂÓ›·˜ Î·È Ë ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛ‹ Ù˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂., ·Ô-
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‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ¤Ú·Ó Ù˘ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹˜ Ô˘ ¯ÒÚÈ˙ ٷ ÎÚ¿ÙË Ù˘ ‰˘ÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋˜ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ æ˘¯ÚÔ‡ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘ Î·È Ë ÔÔ›· Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ηٷÚÁÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ·fiÊ·ÛË ‰È‡ڢÓÛ˘ Ì ÎÚ¿ÙË Ù˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋˜ ∂˘ÚÒ˘, Ë ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÓˆÛË ÛÎÔ‡ÂÈ Ó· ηٷχÛÂÈ Î·È ÙËÓ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙÈ΋ ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹ Ô˘ ¯ÒÚÈ˙ ٷ µ·ÏοÓÈ· Ì ÙËÓ ˘fiÏÔÈË ∂˘ÚÒË. ∏ ™‡ÓÔ‰Ô˜ ∫ÔÚ˘Ê‹˜ ÙˆÓ ∂˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ ËÁÂÙÒÓ ÛÙË ∫ÔÂÁ¯¿ÁË ‰ÂÓ ¿ÊËÛ ηӤӷ ÂÚÈıÒÚÈÔ ÁÈ· ·ÚÂÚÌËÓ›·. ∆· µ·ÏοÓÈ· ı· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏËÊıÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂfiÌÂÓË ‰È‡ڢÓÛË Ù˘ ∂∂. ∏ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÓˆÛË ÛÎÔ‡ÂÈ Ó· ·ÓÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚfiÔ‰Ô ÙfiÛÔ Ù˘ µÔ˘ÏÁ·Ú›·˜ fiÛÔ Î·È Ù˘ ƒÔ˘Ì·Ó›·˜ Î·È Ó· ·ÔÊ·Û›ÛÂÈ Ó· ÂÓÙ¿ÍÂÈ ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ·˘Ù¤˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ÙÔ 2007. ªÂ ÙËÓ Â›ÛÔ‰Ô ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô- Î·È ›Ûˆ˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ µ·ÏηÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÌË ¯ˆÚÒÓ- ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ÙÔ 2007 ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Ë ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· Î·È Ë Â˘ËÌÂÚ›· Ô˘ ʤÚÓÂÈ Ì·˙› Ì οı ‰È‡ڢÓÛË Ë ∂.∂.
∏ ªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ È ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÂÏ‹ÊıËÛ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ™‡ÓÔ‰Ô ∫ÔÚ˘Ê‹˜ Ù˘ ∂.∂. ÛÙË ∫ÔÂÁ¯¿ÁË Î·È Ë ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛË Ù˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ª¿ÏÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈ·Ù› ÛËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· Ó¤· ÂÏȉÔÊfiÚ· ÔÚ›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ. ∏ ‰ÈÏ‹ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË Ù˘ ª¿ÏÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙË ÌÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ∂.∂. ∏ ÈÛfiÚÚÔË ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Âȉ›ÍÔ˘Ó ÔÈ µÚ˘Í¤ÏϘ ÚÔ˜ fiϘ ÙȘ ˘Ô„‹ÊȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ ‹Ù·Ó ¿ÁÈÔ ·›ÙËÌ· ÙˆÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ Ô˘ ¤‚ÏÂ·Ó ˆ˜ ÔÈ
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EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
∏ ¢π∂ÀƒÀ¡™∏ ∆∏™ ∂∂ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ Î·È ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÙˆÓ µÚ˘ÍÂÏÏÒÓ Â›¯·Ó ˆ˜ ·Ô‰¤ÎÙ˜ ۯ‰fiÓ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ∫ÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ Î·È ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋˜ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ¿ÏψÛÙ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û·Ó Î·È ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ·Ó ÙÔ Î‡ÚÈÔ Î‡Ì· Ù˘ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ‰È‡ڢÓÛ˘, ÂÓÒ Ë ÌÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋ ÏÂοÓË ·Ú¤ÌÂÓ ÁÈ· ÔÏÏ¿ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈıÒÚÈÔ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎÒÓ ÂӉȷÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ Î·È ÂÍÂϛ͈Ó. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÔÈ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁ›Ԣ Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ¿ÓÙÔÙ ›ÛÙ¢·Ó fiÙÈ Ë ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÏÏ¿ Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Î·È ÛÙËÓ Â‰Ú·›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÚÔfi‰Ô˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÈÚ‹Ó˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Î·È ·ÚfiÙÚ˘Ó·Ó ÙȘ µÚ˘Í¤ÏϘ Û ÌÈ· ÈÔ ÂÓÂÚÁ‹ Î·È ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁ›Ԣ Ì ٷ˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓË ·Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛË Î·È ÂÌ‚¿ı˘ÓÛË ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ µÚ˘ÍÂÏÏÒÓ-ª·ÁÎÚ¤Ì Î·È ª·ÛÚ¤Î. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ¯ÒÚ˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤·„·Ó ÔÙ¤ Ó· ÙÔÓ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙËÓ ∂∂ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔ ¡∞∆√ fiÙÈ Ô ÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ˜ ÌÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Îfi˜ ‚ÔÚÚ¿˜ Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ÈÛfiÙÈÌ· Ì ٷ ¿ÏÏ· ÎÚ¿ÙË-̤ÏË, ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ¿Ú· ÔÏÏ¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÊÙˆ¯fi ÌÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Îfi ÓfiÙÔ fiˆ˜ .¯. Ë ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ¢ÛË Î·È Ë Ï·ıÚÔÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ¢ÛË Î·È Ô˘ ·ÂÈÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfi ÈÛÙfi fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ Ô˘ ˘Ê›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÔÏfiÎÏËÚ˘ Ù˘ ∂.∂. ∏ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, Ë πÙ·Ï›·, Ë πÛ·Ó›·, Ë ¶ÔÚÙÔÁ·Ï›· Î·È Ë °·ÏÏ›· ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ∂.∂., ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛıÔ‡Ó Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ, fiˆ˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÁÂÈÙÔÓÈÎÒÓ. ∆·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ¤‚ÏÂ·Ó ˆ˜ ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ¡∞∆√ ÂÛÙÈ·˙fiÙ·Ó ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ ∫∞∂ Ì ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ë ·Ú·Ì¤ÏËÛË EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
ÙˆÓ ÌÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ, οÙÈ Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â˘ËÌÂÚ›· Î·È ÙË ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÌÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋˜ ÏÂοÓ˘. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁ›Ԣ Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ¿ÓÙÔÙ ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Û·Ó ÙfiÛÔ ÌÈ· ÈÛÔÛÎÂÏÈṲ̂ÓË ‰È‡ڢÓÛË Ù˘ ∂∂ Ì ÎÚ¿ÙË Ù˘ ∫∞ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁ›Ԣ (Î·È ÙˆÓ µ·ÏηӛˆÓ) fiÛÔ Î·È ÌÈ· ÈÛfiÚÚÔË Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎÒÓ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ˘Ô„‹ÊÈ·, Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ӷ Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ÎÚ¿ÙË Ù˘ ∫.∞. ∂˘ÚÒ˘, Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁ›Ԣ Î·È ÙˆÓ µ·ÏηӛˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÂÓ¿ Ì ÙȘ µÚ˘Í¤ÏϘ ∏ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË Ù˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ª¿ÏÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ·fi ÙËÓ 1Ë ª·˝Ô˘ 2004 ÛËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ› ÂÎ Ó¤Ô˘ ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Ù˘ ∂.∂. ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ÛÙË ÌÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋ ÏÂοÓË. ∏ ÂÓۈ̿وÛË Ù˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙÔ Îϛ̷ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ Î·È Û ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË ÙËÓ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋ ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ Î·È ÂÈ‚Ú·‚‡ÂÈ ÙȘ ›ÔÓ˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ‰È¯·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÓËÛÈÔ‡ Ó· ÂÎÏËÚÒÛÂÈ ÙfiÛÔ Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈο fiÛÔ Î·È Ù· ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Ù˘ ¤ÓÙ·Í˘. ∏ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË Ù˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ Â˘Ù˘¯‹ ηٿÏËÍË ÌÈ·˜ ›ÌÔÓ˘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ∫˘ÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÀÔ˘ÚÁ›Ԣ ∂͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÔÏÏÒÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ıÂÛÌÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÌË ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ. ∞˘Ùfi ‚¤‚·È· ‰ÂÓ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ¤’ Ô˘‰ÂÓ› fiÙÈ ÂÈχıËΠÙÔ Î˘ÚÈ·Îfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ·. √È ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÙfiÛÔ ÙˆÓ ∏ÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ∂ıÓÒÓ, ·Ó Î·È ‰ÂÓ Î·ÚÔÊfiÚËÛ·Ó ÛÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, fiÛÔ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂȉÈÎÒÓ ·ÂÛÙ·ÏÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ù˘ ∂.∂. Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘Ó¯ÈÛıÔ‡Ó Ì ÂÈÌÔÓ‹ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË Ù˘ ÔÏ˘fiıËÙ˘ χÛ˘.
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ŸÌˆ˜ Ë Û˘ÌÂÚ›ÏË„Ë Ù˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ÛÙË ∂.∂. Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÓfiÙ· ·ÈÛÈÔ‰ÔÍ›·˜ Ô˘ Ì·˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÙÂÓ›˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Ì ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÛÈÁÔ˘ÚÈ¿. ∏ ΢Úȷ΋ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ÙËÓ ÂÈ‚Ú¿‚¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰Èη›Ô˘ Î·È Ù˘ ËıÈ΋˜ ηıÒ˜ Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ù˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ˘ÛÙÂÚÔ‡Û Û ٛÔÙ· ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ˘Ô„‹ÊÈˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ. ∞Ó Ë ∫‡ÚÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›¯Â ÚÔÛ¯ˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ Ì ÙÔ ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ Â›¯Â ÂÈÏ˘ı› ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ·˘Ù‹˜, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÙԇ̠fiÙÈ Â›¯Â ÂÈÎÚ·Ù‹ÛÂÈ Ë ‰‡Ó·ÌË Ù˘ ·‰ÈΛ·˜ Î·È ˆ˜ fi,ÙÈ Â›¯Â Û˘ÌʈÓËı› ÛÙÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÏÛ›ÓÎÈ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û ‰¤ÛÌ¢ÛË Ù˘ ∂.∂., οÙÈ Ô˘ ı· ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯԇÛ Û ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙ·ÙÔ Ï‹ÁÌ· ηٿ Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÊÂÚÂÁÁ˘fiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ ∂.∂. ŒÓ· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ Ï‹ÍÂÈ Ù· ıÂ̤ÏÈ· ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ı· ¤Î·Ó ٷ ˘¿Ú¯ÔÓÙ· Î·È Ù· ˘Ô„‹ÊÈ· ÎÚ¿ÙË-̤ÏË ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο η¯‡ÔÙ· ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙȘ ‰È·ÎËÚ˘ÎÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ Ù˘.
∏ ∆Ô˘ÚÎÈ΋ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ÛÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó· ¤ÓÙ·ÍË Ù˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÓˆÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ¢ı› ›Û˘ ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ˯ËÚfiÙ·ÙÔ ¯·ÛÙÔ‡ÎÈ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÎÏËÙÈ΋ Î·È ¿‰ÈÎË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ·˜ Ô˘ ÈÛÙ‡ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ‰‡Ó·ÌË Ù˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋˜ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ ΢ڛˆ˜ Î·È Ë ÂοÛÙÔÙ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Î·È ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ ·fi ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙ·ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÙ·›ÚÔ˘˜, Û˘ÌÌ¿¯Ô˘˜ Î·È Ê›ÏÔ˘˜ ·ÚΛ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛË fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÛÎÔÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ. ªÂ ÙËÓ ˘ÔÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ∞ı‹Ó·˜ ·Ó·ÙÚ¿ËΠ¤ÛÙˆ Î·È ÚÔÛˆÚÈÓ¿ Ë ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ ÌÈ·˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ∏
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∆Ô˘ÚΛ· ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÓÙÈÏËÊı›, fiÙÈ ÛÙ· ∂˘Úˆ·˚ο ȉÂÒ‰Ë Ù˘ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜, ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜-‰Èη›Ô˘, ÂÈÚËÓÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó‡·Ú͢ Î·È ‰È¢ı¤ÙËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÒÓ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú·‚¿ÛÂȘ, ·Ú·‚È¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ‰È·ÛÙÚ‚ÏÒÛÂȘ. ∞Ó·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏ·, Ë ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡˜, Ë ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ Î·È ÂÌÔÚÈ΋ ‰‡Ó·ÌË, Ë ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ·fi ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔ‡˜ Ê›ÏÔ˘˜ Î·È Ë ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ·ÁÔÚ¿ Ù˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂËÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Î·È ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ. ∫¿ÔȘ ÊÔÚ¤˜ fï˜ fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ‰ÂÓ Â·ÚÎÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ‰‡ÛÎÔÏˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ù˘ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ∫˘ÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË Ù˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ‹ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο Ë Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ù˘ ¤ÓÙ·Í˘ Ù˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ Ì ÙËÓ Ï‹„Ë ËÌÂÚÔÌËÓ›·˜ ¤Ó·Ú͢ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÙ·ÍÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ·˜. ∏ Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ·fiÚÚÈ„Ë Ù˘ ÙÔ˘ÚÎÈ΋˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ÚÎÔ΢Úȷ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‹ÚıÂ Î·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ›‰ÈÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ∆Ô˘ÚÎÔ·ÚÈÔ˘˜, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ¤ÔÈÎÔ˘˜. ∆· Û˘ÏÏ·ÏËÙ‹ÚÈ· Ô˘ ¤Ï·‚·Ó ¯ÒÚ· ÛÙ· ηÙ¯fiÌÂÓ· Î·È Ô˘ ¤ÊÙ·Ó·Ó Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ Â›ÛÔ‰Ô Ù˘ ÔÈΛ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¡ÙÂÓÎÙ¿˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ë Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Î·È Ë ÈÔ ÙÚ·ÓÙ·¯Ù‹ ·fi‰ÂÈÍË Ù˘ ·Ù·ÁÒ‰Ô˘˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ·‰È·ÏÏ·Í›·˜. ∏ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ¡ÙÂÓÎÙ¿˜ ηٷ‰›Î·Û ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛٿ٘ ÙÔ˘. ∏ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ· ˘ÂÚ·ÛÈ˙fiÌÂÓË Î·È ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙfiÛ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÙÔ Î·Ù·Û··ÛÌ¿ Ù˘ ÂÚÈÊÚfiÓËÛ ÂȉÂÈÎÙÈο ÙËÓ ÕÙ˘Ë ™‡ÓÔ‰Ô ∫ÔÚ˘Ê‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó· Î·È ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯Â ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛË ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ. ∞˘Ùfi ·Ó·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏ· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙË ‰Èψ̷ÙÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡ Ù˘ ∞ı‹Ó·˜ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ·‡ÂÈ Ó· ˘ÂÓı˘Ì›˙ÂÈ ÛÙȘ µÚ˘Í¤ÏϘ ÙËÓ ÚÔÎÏËÙÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ÛË Ù˘ ÕÁ΢ڷ˜. ™Ù· Ù¤ÏË ÙÔ˘ 2004 Î·È ‡ÛÙÂÚ· ·-
fi ÂÓ‰Âϯ‹ ÂͤٷÛË Ù˘ ÚÔfi‰Ô˘ Ù˘ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ·˜ fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙȘ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ ıÂÛÌÈΤ˜, ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·Í‹ Ù˘, Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ÙË Û‡ÌʈÓË ÁÓÒÌË Ù˘ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ı· ‰Ôı› ÛÙËÓ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ· Ë ËÌÂÚÔÌËÓ›· ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ı· ·Ú¯›ÛÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·Í‹ Ù˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ∞fi fiÙÈ ‰È·Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ë ∆Ô˘ÚΛ· ‰ÂÓ ı· Á›ÓÂÈ Ï‹Ú˜ ̤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË Ù˘ µÔ˘ÏÁ·Ú›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ƒÔ˘Ì·Ó›·˜ ÙÔ 2007. ∏ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ·fiÊ·ÛË Ù˘ ÕÁ΢ڷ˜ Ó· ηٷı¤ÛÂÈ ÓÔÌÔÛ¯¤‰ÈÔ ÛÙËÓ ÙÔ˘ÚÎÈ΋ ÂıÓÔÛ˘Ó¤Ï¢ÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ·fiÎÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ÚÎÈ΋˜ Èı·Á¤ÓÂÈ·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ∆Ô˘ÚÎÔ·ÚÈÔ˘˜ Î·È Ë ·ıÚfi· ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ÚÎÔ΢Úȷ΋˜ Èı·Á¤ÓÂÈ·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ∆Ô‡ÚÎÔ˘˜ ¤ÔÈÎÔ˘˜ Ì ÛÎÔfi ‚¤‚·È· ÙËÓ ·ÏÏÔ›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂıÓÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ, ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ÕÁ΢ڷ ÂÈı˘Ì› Ó· ÛÎÏËÚ‡ÓÂÈ ÙË ÛÙ¿ÛË Ù˘ Î·È Ó· ÂÎÊÔ‚›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó· Î·È ÙËÓ §Â˘ÎˆÛ›· fiÙÈ ÂÓ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Ó· ÚÔ¯ˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ Ì ÙË ÚÔÛ¿ÚÙËÛË ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¯ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ fiˆ˜ ›¯Â ·ÓÂÈÏËÌ̤ӈ˜ ·ÂÈÏ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ.1 ∏ ÕÁ΢ڷ fï˜ ‰ÂÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ·ÓÙÈ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ·ÊÔ‡ ‰ËÏËÙËÚÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÙfiÛÔ ÙȘ ‰ÈÌÂÚ›˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÕÁ΢ڷ˜-∞ı‹Ó·˜ Î·È §Â˘ÎˆÛ›·˜-ÕÁ΢ڷ˜, fiÛÔ Î·È ÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÕÁ΢ڷ˜ Ì ÙȘ µÚ˘Í¤ÏϘ. ∏ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ··ÁÎÈÛÙÚˆı› ·fi ÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ Î·È ·fi ÙÔÓ ·‰È¿ÏÏ·ÎÙÔ ¡ÙÂÓÎÙ¿˜ Î·È Ó· ·ÔÊ·Û›ÛÂÈ ÁÈ· ÙȘ Ù‡¯Â˜ 70 ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÂηÙÔÌÌ˘Ú›ˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ. ∏ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ÕÁ΢ڷ˜ ÂÚÓ¿ÂÈ ˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈο, ÙÒÚ· ϤÔÓ, fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ·fi Ì›· ·ÏÏ¿ ‰‡Ô ÚˆÙ‡ԢÛ˜, ÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó· Î·È ÙËÓ §Â˘Îˆ-
Û›· Î·È ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË Î·ÏÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÁÂÈÙÔÓ›·˜ Î·È Ì ÙȘ ‰‡Ô.
∏ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Î·È Ë ¢È‡ڢÓÛË ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ‚Á·›ÓÂÈ ÎÂÚ‰ÈṲ̂ÓË ·fi ÙË ‰È‡ڢÓÛË. ∫·Ù¿ÊÂÚ ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ÔÏÏ¿ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜ Ó· ÂÓÙ·¯ı› Ë ∫‡ÚÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ Ó· ·˘Í‹ÛÂÈ ÙË ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù¢ÙÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡ Ô˘ ı· ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙ· ıÂÛÌÈο fiÚÁ·Ó· Ù˘ ∂∂. ∏ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ·˘Ù‹ ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÛÎÈ¿ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ∫˘ÚÈ·ÎÔ‡. ∏ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË Ù˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó, Ô‡ÙÂ Â›Ó·È ·˘ÙÔÛÎÔfi˜. ∏ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ΢ÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Î·È Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ ‡„ÈÛÙË ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜. ∂ÎÙfi˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡, Ë ÂÓÙ·Íȷ΋ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÌÔÚ› Û ÔÏÏ¿ ÛËÌ›· Ó· ·Ú·Ì›ÓÂÈ ÓÂÎÚfi ÁÚ¿ÌÌ· Â¿Ó ‰ÂÓ ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› Ë Ï‡ÛË ÛÙÔ Î˘ÚÈ·Îfi ·‰È¤ÍÔ‰Ô. √‡Ùˆ˜ ‹ ¿Ïψ˜ Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎÂÎÙË̤ÓÔ˘ ı· Á›ÓÂÈ ÌÔÓ¿¯· ÛÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÔ΢ÚÈ·Îfi ÙÌ‹Ì· Ù˘ Ó‹ÛÔ˘. ¶¤Ú·Ó ·˘ÙÔ‡ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏ¿ ÛËÌ›· ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ, ηÓfiÓˆÓ, Ô‰ËÁÈÒÓ Î.Ô.Î. ÂÓ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Ó· ·Ú·ÎˆÏ˘ı› ·fi ÙÔÓ ¡ÙÂÎÙ¿˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ·. ∏ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË Ù˘ ™ÏÔ‚ÂÓ›·˜ Î·È Ë ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ ¤ÓÙ·Í˘ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ‰‡Ô µ·ÏηÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÙÔ 2007 Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ¢ÓÔ˚Τ˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·. ªÂ ÙË ‰È‡ڢÓÛË Ù˘ ∂.∂. ÚÔ˜ Ù· ‰˘ÙÈο Î·È ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈο µ·ÏοÓÈ·, Ë ¯ÂÚÛfiÓËÛÔ˜ ‚Á·›ÓÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÔÌfiÓˆÛË Î·È ·Ú¯›˙ÂÈ ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ Ó· ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÛÎËÓ‹. ∏ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ Ù˘ ‰È‡ڢÓÛ˘ Ô˘ ı· Ù·˘ÙÈÛÙ› ¯ÚÔÓÈο Ì ÙËÓ ‰È‡ڢÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ¡∞∆√ ÚÔ˜ ·Ó·ÙÔÏ¿˜2 ı· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÂÈ ÙÔ Îϛ̷ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Î·È ı· ·ÔÌ·-
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EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
∏ ¢π∂ÀƒÀ¡™∏ ∆∏™ ∂∂ ÎÚ‡ÓÂÈ ÙȘ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜ ·Ó·‚›ˆÛ˘ ·Ù·‚ÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Ù˘¯Ô‰ÈˆÎÙÈÛÌÒÓ ÛÙËÓ µ·ÏηÓÈ΋. ∏ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓË Î·È ‰ÈÏ‹ ‰È‡ڢÓÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ-·Ì˘ÓÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÂÓfi˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfiÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ Û˘Ó·ÛÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙ· µ·ÏοÓÈ· ı· ÚÔÛ‰ÒÛÂÈ ÌÈ· Ó¤· ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÛÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ µ·ÏηÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Î·È ÌÂٷ͇ ·˘ÙÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ˘fiÏÔÈ˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘. ∏ ‰È‡ڢÓÛË Ù˘ ∂.∂. Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¡∞∆√ ı· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÂÈ ÙÔ Îϛ̷ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙȘ ËÁÂۛ˜ ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘ ÙÔ˘˜. ª¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓË ‰È‡ڢÓÛË ı· ÂÓÈÛ¯˘ıÔ‡Ó ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÔÈ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ› ıÂÛÌÔ› ÛÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜, ı· ‰ڷȈı› Î·È ‰È¢ڢÓı› ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜-‰Èη›Ô˘ Î·È Ë ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÈÔÓÔًوÓ, ı· ÂÓÈÛ¯˘ı› Ë ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ·, Ë ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›· Î·È Ë ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· Î·È ı· ·ÔÎËÚ˘¯ı› Ë Î·Ù¿ÏËÍË ÛÙË ‚›·3 Î·È Ë ·ÂÈÏ‹ ·˘Ù‹˜ ˆ˜ Ô ÌfiÓÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÒÓ. ∏ ∂.∂. ı· ÙÔÓÒÛÂÈ ÙÔ Îϛ̷ ·ÌÔÈ‚·›·˜ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Î·È ‰È· ̤ÛÔ˘ Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘ √¡∂4 Î·È Ù˘ ηٿÚÁËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÙÂψÓÂÈ·ÎÒÓ Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÈÛÔ‰‡Ó·ÌˆÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ ÛÙ· Ó¤· ÎÚ¿ÙË, ı· ÂÓÈÛ¯˘ı› Ë ‰È·ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋, ‰È·Û˘ÓÔÚȷ΋ Î·È ‰È·ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷ΋ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Û ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÙÔÌ›˜ ·ÌÔÈ‚·›Ô˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜. ŒÙÛÈ Ë ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜, ˆ˜ Ë ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ ¯ÒÚ· ÙˆÓ µ·ÏηӛˆÓ Ì Ôχ ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚÔ Â›Â‰Ô ‰È·‚›ˆÛ˘ Î·È Ì ÂÓÈÛ¯˘Ì¤ÓË ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· Ù˘, ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ı· ÚˆÙÔÛٷًÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ‰ÈÌÂÚÒÓ Î·È ÔÏ˘ÌÂÚÒÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ, ÂÌÔÚÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Â·ÊÒÓ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Á›ÙÔÓ¤˜ Ì·˜. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi ¿ÏψÛÙ ·Ó¿ÁÂÙ·È Î·È Ë ‰È¿ÓÔÈÍË Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
‰È·Û˘ÓÔÚȷ΋˜ ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜-∞Ï‚·Ó›·˜ ÛÙË ª¤ÚÙ˙·ÓË. ¶ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ, Ë ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ÙˆÓ µ·ÏηÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. Î·È ÛÙÔ ¡∞∆√ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ı· ·Ó·‚·ıÌ›ÛÂÈ Û˘ÓÔÏÈο ÙË ÁˆÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ÁˆÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ Î·È ÁˆÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ·Í›· Ù˘ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜ Î·È ı· ÌÂÈÒÛÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÙȘ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜ ¤ÎÚË͢ ÂÓfi˜ Ó¤Ô˘ µ·ÏηÓÈÎÔ‡ ÔϤÌÔ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÙÔÈÎÒÓ Î·È ‰È· ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹. ∆Ô ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ Îϛ̷ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ô˘ ‰È·Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ı· ÂÈÎÚ·Ù‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙË ¯ÂÚÛfiÓËÛÔ ÙÔ˘ ∞›ÌÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÊËÛ˘¯·ÛÌfi Ù˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ∏ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ· Î·È ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ-ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎfi ÛÎÏËÚÔ˘ÚËÓÈÎfi ηÙÂÛÙË̤ÓÔ Ô˘ ‰ÈÔÈΛ ÙË Á›ÙÔÓ· ¯ÒÚ· Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ‰˘Û·ÚÂÛÙË̤ÓÔ ·fi ÙËÓ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ÛÙË ∞ı‹Ó·, ÂÏ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ˆ˜ ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ fiÙÈ Î·Ù¿ οÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ÎˆÏ˘ÛÈÂÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË Ù˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ‹ Ó· ÂÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÂÓÙ·ÍÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÛÙ· ηÙ¯fiÌÂÓ·. ∏ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ· ÂÓÔ¯ÏË̤ÓË ·fi ÙË ™‡ÓÔ‰Ô ∫ÔÚ˘Ê‹˜ ÛÙË ∫ÔÂÁ¯¿ÁË ·ÓÙ¤‰Ú·Û Ì ÔÏϤ˜ ·Ú·‚È¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÓ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ ¶Ù‹ÛˆÓ. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÙÔ˘ÚÎÈΤ˜ ÂÈıÂÙÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ Ô˘ ¿Ú¯ÈÛ·Ó ·ÚÎÂÙfi ηÈÚfi5 ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙË ™‡ÓÔ‰Ô ∫ÔÚ˘Ê‹˜ ÛÙË ∫ÔÂÁ¯¿ÁË Î·È Ô˘ ÎÔÚ˘ÊÒıËÎ·Ó Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ™˘Ófi‰Ô˘ ˆ˜ ̤ÛÔ ›ÂÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Î˘Úȷ΋˜ ÏÂ˘Ú¿˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌËÓ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜. ∏ ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ∆Ô˘ÚΛ· ı· ÚԂ› Î·È Û ¿ÏϘ ÂÈıÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ Ì ÛÎÔfi Ó· ·Î˘ÚÒÛÂÈ
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Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˜Ë ∞ı‹Ó·˜ ηÈÓ· ηı˘ÛÙÂÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÙfiÛÔ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË Ù˜Ë ∫‡ÚÔ˘ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ∫˘ÚÈ·ÎÔ‡. ∂›Ó·È ¿ÁÓˆÛÙÔ ·Ó ÔÈ ÊÈÏÔÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÙ¤˜ ·Ú·Ì›ÓÔ˘Ó ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔ›, ÂȉÈο ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ·ÔÁÔËÙ¢ÙÈ΋ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÙˆÓ µÚ˘ÍÂÏÏÒÓ. ∞Ó ÙÔ ÊÈÏÔÂ˘Úˆ·˚Îfi Îϛ̷ ÂÈÎÚ·Ù‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ·, ÙfiÙ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· Ë ÌÂÙÚÈÔ¿ıÂÈ· Î·È Ë Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ó· ˘ÂÚÈÛ¯‡ÛÔ˘Ó ÌÂٷ͇ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ Î·È ∆Ô˘ÚΛ·˜. √È ·ÏÏ¿ÏÏËϘ ‰ËÏÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ¡ÙÂÓÎÙ¿˜ ÛÙËÓ ÕÁ΢ڷ Î·È ÛÙ· ηÙ¯fiÌÂÓ· Ì ÙËÓ Î¿Ï˘„Ë ÙˆÓ ËÁÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÂϯÒÓ Ù˘ ÙÔ˘ÚÎ΋˜ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘, fiÙÈ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ‰ÂÓ ·Ô‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ∞ı‹Ó·˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÎÔ‡ÂÈ Ó· Ù· ·Ó·ÙÚ¤„ÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÂÌÔ‰›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ˚‰Â¿˙Ô˘Ó Î·ÎÔ‡˜ ÔȈÓÔ‡˜. ∏ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ· ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÂÈÛÊ·Ï‹˜ Á›ÙÔÓ·˜ Î·È Ì ̛· ÚԂϤ„ÈÌË ÔÚ›·.
™ËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ 1. ™ÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ Ë ÕÁ΢ڷ ›¯Â ÚÔ¯ˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ Î·È Û ¿ÏÏ· ̤ÙÚ· Ô˘ ÈÛÔ‰˘Ó·ÌÔ‡Û·Ó Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÚÔÛ¿ÚÙËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¯Ô̤ӈÓ, fiˆ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÓۈ̿وÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¯ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ·˜. 2. ∆· µ·ÏηÓÈο ÎÚ¿ÙË Ô˘ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È Ì¤ÏË ÙÔ˘ ¡∞∆√ ·fi ÙË 1Ë π·ÓÔ˘·Ú›Ô˘ 2004 Â›Ó·È Ë µÔ˘ÏÁ·Ú›·, Ë ƒÔ˘Ì·Ó›· Î·È Ë ™ÏÔ‚ÂÓ›·. ∏ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÓˆÛË ·fi 1Ë ª·˝Ô˘ 2004. 3. Ÿˆ˜ .¯. Ë ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ‰ÔÏÔÊÔÓÈ΋ ›ıÂÛË Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙ‹ ¶Úˆı˘Ô˘ÚÁÔ‡ Ù˘ ™ÂÚ‚›·˜ Î·È ÊÈÏÔÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÙ‹ ∑fiÚ·Ó ∆˙›ÓÙ˙Ș. 4. ∆· Ó¤· ÎÚ¿ÙË Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÓÙ·¯ıÔ‡Ó ÛÙË ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ √¡∂ ÚÈÓ ·fi 2006-2008. 5. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ∆Ô˘ÚÎÈÎÒÓ ÂÓ·¤ÚÈˆÓ ·Ú·‚¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ·Ú·‚È¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ Ì‹Ó· √ÎÙÒ‚ÚÈÔ 2002 ¤ÊÙ·Û ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÛÙȘ 390.
∂.∂. ∫∞π ∂£¡√™ - ∫ƒ∞∆√™
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∏ ÏÔÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡
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Ë ‰È¿‰Ú·Û‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘¿ÁÁÂÏÔ˘ °. ª·ÓÔ˘‚¤ÏÔ˘ ¢ÈÂıÓÔÏfiÁÔ˘ ¶·ÓÙ›Ԣ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘
√ fiÚÔ˜ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi˜ (Europeanisation), ‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË Î·È ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Û ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi Â›Â‰Ô ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘. ∏ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·1 ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Ù˘ ÛÙȘ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈʤÚÂÈ Ë ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÛÙ· ¤ıÓË-ÎÚ¿ÙË, ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ ·˘ÙÒÓ, ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ÙÔ˘˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙ· ÂıÓÈο ÓÔÌÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÙȘ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷΤ˜ ‰ÈÔÈ΋ÛÂȘ. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ ÂÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ ‰ÈÂÚÂ˘Ó¿Ù·È Ë ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ Ó· Û¯ËÌ·ÙÔÔÈ› ·Ó›ÛËÌ· ÌÔÚÊÒÌ·Ù· fiˆ˜ ÔÈ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂˆÓ – ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛˆÓ, ÔÈ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔÈ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔÈ, Ë Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ – ÂıÓÒÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ÂÚ› ÓÔÚÌÒÓ Èı·Á¤ÓÂÈ·˜ (Knopf, 1997 Î·È Lemke, 1997).
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ÙˆÛË ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, Ë ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ ¤¯ÂÈ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û ηı·Ú¤˜ Î·È ·‰È·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙȘ ‰Ô̤˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ – ÌÂÏÒÓ (domestic structural change). ∫¿ı ¤Ó· ·fi ·˘Ù¿ ¯ÚÂÈ¿ÛÙËΠӷ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÛÙ› ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡, ·Ó Î·È Ë ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ¯ÚˆÌ·Ù›ÛÙËΠ̠ٷ «ÂıÓÈο ¯ÚÒÌ·Ù·» ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ¤Ó· Î·È ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ı· ‹Ù·Ó ·Ó¤ÊÈÎÙÔ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙȘ ÙfiÛ˜ ÂıÓÈΤ˜ ȉȷÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÔÈ΋ÛÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ¶·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Â-
Ù·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Ô ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi˜ ÈηÓfi˜ Ó· ÂÈʤÚÂÈ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙÔ ÎÏ·ÛÈÎfi ¤ıÓÔ˜ – ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ È¤ÛÂˆÓ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ (adaptational pressures) Ô˘ ·ÛΛ Û ·˘Ùfi. √È È¤ÛÂȘ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· ·fi ÙË Û˘Ì‚·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ Ù˘¯fiÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Ì ÙËÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ. ™Â ¤Ó· ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ô˘ ÔÈ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ› ıÂÛÌÔ› ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Ï‹Úˆ˜ Û˘Ì‚·ÙÔ› Ì ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ ‰ÂÓ ·ÛÎÂ›Ù·È Î·Ì›· ›ÂÛË ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ì οÔÈ· ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÛÙȘ ÂıÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ô-
̤˜. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÂΛ Ô˘ ·ÛÎÔ‡ÓÙ·È È¤ÛÂȘ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜, ‰Â ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ԇ̠̠ÛÈÁÔ˘ÚÈ¿ fiÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ì ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈΤ˜ ıÂÛÌÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜. ∂ıÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ˘fi-ÂıÓÈΤ˜ (subnational) ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ôχ ·Ï¿ Ó· ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ó Î¿ı ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ·ÓÙ·fiÎÚÈÛ˘ ÛÙȘ ȤÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ı· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ¤ÏÏÂÈÌÌ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ (implementation) Ù˘ ÂοÛÙÔÙÂ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ∆Ô Â¿Ó ÌÈ· ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÂÏÈο ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfiÛÂÈ ‹ fi¯È ÙË ıÂÛÌÈ΋ Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÛÙȘ Â˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙËÓ ‡·ÚEYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
∂.∂. ∫∞π ∂£¡√™ - ∫ƒ∞∆√™ ÍË ‹ fi¯È ÙˆÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛ˘. ø˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘˜ ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÂΛÓÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ·ÚÂÌ‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙ› ÔÌ·Ï¿ Ë Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔ ¤‰·Êfi˜ ÙÔ˘. ªÔÚԇ̠ӷ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ì (Cowles, Caporaso, Risse, 2001, Û. 9-12) ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıÔ˘˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ – Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛ˘: 1. ¢˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ¿ÛÎËÛ˘ ‚¤ÙÔ Û ÔÏÏ¿ ›‰· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ (multiple veto points) 2. £ÂÛÌÔıÂÙË̤ӷ fiÚÁ·Ó· ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛ˘ (facilitating formal institutions)
21
¢È·‰Èηۛ· ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡
¶È¤ÛÂȘ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜: ™˘Ì‚·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÌÂٷ͇ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ
£ÂÛÌÔ› - ¶Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ªÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛ˘
3. ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· Î·È ÓfiÚ̘ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ (organizational and policymaking cultures) 4. ¢È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈË̤ÓË ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÚÒÓÙˆÓ (differential empowerment) 5. ª¿ıËÛË (learning) Ÿˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Î·È ÛÙÔ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 1, Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÙÚÈÒÓ ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÒÓ Ê¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ‚ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ Ë ›‰È· Ë «¢È·‰Èηۛ· ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡» (·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË ‰ÔÌÒÓ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Û ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ›‰Ô) ÚÔηÏ› «¶È¤ÛÂȘ ¶ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜» ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› Û˘Ì‚·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘. ™˘Ì‚·ÙfiÙËÙ· fï˜ Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ÂÈʤÚÂÈ «∞ÏÏ·Á‹ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ» ÌfiÓÔ Â¿Ó ÔÈ «£ÂÛÌÔ› – ¶Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ªÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛ˘» (Knill, 1998) ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂEYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
∞ÏÏ·Á‹ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 1: ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi˜ Î·È ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ (¶ËÁ‹: Caporaso et alii, eds, 2001)
ÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÙÂÏÈο ˘Ô·„Ô˘Ó ÛÙȘ ȤÛÂȘ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ·Ó ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ë «¢È·‰Èηۛ· ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡» Î·È Û˘Ó·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı· ÂÓÙ·ÙÈÎÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ «¶È¤ÛÂȘ ¶ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜», ·˘Ùfi ‰Â ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ (·ÔÙÂÏ› ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÈηӋ ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È ·Ú΋ ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË). ∂›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ ÚÒÙ·, ÔÈ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ó· ˘ÂÚÈÛ¯‡ÛÔ˘Ó Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿‰Ú·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ «£ÂÛÌÔ‡˜ – ¶Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜
ªÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛ˘» οı ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰ÚÔ˘Ó ıÂÙÈο ˘¤Ú ‹ / Î·È ··ÁÔÚ¢ÙÈο ηٿ ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ·ÊÔ‡ ı· ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙÔ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 1, ı· ‰ÈÂÚ¢ӋÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜, ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ù˘ ªÂÁ¿Ï˘ µÚÂÙ·Ó›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·˜.
∂.∂. ∫∞π ∂£¡√™ - ∫ƒ∞∆√™
22
√ ‰ÚfiÌÔ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi˜
√
È ‰Ô̤˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ÛÂ
∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ›‰Ô, ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌ·ÛÙ fiÙ·Ó ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈԇ̠ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi˜, ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ¿ÌÂÛ· ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ ÛÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÂ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ›‰Ô, fiÛÔ Î·È Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈο ‰›ÎÙ˘· (policy networks) Ô˘ ÂÍÂȉÈ·ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎÒÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ. √ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi˜ ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Ó¤ˆÓ ÂȤ‰ˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ô˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉÚÔ‡Ó Ì ٷ ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚ·. ªÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û˘, fï˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ ÚÔηıÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡, ·ÏÏ¿ ·Ê‹ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÂχıÂÚË ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋ ÂͤٷÛË. ∆· Ó¤· ·˘Ù¿ ›‰· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Â›ÛËÌˆÓ Î·È ·Ó›ÛËÌˆÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ, ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ, ÓÔÚÌÒÓ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ÛÂ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi, ÂıÓÈÎfi Î·È ˘fi-ÂıÓÈÎfi ›‰Ô. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ó· ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈο ÙÔÓ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi ·fi ÙË ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ / ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ‰È¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ (Keohane and Milner 1996). ŒÙÛÈ ÏÔÈfiÓ, Ô
∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi˜ ·Ó Î·È ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ›Ù ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ¿˜ Ù˜ ›Ù ·ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜ ÚÔÛٷهÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ·ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜, ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ fï˜ ÌÈ· ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ‹ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ô˘ ÚÔËÁÂ›Ù·È ‹ ¤ÂÙ·È Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ (Rosamond 1999). ∆Ô ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ̤· ÙˆÓ ÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ Â›¯Â ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ: ÙÔ ¿ÓÔÈÁÌ· Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ Û ȉȈÙÈÎfi ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ÛÙÔ ÙÔ̤· ·˘Ùfi ¿ÛÎËÛ ÈÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ ȤÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ∂∫/∂∂ Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ Ì¤Ûˆ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙÔ ÙÔ̤· ÙˆÓ ÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ ÎÚ¿ÙË, fiˆ˜ Ë πÙ·Ï›·, ¤ÂÈÙ· Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ·fi ¤ÓÙÔÓ˜ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ, Ô‰ËÁ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÚ‡ıÌÈÛË (deregulation ‹ reregulation ÁÈ· ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜) ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ̤· ÛÙÔ ¤‰·Êfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË fï˜ Û ÎÚ¿ÙË fiˆ˜ Ë ªÂÁ¿ÏË µÚÂÙ·Ó›· Î·È ÌÂÚÈÎÒ˜ ÛÙË °ÂÚÌ·Ó›· Î·È ÛÙË °·ÏÏ›·, fiÔ˘ ›¯·Ó ‹‰Ë ÂÌÊ·ÓÈÛÙ› ̤ÙÚ· ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ ÚÈÓ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÂ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ›‰Ô, ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ‰Ô‡Ì ÂȉڿÛÂȘ Ù˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔηٷϿ‚ÂÈ ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ›‰Ú·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡.
¶È¤ÛÂȘ ¶ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜
∆
Ô ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ‚‹Ì· ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›·
·fi ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ ÙÂÏÈ΋ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ·ÔÙÂ-
ÏÔ‡Ó ÔÈ È¤ÛÂȘ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜, Ô˘ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘Ó ÙË Û˘Ì‚·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ È¤ÛÂȘ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Â›Ó·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÚfiʈ˜ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ Ù˘ ηٷÏÏËÏfiÙËÙ·˜ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ÂȉÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˜ ÂıÓÈΤ˜. ŒÙÛÈ, ÔÈ È¤ÛÂȘ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙÂÚ˜ fiÛÔ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÂıÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜, ÛÙÔÓ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ÙÔ̤· Ô˘ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÙ·È, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Û˘ÁÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Ó Ì ÙȘ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ηÓfiÓ˜. ¶ˆ˜ fï˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ È¤ÛÂȘ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜; ∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙȘ ÂıÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ¤Ó· ıÂÛÌÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· (Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ› ηÓfiÓ˜, ηÓÔÓÈÛÌÔ› Î·È Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÓfiÚ̘) ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿ Ì ¤Ó· ¿ÏÏÔ ıÂÛÌÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· (ÙȘ ‰Â‰Ô̤Ó˜ ÂıÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ̤ÏÔ˘˜). ªÔÚԇ̠ӷ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ì ‰‡Ô ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ô ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi˜ ·ÛΛ ȤÛÂȘ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÛÙȘ ÂıÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜: ÚÒÙÔÓ, ÔÈ Â˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Û ·Û˘Ì‚·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ Î·È Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÌÒÓ ·fi ÙË Ì›· Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ·Î·Ù·ÏÏËÏfiÙËÙ· Î·È ·Û˘Ì‚·ÙfiÙËÙ· ·ÛΛ ȤÛÂȘ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
∂.∂. ∫∞π ∂£¡√™ - ∫ƒ∞∆√™ ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜. ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, Ô ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi˜ ÌÔÚ› ¿ÌÂÛ· Ó· ·ÛΛ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÛÙÈΤ˜ ȤÛÂȘ ÛÙȘ ÂÁ¯ÒÚȘ ÂıÓÈΤ˜ ıÂÛÌÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜. Ÿˆ˜ ı· Ê·Ó› Î·È ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ, Ô ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi˜ ÌÔÚ› ¢ı¤ˆ˜ Ó· ÚÔηϤÛÂÈ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ Û ‚·ÛÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋˜ ÓfiÚÌ·˜ ÌÈ·˜ ¯ÒÚ·˜.
£ÂÛÌÔ› – ¶Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ªÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛ˘ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÒÓ
™
ȤÛÂˆÓ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜, Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›· ‹ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ·Ô˘Û›· ıÂÛÌÒÓ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛ˘ ÌÂٷ͇ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÔÈ΋ÛˆÓ, Â›Ó·È ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ÁÈ· ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi Û‡ÁÎÏÈÛ˘ Î·È ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡. ™ÙÔÓ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ›Ó·Î· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÔÈ ıÂÛÌÔ› Î·È ÔÈ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·: ñ ¢˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ¿ÛÎËÛ˘ ‚¤ÙÔ Û ÔÏÏ¿ ›‰· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ŸÛÔ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ ÂıÓÈÎÔ› ‰ÚÒÓÙ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ· ÛÙË Ï‹„Ë ÌÈ·˜ ·fiÊ·Û˘ (‰ËÏ·‰‹ fiÛÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ‰È¿¯˘ÛË ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·), ÙfiÛÔ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏfiÙÂÚÔ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› ÙÔ ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ ÂıÓÈÎfi consensus ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ ‰ÔÌÈΤ˜ Î·È ıÂÛÌÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Ô˘ ÚÔη-
EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
Ï› Ë ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ (Tsebelis, 1995). ñ £ÂÛÌÔıÂÙË̤ӷ fiÚÁ·Ó· ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛ˘. ∞ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÂΛÓÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ›ÛËÌÔ˘˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰ÚÒÓÙ˜ ÙÔ ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi Î·È È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ·fiıÂÌ· ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Â͢ËÚÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‰ÔÌÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜. ñ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· Î·È ÓfiÚ̘ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘. ∏ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· Î·È ÔÈ ÓfiÚ̘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· Ï·›ÛÈÔ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛ˘ ̤۷ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ‰ÚÒÓÙ˜ Â͢ËÚÂÙÔ‡Ó Ù· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ ÌÈ· «ÏÔÁÈ΋ ηٷÏÏËÏfiÙËÙ·˜», Ë ÔÔ›· ıˆÚ› οı ‰Ú¿ÛË Î·ÓÔÓÈÎÔÔÈË̤ÓË (March and Olsen, 1998). ∂‰Ò ÔÈ ‰ÚÒÓÙ˜ ÚˆÙÔ‡Ó: «¶ÔÈ· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ;», «∆È Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· οÓÔ˘Ì ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹;», «¶ÔÈÔ˜ ηÓfiÓ·˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È;» ñ ¢È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈË̤ÓË ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÚÒÓÙˆÓ. √È ‰ÔÌÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Û ·Ó·‰È·ÓÔÌ‹ Ù˘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ‹ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰‡Ô ·ÓÙÈÎÚÔ˘fiÌÂÓ˜ ·fi„ÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙˆÓ Î‡ÚÈˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÚÒÓÙˆÓ: Ë ÚÒÙË (Moravcsik, 1994) ÙÔ˘˜ ı¤ÏÂÈ ÌÂÙ·‚È‚¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›Â˜ ·fi ÙÔ ÂıÓÈÎfi ÛÙÔ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi
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›‰Ô, Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ·È ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔ›ˆÓ ˘Ô-ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‹ / Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÚÒÓÙˆÓ, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÌfiÓÔÈ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏËÙ¤˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô˘˜ Â˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙ¤˜ (¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›· ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ·fiÏ˘ÙË ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔ›ˆÓ ‰ÚÒÓÙˆÓ ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· ÙÔ˘˜). ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ¿Ô„Ë ı¤ÏÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÁ¯ÒÚÈÔ˘˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ‹ / Î·È ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ˘Ô-ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰ÚÒÓÙ˜, Ó· ÎÂÚ‰›˙Ô˘Ó Ó¤· ËÁ‹ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ Ë ∂∂ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ηٷÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙ¤˜ Î·È Ó· ·Â˘ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ Ó¤Ô Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ΤÓÙÚÔ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ÛÙȘ µÚ˘Í¤ÏϘ (Marks, 1993) ñ ª¿ıËÛË. √È Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ› ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈË̤Ó˘ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛ˘ Î·È ·Ó·‰È·ÓÔÌ‹˜ Ù˘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ‰ÂÓ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ‰ÚÒÓÙ˜ ·ÏÏ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ ÙËÓ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ·, Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙȘ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ¤ÏıÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÂȉȈÎfiÌÂÓ˜ ‰ÔÌÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜. ŸÌˆ˜ ‚Ï¤Ô˘Ì fiÙÈ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡, ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È Î·È ÌÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Ô˘ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ. ™ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ·-
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∂.∂. ∫∞π ∂£¡√™ - ∫ƒ∞∆√™ ·Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Ë ÂÍ‹˜ ‚·ÛÈ΋ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË: ÚÒÙÔÓ Û ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ fiÔ˘ ÔÈ ‰ÚÒÓÙ˜ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ· ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó Ì¤Û· Î·È ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ Î·È ÔÈ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ Û ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ fiÔ˘ ÔÈ ‰ÚÒÓÙ˜ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û ϋÚË ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ∂›Ó·È Ê·ÓÂÚfi fiÙÈ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ Ì¿ıËÛË ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ù˘ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚ˘ ηÙËÁÔÚ›·˜ (Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ¿ÏψÛÙÂ Î·È ÔÈ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚ˜) ·Ú¿ Û ÂΛӘ Ù˘ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚ˘, fiÔ˘ ¿ÏψÛÙÂ Î·È Ô ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi˜ ‰ÔÌÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏÒÓ ÏfiÁˆ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È ‰ÔÌÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏÒÓ (ÌË ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏÒÓ ÛÙËÓ Ô˘Û›· ÙÔ˘˜) ÏfiÁˆ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ ÛÎÔÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÚÒÓÙˆÓ, Â›Ó·È ‰˘Û¯ÂÚ‹˜.
∆· ÙÚ›· ·˘Ù¿ ‚‹Ì·Ù· (¢È·‰Èηۛ· ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡, ¶È¤ÛÂȘ ¶ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜, £ÂÛÌÔ› Î·È ¶Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ªÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛ˘) ÂÍËÁÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ÊÙ¿ÓÔ˘Ì ÙÂÏÈο ÛÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÂÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘Ì ‰ÔÌÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÏfiÁˆ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ ¿Ó: 1. ∞ÛÎËıÔ‡Ó ÈÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ ȤÛÂȘ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÁ¯ÒÚÈÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ 2. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ıÂÛÌÔ› ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛ˘ Ô˘ ı· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÈ΋ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ.
¶ÂÚÈÙˆÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ªÂϤÙË: ∏ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈ΋˜ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙË µÚÂÙ·Ó›· Î·È ÛÙË °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·
∞
ÊÔ‡ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÙËÎÂ Ë «ÏÔ-
ÁÈ΋» ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ ˆ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈ͢ Î·È ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÛÂ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi Â›Â‰Ô ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘, Î·È ·Ó·Ï‡ıËΠҘ ·˘Ù‹ Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ô‰ËÁ› ÙÂÏÈο ÛÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ, ı· ÂȯÂÈÚËı› ÙÒÚ· ÌÈ· ÂÚÈÙˆÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Ê·Ó› Ë Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ı¤Û˘ Î·È Ó· ÂÍÂÙ·ÛÙ›, ¤ÛÙˆ ÛÙ· fiÚÈ· Ô˘ ÌÈ· ÂÚÈÙˆÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ, ÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰›Ô˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡, Ù· ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÌÂÈÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù¿ Ù˘. ∂ÈϤ¯ıËÎÂ Ë ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈ΋ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈfi Ù˘. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È: Ë √‰ËÁ›· ¶fiÛÈÌÔ˘ ¡ÂÚÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ 1980, Ë √‰ËÁ›· ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ ÛÙËÓ ¶ÂÚÈ-
‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ∂ÓË̤ڈÛË ÙÔ˘ 1990, Ô ∫·ÓÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ EMAS ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Î·È Ù· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ë √‰ËÁ›· EIA ÙÔ˘ 1985 ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÙÒÛÂˆÓ ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÔÈ ÂÍÂÙ·˙fiÌÂÓ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ›Ó·Î·:
√È ÂÍÂÙ·˙fiÌÂÓ˜ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ √‰ËÁ›· ¶fiÛÈÌÔ˘ ¡ÂÚÔ‡, 1980 ŒıÂÙ ÔÈÔÙÈο ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÏÏËÏfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ fiÛÈÌÔ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡. ¶ÚÔ¤‚Ï ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙË Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÂϤÁ¯ˆÓ › ÙˆÓ ·ÚÔ¯¤ˆÓ fiÛÈÌÔ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡. √‰ËÁ›· ¶ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ ÛÙËÓ ¶ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ∂ÓË̤ڈÛË, 1990 ∞ÔÙÂÏ› ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜ Ù˘ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ Ó· ηٷÛÙ‹ÛÂÈ Â‡ÎÔÏË ÙËÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ÂÓË̤ڈÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Ù˘ ∂∂ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÏ·ÙÙˆıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Î·È ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈ΋˜ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜.
∂ıÓÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈΤ˜ ȤÛÂȘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ µÚÂÙ·Ó›· √‰ËÁ›· fiÛÈÌÔ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡
°ÂÚÌ·Ó›·
∫·ı˘ÛÙÂÚË̤ÓË ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹
K·ı˘ÛÙÂÚË̤ÓË ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹
√‰ËÁ›· ¶ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ ÛÙËÓ ¶ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ∂ÓË̤ڈÛË
¶ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹
ªË - ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹
∫·ÓÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ∂ª∞S
¶ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹
¶ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹
ªË - ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹
ªË - ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹
√¢∏°π∞ ∂π∞
EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
∂.∂. ∫∞π ∂£¡√™ - ∫ƒ∞∆√™ ∫·ÓÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ EMAS (Environmental Management and Auditing Systems) ∫·ıȤڈÓ ¤Ó· ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ ‚ÔËıÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ Â˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ó· ˘ÔÏÔÁ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜. √‰ËÁ›· EIA, 1985 (Environmental Impact Assessment) ÀÔ¯Ú¤ˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÔ‡˜ (‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ Î·È È‰ÈˆÙÈÎÒÓ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛˆÓ) Ó· ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙȘ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ (Ô˘ ÚÔ¤‚Ï ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο Ë √‰ËÁ›·) Û ÌÈ· ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ∞Ú¯‹. √È Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈΤ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Â›Ó·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜ Ù˘ ∫ÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂÈ ¤Ó· Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎfi ηıÂÛÙÒ˜ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Î·È ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ηٷӷψً ÁÈ· ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù·. ªÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ fï˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Ó· ‰Ô‡Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÓÙ¤‰Ú·Û·Ó ‰‡Ô ÎÚ¿ÙË Ì¤ÏË Ù˘ ∂∂ /∂∫ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÛÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ı· ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ù˘ µÚÂÙ·Ó›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·˜: Ÿˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ›Ó·Î· ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ¯ÒÚ˜ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ∫·ÓÔÓÈÛÌfi EMAS, ·Ó Î·È Ë µÚÂÙ·Ó›· ·ÊÔ‡ Ù˘ ·ÛÎËıÔ‡Ó ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙÂÚ˜ ȤÛÂȘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜, ÂÓÒ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· ηÌÈ¿ ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ √‰ËÁ›· EIA. ™ËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Â›Ó·È Â‰Ò Ó· ÂÈÛËÌ·Óı› Î·È Ë ÓÔÌÈ΋ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔEYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
Ô›ËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ∫·ÓÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ·fi ÌÈ· √‰ËÁ›·. ∂ӉȷʤÚÔÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·È Ë ÌË – ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·˜ ÛÙËÓ √‰ËÁ›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ÂÓË̤ڈÛË. ∞˘Ùfi ÂÍËÁÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙË ÁÂÚÌ·ÓÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Ë ÂÓË̤ڈÛË ·˘Ù‹ Ó· ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÌÂÛ· ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Î·È fi¯È ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ ÎÔÈÓfi. ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜, ·˘Ù‹ Ë ·Û˘Ì‚·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ô‰ËÁ›·˜ Î·È ÂıÓÈ΋˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÓ Û˘Ó¤‚·ÈÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ µÚÂÙ·Ó›·˜. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ √‰ËÁ›· ÂÚ› fiÛÈÌÔ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡, ·Ú·ÙËÚԇ̠ηı˘ÛÙÂÚË̤ÓË ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ¯ˆÚÒÓ. ∞˘Ùfi ÂÍËÁÂ›Ù·È ÏfiÁˆ ÙˆÓ ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚˆÓ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈ΋˜ Ô‰ËÁ›·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÔ¯¤ˆÓ ÓÂÚÔ‡ Ô˘ ·˘Ù¿ ÚÔοÏÂÛ·Ó Î·È ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô ¯ÒÚ˜.
™˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·
∆
Ô ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚-
ÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÔÈ΋ÛÂˆÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÎÂÚ‰›˙ÂÈ ¤‰·ÊÔ˜ ÛÙË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· (Â˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ ÛÔ˘‰¤˜, Û˘-
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ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋). Ÿˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËÎÂ Î·È ÛÙ· ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ· Ë ¤Ú¢ӷ ηχÙÂÈ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÙÒÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ (ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜, ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷΤ˜ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜, Û ÌÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ¯ÒÚ·). ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜ Ï›ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ô˘ ı· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙË ‰È¿‰Ú·ÛË ∂∂ – ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ Û fiÏ· Ù· ›‰· ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› Ô ÂÈ˙ËÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˜ ‰ÔÌÈÎfi˜ ÈÛÔÌÔÚÊÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÚÁ·Û›· Âȯ›ÚËÛ ӷ ·Ó·‰Â›ÍÂÈ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Î·È Ó· ÙËÓ ÙÂÎÌËÚÈÒÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈ΋ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋. ŒÙÛÈ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË ÂÓfi˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ˘ÂÚÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂˆÓ ·fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ‰È¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜. ªÂÙÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ Ô˘ ʤÚÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙ¿ ÙËÓ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ‰ÚÒÓÙ˜ Ù˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜.
Abstract This article analyses the impact of European policies on national administrations. Under which conditions can we expect domestic change, particularly the convergence of administrative styles and structures? How can we explain national patterns of administrative transformation in the context of Europeanisation? In order to explain domestic change we follow the three-step conceptual framework set by Caporaso, Cowles and Risse: Europeanisation, goodness of fit and mediating factors. We expect structural change in response to Europeanisation to occur if and when it generates significant adaptational pressures in the domestic environment and also when facilitating factors are present, enabling actors to induce or push through institutional change. Finally, we include an account of the administrative impact of EU environmental policy in Britain and Germany.
∫∞¡∞¢π∫∏ √ª√™¶√¡¢π∞
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∫∞¡∞¢π∫√™ Oª√™¶√¡¢π™ª√™:
ª›· ¢¤ÏÈÎÙË ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ √ÌÔÛÔÓ‰›· ÙÔ˘ ™Ù·‡ÚÔ˘ ∫Ô‡ÚÙ·ÏË ∞fiÊÔÈÙÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ªÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·ÎÔ‡ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ «¢ÈÂıÓÒÓ & ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ, ‚ÔËıfi˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ‹˜ ÛÙÔ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎfi ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ªÂÏÂÙÒÓ (∂∫∂ª)
ηӷ‰È΋ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›· Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÈÔ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓÔ ›Ûˆ˜ ÚfiÙ˘Ô ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·˜, Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÈÏÔÌÔÚÊ›·. ∏ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙÔ˘ ηӷ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÔ‡ ÚÔÙ‡Ô˘ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ Ó· ÂÁÁ˘¿Ù·È Ù· ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘, Û‚fiÌÂÓÔ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ÙȘ ȉȷÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÒÓ ÎÚ·Ùȉ›ˆÓ Î·È ÙÔÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓÔًوÓ1. ∏ ÔÈÎÈÏÔÌÔÚÊ›· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë È‰È·ÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ηӷ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ fiÙÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ‰¤Î· ·گ›Â˜, ÙÚÂȘ ÂÚÈʤÚÂȘ Î·È ‰‡Ô ›ÛË̘ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, fï˜, Ô ∫·Ó·‰¿˜ Â›Ó·È Ì›· ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú¯·ÈfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤Ó˜ ‰ËÌÔÎڷٛ˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌ›ˆ˜ Î·È ·fi ÙȘ ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙÂÚ˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ. ∞˘Ùfi ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Î·Ó·‰ÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Ì ¤Ó· ÛÙfi¯Ô: ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË Ù˘ ÂıÓÈ΋˜ Û˘ÓÔ-
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¯‹˜, ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ‰Èη›Ô˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Û‚·ÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ2. √ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰ÈÛÌfi˜ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, ˘fi ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ·Ú¯¤˜ Û οıÂ Â›Â‰Ô ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ·˘ÙÔÙÂÏ‹ ÈÛ¯‡ Ë Ì›· ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ·Ú¯‹ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ηӷ‰ÈÎÔ‡˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ ¿Óˆ Î·È ¤Ú· ·fi fi,ÙÈ Â›ÛËÌ· ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·. √È ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ ÁÈ· Ù· Û¯ÔÏÈο Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈ· (ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÛÙÔ Quebec) ‰ÈÂÍ¿ÁÔÓÙ·È Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿ ·fi ÙȘ ‰ËÌÔÙÈΤ˜ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¤˜ ·fi ÙȘ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷΤ˜ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¤˜ ·fi ÙȘ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷΤ˜ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜. √ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔ˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ô˘ ‰ÈÂΉÈÎÔ‡Ó Î·ı¤Ó· ·fi Ù· Ù¤ÛÛÂÚ· ›‰· Â›Ó·È ·Ó›ÛËÌ· ÌÈÎÚfi˜ Î·È Â›ÛËÌ· ·Ó‡·ÚÎÙÔ˜. √È ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈʤÚÂȘ ÙˆÓ Â·Ú¯È·ÎÒÓ Î·È ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÒÓ ˘Ô˘ÚÁ›ˆÓ Ì ٷ ›‰È· ‹ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ¯·ÚÙÔÊ˘Ï¿ÎÈ· ‰ÂÓ Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ Ô‡ÙÂ, ηٿ η-
ÓfiÓ·, Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ì ٷ Û‡ÓÔÚ· ÙˆÓ ‰‹ÌˆÓ ‹ Ì ·˘Ù¿ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›ˆÓ Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›ˆÓ ‹ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎÒÓ ÁÚ·Ê›ˆÓ. ∆· ÔÏÈÙÈο ÎfiÌÌ·Ù·, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÛÙ· ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚ· ›‰·, Û˘¯Ó¿ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÂ‡Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ·ÏÂÍÈΤڷ˘ÓÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎÙfiÓˆÛË Ù˘ ‰˘ÛÊÔÚ›·˜, Û˘¯Ó¿ ÂÊ‹ÌÂÚ˘ Î·È ˘ÔÙ˘ˆ‰Ò˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó˘3. √ ∫·Ó·‰¿˜ οÔÙ ›¯Â Ù· ›‰È· ÎfiÌÌ·Ù· ÛÙÔ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi, ·گȷÎfi Î·È fiÔ˘ ˘‹Ú¯Â, ÛÙÔ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎfi ›‰Ô. ¶ÔÏÏ¿ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰ÈÛÌÔ‡ ¤ÙÂÈÓ·Ó ÙËÓ ·Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Î·È ÙË ‰È¿Ï˘ÛË. ¡¤· ÎfiÌÌ·Ù· ÂÌÊ·Ó›ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÛÙ· ‰ËÌÔÙÈο Î·È ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙ· ·گȷο ›‰·. √È ‰ÂÛÌÔ› ÌÂٷ͇ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Â·Ú¯È·ÎÒÓ ÙÂÚ‡ÁˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÍ·Ûı¤ÓÈÛ·Ó, ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ̤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ˘ ÛËÌ›Ԣ Ù˘ ‰È¿Û·Û˘4. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο, Â‰Ò Î·È Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜, ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ÔÏÈÙÈο ÎfiÌÌ·Ù· ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ˙·Ó ÛıÂÓ·Ú¿ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›· EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
∫∞¡∞¢π∫∏ √ª√™¶√¡¢π∞ Ù˘ ·گ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∫Â̤Î.5 ∆Ô Î‡ÚÈÔ Âȯ›ÚËÌ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹Ù·Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ Á·ÏÏfiʈÓÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ∫Â̤Π‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ˘ÔÌ›ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÌÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ· ̤۷ ÛÙÔ ∫·Ó·‰ÈÎfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜, Î·È fiÙÈ Ù· Û‡ÓÔÚ· ÙÔ˘ ∫·Ó·‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ı· ¤Ú ӷ ÛÙ·Ì·ÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙ· Â͈ÙÂÚÈο Û‡ÓÔÚ· ÙÔ˘ ∫Â̤Î. Ÿˆ˜ ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È fï˜ ·fi ÙÔ ∫·Ó·‰ÈÎfi ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi Û‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·, ÙÔ Âȯ›ÚËÌ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹Ù·Ó ¿ÙÔÔ6. ∫·È ·˘Ùfi, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÛÙÔ ∫·Ó·‰¿ Ë Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯È΋ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›· ÙˆÓ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÒÓ ÎÚ·Ùȉ›ˆÓ, ÙÔ ‰ÈηÈÔ‰ÔÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë ÔÏ˘ÂıÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÚËÙ¿ ·fi ÙÔ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·. ŸÏ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ·Ú¯¤˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÙËÎ·Ó Î·È Â›ÛËÌ· ÙÔ 1982 Ì ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÿÚÙË ÙˆÓ ıÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ √ÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·7. √ ÿÚÙ˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÚËÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÔÓ Û‚·ÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÒÓ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ Î·Ó·‰ÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ Ï‹ÚË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÛÙ· ‰ÈηÛÙ‹ÚÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ‰›Î·ÈÔ Û ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ·Ú·‚›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ∫·Ó·‰¿. ∞Ú¯Èο Ë ÂÓۈ̿وÛË ÙÔ˘ ÿÚÙË ÛÙÔ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛ ÙȘ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ÙfiÛÔ ÙˆÓ ÙÔÈÎÒÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂˆÓ fiÛÔ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋˜ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ∫·Ó·‰¿, Ì ÙÔ Âȯ›ÚËÌ· fiÙÈ ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· Ú¿ÍË ı· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·˜. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ̤۷ Û ¤ÓÙ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ ÊÔÚ›˜ (ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ›, ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·ÎÔ›, ˘fi-ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·ÎÔ›) ηٿϷ‚·Ó fiÙÈ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Ë ÌÂÙÔ˘Û›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÿÚÙË ÛÙÔ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· ‰ÂÓ ı· ÌÂÙ¤ÙÚÂEYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
 ÙÔ ∫·Ó·‰¿ Û ¤Ó· ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Ì ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙÔ! £· ÂÓ›Û¯˘Â Ôχ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙÔ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi ÚfiÙ˘Ô ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤Ó˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›Â˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Î·È ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÒÓ ÎÚ·Ùȉ›ˆÓ. √ ÿÚÙ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ Â›Ù¢ÁÌ· Î·È ÂÈÛÙ¤Á·ÛÌ· Ù˘ ∫·Ó·‰È΋˜ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙ÂÈ ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÁÈÛÙÔ ÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÔΤÓÙÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈÒÓ Î·È ÙË ‰‡Ó·ÌË Ù˘ ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÂÈÒÓ Ù˘. ∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‹Ù·Ó fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ ∫·Ó·‰Ô› Ó· ıˆÚÔ‡Ó Ï¤ÔÓ ÙÔÓ Ã¿ÚÙË ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë ıÂÛÌÈο ̤۷ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÛÙË Â·Ú¯›· ÙÔ˘ ∫Â̤Î. ∫·È ·˘Ùfi, ‰ÈfiÙÈ, fiˆ˜ ÛËÌÂÈÒÓÂÈ Î·È Ô Î·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ James Kelly ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ Brok ÛÙÔ St Catharines, Ô Ã¿ÚÙ˘ «Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÂÓ‰˘Ó·ÌÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯È΋ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›· fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ fiÏÔ˘
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ÙÔ˘ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜»8. ™˘Ó¯›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ·, ÚÔÛı¤ÙÂÈ fiÙÈ «ÔÈ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ ÙÔ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi ‰ÈηÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ ¯ÚÂÈ¿ÛÙËΠӷ ·Ú¤Ì‚ÂÈ Û ˘Ôı¤ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó ÙȘ ÔÌfiÛÔӉ˜ ·گ›Â˜ ‹Ù·Ó fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Û¿ÓȘ»9. ∆Ô Î·Ó·‰ÈÎfi ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ‰‡Ô Ù‡Ô˘˜ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈÒÓ. ∫¿ıÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Â›Ó·È ·˘ÙfiÓÔÌÔ, Ì ÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎÙÂÏÂÛÙÈ΋ Î·È ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·, Ì ÙËÓ ÂÍ·›ÚÂÛË fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· ¿ÛÎËÛ˘ ÔÔÈ·Û‰‹ÔÙ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ÛÙ· ÛËÌ›· Ô˘ ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi Û‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·. ∂›Û˘ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂÍÔ˘Û›Â˜ ̤۷ ÛÙÔ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, fiÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÚËÙ¿ ÔÈÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ Ï‹ÚË ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ. ∆Ô ∫·Ó·‰ÈÎfi ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ¤¯ÂÈ ¤ÓÙ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜, Ô˘ ÙÔ Î·ıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ٷ ˘fiÏÔÈ· ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ10:
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∫∞¡∞¢π∫∏ √ª√™¶√¡¢π∞
1. ∏ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÒÓ Â·Ú¯ÈÒÓ: ™ÙÔÓ ∫·Ó·‰¿ fiÏ· Ù· ›‰· ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿, ÒÛÙÂ Ë ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙ› ‡ÎÔÏ·, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ٷ ˘fiÏÔÈ· ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷο ÎÚ¿ÙË. ™˘ÁÎÚÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ì ٷ ˘fiÏÔÈ· ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ÙÔ ∫·Ó·‰ÈÎfi ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ˜ ‰È·ÌÔÈÚ·Ṳ̂Ó˜, fiÔ˘ ÔÈ ÔÌfiÛÔӉ˜ ·گ›Â˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¢Ú›˜ ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈΤ˜ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ˜. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο, Û ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ¯ÚÔÓÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘˜ Ë ÊÔÚÔÏÔÁ›· Ô˘ ¤‚·Ï·Ó ÔÈ ÔÌfiÛÔӉ˜ ·گ›Â˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘ ÙÔ˘˜, ‹Ù·Ó Ôχ ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚË ·fi ·˘Ù‹ Ô˘ fiÚÈ˙Â Ë ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË11. ∆Ô ›‰ÈÔ Â›Û˘ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Î·È Û ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ˘Á›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜. 2. √ ÌÈÎÚfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ Â·Ú¯ÈÒÓ12: ™ÙÔÓ ∫·Ó·‰¿ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ÌÈÎÚfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ·گÈÒÓ, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙȘ ‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ·ʤ˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙÔ˘. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÌfiÓÔ 10 ∫·Ó·‰ÈΤ˜ ·گ›Â˜, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙËÓ °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·, Ë ÔÔ›· ¤¯ÂÈ 16 ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷο Lander, ÙËÓ ∂Ï‚ÂÙ›· Ì 26 ηÓÙfiÓÈ·, Î·È ÙȘ ∏¶∞ Ì 50 ÔÏÈÙ›˜. √ ÌÈÎÚfi˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ Î·Ó·‰ÈÎÒÓ Â·Ú¯ÈÒÓ, ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ Ù· ̤ÁÈÛÙ· ÛÙÔÓ Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Û ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Îfi Î·È ˘ÔÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Îfi ›‰Ô, ÂÓÒ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ Û˘ÓÔ¯‹ Û’ fiÏÔ ÙÔ Ê¿ÛÌ· Ù˘ √ÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·˜. ∂›Û˘, ÔÈ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ ·گ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ηӷ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ˘ √ÓÙ¿ÚÈÔ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ∫Â̤Î, ηıÒ˜ ›Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ µÚÂÙ·ÓÈ΋˜ ∫ÔÏÔ‡ÌÈ· Î·È Ù˘ ∞Ï̤Ú-
Ù·, ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ù¤ÙÔȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ̤ÁÈÛÙ· ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ë ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË13. 3. √ ͯˆÚÈÛÙfi˜ Ù‡Ô˜ °ÂÚÔ˘Û›·˜: ™˘ÁÎÚÈÓfiÌÂÓË Ë °ÂÚÔ˘Û›· ÙÔ˘ ∫·Ó·‰¿ Ì ÙȘ ˘fiÏÔȘ °ÂÚÔ˘Û›Â˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈ΋ Ì ÙȘ ÙÔÈΤ˜ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ Ù˘ ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒ¢Û˘14. ™ÙȘ ∏¶∞, Ô ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÁÂÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÙË Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙ›·˜ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ Î·Ó·‰ÈÎfi ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·. ∫·È ·˘Ùfi, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÔÈ ÁÂÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙ¤˜ ÛÙÔÓ ∫·Ó·‰¿ ‰ÂÓ ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÔÏÈÙ›˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ·fi ÙË ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË. ∞˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ °ÂÚÔ˘Û›· ÙȘ ÔÏÈÙ›˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ıÂÛÌÈο ÛÙÔ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ. 4. ∏ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ Ù˘ ÂÎÙÂÏÂÛÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈο Ì ÙË ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·15: ªÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ 24 ˘·Ú¯fiÓÙˆÓ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÌfiÓÔ Ù¤ÛÛÂÚ· ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ì ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô Ù˘ ·Ï‹˜ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›·˜: Ô ∫·Ó·‰¿˜, Ë ª·Ï·ÈÛ›·, Ë πÓ‰›· Î·È Ô St. Kitts Î·È ¡evis. √ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÔ‡ Î·È ‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂȤ‰Ô˘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ̤ۈ ÛÙÂÓ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¿ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ. 5. ∏ ‡·ÚÍË ÌÂÈÔÓÔÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ̤۷ Û ̛· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Û· ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ·16: ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ· ·fi ÙÔ Ó· ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ ∫·Ó·‰¿ ÔÈ Á·Ï-
ÏfiʈÓÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ∫Â̤Î, ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ¤ÓÙÔÓ· ÙÔ˘˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ̤۷ ÛÙËÓ Â·Ú¯›· ÙÔ˘˜, ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ 81,5% ÙÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡. ∏ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ∫Â̤Π¤¯ÂÈ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙË ÚÔÒıËÛË Ù˘ ·گȷ΋˜ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∫·Ó·‰¿. ∞˘ÙÔ› Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ¤ÓÙ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂÍËÁÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ Âͤ¯Ô˘Û· ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔ ∫·Ó·‰¿. ™Â η̛· ¿ÏÏË ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›· ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ¤ÓÙ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔÈ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜. √È ∏ӈ̤Ó˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙ›˜, Ì›· ·fi ÙȘ ÈÔ Ì·ÎÚÔ¯ÚfiÓȘ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›Â˜, ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ó¤Ó· ·fi ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο. √ ∫·Ó·‰¿˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Î·ÙÂÍÔ¯‹Ó ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÛÙË Û˘Ó¯‹ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›·. ∂›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·, Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ÔÈ ÙÔÈΤ˜ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È ·˘ÙfiÓÔ̘ ÛÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÊ·›Ú˜ ‰ÈηÈÔ‰ÔÛ›·˜. ∏ ÚfiÎÏËÛË Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· Â›Â‰Ô ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›·˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Û˘Ì‚·‰›˙ÂÈ Ì ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜17. ∏ ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓË ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›· ÙˆÓ ÙÔÈÎÒÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ‰‡Ô ËÁ¤˜. ¶ÚÒÙ· ·fi fiÏ· ÙÔ ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ú·¯ˆÚ› ÛÙȘ ·گ›Â˜ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈ΋ ‰ÈηÈÔ‰ÔÛ›· Û ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÙÔÌ›˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Û ¿ÏϘ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›Â˜ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÙÔÌ›˜ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ‰ÈηÈÔ‰ÔÛ›·˜, ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô Ù¿ÍÂˆÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂˆÓ (ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ – ÙÔÈ΋˜). ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, ‰ÂÓ ˘·Ú¯Â› ıÂÛÌÈο ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎfi˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔ˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô Ù¿ÍÂȘ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹Ûˆ˜. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· Ì ÙË °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ì›· ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋ ÕÓˆ µÔ˘Ï‹, Ô˘ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
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·ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÒÓ ÎÚ·Ùȉ›ˆÓ.18 ø˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ì›· ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÎÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ÙÔÌ›˜ ‰ÈηÈÔ‰ÔÛ›·˜, Î·È Â·Ú¯›Â˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Â›Ó·È ÈÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∆ËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹, fï˜, ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ (ÙÔÈΤ˜) Â›Ó·È ·ÏÏËÏÔÂÍ·ÚÙÒÌÂÓ˜. ÃÚÂÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ó· ‰Â›ÍÔ˘Ó ·ÏÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÊÔ‡ ÔÈ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏËÏÔ-‰È·Ï¤ÎÔÓÙ·È fiÏÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ, fiÛÔ ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÙÔÌ›˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜19. °È’ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÛÎÔfi Ë ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË ¤¯ÂÈ Î¿ÓÂÈ ·ÍÈÔÛËÌ›ˆÙ˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÙÔÈÎÒÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛˆÓ. √ Úˆı˘Ô˘ÚÁfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ∫·Ó·‰¿ ı¤ÏÂÈ Ó· ÂÓ‰˘Ó·ÌÒÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÛÌÔ‡˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛˆÓ, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔÔÈËı› Ë ›‰È· Ë ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›· ˆ˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ. ∞˘Ùfi Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Î·È Û ‰ËÌÔÛÎÔ‹ÛÂȘ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ì›· ‰ËÌÔÛÎfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ EKOS20 ÙÔÓ ∞Ú›ÏÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 1998 ·ÔÎ¿Ï˘„ fiÙÈ Ì›· Û˘ÓÙÚÈÙÈ΋ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ∫·Ó·‰ÒÓ, ÙÔ 75% (ÂÎ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ÙÔ 65% ÛÙÔ ∫Â̤Î), ıˆÚÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷΤ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÙÔÈΤ˜ ΢‚ÂÚ-
Ó‹ÛÂȘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ì›· ÎÔÈÓ‹ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ë ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂˆÓ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ‡ÎÔÏÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜21. √ÚÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË 22. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÏÂÔÓ¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ ÙȘ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘, οÙÈ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· οÓÂÈ ÙȘ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÛÂȘ ÈÔ ‰‡ÛÎÔϘ. ∂›Û˘ ÔÈ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ› ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ› ÙˆÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÛÂȘ: ı· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ¢ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚ˜ Û˘Ìʈӛ˜, Â¿Ó fiÏ· Ù· ÎfiÌÌ·Ù· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ·fi fiÙÈ ·Ó ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ Â›Ó·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÓıÔ˘ÛÈÒ‰ÂȘ ·fi ¿ÏϘ. √È ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ˜ ·›˙Ô˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙ·ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙ· ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓ·. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙȘ µÚÂÙ·ÓÈ΋˜ Columbia, Ë ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È ÙÒÚ· ÈÔ ·ÓÔȯً ÛÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ·fi fiÙÈ ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ηÈÓÔ‡ÚÁÈÔ˘ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ·Ú¯ËÁÔ‡. ∂Ó Î·Ù·ÎÏ›‰È, Ë Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ı· Â›Ó·È Ê˘ÛÈο ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÚ›ÏÔÎË, Â¿Ó Ì›· ·fi ÙȘ ÙÔÈΤ˜ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ ‰ÂÓ ÈÛÙ‡ÂÈ ÛÙÔ
̤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·˜. ¶·ÚfiÏ· Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ, οÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ‰ÂÓ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ, ·ÊÔ‡ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› Ë ÛÙÂÓfiÙÂÚË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·, οÙÈ Ô˘ ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÔÏϤ˜ Û˘Ìʈӛ˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘Ó·Êı› Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Û ÔÏÏ¿ Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ‰›·, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, Ù˘ ÂÓ·ÚÌfiÓÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ, ÙˆÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹˜, ÙÔ˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ÂÌÔÚ›Ô˘ Î·È Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÛÙÔ ÙÔ̤· ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜23. ™Â fiÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈÔًوÓ, ÙÔ ∫·Ó·‰ÈÎfi ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ¿ÏÏ·Í ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ·fi ÙË ™˘ÓÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›· ÙÔ˘ 1867 Î·È Û˘Ó¯›˙ÂÈ Ó· ÌÂÙÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔÓÙ·È ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜24. ∏ ‚·ÛÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÙÔÈÎÒÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¶Ú¿ÍË ÙÔ˘ 1867, ȉȷÈÙ¤Úˆ˜ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÛÙ· ¿ÚıÚ· 91 – 10125. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙˆÓ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈÔًوÓ. √È ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ¿ÓÙÔÙ Ì ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÓˆÙ¿ÙÔ˘ √ÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÔ‡ ¢ÈηÛÙËÚ›Ô˘.
™ËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ
interests, or satisfy the needs, of their
still later by Yukon and north-west territories.
1. Federal systems operate on the
indigenous populations.
principle that authority is shared and
2. The historical process which gave birth to the federation of Canada is distinct from the one which led to the birth of Indian federation. As you are aware, the British North America Act, 1867, gave effect to the ‘confederation scheme’ settled at conferences held in 1864 and 1867. The entity which emerged from this Act, was later joined by British Columbia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and
federal constitutions, at least those in democratic federations, represent the interests of communities in sub-national jurisdictions as well as those at a national level. Yet, despite emphasising the virtues of federal democracies, federal constitutions in western democratic systems do not easily represent the
EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
3. Millner H., «∫·Ó·‰ÈÎfi˜ √ÌÔÛÔÓ‰ÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ŒÓˆÛË» ÛÙÔ ∆ÛÈÓÈÛÈ˙¤Ï˘ ª. (Â.), ™Î¤„ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂∂, ™È‰¤Ú˘, ∞ı‹Ó·, 1996, Û.285. 4. ™ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ, Û.298. 5. http://polisci.nelson. com/constitution. html Downloaded 5/6/02 6. ttp://www2. marianopolis. edu/ quebechistory / federal/compare. htm.
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7. A charter of rights and freedoms was entrenched in the Canadian Constitution in 1982. It recognizes the primacy of fundamental rights and freedoms and authorizes the courts to strike down, for example, any legislative measure in violation thereof. Many predicted that the Charter would exert a standardizing pressure that would prevent the provinces from implementing their own policies and priorities. It was predicted, mistakenly, that the logic of the Charter would be contrary to the logic of federalism and that in the name of equal rights, the decisions and opinions rendered by the Supreme Court of Canada would gradually bring about the standardization of our laws. 8. He has calculated that “the number of cases where the Court has nullified provincial statutes are few and far between, but more importantly, the nullifications have not taken place in core areas of provincial responsibilities” (5). In fact, under the terms of the Charter, the Supreme Court has struck down more federal statutes than provincial ones.(6)p.4.I have sought to show that, in Canada, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and the Supreme Court’s interpretation of it, have instilled our federalism with a new vitality that respects both justice for all and the diversity of solutions, contexts and needs.p.5. http:// www.pco - bcp. gc. ca/ aia/default. asp? Language = E&page = pressroom & sub = speeches & doc = 20010629 e.htm downloaded 6/6/02 9. http: // www. pco-bcp.gc. ca/aia/ default. asp? Language = E & page = pressroom & sub = speeches & doc = 20010629_e.htm downloaded 6/6/02 10. http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/ aia/ default.asp?Language=E&page=pres sroom&sub=speeches&doc=2000061 1e.htm downloaded 6/6/02 11. ∞˘Ùfi Û˘Ó·›‚ÂÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙȘ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ÙÔ˘ 1960 Î·È 1970. 12. The relatively small number of Canadian provinces not only makes it easier to hold frequent interprovincial or federal-provincial meetings, but also to build interprovincial cohesion
13. Moreover, the largest provinces, Ontario and Quebec, but also British Columbia and Alberta, have political and administrative structures of appreciable size in relation to that of the federal government. They are major actors in our political system. 14. Compared with other senates, Canada’s, which is not elected, is in less of a position to compete with the provincial governments in terms of regional representation. If we compare to the United States for example, the competition that is observed there between the two senators and the governor of a given state has no equivalent in our Canadian political system. Furthermore, because our senators are appointed by the federal executive branch, and not by the executive branches or the legislatures of the constituent entities, intergovernmental relations in Canada thus take place between executive branches that are clearly distinct and that are not institutionally linked through Parliament. 15. http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/ aia/ default. asp? Language= E&page= pressroom&sub =speeches&doc =20000611_e.htm downloaded 6/6/ 02, In comparison, federations that combine a presidential system and/or a proportional representation system tend to have intergovernmental relations that are more diffused and that are strongly defined by the balance between the executive and the legislative branches and by party coalitions. 16. Federalism and democracy: this pair of concepts leads to another: autonomy and solidarity. Indeed, every federation experiences an ongoing dialectic between the autonomy of its components and the solidarity that unites them. This dialectic strengthens democratic values, http://www.pco-bcp. gc. ca/ aia/default.asp?Language=E&page=p ressroom&sub=speeches&doc=2000 0611_e.htm downloaded, 6/6/02 17. DOES FEDERALISM SAFEGUARD INDIGENOUS RIGHTS?, Christine Fletcher Director, North Australian Research Unit The Australian University http://www .ciff.on.ca / Reference / documents/bg _
papers/docbg _ fletch.html downloaded 6/6/02, p.1. 18. http:// www. pco - bcp. gc. ca/aia/ default. asp? Language = E&page= pressroom & sub= speeches & doc =19960425e.htm downloaded 6/6/02 19. Under the principle of solidarity, the government works for the common good of all citizens and all regions, especially those less fortunate. And the principle of diversity leads to the autonomy of local powers, citizens and institutions 20. And this is what Canadians want. For example, an EKOS poll in April 1998 revealed that a vast majority of Canadians (75%) - and 65% in Quebec - believe that the federal and provincial governments have a joint responibility to improve social programs. Improving cooperation between governments is not a simple task. Of course, I suppose it is normal that disagreements and conflicts capture more attention than agreements. 21. Ÿˆ˜ ·Ú·¿Óˆ 22. Governments’ political orientations influence negotiations: there will be more agreement if all parties believe in social policies, for example, than if some are more lukewarm than others. Personalities also play a role: for example, it is no secret that British Columbia is now more open toward cooperation than in the past, because of the leadership of its new Premier. Finally, cooperation will of course be more complicated if one of the governments does not believe in the future of the country., http:// www.pco - bcp.gc. ca/aia/ default.asp?Language = E&page =pressroom&sub = speeches&doc =20000414_e.htm downloaded 6/6/02 23. op.cit footnote 24. Nelson – Political Science – Canadian Politics on the Web/ Federalism, “Division of Powers”, http: // polisci. nelson. com/ federalism.htm , downloaded 30/06 /02 25. Nelson – Political Science – Canadian Politics on the Web/ Federalism, “Division of Powers”, ttp:// polisci. nelson. com/ federalism. htm , downloaded 30/06/ 02 EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
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31
√È ∂˘Úˆ - ªÂÛÔÁÂȷΤ˜ ™¯¤ÛÂȘ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋ ¶ÚÔ‰ڛ· ¶ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ ™˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚË ∫. •ÂÓ¿ÎË ∂Ú¢ÓËÙ‹ Ù˘ ¤‰Ú·˜ Jean Monnet Ù˘ ∂.∂., ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ∫Ú‹Ù˘
∏ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ™¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÏÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂˆÓ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ηٷ‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Îfi ¯ÒÚÔ ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ˙ÒÓË ‰˘ÓËÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·ÛÙ¿ıÂÈ·˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ›ÛˆÓ, ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙ¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÒÓ Î·È ‚›·ÈˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·. ∆Ú›· ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ı¤Ì·Ù· ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷ΋ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜: Ë ‰ËÌÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·ÓÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔÓ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·Ó·Ù˘Á̤ÓÔ ¡fiÙÔ Ô˘ ‘ÂÎÚ‹ÁÓ˘Ù·È’ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ µÔÚÚ¿ Ô˘ ‘ÁËÚ¿ÛÎÂÈ’, ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ù˘ ·Ó·Ù˘Íȷ΋˜ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È¢ı¤ÙËÛË Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¯¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ µÔÚÚ¿-¡fiÙÔ˘ Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔÈË̤ÓË ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·, Î·È Ô Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ‰È·Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Ì ÙÔÓ Á›ÙÔÓ· ·Ú·‚ÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋˜ ™˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ (∂ª™). ∏ ªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ¶Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ÕÌ˘Ó·˜ Î·È ∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ (∂¶∞∞) ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÌÈ· Ó¤· ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ‹, ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ÛÙË ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ, ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜ Ù˘ ¿Ì˘Ó·˜ ηÈ
∏
EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
Ù˘ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜, fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘. ª›· Âӈ̤ÓË Î·È ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈο ∂˘ÚÒË ‰ÂÓ Û˘Ó¿ÁÂÙ·È ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ‘ÊÚÔ‡ÚÈÔ’, Î·È ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ ‚‚·›ˆ˜ Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÂÌfi‰ÈÔ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋˜ ˙ÒÓ˘ ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ ¿ÓÔÈÁÌ· ÙˆÓ ÓfiÙÈˆÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ·ÁÔÚÒÓ ÛÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· Î·È ÙÔÓ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi. √È ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂȷΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÙÂıÔ‡Ó Û Ӥ· ‚¿ÛË, ηٿ ÙÚfiÔ ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È·Ê˘Ï·¯ı› Ô ‹ÈÔ˜ Î·È ·ÓÔÈÎÙfi˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜ Ù˘ ∂¶∞∞, ¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜ Ó· ÂÎÊ˘ÏÈÛÙ› Û ÌÈ· ÔÏ˘ÂıÓÈ΋, ¯·Ï·Ú‹ Î·È Î·Ù¿ ÂÚ›ÛÙ·ÛË Û˘ÌÌ·¯›·, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÎÚ›ÛˆÓ. ÕÏψÛÙÂ Ô ‚·ÛÈÎfi˜ ÛÎÔfi˜ ›Ûˆ ·fi ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ∂¶∞∞ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ Ë ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë ıˆÚ¿ÎÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ˙ˆÙÈÎÔ‡ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘.
∏ ¢È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓ˘  ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Îfi ›‰Ô, Ë ∂ª™ Ì ÙË ¢È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓ˘, ·ÔÙÂÏ› Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÙÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ıÂÛÌÈÎfi ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ. √È Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ù˘
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∂∂ Ì ÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁ›Ԣ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ¡Ô¤Ì‚ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 1995 Û ¤Ó· ÔÏ˘ÌÂÚ¤˜ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ì ÙÚÂȘ ˘ÏÒÓ˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘: ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi (̤ÙÚ· ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛ˘ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘ Î·È ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜), ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi (΢ڛˆ˜ ̤ۈ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜, ¤ˆ˜ ÙÔ 2010, ÌÈ·˜ ˙ÒÓ˘ ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ), Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi (‰È·ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù·). ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËΠ¤Ó· ÔÏ˘‰È¿ÛÙ·ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎfi˜ Û‡ÌÌ·¯Ô˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·ÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜. ∏ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË Ô˘ ·Ô‰›‰ÂÙ·È Â›Ó·È ıÂÌÂÏÈ҉˘, ηıÒ˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ô˘ ‰È·¯ˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ∂ª™ ·fi ÙȘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚ˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂȷΤ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ∂∂. ∏ ∂ª™ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ Ì›· ÔÏ˘ÌÂÚ‹˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· fiÔ˘ ÔÈ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÌË-·Ó¿ÌÂÈ͢ ÛÙȘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈΤ˜ ˘Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Û˘Ó¯›˙Ô˘Ó Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ··Ú·‚›·ÛÙ˜. ∆Ô ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ·ÔÙÂÏ› ηÓfiÓ· ·ÚfiÙÈ Ë ¢È·Î‹Ú˘ÍË Ù˘ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓ˘ ÚԂϤÂÈ ÚËÙ¿ Î·È Î·ÙËÁÔÚËÌ·ÙÈο ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ıÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓˆÓ
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‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙȘ ÂÏ¢ıÂڛ˜ Û¯¤Û˘ Î·È ¤ÎÊÚ·Û˘. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ë ∂ª™ ¤¯ÂÈ ‚·ÛÈÛÙ› ÛÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ù˘ ¢∞™∂ Î·È ˘fi ÙÔ Ú›ÛÌ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙȘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ∂∂ Ì ¿ÏÏ· ̤ÚË ÙÔ˘ Ï·Ó‹ÙË, fiˆ˜ .¯. Ì ÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ∫·Ú·˚‚È΋˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ∂ÈÚËÓÈÎÔ‡, ·Ó Î·È Ë ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ·ÈÚÂÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ‰ÈÌÂÚ›˜ Û˘Ìʈӛ˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ Î·È fi¯È ÛÙË ¢È·Î‹Ú˘ÍË Ù˘ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓ˘. √È Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ Ù˘ ∂ª™ Ì ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂÍ·ÚÙÒÌÂÓˆÓ ˘ÏÒÓˆÓ Î·È ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ (follow up), ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô ‰È¢ı¤ÙËÛ˘ Î·È ˘¤Ú‚·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÌÔ‰›ˆÓ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ıÂÛÌÒÓ Ô˘ ı· Ú˘ıÌ›˙Ô˘Ó Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Î·È ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂȘ ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÙ·›ÚˆÓ. ™ÙË ‚¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹, Ë ∂ª™ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û ¤Ó· ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ηıÂÛÙÒ˜ ·Ó·‰fiÌËÛ˘ Î·È ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋˜ ÂÚÈʤÚÂÈ·˜ ÂÓ’ fi„Ë ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛˆÓ. ¶ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÙ·›ÚÔÈ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ηÏÏÈÂÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Îϛ̷ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘, ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÓfiÚ̘ ¯ÚËÛÙ‹˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ı· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ‰È·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ ÏÔ˘Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘. ªÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ˘ÔÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ¢È·Î‹Ú˘Í˘ Ù˘ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓ˘ ÙÔ 1995 ÔÈ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ¤Ï·‚·Ó ¯ÒÚ· Û ¤Ó· ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ·’ ·˘Ùfi ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÁηıȉڇıËÎÂ. √È Î‡ÚÈÔÈ ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ ÙˆÓ ÚÒÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙË ª¿ÏÙ· (1997) Î·È ÛÙÔ ¶·Ï¤ÚÌÔ (1998) ‹Ù·Ó Ë ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ù˘
∂ª™. øÛÙfiÛÔ Î·Ù¤ÏËÍ·Ó Û ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÔÌÔʈӛ·˜ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ‰ÈηȈ̿وÓ, ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·‚ÔÏ‹ ˘ÔÁÚ·Ê‹˜ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚˆªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋˜ ÿÚÙ·˜, ÛÙËÓ Î·ı˘ÛÙ¤ÚËÛË Ù˘ ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÈ΋˜ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Ô˘ÛÈÒ‰Ô˘˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÌË-΢‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ. ∏ ÙÚ›ÙË ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋ ‰È¿ÛÎÂ„Ë ÛÙË ™ÙÔ˘ÙÁ¿Ú‰Ë (1999) ‹Ù·Ó ÂÈÙ˘¯‹˜ ˘fi ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ¤Ï·‚ ¯ÒÚ· (fiÏÂÌÔ˜ ÛÙË ÚÒËÓ °ÈÔ˘ÁÎÔÛÏ·‚›·, ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ ÛÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï Î·È ·Ú·›ÙËÛË Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜). ∏ ™‡ÓÔ‰Ô˜ ˆÛÙfiÛÔ ¤‰ˆÛ Ӥ· ÒıËÛË ÛÙË ¢È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓ˘ Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·Ù¢ı˘ÓÙ‹ÚÈˆÓ ÁÚ·ÌÌÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋ ÿÚÙ· Ô˘ ÂÚÈÎÏÂ›Ô˘Ó Ì¤ÙÚ· ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛ˘ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘, ηϋ˜ ÁÂÈÙÓ›·Û˘, ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷ΋˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È ÚÔÏËÙÈ΋˜ ‰Èψ̷ٛ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ë Â˘¤ÏÈÎÙË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ı· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ηٿÏÏËϘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË ‚·ıÌÈ·›· ÂͤÏÈÍË ÂÓfi˜ ÈÛfiÚÚÔÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÛÊ·ÈÚÈ΋˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜. ŒÓ· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ı· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔ¿ÁÂÈ ·ÌÔÈ‚·›· ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË Ì¤Û· ·fi ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ·˜ Î·È ·ÓÔȯÙÔ‡ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘, ÚÔۯ‰ȷṲ̂ÓË Î·È ·fi ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÚËÓÈ΋ ‰È¢ı¤ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÒÓ. ∏ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋ ÿÚÙ· ÂÚfiÎÂÈÙÔ Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙËı› ÛÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋ ™‡ÓÔ‰Ô˜ ÛÙË ª·ÛÛ·Ï›·. ™ÙËÓ ·Ó›ÛËÌË fï˜ Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙË §ÈÛÛ·‚fiÓ· (ª¿ÈÔ˜ 2000) ÔÈ ÂÙ·›ÚÔÈ ¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó È‰È·›ÙÂÚÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÛÙËÓ ÚfiÔ‰Ô Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÛËÌÂȈı› ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÙÚÔ‹ ˘„ËÏÒÓ ·ÍȈ̷ÙÔ‡¯ˆÓ ÛÙÔ ÚÔÛ¯¤‰›Ô Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔ-
ÁÂȷ΋˜ ÿÚÙ·˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÂÈ ÛÊ·ÈÚÈο ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ ̤۷ Û ¤Ó· ÂÍÂÏÈÎÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÌË-‰ÂÛÌ¢ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Î·È ı· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Û·Ó ¤Ó· fiÚÁ·ÓÔ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌʈÓËÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ù˘ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓ˘, ·Ê‹ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ˆÛÙfiÛÔ ·ÓÔÈÎÙfi ÙÔ ÂӉ¯fiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ·Ó·‚ÔÏ‹˜ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ Îϛ̷ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ÂÈÎÚ·Ù› ÛÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹. ∞Ù˘¯Ò˜ Ë ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋ ™‡ÓÔ‰Ô˜ ÛÙË ª·ÛÛ·Ï›· (2000), ¤Ï·‚ ¯ÒÚ· ˘fi ÙË ÛÎÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÍÂÛ¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‚›·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ¶·Ï·ÈÛÙ›ÓÈˆÓ Î·È πÛÚ·ËÏÈÓÒÓ ÓˆÚ›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙȘ 28 ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘. ø˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ›¯Â – ÁÈ· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ù˘ ∂ª™ - ‰‡Ô Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜, Ë ™˘Ú›· Î·È Ô §›‚·ÓÔ˜, Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÚÔÂȉÔÔ›ËÛË ·ÚÓ‹ıËÎ·Ó Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¿Û¯Ô˘Ó. ŒÙÛÈ, ÔÈ ÂÙ·›ÚÔÈ Ù˘ ∂ª™ ÂÚÈÔÚ›ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÛÙÔ Ó· ‰ÂÛÌ¢ÙÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ Î·È ÙË Û‡ÁÎÏÈÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂˆÓ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Î·È ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ¢Û˘ ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ηٷÛÙ› ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ÌÈ· Û˘Ìʈӛ· Û ̤ÙÚ· ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÂÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋˜ ÿÚÙ·˜. ∆Ô 2001 Ë ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋ ‰È¿ÛÎÂ„Ë ÛÙȘ µÚ˘Í¤Ï˜ ÂÈÛÎÈ¿ÛÙËΠ·fi Ù· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· Ù˘ 11˘ ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘, ÂÓÒ ÛÙËÓ ¤ÌÙË Î·È ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ‰È¿ÛÎÂ„Ë ÛÙË µ·Ï¤ÓıÈ· (2002), ÔÈ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ª. ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ Î·È Ô ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌfi˜/ÔÌËÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ∞Ú·Ê¿Ù ÛÙÔ ·Ú¯ËÁÂ›Ô Ù˘ ¶·Ï·ÈÛÙÈÓȷ΋˜ ∞Ú¯‹˜ ¤‰Ú·Û·Ó ·ÚÓËÙÈο ÛÙËÓ ∂ª™. øÛÙfiÛÔ Ë ·Ô¯‹ Ù˘ ™˘Ú›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ §È‚¿ÓÔ˘ η٤ÛÙËÛ ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ ÙËÓ ˘ÔÁÚ·Ê‹ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ πÛ·ÓÈ΋˜ ¶ÚÔ‰ڛ·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ì ηÙ¢ı˘EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∂™ ™Ã∂™∂π™ ∆∏™ ∂∂ ÓÙ‹ÚȘ ÁÚ·Ì̤˜, ÙÔ ‘™¯¤‰ÈÔ ¢Ú¿Û˘’ (Valencia Action Plan). ∂›Ó·È ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ˆ˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ˘ÔÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ È‰Ú˘ÙÈ΋˜ ¢È·Î‹Ú˘Í˘, Ù· ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Ë ÛÙ·‰È·Î‹ Âȉ›ӈÛË ÙˆÓ ∞Ú·‚Ô-πÛÚ·ËÏÈÓÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Ì ›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ¶·Ï·ÈÛÙÈÓÈ·ÎÔ‡ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·ÔÙ¤_ÂÛ·Ó ÂÌfi‰ÈÔ ÚÔfi‰Ô˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ∏ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ ÛÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË ·Ó·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ· ÂËÚ¤·Û·Ó ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙËÓ ∂∂ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Ó· ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙ› ı¤Ì·Ù· ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜, Î·È Ôχ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ, ¿Ì˘Ó·˜. ¢ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ·Ó Â›Û˘ ·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ·ÔÁÔ‹Ù¢ÛË ÛÙÔ ¡fiÙÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ¢È·‰Èηۛ·˜ Ù˘ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Ù˘. ∏ ÛÙ·ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë Âȉ›ӈÛË Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ÛÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο ÙÔ Î˘ÚÈfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÌfi‰ÈÔ ÛÙËÓ ¢È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓ˘, fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔÓ ÔÏ˘ÌÂÚ‹ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Ù˘. √È ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ› ıÂÛÌÔ› Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÁηṲ̂ÓÔÈ Ó· ηٷ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÛÙËÓ (fiÓÙˆ˜ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË) ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ¢È·‰Èηۛ·˜ Ù˘ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓ˘, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ‚¤‚·È· ÔÈ ˘fiÏÔÈÔÈ ¿Ú·‚˜ ÂÙ·›ÚÔÈ Ó· ÙËÓ ÂÁηٷÏ›„Ô˘Ó. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÚËÓ¢ÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ηٿ ÙËÓ ÏÔÁÈ΋ ··›ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ú¿‚ˆÓ, ÂÓÒ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Â¯ıÚÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙÔ˘ πÛÚ·‹Ï. ¢ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú·‚ϤÔÓÙ·È ÙÚ›· ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ÂÌfi‰È·. ∫·Ù’ ·Ú¯‹Ó ÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÛ‰›‰ÂÈ Î·EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
Ì›· ۯ‰fiÓ ÛËÌ·Û›· ÛÙËÓ ¢È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓ˘ Î·È Ë ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ∆ÂÏ-∞‚›‚ ‰ÂÓ ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ∂ª™, Û η̛· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Ó· ÂËÚ¿ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÈıÂÙÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ÛË Ù˘ ÛÙËÓ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û· ÎÚ›ÛË. ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, ÔÈ ·Ú·‚ÈΤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ (΢ڛˆ˜ Ë ™˘Ú›· Î·È Ô §›‚·ÓÔ˜) ·ÓÙ·Ô‰›‰Ô˘Ó, ·ÚÓÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¿Û¯Ô˘Ó Û ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ڈÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· ¿Ì˘Ó·˜ Î·È ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ fiÔ˘ Ù˘¯fiÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï. ¢ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ ‚¤‚·È· Ó· ͯӿÌ ˆ˜ Î·È ÔÈ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·‚ÈÎÒÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ, - ÂÍ·ÈÚÔ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Ì ÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï - ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ÂÍËÁ› Î·È ÙÔ ÁÈ·Ù› ÚÔÙÈÌÔ‡Ó ÙË ‰ÈÌÂÚ‹ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ÙËÓ ∂∂ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜, Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÌÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ο ÎÚ¿ÙË. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ù˘ ∂∂ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜, ÙfiÛÔ ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ¤ÏÏÂȄ˘ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌˆÓ fiÚˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ΢ڛˆ˜, ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ¤ÏÏÂȄ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓÒÓ ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁ›Ԣ. ™ÙËÓ ∂ӉȿÌÂÛË ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋ ™‡ÓÔ‰Ô ÛÙËÓ ∫Ú‹ÙË (25-27 ª·˝Ô˘ 2003) ÙˆÓ 35 (15 ∂∂ + 10 ¡¤· ª¤ÏË ∂∂ + 10 ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ› ÂÙ·›ÚÔÈ), Ë ∂ª™ ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›·˙ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÌÈ·˜ Ì›ÓÈ™˘Ófi‰Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ∏ÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ∂ıÓÒÓ ·Ú¿ ¤Ó· ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Îfi Û¯‹Ì· ÛÙÂÓ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ªÂÙ¿ ÙÔ ™ÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ πÛ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ À¶∂• ÛÙËÓ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓË (16-17 ª·˝Ô˘ 2003) ÁÈ· ÙȘ ªÂÛÔÁÂȷΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ·fi ÙËÓ ‰È‡ڢÓÛË Ù˘ ∂∂, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙȘ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ‰È·‰ÈηÛÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÏÔΤ˜ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÛÙË ™‡ÓÔ‰Ô ÙˆÓ 35 ÛÙËÓ ∫Ú‹ÙË, Â›Ó·È ‚¤‚·ÈÔ ˆ˜ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·Ó·‰ÈÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Ù˘ ∂ª™
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ÒÛÙ ӷ ηٷÛÙ› ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋. ∞fi Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Â‡ÎÔÏ· ·ÓÙÈÏËÙfi ÙÔ ÁÈ·Ù› Ë ÚfiÔ‰Ô˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÚÒÙÔ ˘ÏÒÓ· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÍ’ ·Ú¯‹˜ ÛÙË ¢È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓ˘. ∞fi ÙÔ ÍÂΛÓËÌ· Ù˘ ÙÔ 1995, Ù· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó ÙËÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û·Ó ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Âͤ¯Ô˘Û·˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜ ÂÙ·›ÚÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ∂ª™, ·Ú¿ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÙ·›ÚÔ˘˜. ¢ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ ‚¤‚·È· Ó· ·Ú·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ì ˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È Î·È ÛÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ Ù˘ ∂∂ Ì ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘ ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔÓ ¡fiÙÔ Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁ›Ԣ. ™›ÁÔ˘Ú· ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤ÎÏËÍË ˆ˜ Ë ÚfiÔ‰Ô˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÚÒÙÔ ˘ÏÒÓ· Ù˘ ∂ª™ ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÌÂÁ¿ÏË, Î·È ˆ˜ ÂËÚ¿ÛÙËΠÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ·fi ÙȘ ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ÛÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ πÛÚ·‹Ï¶·Ï·ÈÛÙ›Ó˘ Î·È ÙËÓ Â¤Ì‚·ÛË ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÂÍÂϛ͈Ó, ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο Ï›Á· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈËı› fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÛÙË ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ, Î·È ·ÎfiÌË ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË Ù˘ ÔÏ˘fiıËÙ˘ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋˜ ÿÚÙ·˜. ¶·ÚfiÙÈ ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ì·ÎÚÈÓ‹, ‰È·Ê·›ÓÔÓÙ·È Î¿ÔȘ Û˘ÁÎÚ·ÙË̤Ó˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÎÏ›ÂÙ·È Ó· ˘¿ÚÍÔ˘Ó ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ, ˘fi ÙËÓ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ‘Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÚÔı‡ÌˆÓ’ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÂÙ·›ÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ∂¶∞∞, Ì ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÎÔÈÓÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ Ó·˘ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÛÙ˘ÓfiÌ¢Û˘ Î·È Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ¢Û˘ Î·È Ï·ıÚÂÌÔÚ›Ô˘.
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∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∂™ ™Ã∂™∂π™ ∆∏™ ∂∂
∏ ªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋ ¢È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ∂¶∞∞: ªÈ· Ó¤· ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔ˜ · Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÙÔÓÈÛÙ› ˆ˜ Ô ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË Ï‹ÚÔ˘˜ ÂȯÂÈÚËÛȷ΋˜ ÂÙÔÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ ∂¶∞∞ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ ÌÈ· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, Ë ÔÔ›· ·Ó¤Ï·‚ ÙËÓ ¶ÚÔ‰ڛ· Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ÛÙȘ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘¯¤˜ Ù˘ ∂¶∞∞ ‹‰Ë ·fi ÙËÓ 1Ë πÔ˘Ï›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ 2002, ÏfiÁˆ ·˘ÙÔ-ÂÍ·›ÚÂÛ˘ (opt-out) Ù˘ ¢·Ó›·˜. ⁄ÛÙÂÚ· ·fi ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙÔÓË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ¶ÚÔ‰ڛ·˜ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÕÙ˘Ë ™‡ÓÔ‰Ô ÙˆÓ ÀÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ ÕÌ˘Ó·˜ ÛÙÔ ƒ¤ı˘ÌÓÔ, ÛÙȘ 4-5 √ÎÙˆ‚Ú›Ô˘ 2002, Ë ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ∂¶∞∞ Ù¤ıËΠ۠ÈÔ ÛÙ¤Ú˜ ‚¿ÛÂȘ. ∂›Ó·È ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ˆ˜ Ë ∂¶∞∞ ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ Ï¤ÔÓ ÙȘ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ ÂΛӘ ‰Ô̤˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ʤÚÂÈ ÂȘ ¤Ú·˜ ·ÔÛÙÔϤ˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ¤Ó· Û˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÁÈ· ·ÌÔÈ‚·›· ˆÊÂÏ‹ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁ›Ԣ (̤ۈ ÎÔÈÓÒÓ ·Û΋ÛˆÓ, ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊÒÓ, Î.·.). øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ë ¤ÌÊ·ÛË Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ô‰Ôı› ¤ˆ˜ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎÒÓ ÈηÓÔًوÓ, ˆ˜ ÚÔı¿Ï·ÌÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ıÂÛÌÔı¤ÙËÛË ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ·Ì˘ÓÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÚÈÓ ÙËÓ Ï‹ÚË ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ÂÓۈ̿وÛË Ù˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ·ÚÎÂÙÔ‡˜ ¿Ú·‚˜ ÂÙ·›ÚÔ˘˜, ÛÙÔ Ï·Óı·Ṳ̂ÓÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· ˆ˜ Ë ∂∂ Ì ÙËÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ∂¶∞∞ ÌÔÈÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎfi Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ¡∞∆√, ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÔϤÌËÛË ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ·Û‡ÌÌÂÙÚˆÓ ·ÂÈÏÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÂͿψÛ˘ ÙˆÓ fiÏˆÓ Ì·˙È΋˜ ηٷÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜. √ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ∂¶∞∞ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË Ù˘ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfi-
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ÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÈÚ‹Ó˘ ÂÓÙfi˜ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜ Ó· ·ÔÎÏ›ÂÙ·È Î·È ÙÔ ÂӉ¯fiÌÂÓÔ ·Ó¿Ï˄˘ ·ÓıÚˆÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÈÚËÓ¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙË ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÔÈ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ› ÂÙ·›ÚÔÈ ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ıˆڋÛÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ù· ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚ· ΛÓËÙÚ· Â›Ó·È Ë Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ ÛÙÔÓ ·Ú·‚ÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ. √‡Ù ‚¤‚·È· ˆ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋˜ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ¡∞∆√, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· Û fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Û ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙÚ›ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ. ∏ ∂¶∞∞ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ηÈ, Û ηÓÔÓÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜, ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÎÏËÊı› ˆ˜ ·ÂÈÏ‹ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ï·Ô‡˜ Î·È ÙȘ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁ›Ԣ. °È· ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi, ÚÔÙ¿ıËΠ۠ÚÒÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Ë ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔ›ËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎÔ‡ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÁÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù· ªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È ¿Ì˘Ó·˜. ∏ ∂¶∞∞ ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ Ï¤ÔÓ ÙË ‰È΋ Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË, ¯¿ÚÈÓ Ù˘ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›·˜ Ô˘ ·Ó¤Ï·‚Â Ë πÛ·ÓÈ΋ ¶ÚÔ‰ڛ· ÙÔ ª¿ÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2002. ∏ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ̤ۈ Ù˘ ¶ÚÔ‰ڛ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ·fi ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ÎÈfiÏ·˜ ÂÍ¿ÌËÓÔ ÙÔ˘ 2003 Û˘Ó¤‚·ÏÂ Î·Ù·Ï˘ÙÈο ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·˘Ù‹. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ¶ÚÔ‰ڛ·˜, Ì ڈÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· ÙÔ˘ ÀÔ˘ÚÁ›Ԣ ∂ıÓÈ΋˜ ÕÌ˘Ó·˜, ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ÛÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈ· ÛÙȘ 1-2 ¡Ô¤Ì‚Ú›Ô˘ 2002 ÛÙË ƒfi‰Ô Î·È ÛÙȘ 9-10 ª·˚Ô˘ 2003 ÛÙËÓ ∫¤Ú΢ڷ. ∫ÂÓÙÚÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ë ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ·fi„ÂˆÓ Î·È Ë ÂÓË̤ڈÛË ÙˆÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÙ·›ÚˆÓ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ∂¶∞∞. √È ÂÏÏËÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ·˜, Ù˘ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘ Î·È Ù˘ ıÂÛÌÔı¤ÙËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·-
΋˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È ¿Ì˘Ó·˜, ¤ÙÚ„·Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÂÙ·›ÚÔ˘˜ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛË, ÌÂÈÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÔÏ˘Â›Â‰Ë ·Û˘ÌÌÂÙÚ›· Ô˘ ÙÔÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ‹Ù·Ó Ë Â˘fi‰ˆÛË ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ ÂÚ› ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ÛÙË ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ.
∏ ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÛÙÔÓ ∆Ú›ÙÔ ¶˘ÏÒÓ· Ó·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ·, ÌÂÙ¿ Ù· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· Ù˘ 11˘ ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘, ÔÈ Ó¤Â˜ ·Û‡ÌÌÂÙÚ˜ ·ÂÈϤ˜ Î·È Ù· ̤ÙÚ· ηٿ Ù˘ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ›¯·Ó ÙȘ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó·ÏÔÁÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Îfi ¯ÒÚÔ: ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Û ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂχıÂÚË ÌÂٷΛÓËÛË, Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÔͤӈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô Ï¢ÚÒÓ Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁ›Ԣ, Ô˘ ϤÔÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ·ÌÔÈ‚·›· ·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· η¯˘Ô„›·˜. ª¤Û· ÛÙÔ ÊÔÚÙÈṲ̂ÓÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·fi ÙȘ ËÁÂÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞, ÔÈ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó ÛÙË Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ˘Ô‚¿ıÌÈÛË ÙÔ˘ Îϛ̷ÙÔ˜ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷ΋˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ¯·ÌËÏ‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ô˘ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ Ù˘ ∂∂ ÛÙË ¢È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓ˘. ªÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Indifada ÛÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹, ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ÛÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ÚÒÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÒÓ·, ¤¯ÂÈ ‰Ôı› ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÒıËÛË Û ı¤Ì·Ù· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÒÓ· Ù˘ ∂ª™. ™Â ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÎÈÓ‹ıËÎ·Ó Î·È ÔÈ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹Û›˜ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›ˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ
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EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∂™ ™Ã∂™∂π™ ∆∏™ ∂∂ ÀÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ ∂͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ Ù˘ ∂ª™ ÛÙË µ·Ï¤ÓıÈ· (2002) Î·È ÛÙËÓ ∫Ú‹ÙË (25-27 ª·˝Ô˘ 2003). À‹ÚÍ·Ó Ê˘ÛÈο ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Û ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù· ÔÔ›· ÂÎÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ÂÓÒ ‰ÂÓ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ¤ÙÛÈ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÂÙ·›ÚÔ˘˜. ∫·ıÒ˜ Â›Ó·È ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ Ô Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ Ù˘ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Â›Ó·È Î·È Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ ηٷÔϤÌËÛ‹˜ Ù˘. øÛÙfiÛÔ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Ú·ÎÙÈο ı¤Ì·Ù· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÒÓ·, ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÚfiÔ‰Ô˜ ÛÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·, ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ Û ˘fi-ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Îfi ›‰Ô. ∏ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÛÙË ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ô˘ ÂÎÙ›ÓÂÙ·È ¤Ú· ·fi Ì›· ÛÎÏËÚ‹ ‹ ̷Ϸ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜. ∞ÔÙÂÏ› ›Û˘ ÌÈ· ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ë˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ fi„Ë ÂÓfi˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ÛÎÔÔ‡ Ù˘ ∂ª™, Ë ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ÛÙÔ ¡fiÙÔ Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁ›Ԣ. ∏ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ë ¿Ô„Ë fiÙÈ ÔÈ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ÂÈÏ‡Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÂÈÚËÓÈο ̤۷, ηıÈÛÙ¿ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÂΉËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ˆ˜ ÙÔÓ Ï¤ÔÓ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ÛÙÔ ·ÓÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Îfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·. º˘ÛÈο, ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó· Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ ÂÁ¯Â›ÚËÌ· ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ∂ª™. ÕÏψÛÙÂ Ë È‰¤· Ù˘ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ ÛÙÔ ¡fiÙÔ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û ÂÍ’ ·Ú¯‹˜ ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ ۯ‰›Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ Ù˘ ∂ª™. ¶ÚÔÛÙ¤ıËΠˆÛÙfiÛÔ ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÌÔÓ‹ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘, Î·È ¤ÎÙÔÙÂ, ÔÏÏÔ› ÂÙ·›ÚÔÈ, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ∂˘Úˆ·›ÔÈ, Û˘ÓËÁÔÚÔ‡Ó ˘¤Ú Ù˘ ηٿÚÁËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘, ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÌÂÙÚÈÔ·ı‹ ¯ÚËÛÙ‹ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË (good governance) ÙÔ˘. ∏ ÚÔÒıËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÂÚÈϤEYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
¯ıËΠ·ÎfiÌË ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ, ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÁÂÏ›· Ù˘ √˘¿ÛÈÁÎÙÔÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ηıÂÛÙÒÙÔ˜, ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ‚·ÛÈο ΛÓËÙÚ· Ù˘ ¤̂·Û˘ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î. ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ·˘Ùfi ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û ÙȘ ˘Ô„›Â˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ·ÚÂÚÌËÓ›˜ ÛÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹, fiÙÈ Ë ÚÔÒıËÛË Ù˘ ¢˘ÙÈ΋˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ Î·È ÙËÓ ¤ÍˆıÂÓ ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹ ÌÈ·˜ Ó¤Ô-ËÁÂÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÒÓ· Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂΉËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÛÙ· ηıÂÛÙÒÙ· οÔÈˆÓ ÓfiÙÈˆÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ. ∫¿ÔÈ· ·’ ·˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· η¯‡ÔÙ· ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ Ù˘ ¢‡Û˘ Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷ΋ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·, ÂÓÒ ÈÛÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜ ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜ Â›Ó·È ·‰ÈηÈÔÏfiÁËÙ˜ Î·È ‚Ï¤Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷ΋˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Û·Ó ÌÈ· ÂÈΛӉ˘ÓË ÓÂÔ-·ÔÈÎȷ΋ Ì˯·ÓÔÚÚ·Ê›·. ∂›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ÙÔÓ›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Â‰Ò fiÙÈ ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ·fi ·˘Ù¿ ÂËÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈο Û¯›ÛÌ·Ù· Î·È ·Û·Ê›˜ ‰·ÊÈÎÔ‡˜ ηıÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÂÓÒ Ë ›‰È· Ë ‡·ÚÍË ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È ÈÛ¯Ó‹ Î·È Ë ÂıÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ÂÈÛÊ·Ï‹˜. ∆Ô ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Ô˘ Ù›ıÂÙ·È Â‰Ò Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ fiÛÔ Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÎÚ¿ÙË ı· ÌÔÚ¤ÛÔ˘Ó Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷ΋ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·, ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷ΋ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· Î·È ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, Â›Ó·È ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ˆ˜ fiÏ· Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘ ∂ª™ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘ÔÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ÙȘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÛÙË ¢È·Î‹Ú˘ÍË Ù˘ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓ˘ ÙÔÓ ¡Ô¤Ì‚ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 1995. ∫·Ù’ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ Ë ™˘Óı‹ÎË ÙÔ˘ ∂ÏÛ›ÓÎÈ ¤ıÂÛ Û ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙËÓ ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ·ÏÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂ-
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ˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋ ∂˘ÚÒË ÙÔ 1975, ÔÈ Â›ÛË̘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ÛÙË ¢È·Î‹Ú˘ÍË Ù˘ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓ˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯˘ıÔ‡Ó, Î·È fi¯È ·Ï¿ Ó· Û˘ÓÙËÚËıÔ‡Ó. º˘ÛÈο, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙË ™˘Óı‹ÎË ÙÔ˘ ∂ÏÛ›ÓÎÈ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ¢È·Î‹Ú˘ÍË Ù˘ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓ˘ fiˆ˜ Î·È ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÔÈ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈÔÏ›Ù¢Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ∫ÂÓÙÚÈ΋ Î·È ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋ ∂˘ÚÒË ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛ·Ó ¯ˆÚ›˜ ‰ÈÛÙ·ÁÌfi Ù· ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ· ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ÚfiÙ˘· Ù˘ ¢‡Û˘, οÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› ÛÙÔÓ ·Ó‹Û˘¯Ô ·Ú·‚ÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁ›Ԣ. ™Â ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ‚¿ÛË, ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ˘ÂÓı˘Ì›ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Ë ·ÏËıÈÓ‹ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ de facto ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ÈÛfiÙÈÌ˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ, ·ÔÎÏ›ÔÓÙ·˜ ·’ ·˘Ù‹ ÌfiÓÔ fiÛÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈÙ›ıÂÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· Ì ¤ÓÔÏ· ̤۷. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, Ë ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹˜ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘ ÛÙË ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÌË‚›·ÈˆÓ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎÒÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂˆÓ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÙ·È Ë ÂχıÂÚË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÛÙȘ ÂÎÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜. ∆Ô ª·ÚfiÎÔ Î·È Ë ∆Ô˘ÚΛ· Â›Ó·È ‰‡Ô ¯ÒÚ˜ fiÔ˘ ·Ó·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏ· ÛËÌÂÈÒıËÎ·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ‚‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔfi‰Ô˘ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· ·˘Ùfi. ™˘Ó·Ê¤˜ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë ÂfiÌÂÓË Ì¤Ú· ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î. £· ·ÊÂıÔ‡Ó ¿Ú·Á ÔÈ πÛÏ·ÌÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Û ¿ÏϘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¿Û¯Ô˘Ó Â› ›ÛÔȘ fiÚÔȘ ‹ ı· ·ÔÊ·Û›ÛÂÈ Ë ¢‡ÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î; ∞Ó Ë ∂∂ ı¤ÏÂÈ Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Ù˘ ˆ˜ ÂÈÚËÓÈ΋ ‰‡Ó·ÌË ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÂÙ·›ÚÔ˘˜ Ù˘, ı· ¯ÚÂÈ·ÛÙ› Ó· ÂÈÌ›-
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∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∂™ ™Ã∂™∂π™ ∆∏™ ∂∂
ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈÎfi ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÈÛfiÙÈÌË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ fiÏˆÓ ÛÙȘ ÂÎÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Î·È ·ÔÎÏ›ÔÓÙ·˜ ÌfiÓÔ ÙȘ ‚›·È˜ ·ÓÙÈÛ˘ÛÙËÌÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ, Î·È ‚‚·›ˆ˜, Ù· ‰ÈÏ¿ ̤ÙÚ· Î·È ÛÙ·ıÌ¿. ∏ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ - ÛÙÔȯ›Ô-ÎÏÂȉ› ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ÛÙÔÓ ∂˘ÚˆªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Îfi ¯ÒÚÔ - ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È¢ڢÓı› ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈο Î·È ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈο, Ì ·ÌÂÛfiÙÂÚË ·Ó¿ÌÂÈÍË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔ ¡fiÙÔ. ªÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ô‰Ôı› ÛÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙˆÓ ‘ÎÔÈÓÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ˆӒ ˆ˜ ËÁ‹ ·ÚÂÚÌËÓÂÈÒÓ Î·È Èı·ÓÒÓ Ú‹ÍˆÓ, ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ Û‡ÁÎÏÈÛ˘. √È Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ Ù˘ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ÂΉËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡. ∏ ‰Â‰Ëψ̤ÓË ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Ù˘ ∂∂ Û ÌË-΢‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÛÙȘ ªÂÛÔÁÂȷΤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Û‚·ÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙË ¯ÚËÛÙ‹ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË, ·Ó Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ì¤ÙÚ· ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÛˆÛÙ‹ ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙÔ‡ ÂÊÈÎÙ¿. ¶ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È ÏÔÈfiÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ·fi ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔÓ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Îfi ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ∂ª™. ™ÙËÓ ·ÂÌfiÏËÛË ÙˆÓ ·Û‡ÌÌÂÙÚˆÓ Êfi‚ˆÓ Î·È ·ÂÈÏÒÓ, ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·È Ô ·ÌÔÈ‚·›· ·Ô‰ÂÎÙfi˜ ÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÌÊÈÏÂÁfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ fiˆ˜ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·, ·Ì˘ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ë ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÛÙË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÛÙÚ·ÙÔ‡, ÔÏÈÙ›·˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÛÙȘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ ÔÏÈÙ›˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·Ó·fiÛ·ÛÙÔ ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÏË-
ÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÙ·›ÚˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂∂ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· Î·È ÙËÓ ∂¶∞∞ ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·.
∏ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋ ¶ÚÔ‰ڛ· ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋ ¶ÚÔ‰ڛ· ÚÔ¤‚Ë ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·˙ˆ‡ÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤Ó·ÚÍË Î·È ÙË ıÂÛÌÔı¤ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ∂˘ÚˆªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È ¿Ì˘Ó·˜. ∏ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· ·˘Ù‹ ÙÔ˘ À∂£∞ ‹Ù·Ó ÂÈÙ·ÎÙÈ΋, Â¿Ó ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈÛÙԇ̠fiÙÈ Ù· ÛËÌ›· Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙË ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ Î·È ÙËÓ Ó¤· ·Ì˘ÓÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ∂∂ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· Ô˘ ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë ‰˘ÛÈÛÙ›· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÙ·›ÚˆÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ·˘ÍËı› ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ 11Ë ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘. ∫Ú›ıËΠÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ·fi ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋ ¶ÚÔ‰ڛ· Ó· ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› ¤Ó·˜ ÚfiÛıÂÙÔ˜ ‰›·˘ÏÔ˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ Î·È ÙË Ê‡ÛË Ù˘ ∂¶∞∞, ‰È·Û·ÊËÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ÚÔı¤ÛÂȘ ÛÙ· ı¤Ì·Ù· ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÎÚ›ÛˆÓ, Î·È ·Ì‚χÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ Èı·Ó¤˜ ·ÚÂÚÌËÓ›˜ ÙˆÓ ÓfiÙÈˆÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÙ·›ÚˆÓ. √ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ÚÔ‹Á·Á ÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÛÙ· ‰›· Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È ¿Ì˘Ó·˜, fi¯È ηٿ ‹ÛÛÔÓ· ÏfiÁÔ Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ÔÈÔÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂȤ‰Ô˘ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ∂¶∞∞, ‚ÔËıÒÓÙ·˜ Ó· ·Ô‚ÏËıÔ‡Ó Èı·Ó¤˜ ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ Î·È Êfi‚ÔÈ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ Ë ∂∂ ‰ÂÓ ‰È·Î·Ù¤¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ¯ıÚÈΤ˜ ÚÔı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ·Ú·‚ÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ. ∞Ó·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏ·, Ë ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË Â˘¤ÏÈÎÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ ÚfiÏ˄˘ Î·È ¯·ÌËÏ‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÚÔ‹ Î·È ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ Â-
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ÓÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο (Û˘ÛÛˆÚ¢ÙÈο) ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÛÙËÓ ¢È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓ˘. À¿Ú¯ÂÈ fï˜ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË Ì›·˜ ¢ڇÙÂÚ˘ Áο̷˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ Î·ıÒ˜ ÙÔ Îϛ̷ Â›Ó·È ÂÓı·ÚÚ˘ÓÙÈÎfi ۯ‰fiÓ Û fiϘ ÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¡fiÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ¿Ì˘Ó·˜, Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÌÏÔ΋ Û ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈΤ˜ ·Û΋ÛÂȘ. ¶·ÚfiÙÈ ÔÈ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ› ‰ÈÌÂÚÔ‡˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¯·›ÚÔ˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˘ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ ÛÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¡fiÙÔ˘, Ô ÔÏ˘-‰ÈÌÂÚ‹˜ (multi-bilateral) ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ Ì ÙȘ ‰Ô̤˜ Ù˘ ∂¶∞∞ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÌÂÓÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ̤ۈ ÌÈ·˜ ·Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜ Ù˘ ∂ª™ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÂÈı˘Ì›· ÙˆÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÙ·›ÚˆÓ Ù˘ ∂∂. √È ∂ÏÏËÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË ıÂÛÌÈ΋ Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ ¢È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ¤ıÂÛ·Ó Ù· ıÂ̤ÏÈ· ÁÈ· ÙË ıÂÛÌÔı¤ÙËÛË ÂÓfi˜ Ù·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ÛÂÌÈÓ·Ú›Ô˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ∂¶∞∞ ˆ˜ ̤ÙÚÔ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛ˘ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘ (follow up – Fundaci_ CIDOB-À∂£∞ πÛ·Ó›·˜, µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓË 6-7 πÔ˘Ó›Ô˘ 2003). ∏ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒˆÓ Î·È ·ÍȈ̷ÙÔ‡¯ˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÀÔ˘ÚÁ›ˆÓ ∞̇Ó˘ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÂÙ·›ÚÔ˘˜ Û ÛÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈ· Ì ÂÈÛËÁ‹ÛÂȘ ÂȉÈÎÒÓ ·ÍȈ̷ÙÔ‡¯ˆÓ Î·È ÂÈÛ‹ÌˆÓ Î·È ·fi ÙȘ ‰‡Ô Ï¢ڤ˜ Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁ›Ԣ, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ̤ÙÚÔ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛ˘ ÂÙ·ÈÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ. ∏ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ›· Ù˘ πÛ·ÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ¶ÚÔ‰ڛ·˜ ¤Î·Ó·Ó Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ‚‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÙË Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË, Ì ٷ ™ÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋ ¢È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ∂¶∞∞. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∂™ ™Ã∂™∂π™ ∆∏™ ∂∂ Î·È ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚË ·Ó¿ÌÂÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚ÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ·fi ÙË ÓfiÙÈ· fi¯ıË Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁ›Ԣ, ȉ›ˆ˜ ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌÈ·ÎÒÓ È‰Ú˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ, Î·È Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ÔÈÔÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÔÈÔÙÈ΋˜ ·‡ÍËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‘‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˘’ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ∂∂, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Â›Û˘ Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ∂¶∞∞, Ù˘ ∂ª™ Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ (ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ·˘Ù‹ Ù˘ ‰È‡ڢÓÛ˘) ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ï·Ô‡˜ ÙˆÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË ·Ó¿ÌÂÈÍË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒˆÓ ·fi ÙȘ ‰‡Ô fi¯ı˜, ˆ˜ ̤ÚÔ˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Û‡ÓıÂÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ı· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ¢ηÈڛ˜ ÁÈ· ·ÓÔȯÙfi ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ Î·È ˆ˜ ÂÎ ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ ÙÔÓ ÂΉËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ ¡fiÙÔ˘. ™˘ÓÔÏÈο, ·Ú’ fiϘ ÙȘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ô˘ ÚԤ΢„·Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ÎÏÈÌ·ÎÔ‡ÌÂÓË Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ Î·È ÙËÓ ·‚¤‚·ÈË ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙÔ ‘√‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÿÚÙË’ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ Û˘Ó‰ڛ·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÒÙ·ÙˆÓ ·ÍȈ̷ÙÔ‡¯ˆÓ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ™˘Ófi‰Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ ∫Ú‹ÙË, ÙËÓ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓË Î·¯˘Ô„›· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÂÙ·›ÚˆÓ Ù˘ ∂ª™, ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ Î·È Ù· Ó¤· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ Ì·˙È΋ ‰È‡ڢÓÛË Ù˘ ∂∂, Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÛ̇ÛÂˆÓ ÂΠ̤ÚÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô Ï¢ÚÒÓ, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Îϛ̷ÙÔ˜ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷ΋˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓË ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋ ¶ÚÔ‰ڛ·. ∏ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ™ÂÌÈÓ·Ú›ˆÓ Ù˘ ƒfi‰Ô˘, Ù˘ ∫¤Ú΢ڷ˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÚÒÙ˘ ™˘Ófi‰Ô˘ ÙˆÓ 35 ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ Ì·˙È΋ ‰È‡ڢÓÛË Ù˘ ∂∂, ÏÂÈÙÔ‡ÚÁËÛ·Ó ıÂÙÈο ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ Î·›ÚÈˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ¢È·‰Èηۛ·˜ Ù˘ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓ˘ Î·È EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Û˘ÓÂÈÛ¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÛÙËÓ Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÛÙÔÓ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Îfi ¯ÒÚÔ.
¡¤Â˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ¤Û· ·fi ÙȘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Ù· ‰‡Ô ÛÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈ· Ù˘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ¶ÚÔ‰ڛ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋ ¢È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ∂¶∞∞ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁÂȷ΋˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ÚԤ΢„ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Îϛ̷ÙÔ˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ÓfiÙÈ· Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁ›Ԣ ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È Ë ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË ÎÔÈÓÒÓ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ. ∞˘Ùfi ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ™ÂÌÈÓ·Ú›Ô˘, ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Ô‡Ùˆ˜ ÒÛÙ ÔÈ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ› ÂÙ·›ÚÔÈ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜. √ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ‰ÔÌË̤ÓÔ˜ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Ó È‰È·ÈÙ¤Ú· ÙÔ˘˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÂÙ·›ÚÔ˘˜ Î·È Î¿ı ¯ÒÚ· ı· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ù· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘, ÂÓÒ Ô ıÂÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ‘ÛÙÚÔÁÁ˘Ï‹˜ ÙÚ·¤˙˘’ ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Î·È ÙËÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯È΋ ÂͤٷÛË ÙˆÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ. °È· ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÂÓË̤ڈÛË ÙˆÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÙ·›ÚˆÓ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ∂¶∞∞, ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È ¤Ó·˜ ·ÎÏÔ˜ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏÈÒÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÙÂÏ›ˆÓ ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ Ù˘ ∂∂ Î·È ÙˆÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÙ·›ÚˆÓ ¿Óˆ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· fiˆ˜ Ô fiÏÂÌÔ˜ ηٿ Ù˘ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, Î·È ÔÈ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ‰‡Ó·Ì˘ Ù·¯Â›·˜ ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·-
ª
37
Û˘. ¶ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È Â›Û˘ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ˘Ô-ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷ΋˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ Ì›·˜ ¯ÒÚ·˜ Ù˘ ∂.∂. Î·È ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ‰‡Ô ¯ˆÚÒÓ Ù˘ ÓfiÙÈ·˜ ÏÂ˘Ú¿˜ Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁ›Ԣ ̤ۈ ÎÔÈÓÒÓ Î‡ÎÏˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ ηٿÚÙÈÛ˘ Î·È Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ (.¯. ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· ÙˆÓ Ó·˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Û΋ÛˆÓ). ªÈÎÙ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ·ÍȈ̷ÙÈÎÒÓ ·fi ÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ∂∂ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Úfiı˘ÌÔ˘˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÂÙ·›ÚÔ˘˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó, ·Ú¯Èο, ¤Ó· ·ÎÏÔ ÂÈÌÔÚʈÙÈ΋˜ ηٿÚÙÈÛ˘ (Û ¯ÒÚ·-ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙ‹), Î·È Û ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ, ·˘Ùfi ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÂÂÎÙ·ı› ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ¡fiÙÔ˘ Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ÛÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ·Ì˘ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ·Û΋ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙË ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ. √È ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ÓfiÙÈ·˜ ÏÂ˘Ú¿˜ Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁ›Ԣ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÛÂÓ·Ú›ˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎÒÓ ·Û΋ÛˆÓ. ™Â ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÌÈ·˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ¿ÛÎËÛ˘, ¤Ó· ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜-̤ÏÔ˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÚÔÛηϤÛÂÈ ÂÎÚÔÛÒÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ∂ª™ Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÂÈÙڷ› ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎÚÔÛÒÔ˘˜ Ó· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ηıÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Î·È Ù· ÛÂÓ¿ÚÈ· ÙÔ˘ οıÂ Ù‡Ô˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ó· Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ∂¶∞∞ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Â¯ıÚÈ΋ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞ÔÙÂÏ› ›Û˘ ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈ΋ ¢ηÈÚ›· ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ∂∂ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ÂÙ·›ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·ÏÏËÏÔÛ‚·ÛÌÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷ΋˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜.
∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∂™ ™Ã∂™∂π™ ∆∏™ ∂.∂.
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EU-JAPAN:
Opportunities, Incentives, Limitations by Eleni Demiri, ª∞ International Relations and European Studies, University of Kent
Japan’s relations with Europe began in 1542 with the arrival of Portuguese missionaries in Kyushu. Since then, European ideas have played an important role in the politics and society of Japan. However, after WW II Japan’s relationship with Europe was largely displaced by its security ties with the USA and for most of the Cold War period the relationship
between Europe and Japan was of only secondary importance, behind each party’s commitments to the USA. The USA-EuropeJapan triangle was said to have a weak link. Nevertheless, with the expansion and the consolidation of the European Union (EU), together with the end of the Cold War opportunities and incentives seem to be increasing.
Η Ιαπωνία αποτελεί τον δεύτερο εµπορικό εταίρο της ΕΕ µετά τις ΗΠΑ.
Onward and Upward – Opportunities of the 1980s and 1990s The relationship between Europe and Japan began to show signs of promise in the mid/late 1980s. There were a number of reasons
for this. The European Community (EC) was becoming increasingly integrated, which facilitated easier relations with Japan (1986-Single European Act plus the promise of Single Market in 1992). In this respect,
Japanese fears of «fortress Europe» led to greater flexibility on the Japanese side. At the same time, Margaret Thatcher, in pursuit of free market ideals, encouraged massive Japanese investment in the U.K. with other EC countries to follow the U.K. lead. Apart from that, in the 1980s Japan was beginning to seek a more active role in international institutions (attempting to convert its economic in to political power) such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Europe was well entrenched in these institutions and Japan needed its support. In political terms, both Europe and Japan were becoming concerned by the USA’s hard line attitude to some events, i.e. Iranian hostage EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∂™ ™Ã∂™∂π™ ∆∏™ ∂.∂. crisis, Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and Palestine (Middle East in general). However, it was the 1990s that saw the relations reach new heights, especially in political terms. Events after 1989 focused international attention on the European continent and opened up the prospect of a greatly enlarged European Union. The easing of Cold War tensions in Asia (i.e. Gorbachev’s reconciliation with Tokyo, withdrawal of troops from eastern Siberia) also provided a breathing space for Japan. Alongside this, the creation of the Single European Market in 1992 and the formulation of the European Union in 1992 (Maastricht Treaty) provided economic and political promise that Japan could not ignore. The prospect of EU led to the EC delegation in Tokyo being awarded the rank of Ambassador in 1990. On 18th July 1991, Europe and Japan signed the Hague Declaration (Joint Declaration on Relations between the European Community and its Member States and Japan), which is considered to be a landmark in the history of the Europe-Japan relationship, as it represents a mutual commitment to smoothing the economic problems between the two in the name of political progress[1]. In particular, the terms provided for the establishment of JapanEC/EU summit meeting (Prime Minister of Japan with the President of the European Council and the President of the European Commission), which has been held annually ever since. A summit level meeting was not only a highly symbolic EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
commitment but also a gateway to further initiatives (today, for example, there are 34 EU-Japan consultation forums). Throughout the 1990s, however, the summit meetings have largely been talking shops, providing opportunities for the exchange of views rather than agreements[2]. The Hague Declaration also called for increased cooperation and the pursuit of joint projects in the areas of trade, investment, industry, technology, energy, employment, social issues,
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∏ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË Û¯¤ÛË π·ˆÓ›·˜ - ∏ÓˆÌ. µ·ÛÈÏ›Ԣ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ıˆÚËı› ˆ˜ ÂÌfi‰ÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â‰Ú·›ˆÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜
❞
cultural issues, and the environment. In response to these ideals, a number of exchange programmes - known as the EXPROM programme have been established since 1992, including the Executive Training Programme (ETP) [an exchange programme offering young executives the chance to learn a new language and a new culture], the EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation, and the Vulkanus Programme (an 8month engineering exchange with
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language training)[3]. What also needs to be taken into consideration in the evolution of EU-Japan relationship is the fact that in the 1990s the EU favoured the institutionalization of interblock and inter-regional relationships with the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), the North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA) and Mercosur as the basis for strengthening relations with Asia, North America and Latin America respectively. More particularly, the end of the Cold War marked the beginning of a new era of globalization in which drug trafficking in Colombia, the launch of the Euro, the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, piracy in the South China Sea take on global importance. In this new era the EU aspires to an enhanced global role and attempts to respond to globalization through the adoption of new forms of regional association. In this changing context, the creation of the AsianEurope Meeting (ASEM) in 1996 signposted the EU’s renewed interest in the region. In the main, the ASEM initiative brings together the EU member states and the European Commission, with 10 ASEAN members plus three countries from North East Asia (China, Japan and South Korea) and provides a forum for informal inter-regional dialogue for enhancing cooperation in political, economic and social/cultural fields[4]. It could be argued that because of Japan’s increased participation in ASEAN and ASEM, Tokyo was becoming increasingly comfortable with non-governmental actors, something that facilitated its
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∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∂™ ™Ã∂™∂π™ ∆∏™ ∂.∂.
relationship with the EU. As a result, both the EU and Japan have initiated a number of joint programmes with the most recent one being a Global Partnership for the 21st Century, which seeks to acknowledge the developments made since the 1991 Hague Declaration and to reinforce its ideals[5].
Economic and Political Incentives he reorientation of EU relations with Japan should be examined in economic and political terms. Economically, the EU aimed to focus on economic openness and flexibility of labour markets, together with investment in high technology sectors. However, even though we see a desire on the EU part for more trade and investment (especially in high technology sectors like electronics and automobiles) direct investment from Japan to the EU greatly exceeds that in the reverse direction, from the EU to Japan. In addition, up to the 1998 economic crisis Japanese investment in Europe (especially in the U.K.) continued to rise, whilst EU investment in Japan was more erratic[6]. This of course can be seen as a consequence of the Asian Economic Crisis, which caused a significant loss of trade between Asian states (including Japan) and Europe. For this reason, the EU has been putting pressure on Japan to show more leadership in the region. Moreover, greater cooperation on World Trade Organization (WTO) matters is another priority for the EU-Japan relation - at least on the EU part. This renders EU-Japan
T
relationship a bit problematic, as the latter maintains a high level of regulation in its economy. Like the US, the EU has been apt to apply pressure on Japan about the level of regulation in its economy and the consequent difficulties experienced by foreign companies attempting to penetrate the Japanese market. Subsequently, calls for greater openness and reciprocity have characterized most joint statements. Strengthening the third leg of a relationship between Europe, Japan and the US – the world’s dominant economic powers – can be seen as another catalytic factor in the re-evaluation of EU relations with Japan (and Asia in general). The US always maintained close ties with Japan and East Asia through the AsiaPacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC) in which the EU had been unable to gain observer status. This had created a Eurasian «Cinderella Complex» meaning the third poor relation in the triad[7]. From this perspective, the institutionalization of EU relations with Japan through ASEM has a wider significance in that it constitutes the last interregional triadic arrangement to fall into place, the others being APEC (transpacific economic axis) and the New Transatlantic Agenda (transatlantic economic axis). In terms of political considerations, the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 provided the EU with a framework for the development of a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), which created the basis at least in theory - for a more comprehensive relationship with Japan. Here, political dialogue is not limited to universal values that
underpin the CFSP, such as respect for human rights, the rule of law, freedom and democracy but is extended to a new security agenda that includes issues such as environmental threats, international terrorism (especially after September 11, 2001), transnational crime, illegal immigration. It is of particular interest that ASEM III and IV attempts to consolidate EU-Asia (and Japan) relations by strengthening the political aspect of the partnership within the framework of CFSP. At this point, it has to be stressed that security ties between Europe and Japan have traditionally been minimal. During the Cold War period the two were confined within their regional theatres, and there was neither the opportunity nor the need for considerable Japan-Europe connections. Furthermore, the Japanese «Peace Constitution» and various normative restraints prevented Japan from developing a major military presence, especially not immediately adjacent to Japan itself. However, with the end of the Cold War, came a new strategic atmosphere, and global security partnerships (rather than regional ones) began to look more attractive. Accordingly, the argument that EU relations with Japan have been exclusively trade founded can be challenged. Japan’s admission to «Partner for Cooperation» status within the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in 1996 is of great significance. In the same year, France finally withdrew its opposition to Japan’s admission to the Council Of Europe as an observer. In other EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∂™ ™Ã∂™∂π™ ∆∏™ ∂.∂. words, 1996 was a watershed year for EU-Japan security and diplomatic relations – with the latter being permitted access to European security apparatus commensurate with its economic importance to the region. Even though it is arguable that the EU admitted Japan for its money, there is no doubt that the latter has contributed to a great extent in many areas (especially in the former Yugoslavia). In 1995 Japan pledged $500 million for reconstruction in BosniaHerzegovina, in 1998 it extended nearly $10 million of humanitarian assistance to displaced persons in Kosovo and since 1999 (despite the financial problems in Japan) it pledged a further $ 238 million[8]. Perhaps more significantly, however, has been the relative willingness of Japan to send personnel: during the 1996/7 elections in BosniaHerzegovina Japan sent 95 supervisors and observers, and it also participated in the Steering Board of the Peace Implementation Council[9]. The EU on its part in 1997 became the fourth partner - the others being Japan, the US and the Republic of Korea - in the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) joining the advisory board and contributing cash (in part, of course, this can be seen as the flip side of increased Japanese participation in the OSCE). Building on this basis, together with increased EU cooperation in the ASEAN area (and particularly in North Korea), Japan-OSCE is beginning to formulate a global understanding of security for the post Cold War period. Another EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
41
Η Ευρώπη στοχεύει στην ευελιξία και το άνοιγµα των αγορών της σε βιοµηχανικές αλλά και υψηλής τεχνολογίας ιαπωνικά προϊόντα.
milestone in this regard was the OSCE-Japan Conference 2000: Comprehensive Security in Central Asia – Sharing OSCE and Asian Experiences, which has contributed to a shared understanding of cooperative/comprehensive security[10].
Limitations espite the evident progress that has been made in the field of security there are certain limitations that have to be examined. The so-called «Asian Way» with its emphasis on collectivity at the expense of individualism and its concentration on the management and not the resolution of disputes is of central importance in understanding the cultural gaps between the Asian and European way of thinking and acting. Myanmar’s entry in ASEAN and the latter’s objection to the EU sanctions over China
D
for the 1989 events in Tiananmen Square are indicative examples of two different value agendas that constrain political dialogue. This is quite explicit within the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), East Asia’s only security forum in which both the EU and Japan are members. The ARF process is coming about according to an evolutionary approach: Confidence Building Measures, Preventive Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution[11]. Even though the EU supports all three papers (Concept Paper) there is a different perception of security, as the ARF based on the «Asian Way» addresses issues of regional security by pursuing a problem-avoidance approach based on the norm of noninterference. This comes in opposition to the EU approach in cases like the former Yugoslavia where the EU interfered on the basis of violation of human rights. As a consequence, even though the ARF has managed to draw
42
∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∂™ ™Ã∂™∂π™ ∂.∂.
China into a multilateral process, it does not address problems directly and there are many security issues (such as Taiwan, North Korean missile/nuclear programme and US-Japanese defence agreements) that are not discussed. Japan’s special relation with the U.K., which has been developed bilaterally as well as through the medium of the EU, can be seen as another impediment to establishing a CFSP. Today the relationship remains close and the U.K. remains Japan’s partner of choice in Europe. It is of particular interest that although Japan has shown support for the European common currency, hoping that it will facilitate stability and accessibility in the region, it remains worried about the U.K. reticence over joining. However, unofficial Japanese pressure on
lthough EU-Japan relations seem to be improving, there is a sense in which the relationship lacks any real sense of urgency. Ostensibly, the two are economic competitors but political allies in the post Cold War system. Hence, there is some incentive to consolidate political, strategic and diplomatic ties, but such incentives are usually couched in terms of global ideals (democracy, human rights, and environmental issues). Geography, albeit of decreasing salience, does not help. As a result, the EU-Japan
relationship is big on talk and short on action. In economic terms, both the EU and Japan represent global presences so large and significant that neither can afford to ignore the other. However, in neither case is the other the primary market or competitor. Both have more interest in (and more vocal disputes) the USA. It remains difficult to consider the EU-Japan axis outside the de facto triangle with the USA. A possible fourth player in the emerging matrix, primarily from the Japanese perspective, is South East Asia, and particularly China. Japan is certainly focusing a great deal of its attention on its own regional neighbourhood – but whether this will be at the expense of its relationship with the EU or even with the US remains to be seen.
Economic Relations’, Pacific Affairs, Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 25-52. 8. www.oscebih.org/oscebih_eng.asp. 9. www.oscebih.org/oscebih_eng.asp. 10. Mason, M. (1997) «Europe and the
Japanese Challenge», Clarendon: London, pp. 42-48. 11. Narine, S. (1997) ‘ASEAN and the ARF: The Limits of the “ASEAN Way”’, Asian Survey, Vol. 37, No. 7.
the U.K. (such as Toyota’s 1997 suggestion that refusal to join the Euro might lead to a decline in its investments in the U.K.) has helped to push Blair into a less anti-Europe stance.
Epilogue
A
Notes 1. Hook, G. (2000) "Japan’s International Relations”, Routledge: London, p.p. 156-161. 2. A particular frustration for Japan has been the refusal of the EU to support its bid for a permanent UNSC seat (some governments feared that support for Japan might encourage Germany to push for similar support). 3. Hook, G. (2000) "Japan’s International Relations”, Routledge: London, p.p. 163-164. 4. Demiri, E. (2003) “Reorientation of EU Relations with Asia” found in http://www.eliamep.gr/main.asp?cat= 4escat= 9, p.3. 5. http: //www.europa.eu.int/ comm/external _relations/aseau/intro/japan. 6. Strange, S. (1995) «European Business in Japan: A Policy Cossroads?» Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 1-26. 7. Dent, C. (2001) ‘ASEM and the “Cinderella Complex” of EU-East Asia
¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë ∆Ô ¿ÚıÚÔ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘-π·ˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ æ˘¯ÚÔ‡ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘. ∞ӷʤÚÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Â˘Î·Èڛ˜ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó Î·Ù¿ ÙȘ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ÙÔ˘ 80’ Î·È 90’ Î·È ¿ÓÔÈÍ·Ó ÙÔ ‰ÚfiÌÔ ÁÈ· ÛÙÂÓfiÙÂÚ˜ ·ʤ˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ∂˘ÚÒ˘-π·ˆÓ›·˜ ÂÓÒ ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÎÚÈÙÈο ÔÈ ÎÈÓËÙ‹ÚȘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ – ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ – ›Ûˆ ·fi ÙÔÓ Â·Ó·ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ∂.∂.-π·ˆÓ›·˜. ™ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·˘Ùfi ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ¤ÌÊ·ÛË Û ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÓÔÌ·ÛÙ› «Ó¤· ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜» (new security agenda). ∂ÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È, ›Û˘, Ù· fiÚÈ· Ô˘ ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÊÚ·ÁÌÔ‡˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ (.¯. ∞ÛÈ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÛΤ„˘). ∫·Ù·Ï‹ÁÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ·Ú¿ ÙËÓ ÚfiÔ‰Ô Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÛËÌÂȈı› ÛÙȘ ∂˘Úˆ˚·ˆÓÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ, Ô ÙÔ̤·˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ÙȘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÙfiÛÔ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ fiÛÔ Î·È Ù˘ π·ˆÓ›·˜.
EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
ª∫√
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√ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ª∫√ ÙÔ˘ ¡›ÎÔ˘ ¶ÈÙÛÔ‡ÏË ¶ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ˘ ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÔ‡ ™¯Â‰È·ÛÌÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË (∫∂.™.™.∞.) «¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∞»
¤Û· ÛÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ Îϛ̷ ÙˆÓ Ú·Á‰·›ˆÓ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂˆÓ Î·È ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·ÓÙÔ‡ Á‡Úˆ Ì·˜, Ô ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ªË ∫˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ √ÚÁ·ÓÒÛˆÓ, ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ηÙÂÍÔ¯‹Ó ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfi˜, ¢¤ÏÈÎÙÔ˜ Î·È ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ηÈÓÔÙfiÌÔ˜, ‰Â ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÌË Á›ÓÂÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓfi˜ ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È Ó· ÌËÓ ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÛÂÈ ÔÏÏ¿ ·fi ·˘Ù¿ ÛÙË ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘. ªÂ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ ¿ÓÙ· ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ È‰Â҉˜ Ù˘ ·ÓȉÈÔÙÂÏÔ‡˜ ·ÓıÚˆÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÊÂÏÔ‡˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘, ÔÈ ª∫√ ηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ï¤ÔÓ fi¯È Ó· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Â›Ù¢Í˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ¿ÏÏÔ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÎÔ‡ÊÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ fiÓÔ˘ Î·È Ë ÌÂÙ·Ï·Ì¿‰Â˘ÛË Ù˘ ÂÏ›‰·˜ Û fiÛÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Ì·˜ ÙËÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¯¿ÛÂÈ. √È Ó¤Â˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ï¤ÔÓ Ó· Ì·˜ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÂÓË̤ڈÛË Î·È ‰È·ÛΤ‰·ÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ·Ó·fiÛ·ÛÙ· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÁÈ· ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈ·ÎÒÓ Ì·˜ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ. ∏ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛË ·ÓÙfi˜ ›‰Ô˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÔÙ¤ ÈÔ Â‡ÎÔÏÔ Ó· ‚ÚÂı› ·fi fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÔıfiÓ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹, ›Ù ·˘Ùfi˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÁÚ·ÊÂ›Ô Ì·˜, ›Ù ÛÙÔ Û›ÙÈ Ì·˜. ∆· ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·
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EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ª∫√ Î·È ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ‰˘Û¯ÂÚ·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ Èı·Ófi ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜, Â›Ó·È Û˘ÓÔÙÈο Ù· ÂÍ‹˜: ñ ¢˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÛÙËÓ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÛÙȘ ËÁ¤˜ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰Ú¿ÛÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ñ ∞‰˘Ó·Ì›· ‰È·ÚÎÔ‡˜ ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘ ÁÈ· Ù· ˘¿Ú¯ÔÓÙ· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Î·È ÙȘ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈ̘ ÚÔÛÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ˘Ô‚ÔϤ˜ ۯ‰›ˆÓ. ñ ¢˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÛÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Ú¿ÛÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ ÎÔÈÓfi, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ·˘Ùfi Ó· ÎÈÓËÙÔÔÈËı› Î·È Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¿Û¯ÂÈ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈο ÛÙȘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ›Ù Ì ¿ÌÂÛË ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË, ›Ù Ì ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿ Û ›‰Ô˜. ñ ¢˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÛÙÔ «¿ÓÙÚÂÌ·» Ù˘ ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜ Ì ÙË ˙‹ÙËÛË, fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ÂÚÁ·Û›· Û οı ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Î·È ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Î·È ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ù˘ οı ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘. ñ ∞‰˘Ó·Ì›· ·ÚÎÔ‡˜ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÁfiÓÈÌˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Ì ¿ÏϘ ª∫√ Ô˘ ÌÔÈÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ù· ›‰È· ÔÚ¿Ì·Ù· Î·È ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜. ñ ∞‰˘Ó·Ì›· ‰È·ıÂÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ Ì¤ÛˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÎÛÙÚ·ÙÂÈÒÓ Â˘·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Î.·. √È Ó¤Â˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈӈӛ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Â‡¯ÚËÛÙ·,
¢¤ÏÈÎÙ· ·ÏÏ¿ ¿Óˆ ·fi fiÏ· ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ· ÂÚÁ·Ï›·, Ù· ÔÔ›· ·Ó ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÂÈÙ˘¯Ò˜ Î·È Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο ·fi ÙȘ ª∫√, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È Ó· χÛÔ˘Ó ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆÙÈο ÌÂÚÈο ·fi Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ù· ÔÔ›· ·˘Ù¤˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó. OÈ Ó¤Â˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈӈӛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙˆÓ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ: ñ ™ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÙˆÓ ª∫√ Û ¤Ó· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ¢ڇ ÎÔÈÓfi, οÙÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ ª∫√ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞Ó ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈÛÙ› ηÓ›˜ fiÙÈ Ë ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙˆÓ ª∫√ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ˘ÏÔÔÈ› ÙȘ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ‚·ÛÈ˙fiÌÂÓË ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¢ڤˆ˜ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡. ñ ™ÙË ‰ÈÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÎÛÙÚ·ÙÂÈÒÓ Â˘·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÌÂ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈο ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜. ∆Ô ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ÔχÙÈÌÔ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ ÂÌ‚¤ÏÂÈ·˜ ÂÎÛÙÚ·ÙÂÈÒÓ Â˘·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ·ÁÁ›ÍÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈÎÔ‡˜, ¯ÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ‹ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Ôχ ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙË Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈ΋ ¤ÓÙ˘Ë ‹ ÙËÏÂÔÙÈ΋ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË
44 Î·È ÚÔÒıËÛË. ß ™ÙËÓ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÙˆÓ ª∫√ Û ËÁ¤˜ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘, ÙfiÛÔ Û ÂıÓÈÎfi, ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ›‰Ô. ŒÓ· ·fi Ù· ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘, Â›Ó·È Ë ¤ÁηÈÚË ÚfiÛ‚·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙȘ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈ̘ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ‹ÛÂȘ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù· ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ¤ÁÁÚ·Ê·, Ù· ÔÔ›· οı ÊÔÚ¿ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÓÔ‰Â‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ˘Ô‚ÔÏ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ÚfiÙ·Û˘. ∏ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ·ÏÔ˘ÛÙÂ˘Ì¤ÓË ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘ Û ¤Ó· ÂÛÙÈ·Îfi ÛËÌ›Ô, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ (“links”) Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÎÙ˘·ÎÔ‡˜ ÙfiÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘, ·ÏÔ˘ÛÙ‡ÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÙË ¯ÚÔÓÔ‚fiÚ· ·˘Ù‹ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Î·È ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ª∫√ ÛÙË ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚË Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ Â͇ÚÂÛË Î¿ı ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Ô˘ ÙȘ ÂӉȷʤÚÂÈ. ñ ™ÙÔ «¿ÓÙÚÂÌ·» Ù˘ ˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜, ÙfiÛÔ ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÒÓ, fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÊÔÚÒÓ Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÂȉÒÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ª∫√. ŒÓ·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È ‰È·‰Ú·ÛÙÈÎfi˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› Ì ¢ÎÔÏ›· ÛÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô, Â›Ó·È ·ÚÎÂÙfi˜ ÁÈ· Ó· Û˘ÓÙ·ÈÚÈ¿ÍÂÈ ÙȘ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Ì ÙË ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌË ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿, ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ· Î·È Â‡ÎÔÏ·. ñ ™ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Î·È ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ È‰›ˆÓ ÙˆÓ ª∫√, Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ‰ÈÎÙ˘·ÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ Intranet. H ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ·˘Ù‹, ¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔ fiÙÈ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î¿ı ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ÙÔ Ï‹Úˆ˜ ÂÓËÌÂڈ̤ÓÔ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎfi «ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi» Ù˘, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Î·È ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÚÔÛ‚¿ÛÈÌÔ ·Ó¿ ¿Û· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Î·È ·fi ÔÔ˘‰‹ÔÙÂ, ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Î·È
ª∫√ Û ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ Îˆ‰ÈÎfi Ó· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÊÔÚ¤·, ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙË ‰È·Ê·Ó‹ ÙÔ˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·. ñ ™ÙË ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ· ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙË Ê‡ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ˘ÏÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ª∫√, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙÂ Ô Î¿ı ÂӉȷÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ˜ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Î·È Ó· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÂχıÂÚ· ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÊÔÚ¤· Ô˘ ÙÔÓ ÂӉȷʤÚÂÈ Î·È ÂÈı˘Ì› Ó· ÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο. ∞˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È Î¿ÙÈ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙ› Ì ÙÔÓ ·ÏÔ‡ÛÙÂÚÔ ‰˘Ó·Ùfi ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ¿ÏÏÔ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÊÔÚ¤· Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰·˜, Ô˘ ı· ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÈ̘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜. ñ ™ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÙËÏÂÚÁ·Û›·. ∏ ÙËÏÂÚÁ·Û›· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ¢¤ÏÈÎÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙ÂÈ Î·È Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ·fiÏ˘Ù· ÔÏϤ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ. ∫·ıÒ˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ Ó· ··Û¯ÔÏËı› ·fi ÔÔ˘‰‹ÔÙÂ Î·È ·Ó ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È. ºÙ¿ÓÂÈ Ó· ÛÎÂÊÙ› ηÓ›˜ ˆ˜ ÔÏÏÔ› ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ¤˜ ·ÊÈÂÚÒÓÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ‰Ô˘ÏÂ‡Ô˘Ó ··Ú·Èًو˜ ÛÙ· ÁÚ·Ê›· ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡. ªÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ¿ÏÈ ÙˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÛÙÔ Â‰›Ô ‰Ú¿Û˘, Â›Ó·È Ù· ‰ÔÚ˘ÊÔÚÈο ÙËϤʈӷ Ù· ÔÔ›· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È ÚÔ¿ÓÙˆÓ ÙËÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÒÓ, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÛÙ· ÈÔ ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ˘Ṳ̂ӷ ̤ÚË, ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٷÚÚ‡ÛÂÈ ÔÈ Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈΤ˜ ÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷΤ˜ ˘Ô‰Ô̤˜ ‹ ‰ÂÓ ˘‹ÚÍ·Ó ÔÙ¤. ∂›Û˘, ÌÈ· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎfi
ÂÌfiÚÈÔ Î·È Ë ÚÔÒıËÛË Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ ÙˆÓ ª∫√, ÙÔ˘˜ ‰›ÓÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ˆÏÔ‡Ó Ù· ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· ÙÔ˘˜ Û ¤Ó·Ó ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ˘Ô„‹ÊÈˆÓ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙÒÓ, fiÔ˘ Î·È ·Ó ·˘ÙÔ› ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Î·È Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Ù· ¤ÛÔ‰· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ Û¯Â‰›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ñ ™ÙËÓ ¿ÌÂÛË Î·È ‰È·‰Ú·ÛÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂӉȷÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Î·È ÛÙË ÁfiÓÈÌË ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ·fi„ˆÓ, ȉÂÒÓ Î·È Ù¯ÓÔÁÓˆÛ›·˜, ̤ۈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÛÂ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È forum ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ·fi„ÂˆÓ ÛÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô. ŒÓ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚÒÙÔ ‚‹Ì· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍÔÈΛˆÛË ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ ª∫√ Ì ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ·ÓÔ›ÁÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ, ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë ÚÒÙË ·ÌÈÁÒ˜ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋ ∞ÓıÚˆÈÛÙÈ΋ ¶‡ÏË ÛÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô, Ì ÙËÓ ÔÓÔÌ·Û›· «anthropos.gr». ∏ ¶‡ÏË, Ë ÔÔ›· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËΠ̠ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ˘ ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÔ‡ ™¯Â‰È·ÛÌÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË (∫∂.™.™.∞.) ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∞ Î·È ÙˆÓ °È·ÙÚÒÓ ÃˆÚ›˜ ™‡ÓÔÚ· ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜, Ì ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Ù˘ ÀËÚÂÛ›·˜ ¢ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ∞Ó·Ù˘Íȷ΋˜ ™˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÀÔ˘ÚÁ›Ԣ ∂͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· η›ÚÈ· Î·È Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋ ΛÓËÛË ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚı¤ÓÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ ª∫√, Ô˘ ‰ÚÔ˘Ó ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, fiÛÔ Î·È ÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi. ∞Ó fï˜ Ë ˘ÏÈÎÔÙ¯ÓÈ΋ ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹ Î·È ÔÈ Ó¤Â˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ª∫√, ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ͯӿÌ fiÙÈ Ô ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û ¿ÓÙ· Î·È ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·ÎÚÔÁˆÓÈ·›Ô Ï›ıÔ Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ª∫√ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜, ¤EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
ª∫√ ¯Ô˘Ó ·Ú·ÙËÚËı› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ۇÌÓÔÈ· Ì ÙÔ Ó‡̷ ÙˆÓ Î·ÈÚÒÓ Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛËÌÂȈı› ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·fi ÙȘ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ϤÔÓ ··ÈÙËÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ô˘ ÙÔÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó. ª›· ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÓÂÔÂÈÛ·¯ı›Û˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Î·È ÂΛÓË ÙÔ˘ «Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·Ù›· ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ‹», ÙÔ˘ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ‹ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ô˘ ·Ô˙ËÌÈÒÓÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÚÔÛÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘. ∂Í·Ú¯‹˜ Î·È ÌfiÓÔ, Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ «Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·Ù›· ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ‹» ÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ ‚¿ÛË ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈ΋, ηıÒ˜ ·ÔÂÈÚ¿Ù·È Ó· Û˘ÓÙ·ÈÚÈ¿ÍÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·Ù›·, ÂΛÓÔ˘ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ô˘ ÂÍ·ÛΛ ÌÈ· ÌfiÓÈÌË ÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙÔÓ ‚ÈÔÔÚÈÛÌfi. ∏ ·ÓٛʷÛË Ê˘ÛÈο ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ¤¯Ô˘ÌÂ Û˘ÓËı›ÛÂÈ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÌ·ÛÙ ÙËÓ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ˘ÔÎÈÓÂ›Ù·È (Î·È ÔÊ›ÏÂÈ Ó· ˘ÔÎÈÓ›ٷÈ) ·fi ηı·Ú¿ ·ÓȉÈÔÙÂÏ‹ Î·È ·ÏÙÚÔ˘ÈÛÙÈο ΛÓËÙÚ· Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ê˘ÛÈο Ó· ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÙÔ Î›ÓËÙÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ΤډԢ˜. ∂›Ó·È ·˘ÙÔÓfiËÙÔ Â›Û˘, ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙ˜ Î·È ¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ Ô˘ ÎÔÛÙ›˙Ô˘Ó ÂηÙÔÓÙ¿‰Â˜ ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰Â˜ _, Ó· ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó Î·ÓfiÓ˜ ¿ÚÈÛÙ˘ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ‚¤ÏÙÈÛÙË ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ·fi‰ÔÛË Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. √È ÂÓÙ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷʤÚÔÓÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· Û fiÏ· Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÓÂÚÁ¿ ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛˆÓ. √È ı¤ÛÂȘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ϤÔÓ ÚÔηıÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ Ï·›ÛÈ· Ô˘ Û˘Óı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ∏ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ÙÔ˘ οı ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜, ¯ÚÔÓԉȷÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·, ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È fiÚÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ˘ÏÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
Ì ÙȘ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ˜ ‰˘Ó·Ù¤˜ ·ÔÎÏ›ÛÂȘ. °›ÓÂÙ·È ÏÔÈfiÓ ·ÓÙÈÏËÙfi fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ·ÚΛ Ë «Î·Ï‹ ı¤ÏËÛË». ∞·ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È Èηӿ Î·È ¤ÌÂÈÚ· ÛÙÂϤ¯Ë Ô˘ ı· Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÂͤÏıÔ˘Ó ÛÙȘ ·˘ÍË̤Ó˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ı¤ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÈ΋˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ÌÈ·˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ô˘ ÂÈÚfiÛıÂÙ· ı· ÂÎÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È Î¿Ùˆ ·fi ÙȘ ‰˘ÛÌÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚ˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ, ·Ó ηÓ›˜ ÙȘ Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÂÈ Ì ÙȘ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙÒÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚÒÙËÛË ·Ó ÌÈÏ¿Ì ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ÁÈ· ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ¤˜ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ˘„ËÏ¿ Î·È ‰È·ÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈο ÚÔÛfiÓÙ·, Ë ·¿ÓÙËÛË Â›Ó·È Û·ÊÒ˜ «Ó·È», ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ η̛· ÌË ÎÂÚ‰ÔÛÎÔÈ΋ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ‰Â ı· ÌÔÚ¤ÛÂÈ Ó· ÚÔԉ‡ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÂÈ‚ÈÒÛÂÈ ·Ó ‰ÂÓ Ï·ÈÛÈÒÓÂÙ·È ·fi ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο οو ·fi ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ù˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ Î·È ÙȘ ÂÍÂȉ›Î¢Û˘ Ô˘ ··ÈÙ›ٷÈ. °È’ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ì·˜ ÍÂÓ›˙ÂÈ Ë ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ıÂÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ «Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·Ù›· ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ‹» ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙˆÓ ª∫√. ∞Ì›‚ÂÙ·È. ∏ ·ÌÔÈ‚‹ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ¿ÏψÛÙ ÙÔ Â›Ì·¯Ô ÛËÌÂ›Ô Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÂÓfi˜ ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·Ù›· Î·È ÂÓfi˜ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ‹. √È fiÔȘ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·ÔÏ·‚¤˜ fï˜ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Î›ÓËÙÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·Ù›· ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ‹ per se, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· Ô˘ Û˘ÓÙÂÏ› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÛÙÔ Ó· ÌÔÚ› ÂΛÓÔ˜ Ó· ·ÊÔÛÈÒÓÂÙ·È ·ÂÚ›Û·ÛÙ· ÛÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ó· ‰Ô˘Ï‡ÂÈ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÛÙÂÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ·Ó˘¤Ú‚ÏËÙ· ÂÌfi‰È· (Ó· ÌË ÛΤÙÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ·Ó Ë ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· Ô˘ ¿ÊËÛ ›Ûˆ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ηχ„ÂÈ ÙȘ ‚ÈÔÔÚÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘
45 ·Ó¿ÁΘ). √ ıÂÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ «Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·Ù›· ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ‹» ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙ› Ì ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ·fi ÙÔ ÊÔÚ¤· Ì·˜, ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÔ‡ ™¯Â‰È·ÛÌÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË (∫∂.™.™.∞.) ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∞ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔ›ËÛ‹˜ Ì·˜ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ·ÓıÚˆÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ·Ó·Ù˘Íȷ΋˜ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔÓ ·ÎÚÔÁˆÓÈ·›Ô Ï›ıÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÌÈ·˜ Ì·ÎÚ¿˜ Ï›ÛÙ·˜ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ì ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌË ·ÚÔ¯‹ Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌ‹˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ï·Ô‡˜ Ù˘ ÁÂÈÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ™ÂÚ‚›·˜ Î·È ∆Ô˘ÚΛ·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛÊ˘ÁÈÎÔ‡˜ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡˜ ÛÙ· Û‡ÓÔÚ· ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÎÈÛÙ¿Ó Ì ÙÔ ∞ÊÁ·ÓÈÛÙ¿Ó. ∆Ô ∫∂.™.™.∞. ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∞ ¿ÏψÛÙ οÓÂÈ ÌÈ· Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ «Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÒÓ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÒÓ» Ô˘ ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÔχÙÈ̘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ̤۷ ·fi Ù· ¤ÚÁ· Ô˘ ˘ÏÔÔÈ›. ∞˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔ˘Ì Ì ÙËÓ Î·ÙÂÍÔ¯‹Ó ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Î·È Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂӉȷÊÂÚÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û ÌÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ «‰ÂÍ·ÌÂÓ‹˜» ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÒÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Ù· ‚ÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈο ÙÔ˘˜ ÛËÌÂÈÒÌ·Ù· Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ·ÚÂÌÊÂÚ‹ ÛÙÔȯ›· Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÂÎΛÓËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ Ô˘ ı· ÂÚÁ·ÛÙ› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÈΛÏÏˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘ÌÂ. º˘ÛÈο, Ë Ê‡ÛË Î·È ÔÈ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÔÈΛÏÏÔ˘Ó, fiˆ˜ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÔÈΛÏÏÔ˘Ó Î·È Ù· ÚÔÛfiÓÙ· Î·È Ë ÂÍÂȉ›Î¢ÛË ÙˆÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÒÓ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÒÓ. ∏ ‡·ÚÍË Ù˘ «‰ÂÍ·ÌÂÓ‹˜» ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙÔ Û˘ÓÙ·›ÚÈ·ÛÌ· Ù˘ ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜ Ì ÙË ˙‹ÙËÛË Î·È Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔ›¯ËÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Î¿ı ·Ó·Ù˘ÍÈ·Îfi ‹ ·ÓıÚˆÈÛÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·.
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∂ÚÌËÓ›· ηْ ¿ÚıÚÔ Ù˘ ™˘Óı‹Î˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÓˆÛË Î·È Ù˘ ™˘Óı‹Î˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ›‰Ú˘ÛË Ù˘ ∂˘Ú. ∫ÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜∆fiÌÔ˜ π : ™˘Óı‹ÎË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÓˆÛË ™˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ : °ÈÒÚÁÔ˜ ∫ÚÂÌÏ‹˜ / ¡›ÎÔ˜ ºÚ·Áο΢ / ¡¿ÛÔ˜ ÃÚÈÛÙÔÁÈ·ÓÓfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜ ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ : ∞ÓÙ. ¡. ™¿ÎÎÔ˘Ï·, ∞ı‹Ó· - ∫ÔÌÔÙËÓ‹, 2003 ÙfiÌÔ˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ÙÌ‹Ì· ÌÈ·˜ ¢ڇÙÂÚ˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜ Ô˘ Û‡ÓÙÔÌ· ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˘ Ì ٛÙÏÔ “∂ÚÌËÓ›· ηْ¿ÚıÚÔ Ù˘ ™˘Óı‹Î˘ ÂÚ› ȉڇÛˆ˜ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ∫ÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜”, ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È Ì ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜. ∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ηْ¿ÚıÚÔ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙË ™˘Óı‹ÎË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÓˆÛË (™∂∂) ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË ™˘Óı‹ÎË Ù˘ ¡›Î·È·˜, Ì ٷ ¶ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏ· Î·È ÙȘ ¢ËÏÒÛÂȘ Ù˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È fiÛ· ·fi Ù· ¶ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏ· Î·È ¢ËÏÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ª¿·ÛÙÚÈ¯Ù Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÕÌÛÙÂÚÓÙ·Ì ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó Û ÈÛ¯‡. ∆· ¿ÚıÚ· ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÔÓÙ·È, Ì ¿ÎÚˆ˜ ηٷÓÔËÙfi Î·È Â‡ÏËÙÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË ÙÚfiÔ, ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ Îˆ‰ÈÎÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ™˘Óı‹Î˘ ÙÔ˘ ÕÌÛÙÂÚÓÙ·Ì, ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÓۈ̷وı› ÔÈ ÙÚÔÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈʤÚÂÈ Ë ™˘Óı‹ÎË Ù˘ ¡›Î·È·˜, ÂÓÒ Ù· ¶ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏ· Î·È ÔÈ ¢ËÏÒÛÂȘ ·Ú·¤ÌÔÓÙ·È Î·È Û¯ÔÏÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È, ηٿ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, ̤۷ ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÌËÓ¢fiÌÂÓˆÓ ¿ÚıÚˆÓ. ¶¤Ú· ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· ÙÂÎÌËÚÈÒÓÂÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÏËıÒÚ· ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ οı ∆›ÙÏÔ˘, ÙÔ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ¤ÚÁÔ ¤¯ÂÈ ¯ÚËÛÙÈÎfi ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÊÈÏÔ‰ÔÍ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ, ÌÂٷ͇ ¿ÏψÓ, ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÁÈ· ÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÌÂÏÂÙËÙ¤˜ Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙ¤˜ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È ¿Ì˘Ó·˜ (∫∂¶¶∞), ηıÒ˜ Î·È ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÛÙ˘ÓÔÌÈ΋˜ Î·È ‰ÈηÛÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Û ÔÈÓÈΤ˜ ˘Ôı¤ÛÂȘ.
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µπµ§π√¶∞ƒ√À™π∞™∏ ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù’¿ÚıÚÔ ÔÈ ÂÍ‹˜ ∆›ÙÏÔÈ Ù˘ ™˘Óı‹Î˘: π (∫ÔÈÓ¤˜ ¢È·Ù¿ÍÂȘ, ¿ÚıÚ· 1-7), V (¢È·Ù¿ÍÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ∫∂¶¶∞, ¿ÚıÚ· 11-28), VI (∞ÛÙ˘ÓÔÌÈ΋ Î·È ¢ÈηÛÙÈ΋ ™˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Û ¶ÔÈÓÈΤ˜ ÀÔı¤ÛÂȘ, ¿ÚıÚ· 29-42), VII (∂ÓÈÛ¯˘Ì¤ÓË ™˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·, ¿ÚıÚ· 43-45) Î·È VIII (∆ÂÏÈΤ˜ ¢È·Ù¿ÍÂȘ , ¿ÚıÚ· 46-53). ∆Ô ¤ÚÁÔ Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÓÂÙ·È ·fi Ù· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌ· ·Ú·ÚÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÙÂÏÈΤ˜ Ú¿ÍÂȘ (¶ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏ·, ¢ËÏÒÛÂȘ, ¶›Ó·Î·˜ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯÈÒÓ) ÙˆÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÕÌÛÙÂÚÓÙ·Ì Î·È Ù˘ ¡›Î·È·˜. ∏ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙˆÓ ‰È·Ù¿ÍÂˆÓ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ·Ú¿ıÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ Î·È ÂȯÂÈÚÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙÚfiÔ ÏÈÙfi, ÂÚÈÂÎÙÈÎfi, Û·Ê‹ ·ÏÏ¿ ÚÔ¿ÓÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙfi ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÌË È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË, ÂÓÒ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ÛÙ· “·Ú·ÁˆÁÈο ·›ÙÈ·” Ô˘ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÙ¿ÎÙ˜ Ù˘ ™∂∂ ÛÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ (ÂÓ›ÔÙ ÂÚ›ÏÔΈÓ, ‰˘ÛÓfiËÙˆÓ ‹ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈÎÒÓ) ‰È·Ù˘ÒÛˆÓ. ªÂ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ÙËÓ ¤ˆ˜ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Â·ÚÎÔ‡˜ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ (‰ËÏ·‰‹ ηْ¿ÚıÚÔÓ ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ, ·ÊÔ‡ Ë ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·Ó¿ÁÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ‘80), ÙÔ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ (‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Î·È Â›ÔÓÔ, ·ÛÊ·ÏÒ˜) ÂÁ¯Â›ÚËÌ· ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Ó· ηχ„ÂÈ, Ì ¿ÎÚˆ˜ ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ·Ïfi ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÂȉÈÎfi ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ·, ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÎÂÓfi, Î·È Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÌÂÙ¿ ÙȘ ‰È·‰Ô¯ÈΤ˜ (ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ Î·È ÂfiÌÂÓ˜) ·Ó·ıˆڋÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎÔ‡ “∫·Ù·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÿÚÙË” ηٿ ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ ‘90 ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÈÒÓ· Ì·˜. ªÂ ·Ó˘ÔÌÔÓËÛ›· ÏÔÈfiÓ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È ÙÔÓ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ∆fiÌÔ Ù˘ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ Û˘ÌÏËÚˆı› Û‡ÓÙÔÌ· (Î·È ¿ÓÙˆ˜ ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙË ı¤ÛË Û ÈÛ¯‡ ÙÔ˘ Ó¤Ô˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜) Î·È Ó· ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÙ› ¤ÙÈ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ Ë ÁÓÒÛË Ì·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÂÓˆÛÈ·Îfi ÎÂÎÙË̤ÓÔ (ÚˆÙÔÁÂÓ¤˜ Î·È ·Ú¿ÁˆÁÔ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎfi ‰›Î·ÈÔ), ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÚÙÈ· ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ηٿÚÙÈÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÏÔ‡ÛÈ· ÂÚ› Ù· Â˘Úˆ·˚ο ‰ÚÒÌÂÓ· ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ‰È·Ê·›ÓÔÓÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÒÙÔ˘ ∆fiÌÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘.
∆ÂÙÚ¿‰È· ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ∂Í·ÌËÓÈ·›· ∂ÈıÂÒÚËÛË ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ∞Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Î·È ¶ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ fi ÙȘ ÂΉfiÛÂȘ ∫ƒπ∆π∫∏ ΢ÎÏÔÊfiÚËÛ ¤Ó· Ó¤Ô ÂÍ·ÌËÓÈ·›Ô ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, Ù· ∆ÂÙÚ¿‰È· ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÛÙ‹Ì˘. ∆· ∆ÂÙÚ¿‰È· ·ÔÛÎÔÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹ ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜, ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÛÙÔÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, Ô˘ Ó· ·ÊÔÚ¿ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Î¿ı ÛÎÂÙfiÌÂÓÔ ÔÏ›ÙË. ∏ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ Û˘Á΢ڛ·, ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Î·È ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜, ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙË Û˘Ó‡·ÚÍË ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Ù¿ÛÂˆÓ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ Î·È ÙȘ ÚÔÔÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜: ÛÔ‚·Ú¤˜ ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Ù¿ÛÂˆÓ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÚˆÙfiÁÓˆÚˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘, Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ Î·È Û‡Ìڷ͢ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ. ∏ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤Î‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ ∆ÂÙÚ·‰›ˆÓ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÔ›ıËÛË fiÙÈ Ë ‰ÈÂÍÔ‰È΋, ÓËÊ¿ÏÈ· Î·È ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Î·È Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÔÙÈÎÒÓ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰ÂÓ ÂÌÏÔ˘Ù›˙ÂÈ ÌfiÓÔÓ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË, ·ÏÏ¿ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ Î·È Û ÂΛÓË ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·È‰Â›· Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙ›·˜. ∆· ∆ÂÙÚ¿‰È· ‰ËÌÔÛÈÂ‡Ô˘Ó ¿ÚıÚ· ÛÙ· ÂÏÏËÓÈο Î·È Ù· ·ÁÁÏÈο. Œ¯Ô˘Ó ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ ∆Ì‹Ì· ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∫Ú‹Ù˘, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ‰È·ÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔÈ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ Î·È ¤Ú·Ó ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∫Ú‹Ù˘, ÂÓÙfi˜ Î·È ÂÎÙfi˜ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜. ¶·Ú¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ·ÊÈÂÚÒÌ·Ù· Û ÂȉÈΤ˜ ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜, ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÂ˘Ì¤Ó˘ ‡Ï˘ ı· ηχÙÂÙ·È ·fi ¿ÚıÚ· Ô˘ ˘Ô‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È ÚÔ˜ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÚÎÂÈ· ·fi ·ÓÒÓ˘ÌÔ˘˜ ÎÚÈÙ¤˜. ∆Ô ·ÊȤڈ̷ ÙÔ˘ ÚÒÙÔ˘ Ù‡¯Ô˘˜ Â›Ó·È ºÂÓÙ·ڷÏÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È ÎÚ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÛÙË ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÓˆÛË. ∆Ë ÂÈ̤ÏÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÊÈÂÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ›¯Â Ô ∫ÒÛÙ·˜ §¿‚‰·˜, ̤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ∆ÂÙÚ·‰›ˆÓ.
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EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
¡∂∞ ∂∫ºƒ∞™∏™
47
∂Àƒø¶∞´∫√™ ¢π∞°ø¡π™ª√™: “SEE-EU in the future” ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ËÌÂÚ›‰·˜ Ô˘ ‰ÈÂÍ‹¯ıË ÙËÓ ¢Â˘Ù¤Ú· 30 πÔ˘Ó›Ô˘ 2003 ÛÙÔ ∞ÌÊÈı¤·ÙÚÔ π. ¢Ú·ÎfiÔ˘ÏÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ∫ÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ∫Ù‹ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ, Ì ı¤Ì· ÙȘ ıÂÛÌÈΤ˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÓˆÛË ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ Ù˘ £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔӛ΢, Ë ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Ù˘ °ÂÓÈ΋˜ °Ú·ÌÌ·Ù›·˜ ¡¤·˜ °ÂÓÈ¿˜ Î·È Ù˘ °ÂÓÈ΋˜ ¢È‡ı˘ÓÛ˘ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ·¤ÓÂÈÌ ٷ ‚Ú·‚›· ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ¢È·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡ “SEE EU in the Future”.
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ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜, Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· Ó· ı¤ÛÔ˘Ó Û ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙȘ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó Î·ÈÓÔÙÔÌÈΤ˜ ȉ¤Â˜. √ ‰È·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi˜ ›¯Â ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·, ¤Ú· ·fi ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ıÂÛË ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹, ÙËÓ Â˘·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡, ÙËÓ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù· ∂∂, ÙËÓ ‰ÈÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ πı·Á¤ÓÂÈ·˜. µÚ·‚‡ıËÎ·Ó ÔÈ ÙÚÂȘ ÂÈÙ˘¯fiÓÙ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, ÙË °ÂÚÌ·Ó›· Î·È ÙËÓ °·ÏÏ›·, ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·.
Μετά το τέλος της απονοµής, οι βραβευθέντες και οι οργανωτές του διαγωνισµού, µέλη της Ευρωπαϊκής Έκφρασης.
√ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi˜ ‰È·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi˜ SEE-EU in the future, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›¯ıËΠ·fi ÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ Î·È ÙËÓ °ÂÓÈ΋ °Ú·ÌÌ·Ù›· ¡¤·˜ °ÂÓÈ¿˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, Î·È ‰ÈÂÍ‹¯ıË Û ÙÚÂȘ ¯ÒÚ˜, ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, °·ÏÏ›· Î·È °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·. √ ‰È·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÚÔÔÚÈ˙fiÙ·Ó ÁÈ· ÌÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·ÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ‰È‰·ÎÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ ¤ˆ˜ 33 ÂÙÒÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÛÔ˘‰¿˙Ô˘Ó ÌÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ÂÈÛً̘: ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·, ÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛً̘ Î·È ÙȘ Â˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ ÛÔ˘‰¤˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÓÔÌÈ΋, ÙËÓ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋ Î·È Ù· ªª∂, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘. ∞ÒÙÂÚÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ó· ‰ÒÛÂÈ ÊˆÓ‹ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ó¤Ô˘˜ EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
™Ù·‡ÚÔ˜ ∫Ô‡ÚÙ·Ï˘, 3Ô µÚ·‚›Ô
“∏ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÓˆÛË Û ·Ó·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ¶ÚÔ‰ڛ·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ Ù˘ ∂.∂.” Laurence VIELLE, 1Ô µÚ·‚Â›Ô & ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ∫·ÈÓÔÙfiÌÔ Simulated International Negotiations on the Convention on the future of Europe: A Young Constitution for an old Europe Violaine HACKER, 2Ô µÚ·‚Â›Ô Europe U want : Let’s Propose Juliette GAYRAUD, 3Ô µÚ·‚›Ô
Στιγµιότυπο από την ηµερίδα που πραγµατοποιήθηκε στο Παν/µιο Αθηνών. Από αριστερά ο καθηγητής κ. Πάνος Καζάκος και ο κ. Laurente Avignon, Πρόεδρος Eurojeune.
¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ËÌÂÚ›‰·˜ ‚Ú·‚‡ıËÎÂ Ë ÈÔ Î·ÈÓÔÙfiÌ· ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ π‰¤·. √È ‚Ú·‚¢ı¤ÓÙ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÂÍ‹˜: ∂§§∞¢∞-Greece: µ·Û›Ï˘ ªfiÎÔ˜ 1Ô µÚ·‚›Ô
“ªÔÚÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈΤ˜ √Ì¿‰Â˜ Ó· ÌÂÙÂÍÂÏȯıÔ‡Ó Û ÎfiÌÌ·Ù· Î·È Ó· ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ‚Ô‡ÏËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘”
Rendez-vous in the future : A French Vision of the European Constitution ROUVEN KLEI¡, 1Ô µÚ·‚Â›Ô “European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP): Finality of European Integration and project of peace” EVANGELOS ARAMPATZIS, 2Ô µÚ·‚›Ô
°ÂÒÚÁÈÔ˜ ∫Ô˘ÎÔ˘‰¿Î˘, 2Ô µÚ·‚›Ô
“Legitimation in the European multilevel system: Dare a democracy on other rails!” FLORIAN OSTERLOH, 3Ô µÚ·‚›Ô
“∞ÙÂÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ. ∏ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ˆ˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜”
“Beyond Nice – Perspectives on the Reform Convention of the European Union”
48
∂Àƒø¶∞´∫∏ ∂∫ºƒ∞™∏
¢HMO™IEY™EI™ ™THN EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ™ÎÔfi˜ Ù˘ ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ·fi„ÂˆÓ - ·ÚΛ Ó· ÌËÓ ÂÎʤÚÔÓÙ·È ·˘ı·›ÚÂÙ· - Î·È Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ηٿÏÏËÏÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ Î·È ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ȉÂÒÓ Ì ›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÙËÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ Û' ·˘Ù‹Ó. OÈ ·fi„ÂȘ Ô˘ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ‰ÂÓ ‰ÂÛÌÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ È‰ÈÔÎÙËÛ›·, ÙÔÓ ÂΉfiÙË ‹ ÙË Û‡ÓÙ·ÍË.
1
T· ¿ÚıÚ· Ù· ÔÔ›· ‰ËÌÔÛȇÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ E˘Úˆ·˚΋ 'EÎÊÚ·ÛË, ÂÈϤÁÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙË Û‡ÓÙ·ÍË Ì ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ·, ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·, ÙË ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ οı Ù‡¯Ô˘˜, ÙËÓ ÚˆÙÔÙ˘›· Î·È ÂÈηÈÚfiÙËÙ·. H ¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ·fi 900 ϤÍÂȘ.
2
ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙȘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÛÂȘ, ˘Ô‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È ÔÔÙ‰‹ÔÙÂ,Û ÙÚ›· ·ÓÙ›Ù˘·, ˘·ÎÔ‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙȘ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ ÚԉȷÁڷʤ˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ËÌÔÛÈ¢ı› Ô‡Ù Ì ·Ú·Ï‹ÛÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ ‹ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Û ¿ÏÏ· ¤ÓÙ˘·, ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi ̤ÏË Ù˘ EÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ EÈÙÚÔ‹˜ Ù˘ E˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ 'EÎÊÚ·Û˘, Ì ϋÚË ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ÎÚ›Û˘ (·ÓˆÓ˘Ì›· ÙÔ˘ ÎÚÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÚÈÓfiÓÙˆÓ, Ô ÎÚÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÂ›Ù·È ‚¤‚·È· ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË) Î·È Ë
3
¤ÎÙ·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Î˘Ì·›ÓÂÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ 2000 - 3000 Ϥ͈Ó. O ˘Ô„‹ÊÈÔ˜ ·ÔÛÙ¤ÏÏÂÈ Û‡ÓÙÔÌÔ ‚ÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi ÛËÌ›ˆÌ·. ™Â fiϘ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ì·˙› Ì οı ˘Ô‚ÔÏ‹ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È Î·È ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë Û ÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÁÏÒÛÛ· (·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ÛÙ· ·ÁÁÏÈο ‹ Ù· ÂÏÏËÓÈο) (100 - 200 ϤÍÂȘ). TÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÛÙ¤ÏÏÂÙ·È Î·È Û ‰ÈÛΤٷ PC ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÔʇÁÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜ Ù˘ ‰·ÎÙ˘ÏÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛ˘ Î·È ÁÂÓÈο Ó· ÂÈÙ·¯‡ÓÂÙ·ÈË ¤Î‰ÔÛË. K·Ïfi Â›Ó·È Â›Û˘ Ó· ·ÔÛÙ¤ÏÏÂÙ·È ÊˆÙÔÁÚ·Ê›· ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·. XÂÈÚfiÁÚ·Ê·, ‰ÈÛΤÙ˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ÚˆÙfiÙ˘· ‰ÂÓ ÂÈÛÙÚ¤ÊÔÓÙ·È.
4
A·ÁÔÚ‡ÂÙ·È ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ Ë ÌÂÚÈ΋ ‹ ÔÏÈ΋ ·Ó·‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ‹ ·Ó·‰È·ÓÔÌ‹ Ì ÔÔÈÔÓ‰‹ÔÙ ÙÚfiÔ, ÂÎÙfi˜ ·Ó ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊË ¿‰ÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÂΉfiÙË. OÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜, ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÎÔ›ÓˆÛË Û' ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ıÂÙÈ΋˜ ÎÚ›Û˘ ÁÈ· ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ E˘Úˆ·˚΋ 'EÎÊÚ·ÛË, ‰ÂÛ̇ÔÓÙ·È ·˘Ùfi Ó· ÌËÓ ‰ËÌÔÛÈ¢ı› ÔÔ˘‰‹ÔÙ ·ÏÏÔ‡. OÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ‰ˆÚÂ¿Ó ‰‡Ô ·ÓÙ›Ù˘· ÙÔ˘ ÔÈΛԢ Ù‡¯Ô˘˜. H ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË ‰È·ÙËÚ› ÙÔ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈÎfi ‰Èη›ˆÌ· Ó· ‰È·Ó¤ÌÂÈ Ì ÔÔÈÔ˘Û‰‹ÔÙ fiÚÔ˘˜, ¿ÚıÚ·, ÂÚÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ‹ Î·È ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË ÙËÓ E˘Úˆ·˚΋ 'EÎÊÚ·ÛË ‰È·Ì¤ÛÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ÿÓÙÂÚÓÂÙ.
5
✂
EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H
¢E§TIO ™YN¢POMHTOY E¶øNYMO ...................................................................... ONOMA ............................................................................
ŒÙÔ˜ ›‰Ú˘Û˘: 1989 OÌ‹ÚÔ˘ 54, 106 72, Aı‹Ó·, ÙËÏ.: 3643223-4, fax: 36.46.953, e-mail: ekfrasi@ekfrasi.gr.
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ú T·ÎÙÈÎfi˜ Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌËÙ‹˜................................................15 ¢ÚÒ ú ¢ËÌfiÛÈÔ, OÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ›, TÚ¿Â˙˜,
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H Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌ‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ηٷ‚ÏËı› ÛÙ· ÁÚ·Ê›· (ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ 09.30 - 17.00, OÌ‹ÚÔ˘ 54), Ì ٷ¯˘‰ÚÔÌÈ΋ ÂÈÙ·Á‹ ·fi ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ ٷ¯˘‰ÚÔÌÈÎfi ηٿÛÙËÌ·, ‹ Ó· ηٷÙÂı› ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÏÔÁ·ÚÈ·ÛÌÔ‡˜ 701/296002-87 Ù˘ EıÓÈ΋˜ TÚ·¤˙˘, ‹ 176-002101 - 023369 Ù˘ Alpha Bank Î·È Ó· Ì·˜ ÂȉÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÙ ۯÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ıÂÛË. EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003
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