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YPø¶AIKH EKºPA™H E .. TPIMHNIAIA EK¢O™H EYPø¶A I KOY ¶POB§HMATI™MOY
π¢π√∫∆∏™π∞:
ETO™ I¢PY™H™: 1989 ñ ISSN: 1105-8137 ñ EURO 5 ñ ETO™ 13Ô ñ TEYXO™ 50 ñ π√À§π√™ - ∞À°√À™∆√™ - ™∂¶∆∂ªµƒπ√™ 2003
∞ÛÙÈ΋ ÌË ÎÂÚ‰ÔÛÎÔÈ΋ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›· "∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓ›·, ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË, £ÂÛÌÔ›"
√Ì‹ÚÔ˘ 54, ∞ı‹Ó· 106 72 ∆ËÏ.: +30210 3643223 -4 ñ Fax: 3646953 E-mail: ekfrasi@ekfrasi.gr http://www.ekfrasi.gr ∂∫¢√∆∏™ - À¶∂À£À¡√™ ™Àªºø¡∞ ª∂ ∆√ ¡√ª√:
Editorial: ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· ‹ ı¿Ó·ÙÔ˜ ·ÓÙ› ÁÈ· ÂıÓÈο ·˙¿ÚÈ· ................................3 √∏∂ & ¶∞°∫√™ªπ∞ ∞•π√¶ƒ∂¶∂π∞ SERGIO VIEIRA DE MELLO, ŒÓ·˜ ·ÍÈÔÚ‹˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ .....................................................5
¡›ÎÔ˜ °È·ÓÓ‹˜ ™Àªµ√À§√™ ™À¡∆∞•∏™ ∫∞π ∂∫¢√™∏™:
∂§§∞¢∞ & ºπ§∂§∂À£∂ƒπ™ª√™
N¿ÓÛ˘ B·ÛÈÏÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ ∞ƒÃπ™À¡∆∞∫∆∂™:
∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˜ ¢È·Ì·ÓÙ›ÎÔ˜ ∂ϤÓË ¢ÂÌ›ÚË ¡›ÎÔ˜ πÙÛÈÓ¤˜
¶∞¡√À ∫∞∑∞∫√À, ∏ ·Ú¿‰ÔÍË È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·ÙÔÓ›· ÙÔ˘ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙË ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ..........................................................................10
∫∂¶∞∞
∂π¢π∫∏ ™À¡∂ƒ°∞∆∏™:
ª·Ú›· ªÔÏÔÓÙ˙¿ÎË
DUSAN SIDJANSKI, ∞ two - headed presidency and bicameral legislative power.................16
™À¡∂ƒ°∞∆∂™:
°ÂˆÚÁ›· AÛÙڷο ñ N¿ÓÛ˘ B·ÛÈÏÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ ñ µ·ÛÈÏÈ΋ °ÂˆÚÁÈ¿‰Ô˘ ñ ™Ù·‡ÚÔ˜ ∫Ô‡ÚÙ·Ï˘ ñ M·Ú›Î· K·Ú·ÁÈ¿ÓÓË ñ KÒÛÙ·˜ §¿‚‰·˜ ñ ¢ËÌÔÛı¤Ó˘ M·Ì̈ӿ˜ ñ AÓÙÔ˘·Ó¤ÙÙ· OÈÎÔÓÔÌÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ ñ °ÈÒÚÁÔ˜ ¶·ÁÔ˘Ï¿ÙÔ˜ ñ ÷ڿϷÌÔ˜ ¶··ÛˆÙËÚ›Ô˘ ñ £Âfi‰ˆÚÔ˜ ¶ÂÏ·Á›‰Ë˜ ñ X¿Ú˘ TÛÈÏÈÒÙ˘ ñ £fi‰ˆÚÔ˜ æ·ÏÏȉfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜ ñ ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚ˘ ÃÚ˘ÛÔ¯fiÔ˘
¶√§π∆π∫∏ ∂¡ø™∏ ∆∏™ ∂∂ ¶. ∫. πø∞∫∂πªπ¢∏, ∆Ô ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· Î·È Ë √ÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·.....................................24
¢π∂ÀƒÀ¡™∏ ∆∏™ ∂∂ ∫. ™∆∂º∞¡√À, ∏ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË Ù˘ ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤Ó˘ ¤ÓˆÛ˘.................................................26
∂¶π™∆∏ª√¡π∫∏ ∂¶π∆ƒ√¶∏:
£·Ó¿Û˘ ¢È·Ì·ÓÙfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜ ñ ¶·Ó·ÁÈÒÙ˘ πˆ·ÎÂÈÌ›‰Ë˜ ñ ¶¿ÓÔ˜ ∫·˙¿ÎÔ˜ ñ ∏Ï›·˜ ∫·ÙÛÔ‡Ï˘ ñ ∞ÓÙÒÓ˘ ª·ÎÚ˘‰ËÌ‹ÙÚ˘ ñ ™Ù¤ÚÁÈÔ˜ M·Ì·Ó¿Û˘ ñ °ÈÒÚÁÔ˜ ¶··‰ËÌËÙÚ›Ô˘ ñ ∞ÚÁ‡Ú˘ ¶·ÛÛ¿˜ ñ ∫ˆÓ/ÓÔ˜ ™ÙÂÊ¿ÓÔ˘ ñ ¶·‡ÏÔ˜ ∆˙ÂÚÌÈ¿˜ ñ Mȯ¿Ï˘ ∆ÛÈÓÈÛÈ˙¤Ï˘ ñ ¡›ÎÔ˜ ºÚ·Áο΢ ™Àªµ√À§√™ ∂∫¢√™∏™ - ¢∏ª√™π∂™ ™Ã∂™∂π™:
∞ϤͷӉÚÔ˜ §·ÎÂÚ‰¿˜ - À„ËÏ¿ÓÙ˘
ª∫√ ∫. Ã∞∆∑∏¢∞∫∏, ª›· Á¤Ê˘Ú· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ µÚ˘Í¤ÏϘ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜ Ôϛ٘ ................................................................................................30
°À¡∞π∫∂™ & ∂∂ ∞. ∫∞ƒ∞ª∞¡√À, Challenges facing women in european politics.........................................33
ª∂∆∞ºƒ∞™∂π™:
µ. °Î¤Î· ñ ™Ù. ∫·Ú·ı¿ÓÔ˘ ñ ¶. ª·ÏÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ ñ ∞‰. ª·ÌԇϷ ñ B. ¶ÔÏ˘˙ˆ›‰Ë
∫√π¡ø¡π∞ ¶√§π∆ø¡
∂¶πª∂§∂π∞ ∂∫¢√™∏™:
ª. °π∞¡¡∞∫√À, √ ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ..............................................................38
¶ÔÏÈÙÈο £¤Ì·Ù· ∂¶∂ ™À¡∂ƒ°∞∆∂™ ™∆√ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫√:
Eszter Almassy (µÔ˘‰·¤ÛÙË), ¡›ÎÔ˜ °È·ÓÓ‹˜ (BڢͤϘ), Ã. ∑Ô˘ÌÔ‡Ï˘ (µÂÚÔÏ›ÓÔ), Ronald Meinardus (ª·Ó›Ï·), ™¿‚‚·˜ ¶··Û¿‚‚·˜ (§Â˘ÎˆÛ›·), Camil Parvu (µÔ˘ÎÔ˘Ú¤ÛÙÈ), Irina Pavlova (™ÎfiÈ·), Beata Plonka (√˘¿ÛÈÁÎÙÔÓ), Alessandro Stricca (ƒÒÌË), ¢. ∆ÚÈ·ÓٷʇÏÏÔ˘ (µÚ˘Í¤ÏϘ), °. ÷Ù˙ËÌ·Úο΢ (µfiÓÓË), °ÈÒÚÁÔ˜ ÷ÈÚ¤Ù˘ (µÂÏÈÁÚ¿‰È), ¢. ÃÚÈÛÙfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜ (ªÚ›ÛÙÔÏ).
¶√§π∆π∫∏ √ƒ°∞¡ø™∏ ∆∏™ ∂∂ ª. π. ∆™π¡π™π∑∂§∏, ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏ ¡. ÃÀ™√Ã√√À Î·È ¢. ∫. •∂¡∞∫∏, ¶ÔÈ· ¢È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË; .................................................40
µπµ§π√¶∞ƒ√À™π∞™∏ ..............................................................................................46 ¢ƒ∞™∆∏ƒπ√∆∏∆∂™ ∆∏™ ∂∫ºƒ∞™∏™ ...........................................................47
EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
CONTENTS
2
VROPAIKI EKFRASSI E QUARTERLY EDITION ON EUROPEAN ISSUES
FIRST PUBLISHED: 1989 ñ ISSN: 1105-8137 ñ EURO 5 ñ YEAR 13 ñ VOL. 50 JULY - AUGUST - SEPTEMBER 2003
PROPRIETOR - EDITION: "European Society, Politics, Expression,
Institutions", non Profit Making Company
54 Omirou St., Athens 106 72 Tel.: +30210 3643223-4 Fax: +30 1 3646953 E-mail: ekfrasi@ekfrasi.gr http://www.ekfrasi.gr EDITOR - PUBLISHER BY LAW:
Editorial: Constitution or death instead of national bazaars .....................................................3
UN AND GLOBAL DIGNITY S.V. Mello, A decent world ......................................................................................................5
Nikos Yannis EDITOR CONSULTANT:
GREECE AND LIBERALISM
Nancy Vasilopoulou EDITORS IN CHIEF:
Konstantinos Diamantikos Eleni Demiri Nikos Itsines ∞SSISTANT EDITORS:
Maria Bolontzaki
P. KAZAKOS, The paradox of the ideological and political weakness of liberalism in modern Greece. .............................................................................................10
CFSP D. SIDZANSKI, At the heart of the European Constitution: A two - headed presidency and bicameral legislative power. ............................................................................16
REGULAR CONTRIBUTORS:
Georgia Astraka ñ Antuanetta Ekonomopoulou ñ Vassiliki Georgiadou ñ Stavros Kourtalis ñ Dimosthenis Mammonas ñ Marika Karayanni ñ Kostas Lavdas ñ George Pagoulatos ñ Ch. Papassotiriou ñ Thodoros Psalidopoulos ñSylvia Tsaglioti ñ H. Tsiliotis ñ Nancy Vasilopoulou, Dimitris Chryssochou
POLITICAL UNION OF THE EU
ADVISORY COMMITTEE:
K. STEFANOU, The goverment of the enlarged Union ........................................................26
Stergios Babanasis ñ Thanasis Diamandopoulos ñ Nikos Frangakis ñ Panayotis Ioakimidis ñ Ilias Katsoulis ñ Panos Kazakos ñ Antonis Makrydemetres ñ Yiorgos Papadimitriou ñ Argiris Passas ñ Konstantinos Stefanou ªichalis Tsinisizelis ñ Pavlos Tzermias ADVISOR - PUBLIC RELATIONS:
Alexandros Lakerdas–Ypsiladis TRANSLATIONS:
ñ A. Baboula ñ P. Balopoulou ñ V. Geka ñ St. Karathanou ñ V. Polyzoidi TECHNICAL ADVISOR:
P.K. IOAKIMIDIS, The European Constitution and the Federation......................................24
THE ENTARGEMENT OF THE EU
NGO K. XATZIDAKIS, NGO: a Bridge between Bruxelles and European citizens .........................30
WOMEN AND THE EU A. KARAMANOU, Challenges facing women in european politics .......................................33
CIVIL SOCIETY G. GIANNAKOU, Constructing the new Europe: the role of civil society.............................38
Politika Themata Inc. CORRESPONDENTS ABROAD:
Eszter Almassy (Budapest) ñ G. Chatzimarkakis (Bonn) ñ D. Christopoulos (Bristol) ñ Yorgos Heretis (Belgrade) ñ Irina Pavlova (Skopja) ñ Ronald Meinardus (Manila) ñ Savas Papassavas (Nikosia) ñ Camil Parvu (Bucarest) ñ Beata Plonka (Washington) ñ Alessandro Stricca (Rome) ñ D. Triantafyllou (Brussels) ñ Nikos Yannis (Brussels) ñ Ch. Zoumboulis (Berlin),
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF THE EU M. TSINISIZELIS - D. XRYSSOCHOOU - D. XENAKIS, Which government for Europe? .............................................................................................40
BOOKS .............................................................................................................................46 EKFRASIS ACTIVITIES ............................................................................................47 EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
 ÙÔÓ Ù›ÙÏÔ «∞ÓÔȯً ÂÈÛÙÔÏ‹ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÁÓÒÌË» ‰È·ÎfiÛȘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ ¶Ôψӛ·˜ ‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ Ë̤Ú˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ¤ÙÔÈÌÔÈ Ó· ˘Ô‚ÏËıÔ‡Ó Û ı˘Û›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË. «∂Ì›˜, ÔÈ Ôϛ٘ Ô˘ ˘ÔÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ÌÂ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ˘ÔÛÙËڛͷÌ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË Ù˘ ¶Ôψӛ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂∂, ÂÈı˘Ìԇ̠ӷ ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë Ì·˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜. ∞ÔÊ·Û›Û·Ì ӷ ÌÈÏ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ, ÁÈ·Ù› ÔÈ ÁÓÒ̘ Ì·˜ ‰ÂÓ ÂÎÚÔÛˆÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ¶ÔψÓÈ΋ µÔ˘Ï‹ Ô‡Ù ÛÙ· ΢ÚÈfiÙÂÚ· ªª∂. ªª∂ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ› Ì¿˜ ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÂÓÒÈÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÏ‹ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜: «¡›Î·È· ‹ ı¿Ó·ÙÔ˜» Ì ·Ú·ÈÔ‡˜ ÌfiÓÔ ˘·ÈÓÈÁÌÔ‡˜ fiÙÈ Î¿ÔÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌÔ‡ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ù‹. ∏ ÚËÙÔÚÈ΋ Ù˘ ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜, Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ·fi fiÏ· Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈο ÎfiÌÌ·Ù·, ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÎÚ· ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿ ̤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ¿ÎÚ· ‰ÂÍÈ¿, ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÛÎÈ¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÈÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜: fiÙÈ ÙÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ·ÎfiÌË ‚‹Ì· ÛÙÔÓ ‰ÚfiÌÔ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË. ∂ÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÂÌ›˜ ıˆÚԇ̠ˆ˜ ıÂÙÈΤ˜ –Ë ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË ÎÔÈÓÒÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÒÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ, Ô ÂΉËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜, Ë ¤ÓˆÛË ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Û ¤Ó·Ó ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi, Î·È Ë ·ÔÚÚ¤Ô˘Û· ·Ó¿‰˘ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÛÊ·›Ú·˜- ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È Û ÂÌ¿˜ ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ÚÔÊ·Ó‹˜ ·ÂÈÏ‹. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì fiϘ ÙȘ ›ÛË̘ ÙÔÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂȘ, Ë ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌʈÓÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÂÈÙ‡¯ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙË ¡›Î·È· Â›Ó·È ·Ôχو˜ ·Ó·Áη›· ÁÈ· Ù· Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ· Ì·˜, Î·È Ë ÂıÓÈ΋ Ì·˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ··ÈÙ› Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÔ˘Ì ¤Ó· ¶ÚÔÔ›ÌÈÔ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÎÒÓ ·ÍÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË. £¤ÏÔ˘Ì ÌÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ∂˘ÚÒË. £¤ÏÔ˘Ì ÌÈ· ∂˘ÚÒË Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ·Í›Â˜ –fiˆ˜ Ë ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·, Ë ÈÛfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë ·ÏÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë- ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ ·ÈÛı¿ÓÂÙ·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó· ÔÓÔÌ·Ù›ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ËÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ÁÈ·Ù› ‰ÂÓ ÂÈı˘Ì› Ó· ·ÔÍÂÓÒÛÂÈ ‹ Ó· ·ÔÎÏ›ÛÂÈ Î·Ó¤Ó·Ó. £¤ÏÔ˘Ì ÌÈ· ∂˘ÚÒË Ë ÔÔ›· Ó· Â›Ó·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒ˜ ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹, Ó· ‰ÈÔÈÎÂ›Ù·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο, Î·È ·ÔÊ·ÛÈṲ̂ÓË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ –ÁÈ·Ù› ·˘Ùfi˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ÌfiÓÔ˜ ‰ÚfiÌÔ˜ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÏÂÁ¯ı› Ë ÌÔÓfiÏ¢ÚË ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË. ¢ÂÓ ı¤ÏÔ˘ÌÂ Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ì·˜ ÛÙËÓ Âӈ̤ÓË ∂˘ÚÒË Ó· Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÂÌÔ‰›Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË, ¤Ó· ۇ̂ÔÏÔ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·ÙÔÌÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ȉȷÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜. ∞ÓËÛ˘¯Ô‡Ì ‚·ıÈ¿ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ Ì·˜ ˆ˜ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙÔ ÚÔ˜ ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ‰ÂÓ ˘ËÚÂÙ› ÙÔ Î·Ïfi Ì·˜. ºÔ‚fiÌ·ÛÙ fiÙÈ, ηٿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, Ë ∂˘ÚÒË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ› ÛÙ· ‰‡Ô: ÌÈ· Âӈ̤ÓË ÔÌ¿‰· ‰˘Ó·ÌÈο ·Ó·Ù˘ÛÛÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ, Î·È ÌÈ· ÂÚÈıˆÚȷ΋ ÔÌ¿‰· Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¤ÎÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË –ÊÔ‚fiÌ·ÛÙ ̋ˆ˜ ‚ÚÂıԇ̠۠·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÂÚÈıÒÚÈÔ. ∫·È ÚÔÛ‚Ï¤Ô˘ÌÂ Ë ¿Ô„Ë Ì·˜ Ó· ÏËÊı› ˘fi„Ë, fiˆ˜ Î·È fiϘ ÔÈ ¿ÏϘ.» ™ÙȘ ∂˘ÚˆÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 1994 Ë ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË ÚˆÙÔÛÙ·ÙÔ‡ÛÂ, Ì ÌÈ· ·ÓÔȯً ÂÈÛÙÔÏ‹ Ô˘ Â-
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EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
ÛÙ¿ÏË Û fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ∂˘Úˆ‚Ô˘ÏÂ˘Ù¤˜, Û ÌÈ· ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ô˘ ÙfiÙ ʷÈÓfiÙ·Ó Î·Ù·‰ÈηṲ̂ÓË, Ó· ˆı‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Ù·¯‡ÙÂÚ· ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Î·È ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Ù·¯‡ÙÂÚ· ÚÔ˜ Ù· ÂÌÚfi˜, ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ¤ÓˆÛË, ÂÁηٷÏ›ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ·ÛÊ˘ÎÙÈο ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ıˆڋÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜, Û ›ÛÌ· ÙˆÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÒÓ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ··ÓÙ·¯Ô‡ «ÂÌfiÚˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÒÓ». ∫È fï˜ Û ›ÛÌ· fiÛˆÓ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ë Ù¤¯ÓË ÙÔ˘ ÂÊÈÎÙÔ‡, ·fi Ù· ̤۷ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ’90 Ë ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Û˘ÓˆÌÔÙ› Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ Ì ÙÔ, ÙÂÏÈÎÒ˜ ÂÊÈÎÙfi, Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi fiÓÂÈÚÔ Î·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏ· ı· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ ÙÚԯȿ fiÔÈ· ¤Î‚·ÛË ÎÈ ·Ó ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ÂfiÌÂÓ˜ ÂıÓÈΤ˜ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜. ∏ ·ÏÁÂÈÓ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ¶Ôψӛ· fiˆ˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ·Ú·¿Óˆ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ı·ÚÚ·Ï¤Ô˘˜ Ôϛ٘ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, ÙÔ˘ Ó¤Ô˘ ̤ÏÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ∂∂, ‰ÂÓ ·¤¯ÂÈ Î·È Ôχ ·fi ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ’80 Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ ı˘ÌfiÌ·ÛÙÂ. ªÂ ÙȘ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ Ì·˜ ηٿ ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ ÙÔ ¤ÙÔ˜-ÛÙ·ıÌfi 1989, ηٷ‚¿ÏÏ·Ì ̷˙› Ì ÙÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜, ÌÈ· ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ó· ‰ÒÛÔ˘Ì ÛÙÔ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ÎÔÈÓfi ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÌÈ·˜ ¿ÏÏ˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜ ·fi ·˘Ù‹Ó Ù˘ ›ÛËÌ˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜, fiÔ˘ fiϘ ۯ‰fiÓ ÔÈ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ Û˘ÓˆıÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙËÓ ˙ÒÓË ÙÔ˘ ÂÌ¿ÚÁÎÔ ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ Ù˘ ¶°¢ Ù˘ ª·Î‰ÔÓ›·˜ Î·È ÛÙ‹ÚÈ˙·Ó ÙÔÓ ™Ï.ªÈÏfiÛ‚ÈÙ˜ Û˘ÛÂÈÚÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ Ì·˜. ¢ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó Ë ‰È΋ Ì·˜ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ·˘Ù‹ Ô˘ ÛȈԇÛ ‹, fiˆ˜ οÔÈÔÈ «Û˘ÌÔϛ٘» Ì·˜, Û˘Ó·ÈÓÔ‡ÛÂ, ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ˙ ‹ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È Û˘Ó¤Ú·ÙÙ ÛÙË ÛÊ·Á‹ Ù˘ ™ÚÂÌÚ¤ÓÈÙÛ·, ÛÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ¤ÁÎÏËÌ· Ô˘ Û˘Ó¤‚Ë ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔÓ ‚’ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ fiÏÂÌÔ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Î·È ·˜ ÂÏ›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È ÙÔ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô. ∂Ì›˜ ‹Ú·Ì ı¤ÛË ˘¤Ú Ù˘ ÛÂÚ‚È΋˜ ·ÓÙÈÔÏ›Ù¢Û˘ ‰ÈÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ Ì Ôχ ÎfiÔ Î·È Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ Û˘Ó·˘Ï›· ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ Ù˘ ÛÙË £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔÓ›ÎË ÛÙȘ 16 ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ 2000 ÙÚÂȘ Ë̤Ú˜ ÚÈÓ ÙȘ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ Ô˘ Û‹Ì·Ó·Ó ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ ÙÔ˘ Ù¤ÏÔ˘˜ ÂÔ¯‹˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ôχ·ıË ·˘Ù‹ ¯ÒÚ· Î·È Ù· µ·ÏοÓÈ· ÎÈ ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ÈÔ ÌÂÙÚÈÔ·ı›˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ‹Ù·Ó ÔÈ «Ú·ÏÈÛÙ¤˜» Ô˘, ¯¿ÚÈÓ ÙˆÓ Î˘ÓÈÎÒÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÒÓ Ù˘ ÌË ·Ó¿ÌÈ͢, ÌÈ·˜ «ÂıÓÈ΋˜» ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·Ú¯¤˜, ·ÏÒ˜ ÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Û·Ó ¿ÏÈ ÎÏÂÈÛÙfi ÙÔ ÛÙfiÌ· ÙÔ˘˜. ∞fi ÙÔ 1995 Ë ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË Â›Ó·È Ë ÌfiÓË ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÓÂÚÁ¿ ·fi ÙËÓ ›‰Ú˘ÛË ÙÔ˘, ÛÙȘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ¢È·ÚÎÔ‡˜ ºfiÚÔ˘Ì Ù˘ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Ì ¤‰Ú· ÙȘ µÚ˘Í¤ÏϘ. ∆Ô ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·, Ì·ÎÚÔ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ‰ÈÂΉ›ÎËÛË fiÏˆÓ ÂÌ¿˜ ÙˆÓ ÊÂÓÙÂÚ·ÏÈÛÙÒÓ, ¤Ó·˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ô˘ Ê¿ÓÙ·˙ ÚÔÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È ·Ó¤ÊÈÎÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ «Ú·ÏÈÛÙ¤˜» ÌfiÓÔ ‰‡Ô ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÚÈÓ fiÙ·Ó ÛÙÔ §¿ÂÎÂÓ ‰ÈÓfiÙ·Ó Ë ÂÓÙÔÏ‹ ÛÙË ™˘Ó¤Ï¢ÛË Ó· ÍÂÎÈÓ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ Ù˘, ·›ÚÓÂÈ ÛÙȘ ̤Ú˜ Ì·˜ Û¿Úη Î·È ÔÛÙ¿, ¤ÛÙˆ ˆ˜ ¤Ó· lato sensu ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· Ì ÌÂÁ¿ÏË fï˜ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈ΋ ·Í›·. ∏ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ˘ÂÚÂıÓÈ΋˜ ˘-
Editorial
™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· ‹ ı¿Ó·ÙÔ˜ ·ÓÙ› ÁÈ· ÂıÓÈο ·˙¿ÚÈ·
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ÙÔ ‰›ÏËÌÌ·: ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· ‹ ∂˘ÚÒË ‰ÈÂÏ΢ÛÙ›Ó‰· Î·È Û˘Ì›ÏËÌ· ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ. ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÂıÓÈÎfi ‹ ÂıÓÈÎfi Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi; ∫·È ·Ó Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi, ÔÈÔ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi; ªÈ· ∂˘ÚÒË ÚÔÛٷ٢ÙÈÎfi Î·È ·Ó·‰È·ÓÂÌËÙÈÎfi ˘ÂÚ-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜, ÌÈ· ÁȷΈ‚ÈÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ∂˘ÚÒË Ì ÊÈÏÔ‰Ô͛˜ ÌÈ·˜ ¿ÏÏ˘ ·Ï·˙ÔÓÈ΋˜ Î·È ·ÓÂͤÏÂÁÎÙ˘ ˘ÂÚ‰‡Ó·Ì˘ Û˘ÁÎ·Ï˘Ì̤Ó˜ ›Ûˆ ·fi ÌÈ· ÚËÙÔÚÈ΋ ÂÚ› ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ‹ ÌÈ· ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·, Ì ÚÔÌÂÙˆ›‰· ÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Ì ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ¢ËÌÂÚ›· Î·È ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÂÈÚ‹Ó˘, ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘, ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜ Î·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜; ŒÙÛÈ, ˘ÂÚ·ÛÈ˙fiÌÂÓÔÈ ÙȘ ȉ¤Â˜ Ì·˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÏ˘ÊˆÓ›· Î·È ÙË ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË, «È¿Û·Ì» Ù· 50 Ù‡¯Ë Î·È Û˘Ó¯›˙Ô˘ÌÂ.
Editorial
¤Ú‚·Û˘ Ô˘ ·˘Ùfi ÂÎÚÔۈ› ı· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛı› ÙÂÏÈÎÒ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ‹ ÙËÓ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Ó· ˘ÂÚ·ÛÈÛı› ÙÔ ÎÂÎÙË̤ÓÔ Ù˘ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘, Ô˘ ·Ó Î·È ·ÙÂϤ˜ ÛÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ ·˘Ùfi ÚÔÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÂÏÈÎÒ˜ Û ÌÈ· ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋ ÔÏÈÙ›·. ∞˘Ù‹Ó Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÂÚȯ·Ú·ÎÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ∫˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ı· ·ÓÙÈÛÙ·ıÔ‡Ó Ì¤¯ÚÈ Ù¤ÏÔ˘˜ ÂÈηÏÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ÙÔ Î›‚‰ËÏÔ fiÓÔÌ· ÙÔ˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ ·ÓÙ› ÙÔ˘ ÊÂÓÙÂÚ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡, Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·Ó¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ Î·È Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ·fi ÙȘ ÂıÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ô˘Ï›˜, Ë ÂÏ›Ù ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ‚ϤÂÈ ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙÔÓ ‚·ıÌfi Ô˘ ·˘Ù‹ Û˘ÓÙËÚ› Î·È ·Ó··Ú¿ÁÂÈ ÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÙÈÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ï·Ô‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¤ıÓÔ˘˜ ‚‚·›ˆ˜…. ™‹ÌÂÚ· ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Î·È ∂˘ÚÒË Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙÈ̤و˜ ÌÂ
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50 Ù‡¯Ë ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ 15 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË Ô ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi “∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË” Â›Ó·È Ì›· ÙÚÈÌËÓÈ·›· ¤Î‰ÔÛË Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ·Â˘ı‡ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜ Ôϛ٘ – Ôϛ٘ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, ÛÙËÓ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·, ÙÔ˘˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Ô˘ ‚›Ô˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ªª∂, ÙÔÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfi ÙÔ̤·, Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙfiÛÔ ÙËÓ ÚÔÒıËÛË Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘, fiÛÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ıÂÒÚËÛË Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛ˘, ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È ÎÈÓËÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›· ·˘Ù‹. ∏ ¤Î‰ÔÛË Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ù·ÎÙÈο ·fi ÙÔ 1990 ÌÂ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ¤˜ Ó¤Ô˘˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜, Ó¤Ô˘˜ ÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡˜ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜ Ôϛ٘, Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÁÚ¿ÊÔÈ Î·È Ô˘ Ë ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÙ·È Û ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ‚¿ÛË. ∆Ô ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙË ªË ∫˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋ √ÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË ‰È·ÙËÚÒÓÙ·˜ ˆÛÙfiÛÔ ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›· ÙÔ˘. ªÂ ÙÔ Ù‡¯Ô˜ ·˘Ùfi Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÓÔ˘Ì ·ÈÛ›ˆ˜ Ù· ÂÓ‹ÓÙ· Ù‡¯Ë ˘ÂÚ‚·›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ Ôχ Èı·ÓfiÓ Î·È ÙȘ ÈÔ ·ÈÛÈfi‰Ô͘ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ ÙfiÛÔ ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÒÓ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙˆÓ ›‰ÈˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘. ŸÌˆ˜ ÛËÌ·Û›· ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÌfiÓÔÓ fiÙÈ Êı¿Û·Ì ̤¯ÚȘ ‰Ò, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÎfiÌË ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Ë ıÂÚÌ‹ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË fiÏˆÓ fiÛˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi, Ë ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Î·È Ë ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘, Ô Û‚·ÛÌfi˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÌÓ‡ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù’ ·Ó¿ÁÎËÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ·ÏÏ¿ ¿ÓÙˆ˜ ÛÊÚÈÁËÏ‹ Î·È ‰È¢ڢÓfiÌÂÓË ÂȉÈ΋ «·ÁÔÚ¿» fiÔ˘ ·Â˘ı‡ÓÂÙ·È Î·È ‚‚·›ˆ˜ Ë ÂÔ›ıËÛË fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ fiÙÈ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ì ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ·. ∆Ô Ù‡¯Ô˜ ·˘Ùfi ÛÎÂÊı‹Î·Ì ‰›ÎËÓ ÂÂÙ›Ԣ Ó· ·ÊÈÂÚˆı› ÛÙȘ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈΤ˜ ·Í›Â˜ Ô˘ ˘Ô‰·˘Ï›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË Ì·˜, ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›· Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË,
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ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, Î·È ÙË Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ªË ∫˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ √ÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂˆÓ fiˆ˜ Ë ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË. ∑ËÙ‹Û·Ì ÏÔÈfiÓ Î·È ÂÍ·Ûʷϛ۷̠ΛÌÂÓ· ·fi ÚfiÛˆ· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÎÚÈı› fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ ÔÚ›·˜ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜ ÛÙÔÓ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ ÎfiÛÌÔ, Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÓÂÚÁ¿ ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙÔ˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ̤ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ̤ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘. ªÈ· ÂÌÓ¢Ṳ̂ÓË ÔÌÈÏ›· ÁÈ· ¤Ó·Ó ·ÍÈÔÚ‹ ÎfiÛÌÔ ÙÔ˘ ·‰ÈÎÔ¯·Ì¤ÓÔ˘ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· S.V.De Mello, ÂÈÎÂÊ·Ï‹˜ ÙÔ˘ √∏∂ ÛÙË µ·Á‰¿ÙË Ô˘ ¤ÂÛ ˘¤Ú Ù˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÓÂÓÓfiËÛ˘, ¢ËÌÂÚ›·˜ Î·È ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜, Ì›· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ‡ÛÙÔ¯Ë ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ηıËÁËÙ‹ ¶.∫·˙¿ÎÔ˘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙȘ ·Èٛ˜ Ù˘ ˘ÛÙ¤ÚËÛ˘ Î·È ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·Ù¤˜ ‰ÈÂÍfi‰Ô˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Ô˘ Û˘Ó-ÎÂÊ·Ï·ÈÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¿‰ÔÍË ·ÙÔÓ›· ÙÔ˘ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ¤Ó· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Î›ÌÂÓÔ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÊÈϤÏÏËÓ· D.Sidjansky «·ÓÔ›ÁÔ˘Ó» ÙÔ ÂÂÙÂÈ·Îfi ·ÊȤڈ̷. ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË
*** ∫·È ÌÈ· ·¿ÓÙËÛË ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘ ÔÈ Â¤ÙÂÈÔÈ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÎÈfiÏ·˜, ‰È· ¯ÂÈÚfi˜ ¡›ÎÔ˘ ∫·˙·ÓÙ˙¿ÎË, ÚÔ˜ fiÛÔ˘˜ ·Ó·ÚˆÙÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·ÎfiÌË, ÌÂÙ¿ Ù· 50 Ù‡¯Ë ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ Î·È Ù· 15 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Ù˘ ªË ∫˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ √ÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË, Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ›‰Ú˘ÛË Î·È ·ÎfiÌË ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙËÓ Â˘‰ÔΛÌËÛË Î·È ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÎÊÚ·Û˘: «∞Á¿ËÛ ÙË Â˘ı‡ÓË. ¶Â˜: ∂ÁÒ Î·È ÌfiÓÔ ÂÁÒ. Œ¯ˆ ÙËÓ ˘Ô¯Ú¤ˆÛË Ó· ÛÒÛˆ ÙË °Ë. ∂¿Ó ‰ÂÓ Ûˆı›, ı· Â›Ó·È ‰ÈÎfi ÌÔ˘ Ï¿ıÔ˜»
EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
√∏∂ & ¶∞°∫√™ªπ∞ ∞•π√¶ƒ∂¶∂π∞
ŒÓ·˜ ∞ÍÈÔÚ‹˜ ∫fiÛÌÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Sergio Vieira de Mello ªÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË ∂ϤÓË ¢ÂÌ›ÚË, ª·Ú›· ¶·Ó·ÁÈ¿ÚË
Από τα δεξιά, ο Sergio Vieira de Mello στο Ανατολικό Τιµόρ το 2002 µε τον κυβερνήτη της επαρχίας Nusatenggara, Piet Tallo.
√ ·ÔÙÚfi·ÈÔ˜ ı¿Ó·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Sergio Vieira de Mello ÚfiÛÊ·Ù·, ÂȉÈÎÔ‡ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ∏ÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ∂ıÓÒÓ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î, ÛÙ¤ÚËÛ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ÌÈ· ‹ÚÂÌË ÊˆÓ‹ ÏÔÁÈ΋˜, ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó›‰ËÛ˘, Î·È Â˘Ê˘˝·˜, ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ηٿ ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ ÔÈ ·ÚÂÙ¤˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ. ø˜ ¤Ó‰ÂÈÍË ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙÔ˘ ÊfiÚÔ˘ ÙÈÌ‹˜, Ë ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË ÌÂÙ¤ÊÚ·ÛÂ Î·È ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ÔÌÈÏ›· ÙÔ˘1 ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ·ÍÈÔÚ¤ÂÈ·˜. ∆Ô Î›ÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi ·ÔÙÂÏ›, ÈÛÙ‡ԢÌÂ, ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÏÏËÏfiÙÂÚË ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙÔ ·ÊȤڈ̷ Ô˘ ۯ‰ȿ۷ÌÂ Î·È Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÁÈ· Ó· ÁÈÔÚÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ì -¯ˆÚ›˜ Ù˘Ì·ÓÔÎÚÔ˘Û›Â˜- Ì ÙÔÓ ‰ÈÎfi Ì·˜ ‹ÚÂÌÔ ÙÚfiÔ ÙË Û˘ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛË Ù˘ ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘ 50 Ù¢¯ÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË. ∂ÈϤÔÓ ÙÔ Ó‡̷ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ·Ô‰›‰ÂÈ Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÙȘ ·Í›Â˜ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÛÙËÚ›¯ıËÎÂ Ë ›‰Ú˘ÛË Î·È Ë ÔÚ›· Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÎÊÚ·Û˘ ηٿ Ù· 15 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ˙ˆ‹˜ Ù˘ ˆ˜ ªË ∫˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ √ÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ Ù· ÔÔ›· ı· ÎÏ›ÛÔ˘Ì ηٿ ÙÔ 2004 Ô˘ ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È. ™˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÂÈ ÛÙ· ÈÛÙ‡ˆ Î·È ÙËÓ Ù·ÂÈÓ‹ Ì·˜ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·ÍÈÒÓ, ÌÈ·˜ ˘ÂÚÂıÓÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Î·È ÙÂÏÈÎÒ˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘, ÛÙԯ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰‹ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ‰È·Ì¤ÛÔ˘ Ù˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ˘˙ËÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi – ÔÙȉ‹ÔÙÂ Î·È ·Ó ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ·˘ÙfiÂ›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ı˘ÌfiÌ·ÛÙ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó
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EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
˘ÔʤÚÂÈ Û·Ó ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ‰ÈÔÏ›ÛıËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡. ¶Ú¤ÂÈ, ›Û˘, Ó· ·Ô‰ÒÛÔ˘Ì ÊfiÚÔ ÙÈÌ‹˜, Î·È Ó· ÛÎÂÊÙԇ̠ÛÔ‚·Ú¿, Á˘Ó·›Î˜, ¿Ó‰Ú˜ Î·È ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ Â-
Í·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó Ó· ˘ÔʤÚÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ¤ÓÔÏˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛˆÓ. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ, ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÔÎÙÒ ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ, Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ Î·È ·È‰ÈÒÓ ¤ı·Ó·Ó ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ªÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ 1914-18. ∞Ó·Ú›ıÌËÙÔÈ ¿ÏÏÔÈ ÙÚ·˘Ì·Ù›ÛÙËηÓ, Ê˘Ï·Î›ÛÙËηÓ, ÌÂÙ·ÙÔ›ÛÙËÎ·Ó ‹ ÂÍ·Ê·Ó›ÛÙËηÓ. ∂ηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ·ÎfiÌË ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù‹ıËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙË ÊÚ›ÎË, ÊÚ›ÎË Ô˘ ÚԤ΢„ Û ¤Ó·Ó ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi Ô˘ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ˆ˜ ¤Ó·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·Ú›˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ηÈÚÔ‡ ÂΛÓÔ˘. ∏ ‰ÈÂıÓ‹˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ·ÔÊ¿ÛÈÛ ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ Ë Â¤ÙÂÈÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Û‹ÌÂÚ·- Ó· ÌËÓ ÂÈÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÔÙ¤ Í·Ó¿ Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊ‹. ∫˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÓÒıËÎ·Ó ÁÈ· Ó· ȉڇÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÙˆÓ ∂ıÓÒÓ, ¤Ó·Ó ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi ·ÊÈÂڈ̤ÓÔ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÒıËÛË Ù˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÂÈÚ‹Ó˘ Î·È ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜. ¶ÔÏÏÔ› ıˆÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÙˆÓ ∂ıÓÒÓ ·ÓÂÈÙ˘¯‹. ∞˘Ùfi ÁÈ·Ù› ·¤Ù˘¯Â Ó· ·ÔÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÙÔ Í¤Û·ÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¢Â˘Ù¤ÚÔ˘ ¶·ÁÎÔÛÌ›Ô˘ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘ (1939-45), ÌÈ· Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË – ÛÙÔÓ ‚·ıÌfi Ô˘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÛÂȘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó οÔÈÔ ÓfiËÌ·- ·ÎfiÌË ÈÔ ÙÚÔÌÂÚ‹ ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË. ¶·Ú·Ù·‡Ù·, ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ∂ıÓÒÓ Û˘Ó¤‚·Ï ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÌÈ·˜ ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚ˘ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ Î·È Û˘Ó·›ÛıËÛ˘ Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ·ÍÈÔÚ¤ÂÈ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÈÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ˙ˆ‹˜, fi-
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√∏∂ & ¶∞°∫√™ªπ∞ ∞•π√¶ƒ∂¶∂π∞ ˆ˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓ˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ ‰È·‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÛ˘. ŒıÂÛ ٷ ıÂ̤ÏÈ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ›‰Ú˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ∏ÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ∂ıÓÒÓ Î·È ¯¿Ú·Í ÙÔÓ ‰ÚfiÌÔ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓˆÓ ‰ÈηȈ̿وÓ. ∂›Ó·È ÌÈ· ËÁ‹ ÂÚËÊ¿ÓÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ̤ӷ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÁÚ·ÊÂ›Ô Ù˘ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ∏ÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ∂ıÓÒÓ ÁÈ· Ù· ∞ÓıÚÒÈÓ· ¢ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù·, ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‹Ïı· ÌfiÏȘ ÚÈÓ ·fi ‰‡Ô Ì‹Ó˜, ·˘ÙÔ·ÔηÏÂ›Ù·È «Palais Wilson»– Î·È ‹Ù·Ó ›Û˘ ÙÔ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfi Û›ÙÈ Ù˘ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ∂ıÓÒÓ. «Wilsoniasm» Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ô˘ Û˘¯Ó¿ ¯Ï¢¿˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ·ÏÔ˚΋ ‹ ·ÔÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓË, ‹ Î·È Ù· ‰‡Ô. ¢È·ÊˆÓÒ Ï‹Úˆ˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ÚÒÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÌfi Î·È ÌÂÚÈÎÒ˜ Ì ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ. ∂Ó Û˘ÓÙÔÌ›·, ı· ‹Ù·Ó Ï¿ıÔ˜ Ó· ˘ÔÙÈÌËı› Ë ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ Ù˘ ·Í›·˜ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÔÏÂÌÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÙ¢ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ. £· ‹Ù·Ó ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÙԇ̠ۋÌÂÚ· ÙËÓ ›‰Ú˘ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË ÂÈÚ‹Ó˘, ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È Û‚·ÛÌÔ‡ ÁÈ· Ù· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù·, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÙˆÓ ∏ÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ∂ıÓÒÓ, Â¿Ó ·˘ÙÔ› ÔÈ ıÂÛÌÔ› ‰ÂÓ ÚÔ¸‹Ú¯·Ó. ∂¿Ó fi¯È, ı· ›¯Â Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ Ô˘ ˙ԇ̠ۋÌÂÚ· ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙÔ fiÚ·Ì· Ó· ȉڇÛÂÈ Ù· ∏ӈ̤ӷ ŒıÓË Ì ÙfiÛÔ ·ÁÓ¿ ȉ·ÓÈο fiˆ˜ fiÙ·Ó È‰Ú‡ıËÎ·Ó ÙÔ 1945; ¶Ò˜ ı· ‹Ù·Ó Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Â¿Ó Ù· ∏ӈ̤ӷ ŒıÓË ‰ÂÓ ˘‹Ú¯·Ó; ∂›Ó·È Â˘Ù‡¯ËÌ· fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ··ÓÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì Û ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ™Ù· ÌÂÙ·ÔÏÂÌÈο ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Ë ‰ÈÂıÓ‹˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ‰ÂÛ̇ÙËΠ۠¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈˆÓ ·ÍÈÒÓ: ÈÛfiÙËÙ·, ·ÍÈÔÚ¤ÂÈ·, ·ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Î·È ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ‰È·ÎÚ›ÛˆÓ. ∞Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›Û·ÌÂ, ̤ۈ Ù˘ ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ ¢È·Î‹Ú˘Í˘ ÁÈ· Ù· ∞ÓıÚÒÈÓ· ¢ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù·, fiÙÈ «Ë ¤ÌÊ˘ÙË ·ÍÈÔÚ¤ÂÈ· Î·È Ù· ›Û· Î·È ·Ó··ÏÏÔÙÚ›ˆÙ· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ÔÈÎÔ-
Á¤ÓÂÈ·˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ıÂ̤ÏÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜, Ù˘ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡Ó˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÈÚ‹Ó˘ ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ». «∂Ï¢ıÂÚ›· ·fi ÙÔÓ Êfi‚Ô Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË» ‹Ù·Ó Ë ÎÔÈÓ‹ Ì·˜ ÊÈÏÔ‰ÔÍ›·. ™˘ÌʈӋ۷ÌÂ, ›Û˘, Ì ÏfiÁÈ· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ÛÙÔȯÂÈÒ‰Ô˘˜ ¿ıÔ˘˜ Î·È ‰‡Ó·Ì˘ fiÙÈ «ÂÌ›˜ ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ» ı· ›̷ÛÙ «·ÔÊ·ÛÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ Ó· ÛÒÛÔ˘Ì ‰È·‰Ô¯ÈΤ˜ ÁÂÓ¤˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÏËÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘». ª·˙› ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹Û·Ì ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ·fi ̤ÙÚ· Î·È ÛÙ·ıÌ¿ Ì ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÚÈ˙ˆÌ¤Ó· ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿ Û ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ·Í›Â˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, ¤¯Ô˘Ì ·ÔÙ‡¯ÂÈ ÛÙ· ηı‹ÎÔÓÙ· Ì·˜ Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ̤ÙÚ· ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È. ¶Ôχ Û˘¯Ó¿ Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ Ì·˜ ·ÔÎÏ›ÂÈ Î·È ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔÈ› ÙÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘ ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜, Ô˘, Û·Ó ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ‚›·˜, Ù˘ ·ÓÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜, Ù˘ ÌË ·ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÛˆÓ, Â›Ó·È ·Ó›Î·ÓÔÈ Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¿Û¯Ô˘Ó Ì ԢÛÈÒ‰Ë ÙÚfiÔ, Î·È ·ÎfiÌ· ¯ÂÈÚfiÙÂÚ·, ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È ·ÓÂÏÏÈÒ˜ ·fi ÙË ‰˘ÛÙ˘¯›·.
∏ ÛÎÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ «ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡» ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜ ›ӷÈ, ı· ÚfiÙÂÈÓ·,
¶ÌÈ· ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ô˘ ‰È·Ê‡ÁÂÈ ÔÚÈ-
ÛÌÔ‡. ÕÏψÛÙ ¤Ó·˜ ÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÎÈÓ‰˘Ó‡ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÍÂ˙ËÙË̤ÓÔ˜ ‹ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎfi˜ ‹ ËÌÈÙÂÏ‹˜, ‹ ¤Ó·˜ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ·‰˘Ó·ÌÈÒÓ. ∂›Ì·È ·ÎfiÌ· ÈÔ ÛÎÂÙÈÎfi˜ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ó· ÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÁÈ· ̤ӷ ¤¯ÂÈ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ·ÓËÛ˘¯ËÙÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ·Ó-ÔÌÔÈÔÌÔÚÊ›·˜. ∆Ô Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÒ Ó· οӈ ›ӷÈ, ÚÒÙÔÓ, Ó· ÚÔÙ›ӈ fiÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·¤¯Ô˘Ì ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÌÔÈÔÌÔÚÊ›· Î·È Ó· ·ÁηÏÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Î·È ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, Ó· ÚÔÙ›ӈ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Ó· ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆıԇ̠۠ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ·ÍÈÔÚ¤ÂÈ·˜ ›Ûˆ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÈÔ Î·Ú-
ÔÊfiÚÔ ·fi ÙËÓ Âȉ›ˆÍË ÂÓfi˜ ÌfiÓÔ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ë ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÙÔ˘ Ó· ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ¤Ó·Ó ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈÎfi ÔÚÈÛÌfi ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı›, ‹ ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÙ·È Ó· ıÔÏÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ·. ∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÌÔÚÒ Ó· Û·˜ ˆ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÁÓˆÚ›˙ˆ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·ÔÏ›ÙÈÛÙÔ: ÙÔ ¤¯ˆ ‰ÂÈ. ŸÏÔÈ ÙÔ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ. ™ÙË ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿ ÌÔ˘ Ì ٷ ∏ӈ̤ӷ ŒıÓË, fiÔ˘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ¤¯ˆ ·Û¯ÔÏËı› Ì ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ Û ÂÈÚËÓÈΤ˜ Î·È Â˘ËÌÂÚÔ‡Û˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌ·ÛÙ ¢ÊËÌÈÛÙÈÎÒ˜ ˆ˜ «Â‰›Ô», ¤¯ˆ ‰ÂÈ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Ù· ηχÙÂÚ· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù· ¯ÂÈÚfiÙÂÚ· ·˘ÙÔ‡ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ӷ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘ÌÂ Ô ¤Ó·˜ ÛÙÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔ. ∆¤ÙÔÈ· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚ÚÂı› ·ÓÙÔ‡. ø˜ ÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ˜ ÛÙ· ∏ӈ̤n· ŒıÓË ¤Ú ӷ ÎÔÓÙÔÛÙ·ıÒ Î·È Ó· ·Ó·ÚˆÙËıÒ Ò˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÎÔÈӈӛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ¿ÛÏ·¯ÓË ·‰È·ÊÔÚ›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ˙ˆ‹. ∫ÔÈÓ¤˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ «ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡» Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ¤¯Ô˘Ó ıÂÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÓÂΉԯ¤˜. ÀÔ‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ÙfiÛÔ ¤Ó· ËıÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË Î¿ÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÎÔڇʈÛ˘. ∞ӷηÏÔ‡Ó ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ Ù¤¯Ó˘ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡, ·Ó·Á¤ÓÓËÛ˘, ÂÎÏÂÙ˘ÛÌÔ‡. ÀÔ‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó ÂͤÏÈÍË Ì ÌÈ· ÌË ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ‹ ÚfiÔ‰Ô ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË. ∞ÏÏ¿ ı· ÚfiÙÂÈÓ· fiÙÈ Ô fiÚÔ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜ ‰È·ÎÈÓ‰˘Ó‡ÂÈ, ·ÏÏ¿ Ì ηӤӷ ÙÚfiÔ ‰ÂÓ ÎÔ˘‚·Ï¿ÂÈ ÛȈËÚÒ˜ ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÙÈο ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ. ∞˘Ù¤˜ Â›Ó·È ¤ÓÓÔȘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓˆÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜, ÂÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡, ÈÌÂÚÈ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Î·Ù¿ ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ‰˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ȉ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡. ∂¿Ó οÔÈÔ˜ ıˆڋÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈṲ̂ÓÔ, ÙfiÙ ·˘ÙÔ› Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ› ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÔÏÈÙÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ, Â›Ó·È ·ÔÏ›ÙÈÛÙÔÈ. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ÌfiÏȘ ÚÈÓ ·fi ÌÂÚÈο ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÚÔÙ¿ıËΠfiÙÈ ÔÈ ‰˘ÙÈEYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
√∏∂ & ¶∞°∫√™ªπ∞ ∞•π√¶ƒ∂¶∂π∞ Τ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ‹Ù·Ó ÙfiÛÔ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Â˜, ÙfiÛÔ ·Ó·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ· ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¤˜, ÒÛÙ ·˘Ùfi ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÁÈÓfiÌ·ÛÙ·Ó Ì¿ÚÙ˘Ú˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÙÔ «Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜» Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ˘‹Ú¯Â ϤÔÓ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ı· ˘ÚÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡Û ÌÈ· Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÒÓ. ¶ÔÈÔ˜ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· ı· ÙfiÏÌ·Á ӷ ÂÈÛËÁËı› Ù¤ÙÔȘ ˘‚ÚÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ÙÒÚ·; ¶Ú¤ÂÈ Â›Û˘ Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Ô «·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˜ «ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜» ¤¯ÂÈ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÎÙËÓˆ‰›Â˜, ÂÂÎÙ·ÙÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, ·ÔÈÎÈÔÎÚ·Ù›·, ·ÎfiÌ· ÛÎÏ·‚È¿ Î·È ÁÂÓÔÎÙÔÓ›·, fiˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ ‹ÂÈÚfi ÌÔ˘, ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋. ªÂ ÙÔ Ó· ÂÎÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ Ú¿ÍÂȘ, ·˘ÙÔ› ÔÈ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ› ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ˙·Ó fiÙÈ ‹Ù·Ó ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Û ·ÔÛÙÔϤ˜ ÂÎÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡. ∏ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË Ì·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ï¿‚ÂÈ ˘fi„Ë ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ·.
∏ ÛÎÈ¿ Ù˘ «·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘» ÂÚÈÎÔ› ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·-
MÙÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹
·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ¯ÈÏÈÂÙ›·˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÂÙ‡¯ÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ¤Ó· ÚÔËÁ̤ÓÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Û ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ Â›Â‰Ô – ÌÈ· Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ¤Î‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ Weltgeist ÙÔ˘ Hegel, ÙÔ Ó‡̷ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ∂›Ó·È ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· fiÙÈ ˙ԇ̠۠ÌÈ· ÂÔ¯‹ ÏÔ‡ÙÔ˘ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÂÎÏËÎÙÈ΋˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜, ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔfi‰Ô˘. √ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi˜ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ·fi ÔÙ¤ ¿ÏÏÔÙÂ. ™Â 140 ¯ÒÚ˜ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÏ˘ÎÔÌÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜. √ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÏ¤ÌˆÓ Î·È Ë ·ÒÏÂÈ· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓˆÓ ˙ˆÒÓ Û·Ó ·fiÚÚÔÈ· ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÏ¤ÌˆÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂȈı› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο.
EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
∏ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ·ÁÔÚ¿ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÓÔ›ÍÂÈ Û·Ó ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È Ë ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓË ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ó¤ˆÓ ¢ηÈÚÈÒÓ. ∏ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜. ªÂ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·˘Ùfi ¯¿Ú·Í ÙÔÓ ‰ÚfiÌÔ ÁÈ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·. ŸÌˆ˜, ·Ú¿ ÙȘ ÙfiÛ˜ ıÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ, ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ æ˘¯ÚÔ‡ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘ Î·È Ë Û˘Ó¯È˙fiÌÂÓË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔηϤÛÂÈ ·‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ·. ¡¤Â˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·‰Âȯı› ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ·Ó›ˆÙÔ fiÓÔ ÚÔÛÊ¿Ùˆ˜ ÛÙË ¡¤· ÀfiÚÎË, ÛÙÔ ª·Ï› Î·È ÛÙË ªfiÛ¯·. ∆Ô ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ ·ÈÛıËÙfi ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÛÙȘ ºÈÏțӘ, ÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹, ÙËÓ ∞ÏÁÂÚ›· Î·È ÙË ™ÚÈ §¿Óη, fiˆ˜ Î·È Û ¿ÏϘ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ¢˘ÙÈ΋˜ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ – Û ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Ô˘ Â˘Ù˘¯Ò˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ú¤ÏıÂÈ. ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÔϘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ Û˘Ó¯›˙Ô˘Ó Ó· ٷϷȈÚÔ‡Ó ¯ÒÚ˜ ·Ó¿ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ. ¶·Úˆıԇ̷ÛÙ ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È Ï¿ıÔ˜ Ó· ÛËÎÒÓÔ˘Ì ٷ ¯¤ÚÈ· Ì·˜ „ËÏ¿ ·fi ·ÂÏÈÛ›· fiÙ·Ó Ë ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ÙÔ˘ ∫ÔÓÁÎfi ‹ Ë ∫ÔÏÔÌ‚›· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È. ¶·ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ ÔÈ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ fiÏÂÌÔÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂȈı› Û ·ÚÈıÌfi, Û ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈΤ˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÎÔÙˆı› ÂÚ›Ô˘ 3,6 ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ‰ÂηÂÙ›·. π‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ·ÓËÛ˘¯ËÙÈÎfi ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Â›Ó·È Ù· ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓ· ı‡Ì·Ù· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ·Ì¿¯ˆÓ. ¶ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙÔ 90% ·˘ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ÙÚ·˘Ì·Ù›ÛÙËÎ·Ó ‹ ÛÎÔÙÒıËÎ·Ó Û ÌÂÙ·„˘¯ÚÔÔÏÂÌÈΤ˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ ‹Û·Ó ¿Ì·¯ÔÈ Î·È ÔÈ ÌÈÛÔ› ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ·È‰È¿. √ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛʇÁˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈο ÌÂÙ·ÙÔÈÛı¤ÓÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ·˘ÍËı› ηٷÎfiÚ˘Ê·, ¤Ó‰ÂÈÍË Ù˘ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓ˘ ¤ÓÙ·Û˘, Ì ·˘Ùfi
ÂÓÓÔÒ ÙËÓ ·‰È·ÊÔÚ›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ì¿¯Ô˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓÒÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛˆÓ. º·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÈο ‰‡ÛÎÔϘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ fiˆ˜ Ë ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ·, Ô Èfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Aids, Ô Ú·ÙÛÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ë ·ÓÈÛfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ê‡ÏˆÓ, Û˘Ó¯›˙Ô˘Ó Ó· ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó Â˘Ú›· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ‰˘ÛÙ˘¯›·. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓË ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔ›ËÛË ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ Î·È ÎÔÈÓÔًوÓ, Î·È fiÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÔÓÙ·È, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÂÓÙ¿ÛÂȘ, Ù›ıÂÙ·È Û ΛӉ˘ÓÔ Ë ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È ·ÂÈÏÂ›Ù·È Ë ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·. ∫¿ı ÙÈ ·fi ·˘Ù¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡.
∏ ¢ı‡ÓË ÁÈ· ‚·ıÈ¿ ηٷÓfiËÛË ˘Ù¿ Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Î·ÈÓÔ‡ÚÈ·. √È ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˙‹ÛÂÈ Ì fiÏÂÌÔ, ·Ûı¤ÓÂȘ Î·È ·ÓÈÛfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ·ÈÒÓ˜. ∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÂÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁ›· Ó· ›̷ÛÙ ÌË ÂÓËÌÂڈ̤ÓÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÏÔ˘Û›ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÊÙˆ¯ÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·‰‡Ó·ÌˆÓ, ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔÈË̤ӈÓ. ¢ÂÓ ÌÔÚԇ̠ۋÌÂÚ· ·‚Úfi¯ÔȘ ÔÛ›Ó Ó· ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈ˙fiÌ·ÛÙ ¿ÁÓÔÈ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ·˘Ùfi˜ Ô ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÊÙˆ¯Ô‡˜ Î·È ÌË ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ÂÓÒ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈ˙fiÌ·ÛÙ fiÙÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÂÈÙ‡¯ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi. ¶·Ú¿ Ù·‡Ù·, Ôχ Û˘¯Ó¿ ηٷı¤ÙÔ˘Ì ٷ fiÏ· fiÙ·Ó ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ì ·ÁÎfiÛÌȘ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ. À¿Ú¯ÂÈ, ‹ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ¤ÙÛÈ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È, ÌÈ· Ê·ÓÂÚ‹ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ‚·ıÈ¿˜ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Û’ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ÂËÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ·ÚÓËÙÈο (·fi ÙȘ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜): ÌÈ· ¿Ì‚Ï˘ÓÛË ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂËÚ¿-
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7
8
√∏∂ & ¶∞°∫√™ªπ∞ ∞•π√¶ƒ∂¶∂π∞ ÛÔ˘Ó ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÎÔÈӈӛ˜ ¤Íˆ Î·È ¤Ú· ·’ ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ Ì·˜. ∞ÏÏ¿ ·ÎfiÌË ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ, ˘ÔÙ‡ÔÌ·È fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ¿Ì‚Ï˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ¿˜ Ì·˜ Ó· ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÈ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ·˘Ù‹ Ë Â›‰Ú·ÛË, Û ڷÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜, ÁÈã ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ÙËÓ ˘Ê›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È. √ ΛӉ˘ÓÔ˜ Ô˘ ÂÓ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÛÙÔ Ó· ˘Ôı¤ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÂÌ›˜, Ë ÂÔÓÔÌ·˙fiÌÂÓË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·, ›̷ÛÙ «ÔÏÈÙÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ», Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù‹ Ë Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋ ·¿ıÂÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ¤¯Ô˘ÌÂ Û˘ÓËı›ÛÂÈ. ∞˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘Ó¯ÈÛÙ›. ¢ÂÓ ÌÔÚԇ̠ϤÔÓ Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÂÚfiÌ·ÛÙÂ Û·Ó Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÛËÌ·Û›· ÌfiÓÔ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙȘ ÎÔÓÙÈÓ¤˜ Ì·˜ ÎÔÈӈӛ˜, Û·Ó Ó· ¯ÚˆÛÙ¿Ì ·ÏÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë ÌfiÓÔ Û’ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ÁÂÈÙÔÓÈ¿, ÙËÓ fiÏË ‹ ÙË ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜. £· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÓÙ¿ÍÔ˘Ì ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi Ì·˜ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Ù˘ ·ÓıÚˆfiÙËÙ·˜. ¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ηχÙÂÚ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÌÔÚԇ̠fiÏÔÈ Ó· ˆÊÂÏËıԇ̠·fi ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë ¤Ú· ·fi (‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙÈΤ˜) ÁÚ·Ì̤˜ ÂıÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ʇÏÏÔ˘, Ê˘Ï‹˜ ‹ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘. ¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰Ú¿ÍÔ˘Ì ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ Ù˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÁÈ· Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ì ÌÈ· ‰‡Ó·ÌË ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ fiψÓ: ÌÈ·˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ô˘ ı¤ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹ Î·È ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ú‰È¿ ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ Î·È ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Ù˘. ¢ÈfiÙÈ Ù· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ ÚfiÏÔ Ó· ·›ÍÔ˘Ó Û‹ÌÂÚ·. ∂Ó Û˘ÓÙÔÌ›·, ÙÔ ·‰È·›ÚÂÙÔ Î·È Ë ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È ›Ûˆ˜ ÔÈ ÎÔÓÙÈÓfiÙÂÚ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Ù· ıÂ̤ÏÈ· ÂÓfi˜ ÔÏÈÙÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ¤Ó·Ó ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi. √È ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜, ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ‚·ÛÈṲ̂Ó˜ Û ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· Î·È ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂȘ.
∞˘ÙÔ› Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ı¤ÛÂȘ ‰‡Ó·Ì˘ Î·È ÚÔÓÔÌ›ˆÓ, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, Ôχ Û˘¯Ó¿ ‚Ï¤Ô˘Ó Ù· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· Î·È ÙȘ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂȘ ˆ˜ ·ÂÈÏ‹ ÁÈ· Ù· ‰Èο ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ·. ™·Ó ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ·fi ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¤˜ ·Í›Â˜, ·Ú¯¤˜ Î·È Ì¤ÙÚ·, Ô˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È ÈÛfiÙÈÌ· Û fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜, ·ÓÙÔ‡, Ù· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· Ú¤ÂÈ Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ Ó· ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô Ô˘ ı· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ Ô˘ ¢ËÌÂÚÔ‡Ó.
µÚ·˙ÈÏÈ¿ÓÈη Ì·ı‹Ì·Ù· ÂÓfi˜ ÔÏ˘ÊˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÌ·È ·fi ÌÈ· ¯ÒÚ·, ÙË ‰È¿ÛËÌË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÏÔ‡ÛÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ÔÈÎÈÏ›· Ù˘. ∂›Ó·È ÌÈ· ¯ÒÚ· Ì ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·fi 120 ÂÈ˙ÒÓÙ· ÂÓ‰ÔÁÂÓ‹ ¤ıÓË. ªÈÏÔ‡Ó ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÓ‰ÔÁÂÓ›˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜ Î·È ‰È·Ï¤ÎÙÔ˘˜. §·Ô› fiˆ˜ ÔÈ Kayapo, Parakana, Xavante, Yanomami, Î·È ÔÏÏÔ› ·ÎfiÌË ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÔÏÏ¿ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙȘ ·Ú·‰fiÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔ‡˜ ‰ÂÛÌÔ‡˜ Ì ÙË ÁË ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁfiÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜: ıÂÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜, ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈ˙fiÌÂÓÔÈ Î·È Û¯ÂÙÈ˙fiÌÂÓÔÈ Ì ¤Ó·Ó ¯ÒÚÔ – Ù· ÙÚÔÈο ‰¿ÛË. ∞˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È Â›Û˘ Ì›· ·fi ÙȘ ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ‚ÈÔÔÈÎÈÏ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Ï·Ó‹ÙË Ì·˜. ∏ µÚ·˙ÈÏ›· Â›Ó·È Â›Û˘ Ì›· ¯ÒÚ· Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂÈ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÁÈ· ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ Î·È ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÁÈ· ·ÈÒÓ˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÛÎÚÔ‡ÛÂÈ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Èı·ÁÂÓ›˜ ηÙÔ›ÎÔ˘˜ Ù˘. ∞Ó ÎÔÈÙ¿ÍÔ˘Ì ٷ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ԇ̠̠οı ÂÈÏÈÎÚ›ÓÂÈ· fiÙÈ Ë «ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈ΋ µÚ·˙ÈÏ›·» – Î·È ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿Óˆ Î·È ÙȘ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ ÂÙ·Èڛ˜ – ¤¯ÂÈ ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ Ì›· ·’ ÙȘ ·ÚȘ ËÁ¤˜ ηٷÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰¿ÛÔ˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ ˘·Ú¯fi-
¶µÚ·˙ÈÏ›·,
ÓÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ Èı·ÁÂÓÒÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ. ¢ÂÓ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ԇ̠fiÙÈ Ë µÚ·˙ÈÏ›· ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È·Ó‡ÛÂÈ ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛȷ΋ ˘ÏÈ΋ ÚfiÔ‰Ô ·ÏÏ¿ Ú¤ÂÈ Â›Û˘ Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÔÈ Èı·ÁÂÓ›˜ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ı‡Ì·Ù· ·Ú¿ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¢ÂÚÁÂÙËı› Û ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ì ԉËÁÔ‡Ó Û ‰‡Ô Û¯fiÏÈ·. ∆Ô ÚÒÙÔ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ·˘Ùfi Ô˘, ·Ú·‰fi͈˜, Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Û¯ÂÙÈο ηÈÓÔ‡ÚÈÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ, ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÌÔ˘, ‰ËÏ. fiÙÈ Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË ·Ú¯›˙Ô˘Ó Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È Ôχ - ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο Î·È ÔÏ˘ÂıÓÈο Î·È fiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi˜ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ÏÔ‡ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔÛٷ٢ı›. ∏ ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚË ‚Ú·˙ÈÏÈ¿ÓÈÎË Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ¿ Ì·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙȘ Ú›˙˜ Ù˘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÈΛÏÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ì·˜: ÛÙÔ˘˜ Èı·ÁÂÓ›˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Ì·˜, ÛÙÔ˘˜ ∞ÊÚÈηÓÔ‡˜ ·ÔÁfiÓÔ˘˜ Î·È Û ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ·ÎfiÌË. ∫·ÌÈ¿ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË, fiÛÔ ÂÈÎÂÚ‰‹˜ ÎÈ ·Ó ›ӷÈ, ‰ÂÓ ı· ¤Ú ӷ ·Ó·ÏËÊı› ÂȘ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÏÔ‡ÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÔÈÎÈÏ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËη, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÚÔ˜ fiÊÂÏÔ˜ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ù˘. ∏ ÈÛfiÙËÙ· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ô ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ì·˜. ∆Ô ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ Û¯fiÏÈÔ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ù· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÌÈο, fi¯È ÛÙ·ÙÈο. ∂ÍÂÏ›ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ÂÔ¯¤˜. ∞ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·ÈÓÔ‡ÚȘ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ Èı·ÁÂÓ›˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜, Ô ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÙÔ̤·˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ηÈÓÔ‡ÚÈ· ÚfiÎÏËÛË Ì ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·, ÙÔÓ Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÈο ·ÙÂÏ›ˆÙÔ ÏÔ‡ÙÔ ÙÔ˘, Î·È ÙË ÓÔÌÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÂÍÂȉ›Î¢ÛË. ¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Â‡ÎÔÏÔ Ó· ‚ÚÂȘ ÙËÓ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· Ô˘ ı· ÚÔÛٷهÛÂÈ Ù· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ Èı·ÁÂÓÒÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ, ı· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ÓfiÌÈ̘ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÚÔ˜ fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ı· ÂÌÔ‰›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË. EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
√∏∂ & ¶∞°∫√™ªπ∞ ∞•π√¶ƒ∂¶∂π∞ ªÂÚÈΤ˜ ·ÍÈÒÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È ˆÛÙfiÛÔ ÍÂοı·Ú˜. √È ‰›Î·ÈÔÈ Î·ÓfiÓ˜ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔÈ. ∏ ‰È·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÔʤÏÔ˘˜ ˙ˆÙÈ΋. ∏ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË Û˘ÁηٿıÂÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÂËÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È Ô˘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛË Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ȉ·ÓÈÎfi ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘ÌÂ. ∏ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ Èı·ÁÂÓÒÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎ›ÏˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ Û’ ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡. À¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ·ÎfiÌË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÛÙËÓ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û· ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Ù˘ ˘ËÎÔfiÙËÙ·˜. ∂ÓÒ ÔÈ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔÈ ·›ÎÙ˜ ÌÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂȘ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓ· ÂÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ·ÁÎfiÛÌȘ ·Ú¿ ÙÔÈΤ˜ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜. À¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ë ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË fiÙÈ Â›Ì·ÛÙ fiÏÔÈ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÌÈ·˜ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈ Ú¿ÍÂȘ Ì·˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÓÙ›ÎÙ˘Ô Û ¿ÏϘ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ Î·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ Â›Ó·È Â›Û˘ ‰ÈΤ˜ Ì·˜ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜. ¶·ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌËÓ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ¿ÓÙ· ·ÁÎfiÛÌȘ χÛÂȘ, ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ‰È·Û˘ÓÔÚȷΤ˜ ·ÁÎfiÛÌȘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ ÁÂÓÓÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· ·›ÛıËÛË ˘Â˘ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ·˜: fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ηıÂÓfi˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ›Û˘ ̤۷ Û ‰›ÎÙ˘· ‚·ıÈ¿˜ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ Û fiÏÔ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ. ∞˘Ùfi ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜, ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÓÔÌ·ÛÙ› «Î¿ÙˆıÂÓ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË», Â›Ó·È ˙ˆÙÈÎfi ÁÈ· ¤Ó·Ó ˘ÁÈ‹ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ‰È·Î‹Ú˘ÍË Ù˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ ÏfiÁÔ ÁÈ· ·ÈÛÈÔ‰ÔÍ›·.
Ÿ¯È ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ·ÍÈÔÚ¤ÂÈ· ˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÚÔÙ›ӈ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ
AÌÔÚ› Ó· ÍÂÂÚÓԇ̠ÙÔ˘˜ ÂEYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ì·˜ fiÙ·Ó ÌÈÏ¿Ì ÁÈ· ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi. ªÔÚ› ›Û˘ Ó· ·Ú·Ï·Óԇ̠ÙÔ˘˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ì·˜. ¶ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ·’ ÙÔ Ó· ÚÔÛ·ıԇ̠ӷ ÂÙ‡¯Ô˘Ì ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ‹ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ó· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó· ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆıÔ‡ÌÂ, Ó· ÙÔÓ›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È Ó· ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ηχÙÂÚ· ÙËÓ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ·ÍÈÔÚ¤ÂÈ·˜. ¶ÚÔÛ¿ıËÛ· ›Û˘ Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹Ûˆ ÁÈ·Ù› ÈÛÙ‡ˆ fiÙÈ Ù· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ¯¿ÚÙË ÁÈ’ ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË. √È ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÿÚÙË ÙÔ˘ √.∏.∂., Ë ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ¢È·Î‹Ú˘ÍË Î·È Ù· ¿ÏÏ· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÙÔ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ÌÈÛfi ÙÔ˘ (ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘) ·ÈÒÓ· Â›Ó·È Ù· ÏËÛȤÛÙÂÚ· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÁÈ· ¤Ó·Ó ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ÎÒ‰Èη Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ∞˘Ù¿ Ù· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Ë ÎÔÈÓ‹ Ì·˜ ·ÓıÚˆfiÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·ÓıÚˆfiÙËÙ· Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜, ¯ÙÈṲ̂ÓË ¿Óˆ Û ·Í›Â˜ fiˆ˜ Ë ·ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë ·ÍÈÔÚ¤ÂÈ·. √È ‰ÂÛ̇ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÈο Á›ÓÂÈ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¤˜. ∂›Ó·È ˘Ô¯Ú¤ˆÛË fiÏˆÓ Ì·˜ Ó· ‰È·Ê˘Ï¿ÍÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ı· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó Û‚·ÛÙ¤˜. ∆· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙÚ›· ÚfiÛıÂÙ· ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù·. ¶ÚÒÙÔÓ, Â›Ó·È Â˘Îfiψ˜ ηٷÓÔËÙ¿. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÌÈ· Ù¿ÛË Ó· ·Ó·ÏÈÛÎfiÌ·ÛÙ Û ÂÎÙÂٷ̤Ó˜ ‰ÈÂÓ¤ÍÂȘ ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ¤Ó· ‹ ÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ ˆ˜ ÛˆÛÙfi. √ÚÈÛÌÔ› Î·È ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂȘ fiÓÙˆ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó οÔÈÔ ÚfiÏÔ Ó· ·›ÍÔ˘Ó, ·ÏÏ¿ Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Â›Ó·È Û˘¯Ó¿ Û‡Á¯˘ÛË, ¤Ó·˜ ‚·ıÌfi˜ Ô͇ÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ë ·ÔÙ˘¯›· Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛı› ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË ÙÔ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ‰Èη›ˆÌ·. ∆· ı‡Ì·Ù·, Ê˘ÛÈο, ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÛÙÔ Ó· ηٷϿ‚Ô˘Ó ÔÈÔ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· Ô˘ ηٷ·ÙÂ›Ù·È Î·È Ì ÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ. ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, Ì ٷ ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ¤Ú-
¯ÔÓÙ·È Â·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı˜ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂȘ. ª›· ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜, Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙfiÛÔ Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË fiÛÔ Î·È ¿ÏÏÔÈ ÂÓÂÚÁÔ› ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜, Â›Ó·È ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ù· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù¿ Ì·˜ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È Û‚·ÛÙ¿. ∆Ú›ÙÔÓ, ¤Ó· ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Û fiÏÔ˘˜. ŒÌÊ˘ÙË Û ·˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È·ÙÚ¿ÓˆÛË Ù˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈfiÙËÙ·˜ fiˆ˜ Î·È Ù˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∆Ô Î‡ÚÈÔ Ì‹Ó˘Ì¿ ÌÔ˘ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ì ٤ÙÔÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Î·È Ú¿ÙÙÔÓÙ·˜ ηْ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ, Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Û‚fiÌ·ÛÙ ٷ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù·. ∆Ô Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ì Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Ó· Û˘Ó˘¿ÚÍÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ·Ó·Ù˘¯ıÔ‡Ó Ô ¤Ó·˜ ‰›Ï· ÛÙÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔ Â›Ó·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÈÔ Û¯ÂÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿ ÔÙ¤. √ Robert Knox, ÂȉÈÎfi˜ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ·Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜ ÛÙÔ µÚÂÙ·ÓÈÎfi ªÔ˘Û›Ô, ÌfiÏȘ ÌÔ˘ ¤Î·Ó ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ ÌÈ· ∫ÈÓ¤˙ÈÎË ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ µÔ‡‰·, ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ ˆ˜ Rohan. ¢ÂÓ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Ì·ÎÚÈ¿ ·fi ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ·ÌÊÈı¤·ÙÚÔ. ∆Ô Î·ı‹ÎÔÓ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ Â›Ó·È Î¿ÙÈ Ô˘ ı· ‹ıÂÏ·, ÂÓ Î·Ù·ÎÏ›‰È, Ó· Û·˜ Û¯ÔÏÈ¿Ûˆ: Ó· Ì·˜ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙË Ì¤ÁÈÛÙË ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·, Ó· Ì·˜ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ÙÚ¤ÍÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ·ӷϋ„ÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÊ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ Ì·˜ ÛÙË ÁË Î·È – ·ÎfiÌË ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi – Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘.
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ÙËÓ ÔÌÈÏ›· ÙÔ˘ Sergio Vieira de Mello – ÙfiÙ ¶ÚÂÛ‚Â˘Ù‹ ÙˆÓ ∏ÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ∂ıÓÒÓ ÁÈ· Ù· ∞ÓıÚÒÈÓ· ¢ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù·- ÛÙËÓ ÙÚ›ÙË ÂÙ‹ÛÈ· ‰È¿ÏÂÍË Ù˘ BP ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi Ô˘ ¤ÁÈÓ ÛÙÔ µÚÂÙ·ÓÈÎfi ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ §ÔÓ‰›ÓÔ˘ ÛÙȘ 11 ¡ÔÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ 2002 Î·È ‰ËÌÔÛȇÙËΠ·fi ÙËÓ ∞ÓÔÈÎÙ‹ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·. ∆Ô Ï‹Ú˜ ΛÌÂÓÔ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔ ÛÙËÓ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË http://www. bp.com/ centres/ press/ s_ detail.asp ?id =170
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ÙÔ˘ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙË ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ÙÔ˘ ¶¿ÓÔ˘ ∫·˙¿ÎÔ˘ ∫·ıËÁËÙ‹ ÙÔ˘ ∂ıÓÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ∫·Ô‰ÈÛÙÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ
™ÙË ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, ·Ú¿ ÙȘ ÌÂÙ·ÙÔ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Û˘Ó¤‚ËÛ·Ó Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 90, Ô ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi˜ ‹ ¤ÛÙˆ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ȉ¤Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Â¯ıÚÈο. ∆Ô Ú‡̷ ·˘Ùfi ÛΤ„˘ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ¯ÏˆÌ‹ ÛÎÈ¿ ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙÂÚˆÓ Û˘ÁÁÂÓÒÓ ÎÈÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‹ ÚÂ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ÛΤ„˘ Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒıËÎ·Ó Î·È ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó Û ¿ÏϘ Â˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ - fiˆ˜ .¯. ÙÔ˘ ‚ÚÂÙ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ÂËÚ¤·Û ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÙÔÓ Â˘Ú‡ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ «ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘ ‰ÚfiÌÔ˘»1. Œ¯ˆ Êı¿ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô Ó· ‰ÈÂÚˆÙÒÌ·È ·Ó Ô fiÚÔ˜ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ÔÙȉ‹ÔÙÂ, ‹ ¤ÛÙˆ οÙÈ ıÂÙÈÎfi ÂÎÙfi˜ ÙˆÓ Î‡ÎÏˆÓ Ô˘ ·Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ÎÔÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÌÓ‹ÌË. ™ËÌÂÈÒÓˆ fiÙÈ Â¯ıÚfiÙËÙ· Î·È Û‡Á¯˘ÛË ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÙÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙËÓ Â›ÌÔÓË ÚÔ·Á¿Ó‰· ÙˆÓ ˘ÂÚ·ÛÈÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ status quo Ô˘ Ù·˘Ù›˙ÂÈ Î¿ı ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË Ì ÙËÓ Ï¤ÔÓ ·ÎÚ·›· Î·È Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔÈË̤ÓË ÔÏÈÙÈο ÂΉԯ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ (ÙÔÓ ÓÂÔÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi)
™˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ˘Ô‚¿ıÌÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚˆÓ È‰ÂÒÓ. ·ÙÔÓ›· ÙˆÓ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚˆÓ È-
∏ ‰ÂÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·
ÂÎ ÚÒÙ˘ fi„ˆ˜ ·Ú¿‰ÔÍÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ, ·Ó ÛÎÂÊıԇ̠fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ ÎfiÌÌ· ‹Ù·Ó ÁÈ· ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ‹ Î·È ‚·Ú‡ÓÔ˘Û· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ‰‡Ó·ÌË, Ë ÂÌÔÚÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ÈÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ Ú›˙˜ Î·È Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜ ·‰È·Û¿ÏÂ˘Ù· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÁÌ·Ù· ̤¯ÚÈ ˘-
ÂÚ‚ÔÏ‹˜. ™Â ¿ÏÏÔ Â›Â‰Ô «Ë ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË», ÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ Ô ¶·‡ÏÔ˜ ∆˙ÂÚÌÈ¿˜, « ÂÓ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ‘ÚÔ˙‡ÌÈ’ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Á¿Ë Ù˘ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜»2. ∏ ˘Ô‚¿ıÌÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚˆÓ È‰ÂÒÓ Û ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·, ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ÂΉËÏÒÓÂÙ·È ÔÈÎÈÏÔÙÚfiˆ˜. ŒÓ· Û‡Ìو̷ ›ӷÈ, ÚÒÙÔÓ, Ë ÔÚȷ΋ ·ÚÔ˘Û›· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙˆÓ È‰ÂÒÓ- Ù˘ ‰È·ÓfiË-
Û˘- Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙȘ ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ȉ¤Â˜. ∂‰Ò ẨÒıËÎ·Ó È‰¤Â˜ Ô˘ ÁÂÓÈο ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È «ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈΤ˜» Î·È Ô˘ Û˘¯Ó¿ (fi¯È fï˜ ¿ÓÙÔÙÂ) Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÔ‡Ó Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÌÈ·˜ ·ÓÙÈÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˘ ·ÓÔÏ›·˜. ∞ÎfiÌË Î·È ÛÙȘ ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ê·ÓÂÚ‹ Ë Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ·ÓÙÈηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ ‰È·ÙÚÈ‚ÒÓ. ¶Ôχ Ï›ÁÔÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Û¯ÔÏËı› ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ‹ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ÛΤ„˘ ÙÔ˘ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Â‰Ò Î·È ·ÏÏÔ‡, ·Ó Î·È ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· Ô Î‡ÎÏÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÂӉȷÊÂÚÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÌÂÁÂı‡ÓÂÙ·È. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛȷ΋ fiÓÙˆ˜ ·‹¯ËÛË (ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ·Ó ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ì ·fi ÙȘ ˆÏ‹ÛÂȘ) ‚È‚Ï›· Ô˘ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ¤Ó· ¯‡Ì· ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚÈÛÌfi. ¶.¯. Ë ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ÌÂϤÙË Ì ÙÔÓ Ù›ÙÏÔ «ÔÈÔ˜ ÊÔ‚¿Ù·È ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË» Î·È Ì ˘fiÙÈÙÏÔ «·Ó·ÙÔÌ›· ÂÓfi˜ ̇ıÔ˘» Ô˘ ¤ÁÈÓ Best-seller, ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È, ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜ ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο, ÛÙËÓ «ÊÚ›ÎË ÙÔ˘ ηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡», ÛÙÔÓ «Î‡ÎÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ·ÂÏÈÛ›·˜», ÛÙË «Ì·‡ÚË Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛË», ÛÙËÓ «πÂÚ¿ ™˘ÌÌ·¯›· ÙÔ˘ ÕÌÛÙÂÚÓÙ·Ì»3. ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, Û ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÌÔÚÊˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ÂÈÎÚ·Ù› ¤Ó· ȉÈfiEYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
∂§§∞¢∞ & ºπ§∂§∂À£∂ƒπ™ª√™ Ù˘Ô Î·È ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈÎfi Ì›ÁÌ· ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‚ÔϤ̷ÙÔ˜ (‹ ÚÔÛ‰ÔΛ·˜ ÁÈ· ·˘Ùfi) Î·È ·ÓÙÈÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ (·ÙÔÌÈÎÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ·Ó·Ú¯ÈÛÌÔ‡)! ™ÙÔÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛˆ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, ÙË ÌfiÓÈÌË ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÓfiÌÔ˘ Î·È ÙË ÏÔÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ «‰ˆÚÂ¿Ó ÂÈ‚¿ÙË». ∞˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ì›ÁÌ· ÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·Ó·Ú¯ÈÛÌÔ‡ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ì ÙÔÓ «ÔÏ˘ÛıÂÓ‹» ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÛÙڈ̿وÓ, Ô˘ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ, ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ¿ÏÏ· Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓË ··Û¯fiÏËÛË ÛÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÂÎÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜. ∆˘ÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ô Ì˯·ÓÈÎfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢ËÌÔÛ›Ô˘. ∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‘Ó·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ¤Ó· ›‰Ô˜ ȉÂÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ·Û˘Ó·ÚÙËÛ›·˜. ∆Ú›ÙÔÓ, ÛÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÏfiÁÔ Ë Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË. ¶.¯. Ë ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·, Ë ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Ë ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Ë ÂχıÂÚË ·ÁÔÚ¿, Ë ·ÙÔÌÈ΋ ¢ı‡ÓË ·ÎfiÌË Î·È Ë «ÌÈÎÙ‹ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·» Â›Ó·È ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ô˘ ÌfiÓÔ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ΢‚ÂÚÓËÙÈο ΛÌÂÓ·, Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Ì ¤Ó· ÂÚÈÙ‡ÏÈÁÌ·, Ô˘ ÓÔı‡ÂÈ ÙÔ Ì‹Ó˘Ì¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Û¿ÓÈ· ÁÈ· Ó· ıÂÌÂÏÈÒÛÔ˘Ó Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ- .¯. ÁÈ· ÙÔ ·ÛÊ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·. ¶ÚÔÙÈÌÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ¯˘Ïfi Ù˘ «ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘» Ô˘ ˘ÔÓÔ› ·ÏÒ˜ ÔÏÏ¿, ˘ÔÎÚ‡ÙÂÈ ÂÓÙ¤ÏÂÈ ¿ÏÏ· Î·È ‰Â ϤÁÂÈ Â˘ı¤ˆ˜ Ù›ÔÙÂ. °ÂÓÈο, Â›Ó·È ‰È¿¯˘ÙË Î·È ·ÎfiÌË ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹, ·Ú¿ ÙȘ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Ô˘ ÛËÌÂÈÒıËÎ·Ó ÙËÓ ÂÚ·Ṳ̂ÓË ‰ÂηÂÙ›·, Ë ¿ÚÓËÛË ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ÌÂÚ›‰ˆÓ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ó· ‰Â¯ı› ˆ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô, fiÙÈ Ë ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛı› ÓÔÌÈο Î·È ıÂÛÌÈο. ∆Ô ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ˘¤‰·ÊÔ˜ ÁÈ· ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ÛÙÂÓ¿ ÔÚÈÔıÂÙË̤ÓÔ. ∆Ô ÔÏÈÙÈο ·ÌÂÛfiÙÂÚÔ Î·È Ï¤ÔÓ Â›Î·ÈÚÔ Û‡EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
Ìو̷ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˘ ·Ó·ÈÌ›·˜ ‹ Î·È Â¯ıÚfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ÛÙȘ ‰È·ÚıÚˆÙÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Î·È Ë Ù‡¯Ë ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 90 ›¯·Ì ÔÏϤ˜ ¢ηÈڛ˜ Ó· ÙÔ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÔ˘ÌÂ. ∫¿ı ԢÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋ ‰È·ÚıÚˆÙÈ΋ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›ÛıËΠˆ˜ «ÓÂÔÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË» Î·È ÂÍ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ·ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È ·Ó¿ÏÁËÙË.
∂ÚÌËÓ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË Í›˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÔ Ó· ÛÎÈ·ÁÚ·-
∞ Ê‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÈÔ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο
ÙȘ ·Èٛ˜ Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ·˘Ù‹˜. πÛÙÔÚÈο, Ë ·Ó·Ù˘Íȷ΋ ˘ÛÙ¤ÚËÛË Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜ ¤·ÈÍ ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘. §fiÁˆ Ù˘ ˘ÛÙ¤ÚËÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜, ÔÈ ÂÏ›‰Â˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÏËÛÈ¿ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ·Ó·Ù˘Á̤Ó˜ ÎÔÈӈӛ˜, Ó· ηχ„ÂÈ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ· ÙÔ ·Ó·Ù˘ÍÈ·Îfi ¯¿ÛÌ· ÂÓ·ÔÙ¤ıËÎ·Ó ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜ ÛÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜. £· ¤ÏÂÁ· ÛˆÛÙ¿ Î·È ·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙ·, fiˆ˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ Ë ‰ÈÂıÓ‹˜ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·. ∞ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ‹Ù·Ó fiÙÈ ÂΛÓË Ë ·Ó¿ıÂÛË ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ‡ÚÁËÛ ˆ˜ ·Ó·Áη›Ô ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ˆ˜ ÌfiÓÈÌË Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ì ÂÂÎÙ·ÙÈΤ˜ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ‰È·ı¤ÛÂȘ, Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›¯·Ó ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ηÌÈ¿ Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó·Ù˘ÍÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜. £¤Ïˆ Ó· ˆ, fiÙÈ Ì ÙË ‰ÈfiÁΈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ẨÒÓÔÓÙ·Ó Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÚ·Ù‡ÔÓÙ·Ó ÙÔÓ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi Î·È ÔÏÏ·Ï·ÛÈ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó Ù· Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ· ÂÓÙfi˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ Î·È Á‡Úˆ ÙÔ˘ Ô˘ Û ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ¤‚·Ï·Ó ÔÏÔ¤Ó· Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ. ™‹ÌÂÚ·, ÙÔ ‰È·ÌÔÚʈ̤ÓÔ Ï¤ÁÌ· «·Ó·‰È·ÓÂÌËÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÌ·¯ÈÒÓ» ÂÓÙfi˜ Î·È ÂÎÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘
11
ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÌÊÔÚÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙË ‰˘ÛÈÛÙ›· ÁÈ· ÔÙȉ‹ÔÙ ¤¯ÂÈ Û¯¤ÛË Ì ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ· (‚Ϥ √Ï˘Ìȷ΋ Î·È ™Î·Ú·Ì·Áο ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ÔÏ˘¿ÚÈı̘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ), Ì ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿, fiˆ˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ·¤Ó·Â˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ‰È¿ÛˆÛ˘ οı ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ȉȈÙÈÎÔ‡, Û˘ÓÂÙ·ÈÚÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ‹ ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÊÔÚ¤·. ∆Ô ÁÂÓÈÎfi Îϛ̷ ›ӷÈ, fiˆ˜ ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ÙÔ ÚÔ‰ÚÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ ™∂µ, ¯ıÚÈÎfi ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Ù˘ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜4. ∏ ÂÏ·ÙÂȷ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Â›Û˘ ÛÙȘ Ú›˙˜ ÙÔ˘ ›ÌÔÓÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·. √ ÏfiÁÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ·Ïfi˜: √È Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘ Ù›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ·Ú·Î¿Ì„Ô˘Ó ‹ ‰È·ÛÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Ì οıÂÙ˜ ÂÏ·ÙÂȷΤ˜ Û ¤Ó· ¢ڇ ̤وÔ. °ÂÓÈο ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ˆ, fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÂÏ·ÙÂÈ·Îfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÚÔÛ‰ÈfiÚÈÛ ÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Î·È Û˘ÚÚ›ÎÓˆÛ ·ÂÏÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ ¤‰·ÊÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ¯ÂÈÚ·ÊÂÙË̤ÓË ·fi ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜. µ¤‚·È·, ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·˘Ùfi ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÚÊÒıËΠÙȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ‰˘Ô ‰ÂηÂٛ˜. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿Ó·Ú¯Ë ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÛÙÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈ˙fiÌÂÓˆÓ ÔÏÈÙ¢ÙÒÓ (Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ Ôχ ηϿ Ô ‰ÈfiÏÔ˘ ÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi˜ ∞ϤͷӉÚÔ˜ ¶··‰È·Ì¿ÓÙ˘ Û ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ‰ÈËÁ‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘, ÙÔ˘˜ ÷ϷÛÔ¯ˆÚ›‰Â˜) ÂÚ¿Û·Ì ÛÙËÓ “·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ‹” ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÙÚˆÓ›· . ∆Ô ÎfiÌÌ· ·Ó¤Ï·‚ ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Ù˘ ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛ˘. ∫·È ÛÙȘ ‰˘Ô ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‹Ù·Ó Ó· ‰ÈÔÁÎÒÓÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ηÈ, Ê˘ÛÈο, Ó· ÌË ÂÌÈÛÙ‡ÂÙ·È Î·Ó¤Ó·˜ ÙȘ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ‰ËÏÒÛÂȘ ÂÚ› ÂχıÂ-
12
∂§§∞¢∞ & ºπ§∂§∂À£∂ƒπ™ª√™
Ú˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜. ™Â ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ ηÈ, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿, ‹Ù·Ó ΢ڛˆ˜ Ë Ô˘ÙÔÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë Ô˘ ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛ ¤Ó· ÛÎÏËÚfi ·ÓÙÈÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi5. H Ô˘ÙÔ›· ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ó· ÂÂÓÂÚÁ› ·Ú¿ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÚÚ¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ ˘·ÚÎÙÔ‡ ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡. ∞ÎfiÌË Î·È Ë ¤ÓÙ·ÍË Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂∂ ›¯Â ‰˘ÛÌÂÓ›˜ ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜ ÂȉڿÛÂȘ ¿Óˆ ÛÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ∆Ô‡ÙÔ ‰ÂÓ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÂÂȉ‹ fiÏË Ë ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Î·È Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ ÂÚÓ¿ ·fi ÙÔ ÎÔÌÌ·ÙÈο ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜. ∆· ‰È·ÚıÚˆÙÈο Ù·Ì›· ‰ÂÓ ÂÍ·Ûı¤ÓÈÛ·Ó ÙÔÓ ÂÓ·ÁηÏÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ·fi ÙÔ ÎÔÌÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜, Ô‡Ù ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û·Ó ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ÙËÓ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ, Ô‡Ù ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘Ó·Ó ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏ›ÙË ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ∞‡ÍËÛ·Ó fï˜ ÙȘ ı¤ÛÂȘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡, ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ¯ÂÈÚ·ÁÒÁËÛ˘ ÌË Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛˆÓ, ÙȘ ‰È¢ıÂÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÎÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Ù˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜.
ºÈÏÂχıÂÚ˜ ȉ¤Â˜ Î·È «ÌÏfiÎ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ» ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÌÂÁ¿ÏË È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈ-
à ΋-ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó·Ùڷ› ¤Ó· ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎfi Îϛ̷ Î·È ÁÈ· Ó· ÙÚÔÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ Ì ÔÈΛÏÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ¢ÓÔÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ . ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ë Îϛ̷η Î·È ÔÈ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ù· ›ÌÔÓ· ȉÂÔÏÔÁ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÙÔ Û˘Óԉ‡ԢÓ, οÓÔ˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÔÙ¤ ¿ÏÏÔÙÂ Î·È ·fi ηÈÚfi ·Ó·Áη›· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈ-
ÍË ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚˆÓ ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÒÓ. ∂ÈϤÔÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÌÔÚʈı› ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Ô˘ Ù›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ÂÍÔ˘‰ÂÙÂÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ‚·ÛÈο ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ ηıÂÛÙÒÙÔ˜. £ÂˆÚÒ Û˘Ó¤˜ Î·È Ì›˙ÔÓ fiÙÈ Ë ¡¢ ¤¯ÂÈ ı¤ÛÂÈ ·ÓÔȯٿ ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ù˘ ‰È·ÏÔ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ‰È·ÊıÔÚ¿˜. ∞ÚΛ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÈ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙËÓ ÂÚÈ̤ÓÂÈ ÎÂÚ‰›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜. ∂›Û˘, ÙÔ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ ÂÁ¯Â›ÚËÌ· ¤¯ÂÈ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË ‰ËÌ·ÁˆÁ›·, Ô˘ ÛÎfiÈÌ· Ù·˘Ù›˙ÂÈ ÔÙȉ‹ÔÙ ·ÓÙ›ÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌfi Ì ¤Ó· ·ÎÚ·›Ô ÓÂÔÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi. ¢ÂÓ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÌfiÓÔ. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ÁÓÒÌË ÌÔ˘ ÛËÌ·‰Â‡ÂÈ ÙË ÚËÙÔÚÈ΋ Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‹ ÛÔÛȷωËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ŒÙÛÈ, ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù·, Ô Edmund Stoiber ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›ÛıËΠˆ˜ «ÓÂÔÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˜», Ú¿ÁÌ· ‚¤‚·È· Ô˘ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË ÙˆÓ ™ÔÛȷϯÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÒÓ Ù˘ µ·˘·Ú›·˜, Ô˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ó ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÓÂȉËÙ‹˜ ÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ÂÓfi˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ ÂÎÛ˘Á¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ (‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÂÓÂÚÁfi ‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋) Î·È ˘Ô‰ÔÌÒÓ Ô˘ fï˜ ¤¯Â ˆ˜ ÁÓÒÌÔÓ· ÙȘ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜. ∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Â›Ó·È Ë ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚË ·ÓÂÚÁ›· ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË. À¿Ú¯ÂÈ fï˜ Î·È ¤Ó·˜ ·ÎfiÌË ÏfiÁÔ˜, Ô˘ ·fi Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ¿Ô„Ë Â›Ó·È ›Ûˆ˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˜. ∆· ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÔ‡ÓÙ· ȉÂÔÏÔÁÈο Ú‡̷ٷ- ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÂΉԯ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡- ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ ÛÙËÓ ÂıÓÈ΋ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·Ù›·. ªÈ· ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË Ô˘ ·Ó·‚·ıÌ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ı· ¤¯ÂÈ ·¤Ó·ÓÙ› Ù˘ ¤Ó· ÁÈÁ·ÓÙÈ·›Ô Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi Ô˘ ı· ‘Ó·È, ·fi ȉÂ-
ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ¿Ô„Ë, ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈṲ̂ÓÔ˜, ı· ‘¯ÂÈ ¿ÏÏË ¿Ô„Ë ÁÂÓÈο. ∞fi ÙÔ 1981 ¤¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÎÔÌÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È›ۉ˘Û˘ ÛÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË, fiˆ˜ ÂȂ‚·›ˆÛ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ6. ŒÓ·˜ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Â˘ÓÔÔ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛıËΠ̠ÔÏÈÙÈο ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Î·È ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë «ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË» fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÚÔηÏ› ‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ÛÙËÓ ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·Ófi‰Ô˘ ÌÈ·˜ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˘ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ı· ·Ô‰Âȯı› ÔÁÎfiÏÈıÔ˜ Ì ·ÁȈ̤Ó˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ (Î·È ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ) Ô˘ ı· ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¤ÎÂÙ·È Û ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ÛÔ‚·Ú‹ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË- Ú¿ÁÌ· ¿ÏψÛÙ Ԣ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Î·È Û‹ÌÂÚ·.
ºÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ó¤Â˜ Û˘Óı¤ÛÂȘ ÂÏÂÈÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ı· ‹ıÂÏ· Ó· ÍÂ-
∆ ηı·Ú›Ûˆ ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ. ªÈÏÒÓÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ˆ ÛÙÔ Ì˘·Ïfi ÌÔ˘ οÔÈ· Ó¤· Ô˘ÙÔ›· Ù˘ ÂχıÂÚ˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ ‹ ‰ÔÁÌ·ÙÈο ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË, .¯. ÁÈ· ÌÈ· «‰Ú·ÛÙÈ΋ Ì›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÂÏ›· ·‡Ï·», Ô˘ Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Â›Ó·È Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÌÈ· ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¿Ô„Ë. ™‹ÌÂÚ·, ÌÂÚÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ‚¤‚·È· Ù˘Èο ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˜ χÛÂȘ- Û ·˘Ùfi ÓÔÌ›˙ˆ fiÙÈ Â›Ì·ÛÙ ϤÔÓ Û‡ÌʈÓÔÈ, fiˆ˜ .¯. ÙÔ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ˆÊ¤ÏÂÈ·, ÙÔ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜ ÙˆÓ ªª∂, Ë ‰È·ÏÔ΋ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ, ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÎÔÌÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ηÈ, ÔˆÛ‰‹ÔÙÂ Ë ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÓfiÌÔ˘ ( rule of the law). ÕÏÏ· ÚÔEYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
∂§§∞¢∞ & ºπ§∂§∂À£∂ƒπ™ª√™ ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· fï˜ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ·Ï¿ ¤Ó· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ¤Ó· ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ·Á·ıÒÓ Î·È Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË. ™Î¤ÙÔÌ·È .¯. ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ, ÙË ¯ˆÚÔÙ·Í›· Ì ÙËÓ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·, ÙÔÓ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÌËÙÚÔÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ¯ÒÚˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ˘ÏÈ΋˜ ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹˜ Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜. ∞ÏÏ¿ Î·È Â‰Ò ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈıÒÚÈ· ÁÈ· Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ Û ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ Ó‡̷, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÔÏ˘ÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ. ¢ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·˘ÛÙËÚ‹ Î·È ·Ó·Áη›· Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔÓ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi ÁÂÓÈο Î·È Û ·ÎÚ·›Â˜ ÂΉԯ¤˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ (“ÓÂÔÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi”). √ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô˜ ÂÍ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ·ÔÎÏ›ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· Î·È Î¿ı ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·. √È “ÓÂÔÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔÈ” ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ÌÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ˘, Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˘ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˘ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜. ŸÌˆ˜, Ë Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË ÛΤ„Ë ÌÔÚ› Ó· Î˘Ì·›ÓÂÙ·È ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ ÂÏ¢ıÂڛ˜ (ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË ·ÁÔÚ¿) Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ‹ Ú‡ıÌÈÛË, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙȘ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂȘ , ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ‰È·‰ÚÔÌ‹ Î·È ÙȘ ÙÔÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜. ŒÙÛÈ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· Ì›ÁÌ·Ù· ÂÓfi˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡, Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡, ·Ó·ıˆÚË̤ÓÔ˘ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡7. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ· ‚Ϥˆ ÙÔÓ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ‚·ÛÈ΋, ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ· οı ۇÁ¯ÚÔÓ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈ΋˜. ªÂ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ·˘Ù‹ ›Û˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ˆ fiÙÈ Ë ·˘ÚÈ·Ó‹ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Á›EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
ÓÂÈ Û·ÊÒ˜ ÈÔ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË. ™˘Ó¯›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÚfiÙ·Û‹ ÌÔ˘ ÁÈ· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi Î·È Û˘Óı¤ÛÂȘ, ÛËÌÂÈÒÓˆ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú·‚Ï¤Ô˘Ì fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ¤·ÈÍ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ Û fiÏË ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË (Î·È ·ÏÏÔ‡) ÛÙË ÌÂÙ·ÔÏÂÌÈ΋ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô. ¢ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÓfiËÌ· Ó· ··ÈÙ›˜ ·Ï¿ «roll the state back”, fiÛÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Î·È ·Ó Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Û οÌÔÛÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜. √ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˜ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi˜ ηÈ, ÔˆÛ‰‹ÔÙ ÌÂÚÈο ·fi Ù· ϤÔÓ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· Ú‡̷ٿ ÙÔ˘, Â›Ó·È ·ÓÔȯÙfi˜ Û ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ·ÔÙ˘¯ÈÒÓ Ù˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ ηÈ, Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·, Û ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ·ÔÙ˘¯ÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜8. ¶Ú·ÎÙÈο ·˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ› fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ó· ‰Ú· Î·È Ó· ·ÚÂÌ‚·›ÓÂÈ Û ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÚÔÛ·ı› Ó· ÔÚ›ÛÂÈ Ò˜, fiÙÂ Î·È Ì ÔȘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÙ·È Ë ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË. ™Â ¿ÏÏË ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË, Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Ì›ÁÌ· ·Ú¯ÒÓ, Î·È ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ‰Ú¿Û˘ fiÔ˘ ÔÈ ÂÏ¢ıÂڛ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ı¤ÛË. ∫·È ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÔÈÎÈϛ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÌÈ·˜ ¯ÒÚ·˜, Ì ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÏËÚÔ‰fiÙËÛÂ Ë ÈÛÙÔÚ›·. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ηÓ›˜ Ó· ÌÈÏ‹ÛÂÈ ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ‹ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi ÁÈ· Ó· Û˘ÓÔ„›ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· Èı·ÓÒ˜ ÚÔÛÊÂÚfiÌÂÓË ‰¤ÛÌË Î·ıˉËÁËÙÈÎÒÓ È‰ÂÒÓ. °È·Ù›, ÂÓÙ¤ÏÂÈ, ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ (‹ Ë Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË) ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ¿¯ÚËÛÙÔ Ï¤ÁÌ· ıÂÛÌÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜- ·Ú¿ Ù· fiÚÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜. ™‹ÌÂÚ·, Ë ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË, ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂÓË ·‰ÔÁÌ¿ÙÈÛÙ·, ·Ó·‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ fiÏ· ÂΛӷ Ù· ÛÙÔÈ-
13
¯Â›· Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·Áη›· ÁÈ· Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ Û˘Óı¤ÛÂȘ! Ÿˆ˜ Ì·˜ ˘ÂÓı‡ÌÈ˙Â Ô ∞ÚÈÛÙ›‰Ë˜ ÷Ù˙‹˜9 ¤¯ÂÈ Ï¤ÔÓ ‰È·ÌÔÚʈı› ÌÈ· ÔχÌÔÚÊË ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, Ô˘ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ› ÂÍȉ·ÓÈ·ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓÙÔ˜ Î·È Ì·˜ οÓÂÈ ÈÔ ‰‡ÛÈÛÙÔ˘˜ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓÔ ·ÚÂÌ‚·ÙÈÛÌfi. ∏ «Û¯ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜» .¯. ·ÓÂͤٷÛÂ, ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ¿ÏÏ· ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ, ˆ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈÒÓ, Î·È Ù˘ ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÌ˘ıÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô Î·È Î·Ù·Ï‹ÁÔÓÙ·˜ Û ηÈÓÔÙfi̘ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ, Ô˘, ÛËÌÂÈÒÓˆ, ‚Ú‹Î·Ó ÙËÓ Â›ÛÔ‰fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ù˘ ∂∂ (‰ÂÛÌ¢ÙÈÎÔ› ηÓfiÓ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜, ·ÔÔÏÈÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯Ú‹Ì·ÙÔ˜). ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÌÂÚÈ¿, ÓÂfiÙÂÚ˜ ıˆڛ˜ ·ÓÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË ıÂÛÌÔı¤ÙËÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ›‰· Î·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ·Ó·Óˆ̤ÓÔ ÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ·ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÌfi. √ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô˜, ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ¿ÏÏ·, ‰ÂÛ̇ÂÙ·È ·fi ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔ‡˜ ηÓfiÓ˜, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ÂÓ‰˘Ó·ÌÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙÔÓ «Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi» ÂÎÙfi˜ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ˘Ô‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ˘ÂÚÂıÓÈ΋˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘. ∏ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Â›Ó·È ÏÔÈfiÓ «ÔÏ˘·Ú·‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÈ΋».
√È Û˘Óı¤ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋: ∏ «ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· Ù˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜». ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·Ó·˙ËÙ¿
∞ ÙȘ Û˘Óı¤ÛÂȘ. ŒÓ· ÎfiÌÌ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔ‚¿ÏÂÈ ‹ ˘ÂÚ·Û›-
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∂§§∞¢∞ & ºπ§∂§∂À£∂ƒπ™ª√™
˙ÂÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ‹ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˜ ȉ¤Â˜ Î·È ·Í›Â˜ÙËÓ ·ÓÔ¯‹, ÙËÓ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ‰˘ÛÈÛÙ›· ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ·˘Ù·Ú¯ÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ, ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË Ì ÙË Û˘ÁηٿıÂÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, ÙËÓ Â˘ı‡ÓË ÙÔ˘ ηıÂÓfi˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ËıÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ˙ˆ‹, ÙËÓ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙË ·fi ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÎÏÎ·È ÂΛ ·Ú¯›˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜. ∂Âȉ‹ fï˜ Ù· ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ÎfiÌÌ·Ù·, ·fi ÙË Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏ˘Û˘ÏÏÂÎÙÈο, ·Â˘ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È Û ÔÈΛϷ ÛÙÚÒÌ·Ù·, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙÔ‡Ó ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ó· Û˘Ì‚È‚¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ì ¿ÏϘ, Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÂÁÁÂÓÒ˜ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ËÁ¿˙Ô˘Ó ·fi ÙË Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ Î·È ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ‹ ÛΤ„Ë. ¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Â‡ÎÔÏÔ ¤ÚÁÔ, ÔÌÔÏÔÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜ Ó· Û˘Ì‚È‚¿˙ÂȘ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈο ÙȘ ÂÏ¢ıÂڛ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË, ÙËÓ Â˘ı‡ÓË ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘ ¤ıÓÔ˘˜ ‹ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ‹ ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë·Ú¯¤˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È ‰Èη›ˆÛË. ∞ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Î·È ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ. ∞˘Ùfi Ì·˜ ˘ÂÓı˘Ì›˙ÂÈ .¯. Ë ÌÂÙ·ÔÏÂÌÈ΋ ÁÂÚÌ·ÓÈ΋ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ì ÙË ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈ΋ ÛÙfi¯Â˘ÛË Ù˘ «ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ Ù˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜». 10. ∏ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Ï‡ÛÂˆÓ Û ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÍ·ÓÙÏÂ›Ù·È ·Ï¿ ÛÙËÓ Â›ÎÏËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ‹ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜ ·ÚÂÚÌËÓÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘ ÎÈfiÏ·˜ ·ÁÁÏÔ۷͈ÓÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘. ªÂ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·˘Ùfi ı· ˘Ô‚·ıÌÈ˙fiÙ·Ó Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, Ù˘ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ ÛÎÔÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË. ∆· ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ· ˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó Â›Û˘ fiÙÈ ÔÈ È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜
‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂȘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÚÚÈÎÓˆı›, ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ Ù˘ ÛÔÛȷωËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÔÚıÔ‰ÔÍ›·, ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÛÔÛȷωËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ (Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ fï˜ ÙÔÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘)11 . √È Û˘ÁÎÏ›ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔÓ ¿ÍÔÓ· ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿-‰ÂÍÈ¿ Â›Ó·È ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛȷΤ˜. ∞˘Ùfi ·ÔÙ˘ÒÓÂÙ·È Î·È ÛÙËÓ Â›ÛËÌË ÔÚÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ «ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘ ‰ÚfiÌÔ˘» (µÚÂÙ·Ó›·), ÙÔ˘ «Ó¤Ô˘ ΤÓÙÚÔ˘»(°ÂÚÌ·Ó›·) ÎÏ. ∞Ó·˙ËÙ‹ıËΠÌÈ· Ó¤· ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· Û’ Â›Â‰Ô ·Ú¯ÒÓ Ì ÚÔÊ·ÓÒ˜ ÎÂÚ‰ÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘˜ ÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿, ÙÔÓ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi, ÙËÓ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›·, ÙËÓ ·ÙÔÌÈ΋ ¢ı‡ÓË. ∫·Ù¿ ÚÔ¤ÎÙ·ÛË, ·Ó ÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙÔ È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ï¤ÔÓ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜, ÙfiÙ fiÏÔ ÙÔ ·ÈÁÓ›‰È ·›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Î·È Û˘ÓÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ú¿Í˘.
√È ·‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· È· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋, ·ÏÏ¿ ÊÈ-
ª ÏÂχıÂÚË ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ηÈ
ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛË Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ ·fi ÙË ¯·ÔÙÈ΋ (Î·È ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜ ‰ÈÂÊı·Ṳ́ÓË) ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË. ∏ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· Ì·ÎÚÔÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ Î·È ÌÈ· ÌÈÎÚÔÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋, ıÂÛÌÈ΋-‰È·ÚıÚˆÙÈ΋ Ù˘¯‹. ∏ ÚÒÙË Û˘Ó¿ÁÂÙ·È , οˆ˜ ·Ï¿, fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÌÂÚ›‰Èfi ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· Î·È ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÂÏÏÂÈÌÌ·ÙÈÎfi, ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Ó¤· ¯Ú¤Ë Ì ÚÔÛ¯ËÌ·ÙÈο ηٿ ηÓfiÓ· ÚÔ‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù·. ∏ ıÂÛÌÈ΋ Ù˘¯‹ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙȘ ȉȈÙÈÎÔÔÈ-
‹ÛÂȘ, ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Ù˘ ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ Ú‡ıÌÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÁÔÚÒÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ‰Ú·ÛÙÈ΋ Ì›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·‰È·Ê·ÓÒÓ ÂȯÔÚËÁ‹ÛÂˆÓ Û ËÌÈ-ȉȈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÎÏ. ŸÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ı· Ù· ‚Úԇ̠ÁÈ· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ Û˘Ì˘Îӈ̤ӷ ÛÙȘ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰ËÏÒÛÂȘ Ù˘ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ¡¢ ÙÔÓ ∞Ú›ÏÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 1990 Î·È ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔ ÂıÓÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘, Ô˘ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ¿ÛıËÎÂ Ë Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜ ÛÙË ˙ÒÓË ∂˘ÚÒ. ∂›Ó·È Û˘Ì‚·Ù¿ Ì ÙÔ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ ÙÔ ª¿·ÛÙÚȯÙ. ∏ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ‰ÂÓ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ Î·Ù‰¿ÊÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜, Ô‡Ù fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙȘ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ. ™ËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fï˜ ÂÎÏÔÁ›Î¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Ô˘ ı¤ÙÂÈ, Ó· ÌË ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÙ› ÙȘ ·ÓÈÛfiÙËÙ˜, Ó· ÌË Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÙÚÔ¯Ô¤‰Ë ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È Ó· ‘Ó·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο ‚ÈÒÛÈÌÔ. √È ˆ˜ ÙÒÚ· ·fiÂÈÚ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ηٿ ‚¿ÛË ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ô˘ ÛÎÈ·ÁÚ·Ê‹Û·ÌÂ, ÛÙÔ ÌÂÓ Ì·ÎÚÔÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô ¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ‹ÛÈÌ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·, ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋˜ ÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜, ÛÙÔ ‰Â ıÂÛÌÈÎfi-‰È·ÚıÚˆÙÈÎfi ·¤Ù˘¯·Ó. ∏ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· , fiÓÙ·˜ ÂÓ·ÁηÏÈṲ̂ÓË Ï¤ÔÓ Ì ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜, ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¤ÎÂÙ·È ÛÙË ¯ÂÈڷʤÙËÛ‹ Ù˘ ·fi ·˘Ùfi. ∏ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ô˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÛÙËÚȯı› Û ‰È¿¯˘Ù˜ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˜ ȉ¤Â˜ ‹ ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ˙ˆ‹˜. ¢ÂÓ ·ÓÙÏ› ·fi οÔÈ· ‰ڷȈ̤ÓË ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ÊÂÚ’ ÂÈÂ›Ó ÁÈ· ÙȘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
∂§§∞¢∞ & ºπ§∂§∂À£∂ƒπ™ª√™ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ Ù˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Ù˘ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ÌÈ·˜ ·˘ÙÔÙÂÏÔ‡˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÌ·Ï‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜. ∞ÎfiÌË Î·È Ë ÁÂÓÈ΋ ·È‰Â›· Ì·˜ ηÏÏÈÂÚÁ› ¤Ó· ‡Ô˘ÏÔ ÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌfi. µ¤‚·È·, ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ·fi ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ΢‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÔ‡ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛ˘ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È, fï˜ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·Ï¿ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ¯ÚÂÔÎÔ›· ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ·ÔÙ˘ÒıËΠÛÙË Û˘ÛÛÒÚ¢ÛË ¯ÚÂÒÓ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ·Ó·ÈÌ›· ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓÙÔ˜ Î·È fi¯È Û ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂȘ. ∏ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË Î·È ÚËÙÔÚÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ¶∞™√∫ ·Ó·‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ÛÙ¿ÛË Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘ÓÔ„ÈÛı› ˆ˜ ÂÍ‹˜: ¢ÂÓ ÈÛÙ‡ԢÌ ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿, ·ÏÏ¿ «ÙÈ Ó· οÓÔ˘Ì», Ù· ¯Ú¤Ë Î·È Ë ∂∂ Ì·˜ Ȥ˙Ô˘Ó. ŒÙÛÈ Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔ˙fiÌÂÓË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ‘Ó·È ÚÔ˚fiÓ Î·Ù·Ó·ÁηÛÌÒÓ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ·Ú¿ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÌÈ·˜ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÒÓ Â‰Ò Î·È ·ÏÏÔ‡, ÂÓÒ ÂÈϤÔÓ ÔÈ ‰ÈΤ˜ Ì·˜ (.¯. Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Ï·˚ÎÈÛÌÔ‡1981-1989) ÂÍȉ·ÓÈ·ÔÓÙ·È. ∫·È, ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ‚·ıÌfi, ÚÔˆıÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ›‰ÈÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ηÏÏȤÚÁËÛ·Ó ˆ˜ ÙÒÚ· ÙË ‰˘ÛÈÛÙ›· ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Ù˘ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ¤‚ÏÂ·Ó ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ˆ˜ ÙË ÌfiÓË ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ χÛË ÙˆÓ ¿Û˘ ʇÛ˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ¤ıÓÔ˘˜ (Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜). ∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›˙ÂÙ·È Û ·ÓÙÈÊ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È „¢‰ÔÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ, ÌÂ Ù˘ÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙȘ «ÌÂÙÔ¯ÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ», Ô˘ ˘ËÚÂÙÔ‡Ó ÂÈÛÚ·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ‰È·ÎfiÙÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÎÔÌÌ·ÙÈÎfi ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Î·È ÙȘ ¿Û˘ ʇÛ˘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ÎfiÌÌ·- ÛÙÂϤ¯ËÚÔÌËıÂ˘Ù¤˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÙ¯ӛ˜. EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
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™∏ª∂πø™∂π™ 1 µÏ. ∫·˙¿ÎÔ˜, ¶. «∂ÎÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÙÔ›ÛÂȘ Î·È Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË. √È Èı·Ó¤˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÎÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ӛ΢ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÙÒÓ» ÛÙÔ ∫·ÙÛÔ‡Ï˘, ∏ (ÂÈÌ.) ªÔÓ٤Ϸ ÛÔÛȷωËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜. ∆Ú›ÙÔ˜ ‰ÚfiÌÔ˜, Ó¤Ô Î¤ÓÙÚÔ, ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, π. ™È‰¤Ú˘, ∞ı‹Ó· 2002. 2 µÏ. ∆˙ÂÚÌÈ¿˜, ¶. «™˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi˜» ÛÙÔÓ ÙfiÌÔ ∑·¯fiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, ÃÚ. (ÂÈÌ) ¶ÂÚÈ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡, ÛÂÏ. 149-149-162, ÛÂÏ. 156. 3 µÏ. µÂÚÁfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, ∫. ¶ÔÈÔ˜ ÊÔ‚¿Ù·È ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË. ∞Ó·ÙÔÌ›· ÂÓfi˜ ̇ıÔ˘, ¡¤· ™‡ÓÔÚ·, ∞ı‹Ó· 2000. 4 µÏ. ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰Â˜ ∫·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹, 11.4.2002, ∂Ï¢ıÂÚÔÙ˘›· 21.2.2002 Î.·. 5 BÏ. ∞Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ÔÏÏ¿ ¿ÏÏ· ÙÔ ÎÏ·ÛÛÈÎfi ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ Popper, Karl Die offene Gesellschaft und ihre Feinde, UTB ( J.C.B. Morh) Tübingen, 1992. 6 µÏ. ™ˆÙËÚfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, ¢. ∏ ÎÔÚ˘Ê‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏ·ÙÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜, ¶ÔÙ·Ìfi˜, ∞ı‹Ó· 2001. 7 ¶·Ú·Î¿ÌÙˆ Â‰Ò ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ù˘ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÚËÙÔÚÈ΋ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË. 8 ∂ÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙËÓ «ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›ÛÙÈÎË», ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î·È ÌÈ· ¢ڇÙÂÚË, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi Ì ‚·ıÂȤ˜ Ú›˙˜, Ô˘ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·Ú·‚ϤÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·. ™ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ·˘Ù‹ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È Ë
·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ·ÓÔ¯‹˜ (Ô˘ ‹Ù·Ó Î·È Ô Ù›ÙÏÔ˜ ÂÓfi˜ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ John Locke), Ë ÂÔ›ıËÛË fiÙÈ Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiˆ˜ ¤ÏÂÁÂ Ô Karl Popper ÛÙË «ÏÔÁÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë», ηٿ ÙÔ ÚfiÙ˘Ô Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, Ú¿ÁÌ· Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁ› ¢ı¤ˆ˜ Û ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË Ù˘ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛ˘ ˆ˜ ÁÓÒÌÔÓ· Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ú¿Í˘, ηٿ ÚÔ¤ÎÙ·ÛË, Ë ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Û ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·, Ô˘ ÂÈηÏÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙË ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ‹ Ù˘ ÙËÓ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ‹ ÙË ıÚËÛΛ·, Î·È ÙÔ ·›ÙËÌ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÒÓ ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚÈˆÓ ÛÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ. 9 ÷Ù˙‹˜, ∞Ú. « ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙȘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ÓÔÌÈ΋ ıˆڛ·» ÛÙÔ ∑·¯fiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, ÃÚ (ÂÈÌ) ¶ÂÚ› ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡, π ™È‰¤Ú˘, ∞ı‹Ó· 2002, ÛÂÏ. 93-128. 10 Langewiesche, D. Liberalism in Germany, Macmillan (ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË ·fi ÙË ÁÂÚÌ·ÓÈ΋), London 2000, p. 313. µÏ. Î·È Streeck, W. Social institutions and economic performance, Sage, London, 1992, p. 32-34. 11 µÏ. ∫·˙¿ÎÔ˜, ¶. «∂ÎÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÙÔ›ÛÂȘ Î·È Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË. √È Èı·Ó¤˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÎÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ӛ΢ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÙÒÓ» ÛÙÔ ∫·ÙÛÔ‡Ï˘, ∏ (ÂÈÌ.) ªÔÓ٤Ϸ ÛÔÛȷωËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜. ∆Ú›ÙÔ˜ ‰ÚfiÌÔ˜, Ó¤Ô Î¤ÓÙÚÔ, ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, π. ™È‰¤Ú˘, ∞ı‹Ó· 2002.
Abstract This article analyses the causes of the ideological and political weakness characterizing Greek liberalism. It is suggested that delayed economic development has favoured statist orientation during the first post-world War decades. Societal expectations for an accelerating catch up with more advanced countries were addressed at the “state” well in tune with a more general trend prevailing at that time. Initial success has also reinforced statist attitudes despite early symptoms of failure. In addition, deeply routed political traditions (clientelism) which imply by passing t5he markets and distorting competition through political networking, weakened liberal positions from the outset. Last but not least, utopian though nurtured a hard anti-liberal left stance. It is also argued that modern liberalism, contrary to what many socialist understand, is rather pragmatic in theory and praxis than doctrinaire, should not be identified with extreme marketers and in fact remains a constitutive element of modern political programs.
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AT THE HEART OF THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION: ∞ two - headed presidency
&
bicameral legislative power
Dusan Sidjanski Emeritus Professor of the University of Geneva President et the European Centre for culture
A two-headed presidency is crucial if the European Union is to implement a common foreign security and defence policy, which cannot exist without the commitment of the European Council and its President. This is acceptable, on condition that henceforth the European Council takes its important decisions upon
he Iraqi crisis provoked a split among the members of the European Union. Obviously this is not the European Union’s first crisis. The EU has survived both the crisis of a socalled “empty chair” and the confrontation between France and Germany on the recognition of Croatia and Slovenia. Consider the case of Iraq, it was the unilateral behaviour of one country, or a group of countries that were at the root of opposition and serious tension2. The Maastricht and Amsterdam Treaties took past experience into consideration consequently they institutionalised the decision-taking process for common foreign security policy3. But, in contrast to the procedure foreseen by the treaties of the European Union, the different phases which preceded the war against Iraq were punctuated by the adoption of unilateral positions, relegating
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proposal from the Commission. This institutional balance strengthened by the adoption of a second Chamber or a Council of States is the best guarantee for the general European interest and the democratic functioning of the European Union. Geneva June 2003 common procedures to the sidelines: the disengagement of the German government4, the French President’s refusal to see the logic of war, the letter from the eight Heads of state, the consequences of this “negative spill-over effect” have resulted in a torn Europe. An analysis of recent events leads to a general acknowledgement of these discords: the incapacity of the divided European Union, the inadequacy of NATO and its co-operation with the European Union, the weakness of the UN system, particularly the Security Council, and a unilateral behaviour of the only superpower. So many factors, which contribute to the destabilisation of the international order whilst at the same time dividing Europe. In these conditions, the European Council had to content itself with a minimal declaration on the role of the Security Council as guarantor of international law and post war Iraq. We EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
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Στη Συντακτική Συνέλευση ο Πρόεδρός της κ. Chirac πρότεινε την ∆ιπλή Προεδρία γιατην ΕΕ, ενώ για τον Πρόεδρο της Επιτροπής να εκλέγεται από το Ευρ. Κοινοβούλιο.
are a far cry from the responsibility that the European Council was supposed to assume in common foreign policy and security according to the Maastricht and Amsterdam Treaties. However, on the essential question of war and peace, it is clear that only the European Council has the potential capacity to take decisions on behalf of the Union. It is in this perspective that the proposal for a double presidency of the European Union is envisaged. A two-headed presidency4 The distribution of powers President Chirac and Chancellor Schroeder are proposing a two-headed presidency for the Union, whereby the President of the European Commission is elected by the European Parliament, and the President of the European Council is elected by the heads of state and government, either by consensus or preferably, by qualified majority voting. At the same time, it strengthens the double legitimacy on which the Union relies. Their proposal was adopted by the praesidium of the Convention6. Nonetheless their proposal does not address the question of legislative power, the role of the European Parliament and the Council, and the relationship between the European Council and the Commission. However, the key to European power resides in EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
sharing tasks between, on the one hand, the European Council and the Council which represents the interests of the Member States and on the other, the European Commission and the European Parliament which represent the general European interest. Since the beginning, the dynamic of the European Community has always been founded on a skilful balance between these two poles of power represented by the tandem of the Commission and the Council. This institutional invention conceived by Jean Monnet, is the source of dynamic European integration. On the eve of the major challenge of enlargement, the balance in the Union has been upset by the addition of intergovernmental cooperation in the domains of foreign policy, security and defence as well as in internal affairs and justice. Therefore, in spite of the introduction of the Euro and the creation of the ECB, a serious imbalance is threatening the European Union. In this interacting system, the inconsistencies of the CFSP may have a destabilizing and long lasting impact on monetary policy, the domestic market and common solidarity. The uncertainty of a prolonged cohabitation between the two discordant methods is the result, which threatens the efficient, coherent and democratic functioning of the European Union. The Commission fulfils an important role as the
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principal driving force, to the degree that it exerts its power of initiative. In turn, the Council decides upon proposal from the Commission. This original set up was modified by the creation of the European Council, which intervenes when the responsibility and engagement of major political leaders is needed to define orientations and general strategy; and to decide on highly political questions, particularly in the realms of foreign policy, security, and war and peace. The distribution of power in external relations is more complex. In the case of commercial policy, as a consequence of customs union, and as a reflection of domestic economic integration, the Commission assumes a central role by its proposals and by its representation of the Union during commercial negotiations, in conformity with the Council’s mandate. In the same vein, its role was just as essential in negotiations about enlargement, which it prepared on behalf of the European Council and mandated by the Council. On the other hand, in foreign affairs, CFSP or defence matters, governmental responsibility falls mainly to the European Council and to the Council of Foreign Affairs, the Commission being relegated to a marginal role. If this distribution of tasks can be explained for reasons of sovereignty, it is justified neither by its coherence and efficiency, nor by the results obtained. The differences in opinions on the Yugoslav crisis like those today on the subject of Iraq demonstrate this and reflect unfavourably on the cohesion of the Union7. From whence arises the question of how to reach a solution, which ensures that not only can the Union speak with a single voice but that it can also act together. Were this to be the case its economic and political weight would have a corresponding impact on world affairs. If we want an efficient and coherent foreign and security policy, the European Council must be strengthened and enabled to take decisions progressively by qualified majority voting upon proposals from the Commission. A two-headed presidency at the heart of the community system In the case of a double presidency, governmental power would rely on two institutional pillars, the European Council and the Councils of Ministers on the one hand, and on the other, the “European government”, or the European Commission. In both
cases, other than its role of personalised presidency, the European Council will have full responsibility for orientations and finalised general strategies on proposal from the Commission, in both economic and monetary policy as in external relations, security and defence. In this way, even in matters of foreign policy, security and defence, decision-making falls to the European Council acting on proposals from the Commission; responsibility for implementing decisions is allocated jointly to the Councils for Foreign Affairs and Defence and to the Commission. In brief, it is the generalised application of the community method, which is favoured by a large number of members of the Convention. The two-headed Executive relies on two main common institutions, one with the participation of member governments, the other independent, whose task is to articulate the general European interest. From then on, the taking of fundamental decisions concerned with CFSP and CSDP matters is the responsibility of the European Council acting on proposals from the Commission. In particular, the coherence and efficiency of foreign policy is largely the result of common proposals, which are drawn up by the Commission and the Minister for Foreign Affairs, working in close liaison with the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs. In this way, discussion would be based on proposals founded on a common vision and parliamentary control could be exerted by the European Parliament. The more problems are associated with high politics the more the commitment of the European Council is necessary, a commitment which must be based on proposals from the Commission which alone is answerable to the European Parliament. Without a European Council, there is no real foreign policy, without a president of the European Council and without proposals from the Commission there is no Union, which can speak, with one voice and acts as one. Consequently, the initiatives and the individual actions of a member, no matter what its political weight, or of a group of members, must be channelled through the Commission and through the European Council by its President. The President, elected by the European Council using qualified majority voting, for a renewable mandate of two and a half years, carries out fulltime functions and prepares, presides over and guides the work of the European Council based on EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
KE¶∞∞ proposals from the Commission, whose President is at the same time a full member of the European Council. The monitoring of decisions taken by the European Council is ensured by its President with the assistance of the Council and the Commission. Moreover, the coherence of foreign policy is entirely ensured by a European Minister for Foreign Affairs, vice-president of the Commission, who participates in the work of the European Council. Consequently, the functions of the High Representative and that of the Commissioner in charge of external relations are taken on by only one political figure who is elected by the European Council using qualified majority voting, and preferably, on the joint proposal of its President and the President of the Commission. According to the Franco-German proposal. The European Minister for Foreign Affairs relies on a European diplomatic service which allies head of External Relations of the Commission to a unit for foreign policy. This outline will allow for the emergence of a European diplomacy that will gradually put into practise the foreign and security policy of the Union. Efficiency in this sensitive domain relies more than anything on resorting to qualified majority voting which progressively should replace consensus. However, a festering wound remains in the FrancoGerman proposal as those decisions with security and defence implications are supposed to be taken unanimously. A solution could be the possibility of constructive abstention, as exists in the Treaty of Amsterdam, and the definition of the steps needed to move from unanimity to qualified majority following the examples from the Treaty of Rome. The President of the European Council represents the Union on the international scene during meetings of heads of state or government. In practise, he always carries out this role with the President of the Commission so that coherence and efficiency are ensured. More than one small or medium member state fears a full-time President of the Union, coming from a large state, forgetting that after enlargement the small and medium states will have increased influence. Moreover, in the past, it has frequently been the case that one of their statesmen was designated as President of the Commission. In addition, in a balanced system the increased independence and democratic legitimacy of a EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
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strengthened Commission combined with its generalised power of proposal would be the best guarantee against the domination of the large states. Furthermore, it must be noted that divisions between the large member states and the others are not as they seem. In reality, coalitions are born and dissolved according to specific needs and according to the conflicting or converging interests of the moment. Finally, it is generally admitted that they appear in relation to the concrete question of the Presidency and the role of the Commission. The Commission is the only institution answerable to the European Parliament and consequently its participation in decision-making is a fundamental aspect of the democratic system of the Union. During their meeting in Luxembourg on April 1, the heads of state of seven countries, Benelux, Ireland, Portugal, Finland and Austria, pronounced themselves against a fulltime President of the European Council, fearing that the intergovernmental institution would be strengthened at the expense of the Commission. Our proposal requires a strengthened Commission with powers of proposal in CFSP matters and gradually in issues of common security and defence. Moreover, a group of member states represented mainly by Germany and the Benelux, and supported by the medium sized and smaller member states is arguing for a strong Commission. Amongst this group, some would like to see a Commission made up of 25 members, a logical consequence of which would be the weakening of an institution which they are proposing to strengthen: the difficulty of managing 25 Commissioners and the reaffirmation of the intergovernmental aspect of the Commission. On the other hand, the possibility of foreseeing associated or delegated Commissioners and the rotation of the Commissioners or some sort of “cabinet” should be possible. Nevertheless, the presence of key political figures of each of the 25 member states in the enlarged Commission is a necessary requisite for an expanded European Union. The necessity for profound knowledge of each country is the price for increased diversity in the European Union. Currently the democratic and institutional equilibrium in the Union is guaranteed by three main supports: the election of the President of the Commission by the European Parliament; the proposals of the
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Commission as a basis for decision-making including institutions with governmental participation and legislative institutions; and the democratic responsibility of the Commission to the European Parliament, excluding its responsibility to the European Council as was cited by the FrancoGerman proposal. As a counter balance to a strengthened European Council, it is indispensable to have an autonomous, accountable and strong Commission, having increased legitimacy and due to its right of proposal, a guarantor of the European interest. The election of the President of the Commission by the European Parliament will have numerous effects over and above the reinforcement of the legitimacy of the Commission and its visibility for European citizens. For example, as was proposed by Jacques Delors, the large European political parties, such as the European Socialist Party and the Popular European Party including coalitions of other European parties would have to name their candidates for the Presidency of the Commission at the time of European elections. In this way, the relation between the electoral results would be better perceived by the electorate and will have a bigger impact on the motivations of the political parties and citizens. In addition to the growth of legislative and budgetary powers, as well as democratic control, a more direct link between the result of the elections and the choice of President of the Commission would stimulate both the debate on these European options and themes, and European parties and their electorate. The converging effects between the election of the European Parliament and its increased powers, and the election of the President of the Commission, would strengthen both the legitimacy and the authority of the Commission. On the other hand, the Community procedure based on the proposal from the Commission, without excluding other governmental and parliamentary or even non governmental organisations initiatives, will allow for better cohesion and an increased coherence of community acts based on a balanced vision of the European interest. The importance of the Commission as dynamic core, central pole of attraction and catalysing centre takes on increased significance in the highly complex society of the Union within which a multitude communicate and interact. Consequently, advanced technology is
spreading through the post-industrial world by breaking vertical hierarchical chains and creating horizontal networks. From whence, a new form of governance emerges, which relies principally on consultation, participation, association, promotion and encouragement on all levels, with common objectives, more than on resorting to the use of force. In this context, the Commission is called on to assume the dynamic role of centre of orientation and stimulation. It must be recalled, that the Commission is the only institution, under the democratic control of the European Parliament and European politicians. Its presence in the decision-making process is the effective guarantee of the democratic nature of the European Union. On the other hand, at the heart of the Union, the lack of democracy is growing, to the extent that the Commission is absent or marginalized. That is to say that the pivotal role, which alongside Community institutions – the European Parliament and the Court of Justice - and institutions with governmental participation - the European Council and the Councils of Ministers falls to the European Commission. The subtle balance between the expression of European interest and national interests which leads to European alchemy is at the heart of the success of the European Community and is the guarantor of the dynamic of integration. The same method adapted to the particular conditions of foreign affairs, security and defence appears to be the backbone of the future European Constitution. A bicameral legislative power The Council : confusion or separation of powers? The Council along with the Commission plays a key role in the decision-making process in the European Community. In fact, it constitutes the highest authority in the legislative process of the European Community acting on proposals from the Commission and in co-decision with the European Parliament. At the same time, it has governmental powers often in common with the Commission. The Council cumulates legislative power and, in addition, governmental power: as Janus has two faces. With the extension of the political competences of the European Union, the Council has become, alongside the European Council, the principal holder of new powers that have been attributed to the Union. Consequently, it finds itself in the centre of the EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
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debate on the intergovernmental or federal Union, the European Parliament being the only character of the European Union. The lack of transparent institution open to the European public. separation of, or the confusion of, powers leads to a A Council of States paradoxical situation in which the proposing The German government has made proposals, Commission is subject to the democratic control of which reflect the visions of Karl Lamers and the European Parliament, while the Council, which Wolfgang Stauble8: the Commission would become is the decision maker, escapes all parliamentary the European government whilst the Council would control in the exercise of its executive powers. be transformed into a Chamber of States alongside Throughout the legislative procedures of the the European Parliament. The European Youth European Community, the Commission formulates Convention has also proposed this transformation of proposals and tries to preserve both the coherence the Council (Brussels 12 July 2002). Clearly this and the balance of Community standards. The outline has the advantage of being simple but it progressive spread of legislative co-decision constitutes a rupture with the institutional ensures the reinforcement of the European experience of the Union. Parliament and the capacity of the The opinion of President Rau is Council, as a result of the extension that “we already possess the of qualified majority voting. In spite of building blocks with which to build ∆he spread of the modest progress obtained at a European federation of nationlegislative coNice, the general tendency is states, they only need to be decision ensures towards more democracy and more embellished and assembled into a the reinforcement structure”9. This structure has its efficiency, and towards a bicameral of the European legislative authority. The latter by legitimacy in the double assuring the double participation of Parliament and the representation of citizens at the the member states and the citizens heart of the European Parliament capacity of the of the Union is a clear indicator of the the Member States, where Council, as a result and evolution of the European each state would have a voice of the extension of independent of its size or number Community towards a federative qualified majority of inhabitants. This would be system. From whence arises the proposal to have a Legislative reflective of the American Senate voting Council7. The tendency towards or the Swiss Council of States. Bicameralism is clearly reflected by According to Joschka Fischer the the role of the conciliation committee where European Parliament should represent two representatives of the European Parliament and the elements, a Europe of Nation-States and a Europe Council are present, but where the Commission is of citizens and it must include “ two Chambers of given the task of mediator, which is appropriate for which one would be made up of elected an executive body. However, the ambivalence of the deputies…as to the other Chamber, a choice must Council remains, in the sense that alongside its be made between a senate model which gathers legislative functions, it has carried out more senators from member states, who would be elected governmental functions since the Union has begun by direct suffrage, and a chamber of states to extend its authority in foreign policy, security and comparable to our Bundesrat”10 Unlike the defence. The confusion of powers is the congenital egalitarian representation of the member states of sickness of the Council. the American Senate or of the cantons in the In the same way, the powers of the European Council of States in Switzerland, the distribution of Parliament are present under different forms, which 69 seats in the Bundesrat takes into account the bring it closer to its national counterparts: variable dimension of the Länder: four Länder hold democratic control, budgetary powers, powers of six seats each, one has five, seven Länder have four approval and assent, powers of inquiry and hearing, seats and four have three seats, totalling 69 seats. including initiative and promotion. These procedures This example is often cited when referring to the throw a clearer light on the activities of the European balance of votes in the European Union Council,
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Η πρόταση της Συντακτικής Συνέλευσης για την εκλογή του Ευρ. Κοινοβουλίου θέτει το ερώτηµα της εναρµόνισης ή µη στη διαδικασία ψηφοφορίας.
which would serve as model for the distribution of seats at the heart of the Council of States. This second Chamber of states or Senate is closely related to Tony Blair’s proposal for a second Chamber of the European Parliament, made up of national representatives from member states. The different instruments intended to associate national parliaments and their members have produced only limited results: consider parliamentary hearings, or the COSAC which only deals with institutional questions, parliamentary commissions in liaison with the European Parliament and the commissions of the national parliaments in charge of European Affairs which are dispersed and show differing levels of efficiency, with the exception of the Danish Parliament. As for the proposal to have an annual Congress of European representatives of parliaments, it does not seem to answer the need for greater participation from the national parliaments in the construction of Europe. In my opinion, the Council should not be transformed into a second Chamber but should split itself into Councils of Ministers and a Council of States, the latter would take on legislative functions in common with the European Parliament. As a result, legislative power would be assigned to a
bicameral institution made up of a Council of States and the European Parliament, the former would ensure the participation of state representatives, and the latter would guarantee the direct representation of the citizens of the Union. If the election of the European Parliament only raises the question of harmonised if not uniform voting procedures, the designation or the election of the members of the Council of States presents numerous options: nomination by national governments, (like the Bundesrat in Germany), election by national parliaments or directly by voters of Member States, (like the Council of States in Switzerland). Moreover, variable combinations are not to be overlooked, such as half the representation by ministers and half by the national parliamentary representatives. Whichever option is chosen, the two Chambers will have the responsibility of adopting Community laws on proposals from the Commission. Their authority, visibility and competences will be clearly established. The Council of States presents more than one advantage: firstly a single institution replaces multiple legislative Councils, thus assuring permanent and consistent participation of government representatives and an active EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
KE¶∞∞ participation of national parliamentary representatives. Their continual presence eliminates the difficult problem of coordinating the Councils whilst making possible a global vision of the fragments of the normative system; the Council of States substantially increases the democratic legitimacy and transparency of the Union, by its role in the procedure of legislative co-decision. The confusion of powers in the Council would come to an end as the result of a clear distribution of active powers and responsibilities between the institutions of the Union. The creation of a second Chamber with a slightly modified structure would render the Constitution more accessible for the citizens of the Union, thus bringing them closer to common institutions and enabling them to have a better understanding of legislative power in the Union. To conclude, what seems to be appearing is that both a European Council with a President who takes decisions based on proposals from the Commission, and a bicameral legislative body meet the proclaimed objectives for more efficiency and coherence, more democracy, responsibility and transparency and a closer relationship with citizens. The choices of the Convention will be decisive for the future of Europe and for its role in the world.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
bibliography, to be completed. TexteDS/HofEuroConst-cs-04.06.03.doc
NOTES 1. During the Crisis in Yugoslavia, the public opinion in France and Germany was in accord with the position of their governments. Today, the public opinion in the Union countries is massively against the war, in contrast to the governments, which are in favour of preventive intervention. The incapacity of the Union has more to do with the absence of a common position and common action than the lack of a military force. 2. As proof consider the objectives of the CFSP, the definition of strategies, which is the European Council’s responsibility, the role of high representative and the role of the Council in association with the Commission, constructive abstention. 3. It is a turn about in the German government’s policy towards the United States, nevertheless, under the Amsterdam treaty it could be perceived as constructive abstention. 4. Jean Louis Quermonne, la question du gouvernement européen, Notre Europe, Groupement d’Etudes et de Recherches, No.20, Paris, November 2002. 5. Institutions – draft articles for title IV of the Constitution, CONV 691/03, Brussels, April 23 2003. 6. The letter of support addressed to President Bush signed by the Heads of state of five of the Union’s member countries and three future members, had more dividing and damaging effect due to the bypass of community procedure, as provided in Amsterdam treaty of CFSP, than to its content. In reality, the message from the eight was written and published against the wishes of Greece, which holds the presidency of the Union at present. 7. Praesidium, op, cit, art. 17 bis. 8. CDU/CSU – Fraktion des Deutchen Bundestage, Bonn, September 01, 1994. 9. “Une Constitution fédérale pour l’Europe?” Le Monde, November 04, 1999. 10. “L’europe unie selon Joschka Fischer”, Le Monde May 14-15 2000, the official title of the speech is « De la confédération à la fédération, réflexion sur la finalité de l’intégration européenne ».
La question du gouvernement européen, Jeanlouis Quermonne, Notre Europe, Groupements d’Etudes et de Recherches, No.20, Paris, November 2002. Un nouveau mécanisme de coopération renforcée pour l’Union européenne élargie, Eric Philippart, Notre Europe, Groupements d’Etudes et de Recherches, No.22, Paris, March 2003 The Federal Approach to the ¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë European Union or the Quest for an Unprecedented European ∏ ‰ÈÏ‹ ¶ÚÔ‰ڛ· Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ·Ó Ë ∂∂ ı· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ∫∂¶∞∞ Federalism, Professor Dusan Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ı· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙË ‰¤ÛÌ¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘ÌSidjanski, Notre Europe, ‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ Î·È Ù˘ ¶ÚÔ‰ڛ·˜. ∞˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ·Ô‰ÂÎÙfi, ˘fi ÙËÓ ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË Groupements d’Etudes et de fiÙÈ ·fi Â‰Ò Î·È ¤Ú· ÙÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ ı· ·›ÚÓÂÈ ÙȘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈRecherches, No.14, Paris, July Τ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ ‡ÛÙÂÚ· ·fi ÚfiÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ıÂÛÌÈ΋ È2001. ÛÔÚÚÔ›· ÂÓ‰˘Ó·ÌÒÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË Ù˘ ‰ÈÏ‹˜ µÔ˘Ï‹˜ ‹ ÙÔ˘ NB: One version without a ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ∫Ú·ÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È Ë Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÂÁÁ‡ËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÁÂÓÈÎfi Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ Î·È ÙË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ∂∂. bibliography Second version with a EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
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∆√ ∂Àƒø¶∞´∫√ ™À¡∆∞°ª∞ ∫∞π ∏ √ª√™¶√¡¢π∞ ÙÔ˘ ¶.∫. πˆ·ÎÂÈÌ›‰Ë* ∆Ô Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ÙÔ˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜, Ô˘ ›ÛËÌ· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛıËΠÛÙÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ Ù˘ £ÂÛÛÛ·Ïfiӛ΢ / ÷ÏÎȉÈ΋˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·Ì¿¯Ë˜. ∫·È Â›Ó·È Ê˘ÛÈÎfi. ∏ ÂÎfiÓËÛË ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÎÔÚ˘Ê·›· ÔÏÈÙÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÓˆÛË (∂∂) Î·È ˆ˜ ÂÎ ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ÏÔÁÈÎfi Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂÛ˘ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ins ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜. ∫·Ù¿ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÙ·¯ı› «ÛÙÔ Î·Ï¿ıÈ ÙˆÓ ·¯Ú‹ÛÙˆÓ» («Economist», 21-27 πÔ˘Ó›Ô˘ 2003) Î·È Î·Ù¿ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜, ÙÔ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÂÈ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜, ‰È·ıÂÛÌÈΤ˜ Î·È ‰È·ÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜, ÈÛÔÚÚԛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂∂ Î·È ÚÔˆı› ·ÎÚ·›Â˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ ÛÙÔ ıÂÛÌÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ù˘ ∂∂. Ô„Ë ÌÔ˘ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÙÔ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ pos ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋˜ Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤Ó˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘, ¤ÛÙˆ Î·È ·Ó o fiÚos «ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·» ‰ÂÓ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÙÂÏÈÎfi ΛÌÂÓÔ (ÂÓÒ ÂÌÂÚȯfiÙ·Ó Û ÚÔÛ¯¤‰È·). ∫·È ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ‰¤Î· (10) ÛÙÔȯ›·/ Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ/ ‰È·Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÛÙÔ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜, Ô˘ ÈÛÙÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ Ô˘ ‰È·ÓÔ›ÁÂÈ. ∆· ‰¤Î· ÛÙÔȯ›·/Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ ›ӷÈ:
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√ ¶.∫. πˆ·ÎÂÈÌ›‰Ë˜ Â›Ó·È Î·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ, ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ & °ÂÓ. ¢È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ªÂÏÂÙÒÓ. À‹ÚÍ ·Ó·Ï. ÂÎÚfiÛˆÔ˜ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ÛÙË ™˘Ó¤Ï¢ÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ ª¤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘.
1. ¶ÚÔÈÎÔ‰fiÙËÛË Ù˘ ∂∂ Ì ÂÓÈ·›· ÓÔÌÈ΋ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·. øs ÙÒÚ·, ÌfiÓÔ Ë ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ∫ÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ‰È¤ıÂÙ ÓÔÌÈ΋ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È Ë ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÓˆÛË. ªÂ ÙÔ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ηٷÚÁÂ›Ù·È Ë ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ∫ÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ë ‰È¿ÚıÚˆÛË Ù˘ ∂∂ Û ˘ÏÒÓ˜. H ∂∂ ηı›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÂÓÈ·›· ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ· Ì ÂÓÈ·›· ÓÔÌÈ΋ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ∏ ÂͤÏÈÍË ·˘Ù‹ ı· ¤¯ÂÈ Â˘ÂÚÁÂÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ·ÚÔ˘Û›· Î·È ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ ∂∂, ηıÒ˜ Ë ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ı· ¤¯ÂÈ ÙË (ÓÔÌÈ΋) ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· Û˘Ó¿ÙÂÈ Û˘Ìʈӛ˜ Û fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜ (ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi). £ÂˆÚËÙÈο, ı· ¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ηٷÛÙ› ·ÎfiÌË Î·È Ì¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ∞ÛÊ·Ï›·˜ ÙÔ˘ OHE. ™˘ÓÔÏÈο, Ë ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂∂ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÚfiÏÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›· Ù˘ ∂∂ ˆ˜ ÂÓÈ·›Ô ÔÈÔ-
Ó› ÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ÌfiÚʈ̷. 2. ŒÓÙ·ÍË Ã¿ÚÙË £ÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ ¢ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔ ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·. ªÂ ÙÔ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜, o X¿ÚÙ˘ ·ÔÎÙ¿ ÓÔÌÈο ‰ÂÛÌ¢ÙÈ΋ ˘fiÛÙ·ÛË (ˆ˜ ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜). √È ÓÔÌÈΤ˜, ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈΤ˜, ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚÔ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÿÚÙË ·fi ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ‰È·Î‹Ú˘ÍË Û (ÓÔÌÈο) ‰ÂÛÌ¢ÙÈÎfi ΛÌÂÓÔ Â›Ó·È ÚÔÊ·Ó›˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ıÂÛÌÈ΋ Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË Ù˘ ∂∂. 3. ∂¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÂȉÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›·˜. ªÂ ÙÔ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÂÙ·È Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi (·Ó Î·È fi¯È Û ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈÎfi) ‚·ıÌfi Ë ÂȉÈ΋ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ˆ˜ ̤ÛÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙË Ï‹„Ë ÙˆÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔ ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ ms ∂∂. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· (·fi ÙÔ 2009) ·ÏÏ¿˙ÂÈ ÔÚȷο Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ÂȉÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›·˜. ∞fi ÙÔ ÂÚ›ÏÔÎÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ù˘ ηٷÓÔÌ‹˜ ÙˆÓ „‹ÊˆÓ, Ë ∂∂ ı· ÂÓÛÙÂÚÓÈÛı› ÛÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
¶√§π∆π∫∏ ∂¡ø™∏ ∆∏™ ∂∂ Ù˘ «‰ÈÏ‹˜ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›·˜» -ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Î·È ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›·˜ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ (60%) ÁÈ· ÙË Ï‹„Ë ÙˆÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È, ηٿ ‚¿ÛË, ÁÈ· ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋˜ ÏÔÁÈ΋˜ Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· Ì ÙËÓ ¿ÌÂÛË ·Ú·ÔÌ‹ ÛÙÔÓ ÏËı˘ÛÌfi Ù˘ ∂∂ Ô˘ ‰È·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ. 4. ∂Ó›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘. ªÂ ÙÔ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÙÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ Î·ı›ÛÙ·Ù·È Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ Û˘Ó-ÓÔÌÔı¤Ù˘. ∏ «‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ Û˘Ó·fiÊ·Û˘» (Ô˘ ÌÂÙÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÙ·È Û «ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·») ηı›ÛÙ·Ù·È Ô Î·ÓfiÓ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙË Ï‹„Ë ÙˆÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ (Ì ÙȘ ·˘ÙÔÓfiËÙ˜ Î·È ·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙ˜ ÂÍ·ÈÚ¤ÛÂȘ). ∆Ô‡ÙÔ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÛÙËÓ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋ ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ∂∂, ηıÒ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÎÈÓ› ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈο ÙË ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÚÔ˜ ¤Ó· ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚÔ ˘ÂÚÂıÓÈÎfi ›‰Ô. 5. ∂ÎÏÔÁ‹ ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ·fi ∂∫. ∏ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ Ù˘ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ·fi ÙÔ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ›Ûˆ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ÂͤÏÈÍË Ô˘ ı· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙË ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ Ê˘ÛÈÔÁӈ̛· ÙÔ˘ ÂÓˆÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ pos ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋˜ ÏÔÁÈ΋˜. 6. £¤ÛÈÛË ı¤Û˘ ˘Ô˘ÚÁÔ‡ ∂͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ. ∏ ‡·ÚÍË ÙÔ˘ ˘Ô˘ÚÁÔ‡ ∂͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÓ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÙËÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ·ÚÔ˘Û›· Î·È ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ ∂∂, ·ÏÏ¿ ẨÒÓÂÈ Î·È ÙÔ ıÂÛÌÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Û ÌÈ· ˘ÂÚÂıÓÈ΋-ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋ ÚÔÔÙÈ΋. 7. ∞ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ Ùns ŒÓˆÛ˘/ÀÂÚÔ¯‹ ÂÓˆÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ‰Èη›Ô˘. ªÂ ÙÔ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·ÏÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È ÌÂÙÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ù· «ÓÔÌÈο ̤EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
Û·» Ù˘ ∂∂. ŒÙÛÈ, ÂÁηٷÏ›ÂÙ·È Ë ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÌÒÓ, Ô‰ËÁÈÒÓ, ÎÙÏ., Î·È ˘ÈÔıÂÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ÔÚÔÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ ÓfiÌˆÓ (laws), ÓfiÌˆÓ - Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÓ (frame work laws), ÎÙÏ. ∏ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ·˘Ù‹ ›Ûˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ù¯ÓÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·, Â›Ó·È fï˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋, ·ÊÔ‡, ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏψÓ, ·Ú·¤ÌÂÈ Û «ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ù‡Ô˘» ÓÔÌÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ÙÔ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ÚԂϤÂÈ ÚËÙ¿ ÙËÓ ˘ÂÚÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓˆÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ‰Èη›Ô˘ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡. 8. ∂ÌÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ∂∂. ™ÙÔ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙÔ Û‚·ÛÌfi Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ·ÍÈÔÚ¤ÂÈ·˜, Ù˘ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜, Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ‰Èη›Ô˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-
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∏ ‡·ÚÍË ÙÔ˘ ˘Ô˘ÚÁÔ‡ ∂͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ẨÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ ıÂÛÌÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Û ÌÈ· ˘ÂÚÂıÓÈ΋ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋ ÚÔÔÙÈ΋.
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΋˜ ÚÔfi‰Ô˘, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡Ó˘ Î·È Ù˘ Ï‹ÚÔ˘˜ ··Û¯fiÏËÛ˘. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó, ›Û˘, Ӥ˜ Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÚÔˆıÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë˜ («Ú‹ÙÚ· ·ÌÔÈ‚·›·˜ Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌ‹˜», ÎÙÏ.). £ÂÛ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·ÎfiÌË ÔÈ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ˘ÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯È΋˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, ÂÓÒ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÙ·È, ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿, Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÔÏ›ÙË Î·È ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ Èı·Á¤ÓÂÈ·. ∏ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔÓ Â˘Úˆ·›Ô ÔÏ›ÙË, ˆ˜ ËÁ‹ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜, ÂÓ¤¯ÂÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ÛËÌ·Û›·
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ÛÙË ÏÔÁÈ΋ Ù˘ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋˜ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛ˘. 9. ∂̤‰ˆÛË Ù˘ ·Ú¯‹˜ Ù˘ «ÂÈÎÔ˘ÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜». ∞ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÔÔÈÂÛ‰‹ÔÙ ÂÚÌËÓ›˜, Ë ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔ˘ÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·Ó·fiÛ·ÛÙÔ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ù˘ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋˜ Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∆Ô Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ «ẨÒÓÂÈ» ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ ·˘Ù‹, ÂÓÒ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ∂∂ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ «ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÙ‡Ô˘» ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛ˘. 10. ∏ ÂÎfiÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, (ˆ˜ ηıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ù˘ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋˜ ÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ıˆÚËı› ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ù˘ ÂÎfiÓËÛ˘ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂∂. ªÂ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·˘Ùfi, Ë «∂∂ ÙˆÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ» ‰›ÓÂÈ ÙË ı¤ÛË Ù˘ ÛÙËÓ «∂∂ ÙÔ˘ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜». ∏ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈ΋ ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÂͤÏÈ͢ ·˘Ù‹˜ Â›Ó·È ·‰È·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙË. ∏ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·Ú·¤ÌÂÈ Û ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ· ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜. ∆Ô ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ Ì¤ÛÔ Á¤ÓÓËÛ˘ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·˜ (.¯. ∏¶∞, ∫·Ó·‰¿˜, ÎÙÏ.). µÂ‚·›ˆ˜, ÛÙÔ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔȯ›· Î·È Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÂÈηÏÂÛı› οÔÈÔ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂÈ ˘¤Ú Ù˘ ¿Ô„˘ Ù˘ ‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. øs Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÛÙÔȯ›· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È, .¯., Ë ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔ‡ ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ, Ë ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË Ù˘ ÂÎ ÂÚÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ÚÔ‰ڛ·˜ ÛÙÔ ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ ÀÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ, Î.¿. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÔÈ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·Áη›Â˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙË ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤ÓË ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÓˆÛË.
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H ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË Ù˘ ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤Ó˘ ¤ÓˆÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ KˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˘
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∫·ıËÁËÙ‹ ¢ÈÂıÓÒÓ & ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ £ÂÛÌÒÓ, ¶¿ÓÙÂÈÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ
1.¶ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÛÙË ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤ÓË ŒÓˆÛË ·‡ÍËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ Ù˘
∏ ŒÓˆÛ˘ Ì ‰¤Î· ·ÎfiÌË ÎÚ¿ÙË, Ù· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ·
·fi Ù· ÔÔ›· ˘ÛÙÂÚÔ‡Ó ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ¢ËÌÂÚ›·˜ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙˆÓ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ, ı· ·˘Í‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÙÂÚÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘. √È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ˘fi ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ¯ÒÚ˜ ·ÔÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÂÍ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ·fi ÙÔ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÚfiÙ˘Ô. ∫¿Ùˆ ·fi ÙȘ Ӥ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ·˘ÍË̤Ó˘ ÂÙÂÚÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘, Ë ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË Ù˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ Û˘ÓÔ¯‹˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ı· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈ‚›ˆÛË Ù˘ ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤Ó˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘. ∏ ·¿ÓÙËÛË Ûã ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ Ì¤ÙÚ· ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Û˘ÓÔ¯‹˜, ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· Ì ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ·ÔÊ·Û›ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ¡fiÙÔ˘. ∂›Ó·È ·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏÔ ·Ó Ù· ̤ÙÚ· ·˘Ù¿ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ˘ÏÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÚÈ˙ÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘, ·fi ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙfiÛÔ ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ, fiÛÔ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰··ÓÒÓ. ∂›Ó·È ·ÎfiÌË ÈÔ ·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏÔ ·Ó ı· ‰È·ÌÔÚʈı› Ë ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ‚Ô‡ÏËÛË ÛÙ· ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ ÎÚ¿ÙË Ì¤ÏË ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ·Ô‰Â¯ıÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ fiÚˆÓ ÚÔ˜ Ù· Ó¤· Î·È ÊÙˆ¯fiÙÂÚ· ÎÚ¿ÙË Ì¤ÏË. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÔÈ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓÔ› ηı·ÚÔ› Ï‹Ù˜ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ı· ‰Â¯ıÔ‡Ó Ì›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÔÏ‹„ÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓÔ› ηı·ÚÔ› ‰fiÙ˜ ı· ·ÓÙÈÙ·¯ıÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÙȘ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı˜ ÚfiÛıÂÙ˜ ÂÈ‚·Ú‡ÓÛÂȘ. ªÂ ÙËÓ Ì›ˆÛË ÂÍ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ̤ÛÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ∞∂¶, ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ÎÚ¿ÙË Ì¤ÏË Â›Ó·È ÂӉ¯fiÌÂÓÔ Ó· ÌÂٷٷÁÔ‡Ó ·fi ÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ Ï‹ÙË ÛÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ‰fiÙË.
∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ë ÂÓÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓË ·ÛÙ¿ıÂÈ· Î·È ·Ó·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· Ô˘ ·ÔÚÚ¤Ô˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÚÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓfiÚˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÁÔÚÒÓ, Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ı· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÛÙË ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤ÓË ŒÓˆÛË. ∏ ŒÓˆÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ‹‰Ë ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÓÔÌÈÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÛÙ¿ıÂÈ· Î·È ÎÂÚ‰ÔÛÎÔ›· ÂÁηıȉڇÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ √¡∂. µ¤‚·È· Ë √¡∂ Â›Ó·È ËÌÈÙÂÏ‹˜, ·ÊÔ‡ Ë ÓÔÌÈÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¤ÓˆÛË ‰ÂÓ Û˘Óԉ‡ÂÙ·È ·fi ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ Î·È ‰Ë ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ¤ÓˆÛË. ¢ÂÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÎfiÌË Èı·Ó‹ Ë Î·ıȤڈÛË ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ÊfiÚÔ˘, Ô‡ÙÂ Ë ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË ÙˆÓ ··Ú·›ÙËÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ÁÈ· ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ ‰·¿Ó˜ ÛÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ Î·È Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË, ÙË ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË ÙˆÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓfiÚˆÓ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ÎÏ. ∏ ÂÈÙ˘¯‹˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ·ÛÙ¿ıÂÈ·˜ Î·È ·Ó·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ·ÚÔ˘Û›·˜ Î·È ‰Ú¿Û˘ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ÛÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÛÎËÓ‹. ∏ ·Ï‹ ·‡ÍËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ηıÈÛÙ¿ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏfiÙÂÚË ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ÛÙÔÓ ‚·ıÌfi Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· Ô˘ ÛÙÔ Â‰›Ô ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ô˘ÛÈ҉˘ ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹. ∆Ô ÎÂÓfi ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È Èı·Ófi Ó· Î·Ï˘Êı› ·fi ¤Ó· Û˘Ó·ÛÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ Ô˘ ı· ÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ¿Ù˘Ô ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹ÚÈÔ. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ë ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ·ÚÔ˘Û›·˜ Î·È ‰Ú¿Û˘ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ÛÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÛÎËÓ‹ Û˘Ó·ÚÙ¿Ù·È Ì ÙËÓ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ ‹ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ËÁÂÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞. ∆· ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ ÎÚ¿ÙË Ì¤ÏË Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘, Ì ÂÍ·›ÚÂÛË ÙÔ ∏Ó. µ·Û›ÏÂÈÔ, ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ù·¯ı› ηْ ·ӿÏË„Ë ˘¤Ú ÂÓfi˜ ·˘ÙfiÓÔÌÔ˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘. ¢È·ÊˆÓÔ‡Ó ¿ÓÙˆ˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ·Ó Ë ∂˘ÚÒË Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÊÈÏÔ‰Ô͛˜ ˘ÂÚ‰‡Ó·Ì˘ ‹ ·ÏÒ˜ Ó· ÛÙËEYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
¢π∂ÀƒÀ¡™∏ ∆∏™ ∂∂ Ú›˙ÂÈ (ˆ˜ civilian power) ÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ Î·È ÙȘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘. ™ËÌÂȈ٤ÔÓ fiÙÈ - Î·È ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ - ı· ˘¿ÚÍÔ˘Ó ·ÓÙÈ·Ú·ı¤ÛÂȘ Ì ÙȘ ∏¶∞. ŸÛÔ ‰È·ÚÎÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ‰È·ÊˆÓ›Â˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙÔ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ ·˘Ùfi ˙‹ÙËÌ· ı· Â›Ó·È ·Ó¤ÊÈÎÙË Ë ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍ‹ Ù˘ Û ÈÛfiÙÈÌÔ ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ‰ÚÒÓÙ·. √È ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÂȘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙÔ ¤ÏÏÂÈÌÌ· ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó Î·Ù¿ ·ÚÈÔ ÏfiÁÔ ÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË ÙˆÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔ Â‰›Ô Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ Ô·‰Ô‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ Ô·‰Ô‡˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈ΋˜ ıÂÛÌÈ΋˜ ÏÔÁÈ΋˜, ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ Ù˘ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜. ™ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, fiÛÔ ÔÈ Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ˜ ı· ·ÛÎÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓfi ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ Î·È Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· Û ÔÏÏ·ÏÔ‡˜ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜, ı· ·Ú·Ì›ÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘.
2. √È ‰ËÌfiÛȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙË ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤ÓË ŒÓˆÛË 2.1. ∏ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË Î·È Ë ÌÂÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙÔ˘ ‰›Ô˘ Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ · ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· Û˘Ó¯‹˜ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙÔ˘ ‰›Ô˘ Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘. ∏ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ÈÂÈÛ‰‡ÛÂÈ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ¿ÙÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ˘ ÛÎÏËÚÔ‡ ˘Ú‹Ó· Ù˘ ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜ ÙˆÓ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ˆÊ¤ÏÂÈ·˜, Ë ÊÔÚÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·. √ÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ Ù˘¯¤˜ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÌ›ÙÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈ΋ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÔÌÔʈӛ· ÁÈ· ÙË ı¤ÛÈÛË ˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈÎÒÓ Ú˘ı̛ۈÓ. ¶·Ú¿ ÙËÓ ··›ÙËÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÂÈÙ‡¯ıËΠÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ÛÙÔ ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌfi˜ Û ÎÚ›ÛÈÌ· ı¤Ì·Ù· fiˆ˜ Ë ·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÙÔ̤·, Ë ı¤ÛÈÛË ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰ÈÏÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¢ÚÂÛÈÙ¯ӛ·˜, Ë ÂÓ·ÚÌfiÓÈÛË Ù˘ ÊÔÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÙ·Ì›Â˘Û˘, Ë ·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÙÔÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÛÊ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Ù·Ì›ˆÓ. ™Ù· ‰›· Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂÌ›ÙÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈ΋ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ· ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÂΉԯ¤˜ Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ. ™Ù· ‰›· Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ··Û¯fi-
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ÏËÛ˘ Ë ∫ÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÂÈ Î·È Û˘ÓÙÔÓ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ÂıÓÈΤ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Ì ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡˜, ÂÓÒ Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË Ì¤ÏË ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ó ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘, ÂıÓÈο Û¯¤‰È· ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ··Û¯fiÏËÛË ÎÏ.
2.2. √È ·ÔÎÏ›ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ˘fi ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ¯ˆÚÒÓ Î·È Ë ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙË ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤ÓË ŒÓˆÛË È ·ÔÎÏ›ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ˘fi ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ¯ˆÚÒÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ŒÓˆÛË Û ·Ú¿Ï˘ÛË, Û fiÛ˜ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ıÂÛ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈΤ˜ Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ Ì ÔÌÔʈӛ·. ∏ ˘¤Ú‚·ÛË ÙˆÓ ·‰ÈÂÍfi‰ˆÓ ı· Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÊ˘Á‹ ÛÙËÓ ÂÓÈÛ¯˘Ì¤ÓË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·. ∏ Û˘¯Ó‹ fï˜ ÚÔÛÊ˘Á‹ Û’ ·˘Ù‹Ó ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û ÌÈ· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Ô˘ ı· ı˘Ì›˙ÂÈ Î¿ˆ˜ Ù· ÎÚ·Ù›‰È· Ù˘ ∞Á›·˜ ƒˆÌ·˚΋˜ ∞˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜. ∆Ô Î·ı¤Ó· ı· ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ηıÂÛÙÒ˜ ÛÙËÓ ŒÓˆÛË. ™Ù· ‰›· Ô˘ ÂÌ›ÙÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ Ù˘ §ÈÛÛ·‚ÒÓ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË, Ë ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÒÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ ÂȉÈÒÎÂÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ·ÓÔȯً˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ (∞ª™). ∏ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË Â˘¤ÏÈÎÙˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ fiˆ˜ Ë ∞ª™ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ ˘¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ «Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË». ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÔÌ›˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ‰È·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È Ë ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ· (.¯. ··Û¯fiÏËÛË, Âη›‰Â˘ÛË, ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ηٿÚÙÈÛË), ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙÔÌ›˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ˘Ê›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÌÂÓ Û˘ÓÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û· (‰˘Ó¿ÌÂÈ) ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈ΋ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ·, ·ÏÏ¿ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔ˘ÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë ¿ÛÎËÛ‹ Ù˘ ̤ۈ ˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈÎÒÓ Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂˆÓ ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÛȉȿ˙ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ (.¯. Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜). ∏ ∞ª™ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‚¤‚·ÈÔ fiÙÈ ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ ÙË §ÈÛÛ·‚ÒÓ·˜ ˆ˜ ÙÔ 2010. ªÔÚ› fï˜ Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ ÛÙË Û‡ÁÎÏÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÂȉfiÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÙ·ÛÛfiÌÂÓˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ Ì ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ.
√
3. ∏ ·Ó¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓˆÓ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂˆÓ ı¤ÛÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ıˆڋ-
∏ ıËΠˆ˜ ÌÈ· ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ ¢ηÈÚ›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂ-
ÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Ù˘ ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤Ó˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ Î·È ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙˆÓ ÂÏÏÂÈÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ·Ú¤ÌÂÈÓ·Ó ÂÎÎÚÂÌ‹ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙȘ ·Ó·ıˆڋÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ È‰Ú˘ÙÈ-
28
¢π∂ÀƒÀ¡™∏ ∆∏™ ∂∂
Κατά πόσο είναι εφικτή η οικοδόµηση της ευρωπαϊκής ταυτότητας µετά τη διεύρυνση;
ÎÒÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÕÌÛÙÂÚÓÙ·Ì Î·È ÙË ¡›Î·È·. ™ÙȘ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÙËηÓ, fiˆ˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ê˘ÛÈÎfi, ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ΢ڛ·Ú¯Â˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙË ıÂÛÌÈ΋ Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘, Ë ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋ Î·È Ë ‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋. √È ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯ٤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÔ‡ ÚÔÙ‡Ô˘ ¤Ù˘¯·Ó ÒÛÙ ÙÔ ™¯¤‰ÈÔ Ó· ÚԂϤÂÈ: ñ ÙÔÓ Î·ÓfiÓ· Ù˘ ‰ÈÙÙ‹˜ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›·˜, ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Î·È ÏËı˘ÛÌÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ, ·ÓÙÈηÙÔÙÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ‰ÈÙÙ‹˜ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ñ ÙË Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË «ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈÎÔ‡ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘», ÚfiÏ·ÛÌ· ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË ÕÓˆ µÔ˘Ï‹˜ ‹ µÔ˘Ï‹˜ ÙˆÓ ∫Ú·ÙÒÓ, ñ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ Ù˘ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÂÎÏÔÁÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ, ñ ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ Ù˘ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ÛÙÔ Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ, ñ ÙËÓ Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù˘ Ï‹„˘ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊÈÎÒÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜, ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜, ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡Ó˘. √È ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯ٤˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÙ‡Ô˘ ñ ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË, Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔ‡ ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ ÁÈ· ıËÙ›· ‰˘fiÌÈÛÈ ÂÙÒÓ ·Ó·ÓÂÒÛÈÌË Ô˘ ı· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·ÓÙ›·ÏÔ fiÏÔ ÛÙÔÓ Úfi‰ÚÔ Ù˘ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜,
ñ ·¤ÙÚ„·Ó ÙËÓ Ï‹„Ë ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊÈÎÒÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙ· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ù˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, Ù˘ ÊÔÚÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÂÓ·ÚÌfiÓÈÛ˘, Ù˘ ‰È·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ó·ıÂÒÚËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜. √ÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ ‰ÂÓ ‰È¤ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋ ‹ ÙË ‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋ ÏÔÁÈ΋ ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·: ñ Ë Úfi‚ÏÂ„Ë ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÀÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ ∂͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ Ô˘ ı· Â›Ó·È ∞ÓÙÈÚfi‰ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ Î·È ı· ÚÔ‰Ú‡ÂÈ ÛÙÔ ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ ∂͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ÀÔı¤ÛˆÓ, ñ Ë ‰È¢ÎfiÏ˘ÓÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÓÈÛ¯˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Î·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ¿Ì˘Ó·. ¶¿ÓÙˆ˜ ÛÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú·ı¤ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· ‚Ú¤ıËÎÂ Ë ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓË ‰ÂηÂÓÙ·ÌÂÏ‹˜ Û‡ÓıÂÛË Ù˘ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜. ∆· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÌÂÛ·›· Î·È ÌÈÎÚ¿ ÎÚ¿ÙË Ì¤ÏË ÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ·Ú¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ∂ÈÙÚfiÔ˘ ·Ó¿ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ̤ÏÔ˜ Ë ÔÔ›· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ÙË ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÁÓÒÌË ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ. √È ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ·Ú¿ ÙÔÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ Ó¤Ô˘ ηٷÛÙ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ˆ˜ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜, Ù· ‚‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ‹Ù·Ó ¿ÏÏË ÌÈ· ÊÔÚ¿ ¿ÙÔÏÌ·. ∂› ϤÔÓ, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Î·ıfiÏÔ˘ ‚¤‚·ÈÔ fiÙÈ Ù· ÌÈÎÚ¿ ¤ÛÙˆ ÂÈÙ‡ÁÌ·Ù· ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ÂÌ‚¿ı˘ÓÛ˘ Ù˘ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛ˘ ı· ‰È·ÙËÚËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ ÙÂÏÈÎfi ΛÌÂÓÔ Ô˘ ı· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂÈ Ë ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û· ¢È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋ ¢È¿Û΄Ë. ◊‰Ë Ë Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË «ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈÎÔ‡ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘» Î·È Ë ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ Ù˘ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ÛÙÔ Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÔÏϤ˜ Ï¢ڤ˜ ÛÙË ¢È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋ ¢È¿Û΄Ë. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ·Ó ÙÔ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ÏËı˘ÛÌÈ·Îfi fiÚÈÔ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ ‰ÈÙÙ‹˜ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›·˜ ·˘ÍËı› ·fi 60% Û 66%, fiˆ˜ ÂȉÈÒÎÔ˘Ó Ë πÛ·Ó›· Î·È Ë ¶Ôψӛ·, ÙfiÙÂ Ë Ú‡ıÌÈÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ô‚› ÈÔ ‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂȉÈ΋ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· fiˆ˜ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒıËΠ̠ÙË ™˘Óı‹ÎË Ù˘ ¡›Î·È·˜.
4. ∏ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ ÛÙË ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤ÓË ŒÓˆÛË ÛÙ¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ˘fi ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ¯ˆÚÒÓ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙËÓ
∏ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁË-
ı› Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÚ›· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔÈ¯Ô‡Ó Û ÙÚ›· ΢ڛ·Ú¯· ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Û˘Ó·ÛÈÛÌÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ. EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
¢π∂ÀƒÀ¡™∏ ∆∏™ ∂∂ 1Ô ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ: ∏ ÚÔۋψÛË ÙˆÓ ˘fi ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ¯ˆÚÒÓ ÛÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙԯ‡ÛÂȘ (finalités politiques) ›ıÂÙ·È ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ·
∆ηٿ fiÛÔ ı· Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ Ë ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È Ë ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜, fiÙ·Ó ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ˘fi ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ¯ÒÚ˜ ·ÔÙ›Ó·Í·Ó ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ÙË ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋ ÂÈ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›· Î·È ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË Î·È ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË Ù˘ ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜. ∏ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË Á›ÓÂÙ·È ‰˘ÛÎÔÏfiÙÂÚË Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ÙˆÓ ˘Ô„‹ÊÈˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ, ÂÎÙfi˜ ·Ó ˘ÈÔıÂÙËıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Á·ÏÏÔ-ÁÂÚÌ·ÓÈΤ˜ ı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó· ÚÔ¯ˆÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÔÈ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ô˘ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó Î·È ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó - ¯ÒÚ˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓË ÚˆÙÔÔÚ›· (avant-garde).
2Ô ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ: ∏ ÚÔۋψÛË ÙˆÓ ˘fi ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ¯ˆÚÒÓ ÛÙȘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙԯ‡ÛÂȘ ›ıÂÙ·È ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ηٿ fiÛÔ ÔÈ ˘fi ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ¯ÒÚ˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ˘ÛÙÂÚÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ¢ËÌÂÚ›·˜ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙˆÓ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ, ı· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ›‰È· ¢·ÈÛıËÛ›· Ì ٷ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· fiÙ·Ó Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔ¿ÛÈÛ˘ ‹ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÙ‡Ô˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÂÈÊfiÚÔ˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ‹, ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ı· ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ (ÛÙÂÓ¿ ÓÔÔ‡ÌÂÓ˘) ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ¢˘ÛÙ˘¯Ò˜ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ.
∆
3Ô ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ: ∏ ÛÙ¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ˘fi ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ¯ˆÚÒÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙÔÓ ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ÎÚ›ÛË ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î ¤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ˘-
∏fi ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ¯ÒÚ˜ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÊÈÏÔ-·ÙÏ·ÓÙÈ-
΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋. ∂Ó‰¤¯ÂÙ·È ÏÔÈfiÓ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË ‰È‡ڢÓÛË Ó· Â›Ó·È ‰˘ÛÎÔÏfiÙÂÚË Ë ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ı¤ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ı· ·ÔÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙȘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈΤ˜. EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
5. ™˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ÙÔ ÕÌÛÙÂÚÓÙ·Ì Î·È ÛÙË ¡›Î·È· ηٷ‚Ï‹ıËηÓ
™ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÒÛÙÂ Ë ÚÔÛı‹ÎË ‰¤Î· Ó¤ˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ Ó· ÌËÓ ‰˘Û¯ÂÚ¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ. √È ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ¤ÌÂÈÓ·Ó ËÌÈÙÂÏ›˜ Î·È Ë ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË ÂÚÈÏ‹ÊıËΠÛÙËÓ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘. ∆Ô ÂÎÔÓÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·, ·Ú¿ ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙË Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈ΋ ·Í›· ÙÔ˘, Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi Έ‰ÈÎÔÔÈ› ÙȘ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜ ‰È¢ıÂÙ‹ÛÂȘ, Ì ÂÍ·›ÚÂÛË Î¿ÔȘ ÙÔ̤˜ ÛÙËÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ - Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Êı¿ÓÔ˘Ó fï˜ ÛÙËÓ Úfi‚ÏÂ„Ë Ù˘ Ï‹„˘ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊÈÎÒÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ. ªÂ ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù· fiÛ· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËÎ·Ó ÈÔ ¿Óˆ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙËÓ Èı·ÓÔÏÔÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ, Ë Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÂÓ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Ó· ηٷÛÙ› ‰˘ÛÎÔÏfiÙÂÚË ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË ‰È‡ڢÓÛË. √È ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÂÓ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Ì ÚÔÛÊ˘Á‹ Û ÂÓÈÛ¯˘Ì¤Ó˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ¿Ù˘Ô˘ ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙËÚ›Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ªÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ÛÙ· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ù˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ - ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· Ë ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ ·›˙ÂÈ ‰Â˘ÙÂÚ‡ÔÓÙ· ÚfiÏÔ. ªÈ· ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ÂͤÏÈÍË ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÂÈ ÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ı¤ÛË Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ı· ÙËÓ ·ÔÌ¿ÎÚ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋ ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ Î·È ı· Û˘ÓÙËÚÔ‡Û ÙÔ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ¤ÏÏÂÈÌÌ·.
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M›· Á¤Ê˘Ú· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ µÚ˘Í¤ÏϘ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜ Ôϛ٘ ÙÔ˘ ∫ˆÛÙ‹
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™Â ÌÈ· ‰ËÌÔÛÎfiËÛË ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÚfiÌÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ∞ı‹Ó·˜ ·Ó ÚˆÙÔ‡Û·Ì ÙÈ ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ªË ∫˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ √ÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ (ª∫√) Î·È Ôχ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·Ó ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ Û ̛· ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜, Ôχ ÊÔ‚¿Ì·È fiÙÈ Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ‰ÂÓ ı· ‹Ù·Ó ÂÓı·ÚÚ˘ÓÙÈο. ÿÛˆ˜ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· οÔÈÔÈ Ó· Ù·˘Ù›˙Ô˘Ó ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜ ÂÛÊ·Ï̤ӷ ÙȘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ì ٷ ÎÈÓ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ “·ÓÙÈ-·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘”, ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‰ËÌÔÛÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ï¿‚ÂÈ! ª›· Ù¤ÙÔÈ·
È ªË ∫˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ √ÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ (ª∫√) Â›Ó·È ÁÂÓÈο ¤Ó· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Û‡ÓıÂÙÔ, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÁÈ·Ù› ÙÔ Ê¿ÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ηχ„Ô˘Ó Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙȘ ̤Ú˜ Ì·˜ ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ‰ÚÔ˘Ó Û ÙÔÈÎfi, ÂıÓÈÎfi ‹ Î·È ˘ÂÚÂıÓÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô Î·ÙÔ¯˘ÚÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ì›· ı¤ÛË ÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·. √È ª∫√ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ Î·È Ë ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿ ·fi ̤ÏË Î·È ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙ¤˜, ›Ù Û ¯Ú‹Ì·, ›Ù -ÈÔ Û˘¯Ó¿Û ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÎÈ ÂÚÁ·Û›·. ª›· ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË, Ô˘ fï˜ Î·È ·˘Ù‹ ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÓ¿ÂÈ ·Ó·ÓÙ›ÚÚËÙË, ͯˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ª∫√ Û ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ (ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÊÈÏ·ÓıÚˆÈÎfi ¤ÚÁÔ) Î·È Û ¿ÏϘ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Ì›· ȉ¤·, ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ¤ÚÁÔ Î·È ÛÎÔfi. ™Â οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, ÔÈ ª∫√ ·-
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·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË fï˜ ‰ÂÓ ‰ÈηÈÒÓÂÈ ÔÏϤ˜ ª∫√ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó· Âȉ›ÍÔ˘Ó ¤ÓÙÔÓË ‰Ú¿ÛË Î·È ·ÍÈfiÏÔÁÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ô˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó. £· ‹ıÂÏ· Ó· ÛÙ·ıÒ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ ·˘Ùfi ÛÙȘ Â˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ ª∫√, ÛÙȘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Ó ÌÂ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Î·È ÂÈÌÔÓ‹ ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ΢ڛˆ˜ ‰ÂηÂÙ›· Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈο ÛÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÂÓfi˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘, ÛÙË ÁÂʇڈÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ µÚ˘Í¤ÏϘ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜ Ôϛ٘.
ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ‰Ô̤˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘ Î·È ¤ÎÊÚ·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, Ô˘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ‰ÈÂΉÈÎÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó, ÛÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ‰È΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ˙ˆ‹˜. ∫·Ù¿ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ, Ë ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙˆÓ ª∫√ Î·È ÛÂ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi Â›Â‰Ô Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·ÈÛıËÙ‹ ÙÒÚ· Ô˘ ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó Â˘ı¤ˆ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜ Ôϛ٘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ÛÂ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi Î·È fi¯È Û ÂıÓÈÎfi ›‰Ô. TËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ΢ڛˆ˜ ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ª∫√ ¤‰ˆÛ·Ó ‰˘Ó·ÌÈο ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ ÛÙ· Â˘Úˆ·˚ο ‰ÚÒÌÂÓ·. ∂›Ó·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi fiÙÈ ÔÏϤ˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡Ó Ï¤ÔÓ ÁÚ·ÊÂ›Ô Î·È ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÛÙȘ µÚ˘Í¤ÏϘ, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¿ÌÂÛË ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÓË̤ڈÛË Î·È Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÈÔ ¤ÁηÈÚ· Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο ÙȘ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ Ô˘ ÙȘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ ª∫√ (.¯. ¢ÈÂıÓ‹˜ ∞ÌÓËÛÙ›·, Greenpeace, EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
ª∫√ WWF) Ô˘ ¤Î·Ó·Ó ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙȘ µÚ˘Í¤ÏϘ Î·È ÂηÙÔÓÙ¿‰Â˜ ·ÎfiÌ· Ô˘ ¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ÙËÓ ¤‰Ú· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÚˆÙÂ‡Ô˘Û·, Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓË ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó· ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÎÔÓÙ¿ ÛÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó, Ù¤ÏÔ˜, Î·È ª∫√ Ô˘ Û˘ÛÙ¿ıËÎ·Ó Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· Î·È ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜. ∆· Â˘Úˆ·˚ο ıÂÛÌÈο fiÚÁ·Ó· Âȉ›ˆÍ·Ó ηْ ·Ú¯‹Ó ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›· Î·È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ª∫√ ÛÙËÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÛÎËÓ‹. ∂›Ó·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi fiÙÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ˘‹ÚÍ ¤ÓÙÔÓÔ˜ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙË ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∂˘Úˆ·˚ο ÎÔÓ‰‡ÏÈ· ‰ÂÛ̇ÙËÎ·Ó ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÎÔfi ·˘Ùfi Î·È ˘ÔÏÔÁ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ï¤ÔÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi 1.000 ÂÎ. ¢ÚÒ Î¿ı ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÚÔÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙË ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛË Ù˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÙˆÓ ª∫√. ∞˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ¤ÁÈÓÂ Ê˘ÛÈο Ù˘¯·›·. ∂‡ÎÔÏ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ ÙÚÂȘ ΢ڛˆ˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ÈÛÙÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›ÛÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ª∫√ Î·È ÛÂ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ›‰Ô. ¶ÚÒÙÔÓ, ÔÏϤ˜ ª∫√ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈο ÛÙË ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ. ∂›Ó·È ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ì¤Ûˆ ª∫√ οÔÈÔÈ Û˘ÌÔϛ٘ Ì·˜ ·ÔÊ·Û›˙Ô˘Ó Î¿ı ̤ڷ Ó· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Î¿ÔÈÔ˘ ÛÎÔÔ‡ Î·È Î·Ù·Ê¤ÚÓÔ˘Ó Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·˘ÙfiÓ Ó· ÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÓÂÚÁ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· fiÔ˘ ˙Ô˘Ó. µÚ›ÛÎÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ̤ÛÔ Ó· ‰ÈÔ¯ÂÙ‡ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜, Ó· ·Û¯ÔÏËıÔ‡Ó Ì ٷ ÎÔÈÓ¿, Ó· ÂÈÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ¤ÚÁÔ ÛÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó, Ó· ÂȉÈÒÍÔ˘Ó Î¿ÙÈ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ. °›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÂÓÂÚÁÔ› Ôϛ٘. ∫·È Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡˜ Ôϛ٘ Â›Ó·È ÂÈÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÛÙË ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÔ¯‹. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ÔÈ ª∫√ Â›Ó·È Î·È Ë ·¿ÓÙËÛË Û ÂΛÓÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Ù·˘Ù›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÛÙ· ÎÔÈÓ¿ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÓ·Û¯fiÏËÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋. ¢ÂÓ ·Îԇ̠ۿÓÈ· -Î·È ‰˘ÛÙ˘¯Ò˜ ΢ڛˆ˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ó¤Ô˘˜- ÙÔ ·Ú¿ÔÓÔ: “ÁÈ·Ù› Ó· „ËÊ›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ; ÁÈ·Ù› Ó· ·Û¯ÔÏËıԇ̠̠ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋; Ô‡Ùˆ˜ ‹ ¿Ïψ˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ·ÏÏ¿ÍÔ˘Ì ٛÔÙ·”. ∏ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÛÙ· ÎÔÈÓ¿ ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ª∫√ Â›Ó·È Ì›· ‰È¤ÍÔ‰Ô˜. ∏ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Ì·˜ ÔÊ›ÏÂÈ Ó· ÍÂÂÚ¿ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·¿ıÂÈ· Î·È ÙËÓ ·‰È·ÊÔÚ›· Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘. ∞Ó Ë ‰˘ÛÈÛÙ›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Û ÙÔÈÎfi ‹ ÂıÓÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ¤ÓÙÔÓË ÛÙȘ ̤Ú˜ Ì·˜, ‡ÎÔÏ· ÌÔÚ› ηÓ›˜ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÏËÊı› fiÙÈ Ë ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÁÈ· Ù· Â˘Úˆ·˚ο ‰ÚÒÌÂÓ· Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÈÔ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË ˘fiıÂÛË. √È Ôϛ٘ EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
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·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Ê˘ÛÈο ÙȘ µÚ˘Í¤ÏϘ ˆ˜ οÙÈ ÈÔ Ì·ÎÚÈÓfi Î·È ¿ÁÓˆÛÙÔ, Ì›· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ·ÁÁ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Ôχ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ. ∆Ô ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂∂ Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ, fiˆ˜ ÂÏÏÈ‹˜ Â›Ó·È Î·È Ë ÁÓÒÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Î·È ˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›. √ ·ÁÒÓ·˜ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Â˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ ª∫√ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜ Ôϛ٘ Ó· ÂÓËÌÂÚˆıÔ‡Ó ·Ú¯Èο Î·È Ó· ÂӉȷÊÂÚıÔ‡Ó ‰Ú·ÛÙÈο ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ˜. °È’ ·˘Ùfi Î·È Ë ·Í›· Ù˘ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÎfiÌ· ÈÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË. ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, ÔÈ ª∫√, ·Ó ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÛˆÛÙ¿, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Ó· ÁÂÊ˘Úˆı› ÙÔ ¯¿ÛÌ· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ µÚ˘Í¤ÏϘ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜ Ôϛ٘. ª›· ·fi ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ ¿ÏψÛÙ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ı¤ÛÂÈ Ë ∂∂ Î·È Ì ÙËÓ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÚÒÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ηٷÛÙ› Ë ›‰È· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋, Ó· ÂÍ·ÏÂÈÊı› ÙÔ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ¤ÏÏÂÈÌÌ· Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰˘ÛÙ˘¯Ò˜ ÛÙÈÁÌ·Ù›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÚ›· Ù˘. ∏ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ô˘ ¿Ú¯ÈÛ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ÂÏÈÙ›ÛÙÈÎÔ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÏÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, ‰Â ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ Û˘Ó¯›ÛÂÈ ·’ ¿ÂÈÚÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ. ∞˘Ùfi ¿ÏψÛÙ ·¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó Î·È Ù· “fi¯È” Ô˘ Ë ∂∂ ÂÈÛ¤Ú·Í ÛÙÔ ‰ËÌÔ„‹ÊÈÛÌ· Ù˘ ¢·Ó›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î‡ÚˆÛË Ù˘ ™˘Óı‹Î˘ ÙÔ˘ ª¿·ÛÙÚȯ ‹ ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· Ù˘ πÚÏ·Ó‰›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î‡ÚˆÛË Ù˘ ™˘Óı‹Î˘ Ù˘ ¡›Î·È·˜. ∏ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÚÔÛ‚·ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›· Î·È ¤ÁÎÚÈÛË Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ∂∂, Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂÓfi˜ ‰ÔÌË̤ÓÔ˘ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÛÙ¤ÚËÛ·Ó ·fi ÙȘ µÚ˘Í¤ÏϘ ÛÙË Û˘Ó›‰ËÛË ÔÏÏÒÓ ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Ô˘ ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·˘Ùfi fiÊÂÈÏ ӷ ¤¯ÂÈ. ∏ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ Ì ÙË §Â˘Î‹ µ›‚ÏÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ¢È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË (πÔ‡ÏÈÔ˜ 2001) ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙȘ ÂfiÌÂÓ˜ ·Ó·ÎÔÈÓÒÛÂȘ Ù˘, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛ˘ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ‰È·‚Ô‡Ï¢Û˘ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Û fiÏ· Ù· ÛÙ¿‰È· Ù˘ ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜. ∂ÓÓÔÂ›Ù·È Ê˘ÛÈο, Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ Î·È ‚ÔËıÒÓÙ·˜ Î·È fi¯È Ê˘ÛÈο ˘ÔηıÈÛÙÒÓÙ·˜ Ù· ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈο fiÚÁ·Ó· Ù˘ ∂∂, ÙÔ ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ ÀÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ. √È ª∫√ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô ÔÏ›ÙË ÙË ‰›Ô‰Ô ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ µÚ˘Í¤ÏϘ Î·È Ù· fiÚÁ·Ó· Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ. ∞ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ‰Ô̤˜ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ı· ÛÙËÚȯÙ› οı ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓÔ˜ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÙÒÚ· Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ. ∞‰È·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È ¿ÏÈ Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰ÈÂΉÈ΋ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È
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Û ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ‹‰Ë ηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· ·›ÍÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜. ∆Ú›ÙÔÓ, Û fiÏË ÙËÓ ÔÚ›· Ù˘ Ë ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ ›¯Â ·Ó¿ÁÎË ·fi ÂÙ·›ÚÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ÙËÓ ÂÓËÌÂÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ÁÈ· ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Ô˘ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Û ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜, Ô˘ Ë ›‰È· ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ·Ó·ÁηÛÙÈο Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ. ∏ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ Ì ÙÔ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›·˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙË ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÂÓË̤ڈÛË ·fi ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó ¤ÙÛÈ Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ Ù˘. À‹ÚÍ·Ó ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ Ë ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ ÂÓÂÚÁ¿ ÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË ª∫√ Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ù˘. ŒÓ· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÓÂÔÏ·›·˜ Ù˘ ∂∂, Ô˘ ‰Â ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÂÍÂÏȯı› ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁ‹ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ÔÈ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ› ª∫√ Î·È ÂÎÙfi˜ ∂∂, Û ¯ÒÚ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Î·È Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË ™˘Ìʈӛ· ÙÔ˘ ∫ÔÙÔÓÔ‡ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰Ú¿ÛÔ˘Ó ˘fi ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ˆ˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·Ù˘Íȷ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ÚÔÙÈÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ ÁÈ· ·˘ÙÔÓfiËÙÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ‰Â ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ·Ú·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Ë ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Î·È ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ª∫√ ÛÂ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ›‰Ô. ∏ ∂∂ ¤¯ÂÈ ˘Ô¯Ú¤ˆÛË fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Ó· ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙˆÓ ª∫√, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ó· οÓÂÈ Ú¿ÍË ÙÔÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓÔ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ë ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ ¶ÚfiÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Ì ÙfiÛÔ ¿ıÔ˜ ÂÍ·ÁÁ›ÏÂÈ. ŸÙ·Ó ÂÍ¿ÏÏÔ˘ Ì ÙËÓ ¢È·Î‹Ú˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ §¿·ÎÂÓ ÙÔ 2001 Ë ∂∂ ¤ıÂÙ ˆ˜ ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ¿ Ù˘ ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÛÙ· Â˘Úˆ·˚ο ‰ÚÒÌÂÓ·, Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÙ·Ó ÙȘ ª∫√ ˆ˜ ÙÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ̤ÛÔ Ô˘ ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ª∫√ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÛÈÁ¿ ÛÈÁ¿ ıÂÛÌÔıÂÙ›ٷÈ, Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· Û οÔÈÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜. ∏ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ıËΠÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ÿÚÙË ÙˆÓ £ÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ ¢ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÛˆÛÙfi ‚‹Ì· ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ·˘Ù‹, fiˆ˜ ¿ÏψÛÙÂ Î·È ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· Ë ™˘Ó¤Ï¢ÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ ª¤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘. √ ∞ÓÙÈÚfi‰ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ™˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘ Î. ¡ÙÂ¿Ó Â›¯Â ˆÌÈÛÙ› ÙÔÓ Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙfi ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ÎÈ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜ Ôϛ٘. √È ª∫√ ÂÈۋ̈˜ Û¯ËÌ¿ÙÈÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ·ʋ˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Î·È Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó Ì ÙȘ
‰ÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛËÁ‹ÛÂȘ Û ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·. ™ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ù˘ ∂∂ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Û·Ê‹˜ ÓÔÌÈ΋ ‚¿ÛË Ô˘ Ó· ηÙÔ¯˘ÚÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó fï˜ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ô˘ Ì·˜ οÓÔ˘Ó ·ÈÛÈfi‰ÔÍÔ˘˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘ ·˘Ù‹˜. ¢Â ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ‚¤‚·È· Ó· ÌË Á›ÓÂÈ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈ· ¢ı‡ÓË ÙˆÓ ›‰ÈˆÓ ÙˆÓ ª∫√. ¶ÔÏÏÔ› Â›Ó·È ·˘ÙÔ› Ô˘ ·Â˘ı‡ÓÔ˘Ó ‰ÚÈÌ›· ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙȘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜, ›Ù ÁÈ· ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ¤ÏÏÂȄ˘ ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ·˜ ÛÙË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ›Ù ÁÈ·Ù› ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ˘ÙÈΤ˜ fiÛÔ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È Û ÙÂÏÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ‰ÂÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· Â›Ó·È ˘fiÏÔÁÔÈ Û ηӤӷÓ. πÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·ÎfiÌ· fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Û˘¯Ó¿ Ôχ ·‰‡Ó·ÌË, ÂÓÒ Â›Ó·È “ÎÏÂÈÛÙ¤˜” ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ó¤ˆÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ. √È ª∫√ ‚¤‚·È· ‰ÂÓ Î·ÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· ˘ÔηٷÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÂÎÏÂÁ̤ӷ Î·È ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈο fiÚÁ·Ó·, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ. ∫¿ÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ ı· ÛÙÂÚÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó ·fi ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ÓÔÌÈÌfiÙËÙ·. ∏ ‚·ÛÈ΋ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› ·Ú¿ Ó· Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÙˆÓ ÂÎÏÂÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÎÚÔÛÒˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ÛÎÔÈÌfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÙˆÓ ª∫√ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋, fiˆ˜ ‹‰Ë ·Ó·Ï‡ıËÎÂ. √È ª∫√ ¤¯Ô˘Ó fï˜ ¢ı‡ÓË Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ›‰È˜ ÚÒÙ· Ú¿ÍË ÙȘ ·Í›Â˜ Ô˘ ÚÂÛ‚Â‡Ô˘Ó. ∏ ¢·ÈÛıËÛ›· Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ·˜, ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ôχ ÈÔ ¤ÓÙÔÓË. ∏ ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜ ‰˘ÛÙ˘¯Ò˜, ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ¿ÏϘ, ‰Â ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛË ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘ Î·È ·Ô‰Ô¯‹˜ ÙˆÓ ª∫√. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ÌÔÚÊ‹ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÛÙ· ÎÔÈÓ¿, ıˆÚÒ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ·Ú·ÁÓˆÚÈṲ̂ÓË ‹ Î·È ¿ÁÓˆÛÙË ·ÎfiÌ· ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·. Ÿ¯È Ê˘ÛÈο fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‹ ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÔÈ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ì ÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¯Ú¤Ô˜ Ó· ÚÔÛÂÏÎ‡Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘ ÛÙȘ Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜. ∫·È ı· ÙÔ Î·Ù·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ·Ó ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ¤Í˘Ó· Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο. ¶ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ë ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ª∫√ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ -ȉ›ˆ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ŒÏÏËÓ˜- Â›Ó·È ‰›Î·ÈË. ŸÙ·Ó fï˜ οÓÂȘ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋, ·Ó ı¤ÏÂȘ Ó· Â›Û·È ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˜, ˘Ô¯ÚÂÔ‡Û·È ÂÛ‡ Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›˜ Ì ÙÚfiÔ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ Î·È Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎfi. ∫·È ·˘Ùfi˜ Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘ Â›Ó·È ÌÔÓfi‰ÚÔÌÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÂÏÏËÓÈΤ˜ ª∫√. °È·Ù› ÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Î·È Ë ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È. EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
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33
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT
Challenges facing women in european politics by ∞nna Karamanou Member of the European Parliament Chairperson of the Committee on Women’s Rights and Equal Opportunities
t could be certainly predicted that a greater participation of women in politics would lead to a less violent world. Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom and war, may have been the female model in ancient times, however, in the contemporary world, female influence is definitely catalytic against militarism and for peace”, professor Francis Fukuyama advocated in his article titled “If women ruled the world». At a time when violence prevails around the world, I strongly believe that our continent, and world as a whole, would be a better place to live, if more women were to be involved in politics; there are indications that women decision-makers, if present in sufficient numbers, differ from their male colleagues in the priorities they set in their work and their approach towards certain issues. In
«π
EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
this difficult time, where important questions beg for an answer and major changes need to take place, the issue at stake is what needs to be done in order to create a better world and what share women deserve to be given in this attempt.
ADVANTAGES OF WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN DECISION-MAKING ñ Women as agents of peace While acknowledging the dangers in generalising, I do believe that women, generally, bring a different perspective from men. Very often, especially when looking around and seeing all this violence and war situations that dominate the world scene, I wonder what our world would be like if a considerable number of women were in power over the last centuries and political culture was therefore infused with their val-
ues. I strongly believe that our world would be more humane, human relations would be appreciated on a different ground whereas violence wouldn’t be necessarily the way to solve differences between people and nations. ñ A balanced sharing of power and responsibilities for a balance in economic, social, cultural and political life The under-representation of women in decision-making certainly constitutes a loss for society as a whole because it does not allow the interests and needs of the whole population to be catered for in full. That is why the European Network “Women in Decisionmaking” was set up in 1992 in order to elaborate ways and means to bridge the gap between men and women in representative political bodies. According to its analyses, women’s under-representation results in a serious loss of talent and expertise and a fail-
°À¡∞π∫∂™ & ∂∂
34 ure to engage with women’s particular concerns. Democracy will acquire a true and dynamic sense when women and men together define the values they wish to uphold in their political, economic, social and cultural life and together take the relevant decisions. Women’s absence from political centres has negative impact upon development, due to lack of utilization of precious human resources. A balanced sharing of power and responsibilities between men and women will enrich political culture, will improve the quality of life of the whole population in Europe, and will bring a new balance in the world in general. ñ More women in power for a stronger political agenda on social issues related to quality of life Women have proved to be more sensitive to social issues, more imaginative and less technocratic. Wherever women participate in public affairs, they put forward issues which are very often neglected from the male political agenda altogether; It is estimated that if politics adopted women’s values, there would be more social solidarity among people and nations, there would be no wars and conflicts due to religious fanatism and extreme nationalism; additionally, there would be more awareness about social issues related to quality of life such as protection of the environment, social policy and welfare, health care, education and combating of druguse and human trafficking.
EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENTS ñ Council Recommendation
for a gender balance in decision-making process The main legal instrument in the EU for a balanced participation of women and men in the decision-making process is the Council Recommendation 96/694 of 2 December 1996 concerning the necessity of establishing an integrated action to fight unequal gender representation in the EU institutions and in every decision-making body and the invitation to establish an integrated and specific European strategy and a common approach to achieve such a result. As far as progress made by Member States is concerned, the European Commission has established a report on 2000 on the situation in respect to the four priorities laid down in the Recommendation, which briefly, are: - Adoption of a comprehensive integrated strategy to promote a gender balanced participation in decision-making, - Mobilising all the actors in economic and social life to achieve equal opportunities, - Collection and publication of statistics on gender representation on decision-making, - Promotion of a gender balance at all levels, in all areas. The overall picture provided can only be considered as a starting point. In fact, not all Member States have been keen enough to provide information on the different priorities, which, in their turn, are not sufficiently precise for Member States to adopt a common set of measures. The four priorities need to be made more precise and compulsory with precise deadlines to be met. It is only through precise deadlines and
benchmarks that it will be possible to identify Member States, which have not compelled to their obligations, to register global progress and to advance in gender balance. As a conclusion, on the basis of the information supplied, the Council Recommendation has been partly implemented by the Member States; further efforts must be done towards a more comprehensive integrated strategy which still does not exist. ñ The Women’s Rights Committee Contribution The Committee on Women’s Rights and Equal Opportunities of the European Parliament, that I have the honour to chair, is specifically concerned as regards the little emphasis placed by most Member States on the incorporation of a gender perspective in the political decision making. ñ Towards the European Elections, in June 2004 This year, in advance of the elections to the European Parliament 2004, my Committee as well as Commission have put the spotlight on women in decision-making and have concentrated its 2003 funding activities on the promotion of gender balance in decision-making, both in political and in economic life. The Women’s Committee has drawn up reports on the issue of women’s representation in decision-making. In a resolution adopted in Plenary in the end of 2000, based on a report drafted by me, the promotion of women in decision-making is considered in the light of the implementation of the Council Regulation of 1996 on the same subject. In September 2002, our committee adopted unanimously an own-initiative reEYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
°À¡∞π∫∂™ & ∂∂ port by Miet SMET (EPP-ED) on the representation of women in the social partners of the European Union. The report, which was adopted by Plenary in September 2002, calls for strategies to boost the role of women and encourage the social partners to devise affirmative action programmes and to draw up targets, with deadlines, to increase the representation of women both in their internal organisations and in the collective bargaining process and as such in decision making. In view of the European elections in 2004, a Public Hearing “Elections 2004: How to ensure balanced representation of women and men” was held in June 2003 (Lone DYBKJAER, ELDR,) Rapporteur. Experts highlighted the need for a strategy ensuring gender balance on electoral lists and developing awareness-raising campaigns aiming at the advantages of parity democracy. An initiative report on the same subject is under elaboration, which will highlight the need for positive action measures, awareness raising and information campaigns, the specific needs in the Accession Countries and the possibility of legislative action and increasing the pool of women candidates. The report is scheduled for adoption in the Committee in October 2003. ñ The new Constitutional Treaty - Gender Equality, a value of the European Union The European Convention is a good illustration to assess the present situation on the weak representation of women in the political forums. “Building a democratic Europe – Women’s Convention” was the theme of two public hearEYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
ings we have had in our committee on 22 May and on 2 October 2002, along with two conferences of the Network of Parliamentary Committees for Equal Opportunities of the EU, in Copenhagen Nov. 2002 and in Athens March 2003. The discussions were very contraceptive and useful, and participants shared a number of common aims and conclusions. In close contact and support from Parliamentarians in the EU and Candidate Countries, some women Members of the Convention, NGOs and the civil society, we have put forward a number of requests in order that the women’s voices would be heard in the work of the Convention. In the beginning of September 2003, our Committee has given its input (Lone DYBKJAER, ELDR,) to the Parliament report on the draft Constitution and opinion on the convocation of the Intergovernmental Conference IGC. The Committee emphasises that the Convention has completed its task and that gender equality is an integral part of the draft Constitutional Treaty that the principle of gender mainstreaming is rightly placed as an horizontal article III-1 and that the fight against all forms of discrimination, including sexbased discrimination, is also rightly inserted as an horizontal article III-1a; Welcomes that equality is part of the European Union’s values but emphasises that the gender composition of the Convention has been completely unacceptable: 17% women in a body of 105 members is far from enough to ensure a gender balance. Likewise, the composition of the Presidium consisting of 12 men and
35 one woman was utterly unacceptable. It also regrets that gender equality and the fight against all forms of gender discrimination has not been inserted as a shared competence of the EU in the Draft Treaty on the European Constitution and also that the Convention did not incorporate an article in the institutional chapter requiring a balanced representation of women and men in EU institutions. Although each Member State shall present three candidates for the post of Commissioner, in which both genders have to be represented, there is still a long way to go. Our Committee also regrets that no legal basis has been approved to combat all forms of violence against women and children. Parity in political life remains an issue at both Member State and European level. Despite the fact that in some Member States there is a trend towards the introduction of legislation on parity, the results of recent national elections have left mixed feelings i.e. in France the law on parity had no impact on balancing gender representation, in Portugal a slight improvement etc.
CHALLENGES TO WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION ñ Fundamental equality has not been achieved yet European women should consider themselves rather fortunate for living in this place of the world, where major developments have taken place over the last decades in connection with democratic rights and gender equality. There is no doubt that a great deal has been achieved so far within a very
36 short time, which can allow us a little celebration. However, fundamental equality has not been achieved yet, since we are still poorer and with less power than men. Although growing numbers of women have attained high political office, a breakthrough is still a long way off. There remains a tendency still dominant, but not universal and slowly changing, for women to be given portfolios considered to be within women’s realm - health, social security, etc.The proportion of women in the national parliaments of the EU varies considerably, from 9% in Greece to 47% in Sweden, while the average percentage of women in national Parliaments is of 22.5% and of 24.5% in Governments. The European Parliament is in the forefront with 31% women members, and it is interesting to note that the proportion of women in each political group varies greatly, the highest being in the Parliamentary Group of the Party of the European Socialists (PES), which consist of 37% women and 42% of the Bureau members. It is worthwhile mentioning the considerable progress made in the 1990’s by the European Union. From 1991 to 1999 the number of women increased from 19% to 31% in the European Parliament, from 10% to 25% in the European Commission, which today counts five women Commissioners, and from 11% to 23% in the Member States governments. ñ A critical mass of women in decision making is urgently needed The increasing numbers of women within Parliament and particularly within the ranks of the
°À¡∞π∫∂™ & ∂∂ government is to be welcomed. However, these figures should by no means reassure us. A vital issue is not only to increase the numbers of women in power, but to ensure that those numbers reach a critical mass sufficient to ensure that a range of women’s voices and experiences is heard. Moreover, achieving greater numbers alone is not sufficient, it is also necessary for a significant number of women to be in positions where they are able to make their views heard and have significant input. It is more difficult for women in relatively junior positions of power to challenge dominant views. ñ Strong and inspirational women to demand their voices to be heard Women who achieve positions within decision making processes are so outnumbered that it is often politically very difficult for them to take a strong stand on particular issues, especially if that stand places them in opposition to their colleagues. There are many remarkable, strong, and inspirational women who were able to demand that their voices be heard, but there are also many equally impressive women who are simply overriden by the dominant discourse carried out by their male colleagues. ñ Support networks can play a vital role It is also often the case that to achieve positions of power women must outperform their male colleagues, often adopting the dominant positions. My view is that for this situation to change, multipronged strategies are necessary. Education for girls and the position of women within society are
fundamental, but we cannot wait until equal access to education for girls has been achieved in every country on the planet. This is where support networks - both informal and formal - can play a vital role. Yet it is important for such networks to move beyond established political parties into the community. The involvement of women in local level politics is also very important, providing an important end in itself and also providing a training ground for women who move into national level politics. ñ A fair share of family responsibilities and unpaid work The nature of the political system and the expectations of the ways in which parliamentarians work needs to be challenged. An issue that I would like to take this opportunity to raise relates to the preconceptions, and to some extent practical barriers, that continue to prevent women from achieving positions of power.While the argument that women are too busy within the family to engage in the “public sphere” is too often used to excuse the exclusion of women’s involvement in the formal political processes. As they currently operate in the vast majority of countries it is often extremely difficult - if not impossible - for many women with family commitments to become involved. Sharing experience of how these processes can be reformed is vital.
CONCLUSIONS ñ Great strides forward have been made; yet still we have toÔ far to go We have come a long way and EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
°À¡∞π∫∂™ & ∂∂ great strides forward have been made. The European Union framework and perspective certainly helped and was vital in focusing attention on the issue. Yet we still have far to go. I have found, however, that networks between women - sharing ideas, experiences - is vitally important. The women have a great deal to share their experience and learn from others about the participation and exclusion of women in decision making processes. We should not assume that gender necessarily provides a common political basis, but achieving greater gender equity will benefit all women and men. ñ Gender equality high on the agenda of IGC We very much hope that gender equality will be placed high on the agenda during the IGC, otherwise women in all Member States are likely to look upon the result very sceptically. The draft Constitutional Treaty should not weaken the EU acquis on gender equality and it is very positive that is written in a gender neutral language. However, a European Constitutional Treaty, even with well-integrated gender equality provisions, is not sufficient to achieve gender equality. The Constitutional Treaty, along with other gender equality provisions, needs to be applied and become a reality in daily life. ñ True equality means parity democracy Politics for women can only be achieved with women and solely with sufficient numbers of women. True equality means parity. This means much more than merely occupying half of the seats in Parliament; it means equal participaEYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
tion of women at leadership levels of economy, of education, in administration and in the media, in the trade unions, in the highest courts and so on. However, our main aim should primarily concentrate on developing comprehensive binding legislation measures with specific obligations and clear targets which are essential to meet common standards in all Member states. ñ Our vision for the 21st century. A new political culture We, European women, have the capacity to offer a message to the majority of citizens, and we claim that ultimately, we are in politics in order that people may live a bit better, have equality of opportunity and a sense of justice. Under the circumstances, I feel that we are entitled to a women’s vision for the politics of the 21st century: a vision for the world as a whole, according to which, by acquiring more political power, we will help construct a societal and political architecture where all people will be equally and fairly embraced. We want to create a Europe where human rights will be fully respected, where inequalities and discriminations based on religion, ethnic origin, gender and race are absent from every country, where poverty and all forms of violence are eliminated, where the massive resources used in actions of destruction are diverted to relieve the poor, promote education, improve health and housing conditions, protect environment, both human and physical, bring security, trust, love and prosperity in people’s life. Women, as a whole, are historically associated with non-vio-
37 lence; their value-system is associated with dialogue, compromise, reconciliation and settling-up of differences by peaceful means. This value-system can hopefully provide an alternative to the current culture of violence, whilst at the same time it can help the development of a new political culture, that of peace, co-operation and respect for differences.
Bibliography 1. Anna Karamanou - Committee on Women’s Rights and Equal Opportunities “Implementation of Council Recommendation 96/694 of 2nd December 1996 on the balanced participation of women and men in the decision-making process “, European Parliament 18.01.2001 2. Lone Dybkj_r - Committee on Women’s Rights and Equal Opportunities “On Draft Treaty on the European Constitution and EP opinion on the convocation of the Intergovernmental Conference IGC” 01.09.2003 3. Lone Dybkj_r - Committee on Women’s Rights and Equal Opportunities “On Election 2004: how to ensure a balanced participation of women and men” Draft Report European Parliament 4. Council Recommendation 96/694 of 2 December 1996, OJ L 319 10.12.96 p.11 5. The European Database - Women in Decision-Making (http://www.db-decision.de/english/) 6. Network of Parliamentary Committees for Equal Opportunities for Women and Men in the European Union (http://www.europarl.ep.ec/comparl/femm/ccec/default_en.htm) 7. Differential Impact of Electoral Systems on Female Political Representation, Directorate-General for Research Working document Women’s Rights Series W-10, March 1997 European Parliament 8. “Women in Decision making rolespromoting the contribution of women to public life” -Chief Executives Forum and the Centre for the Advancement of Women in Politics, Armagh Ireland 08.11.2002
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fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ı¤ÛÂȘ Î·È ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ·Ó ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ·ÔÙ˘ÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ª¤ÚÔ˜ πππ ÙÔ˘ ™¯Â‰›Ô˘ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ™˘Óı‹Î˘. ∂›Ó·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi fiÙÈ ÛÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ π-2 ÙÔ˘ ™¯Â‰›Ô˘, ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ·Í›Â˜ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÔÈ ¤ÓÓÔȘ › ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÌ·, ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ë Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, ˆ˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ∫Ú·ÙÒÓ ªÂÏÒÓ, Î·È ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È fiÙÈ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÏÔ˘Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi, ·ÓÔ¯‹, ·ÏÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë, ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡ÓË Î·È ··ÁfiÚ¢ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÛˆÓ. ∏ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÏÔÈfiÓ, ·-
ÔÙÂÏ› ‚·ÛÈÎfi Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ ÂÚ› ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ √ÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛ˘. √È Ôϛ٘ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ˆ˜ Ë ËÁ‹ οı ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÂÈ·Îfi Û¯‹Ì· Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ™˘Óı‹Î˘. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ˘ÙÈ΋ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙËÓ ıÂÛÌÈο ÚÔ‚ÏÂfiÌÂÓË ÂÎÚÔÛÒËÛË ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜, ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÛÙ· ıÂÛÌÈο fiÚÁ·Ó· Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ π-45 ÙÔ˘ ™¯Â‰›Ô˘. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ë ÂÎÚÔÛÒËÛË ·˘Ù‹ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÙfiÛÔ ¿ÌÂÛ·, ·fi Ù· ̤ÏË ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ Ô˘ ÂÎϤÁÔÓÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Â˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜ Ôϛ٘, fiÛÔ Î·È ¤ÌÌÂÛ·, ·fi ÙȘ ÂıÓÈΤ˜ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ÀÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÏÔÁÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙ· ÂıÓÈο ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô‡ÏÈ·, Ù· ̤ÏË ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÂÎϤÁÔÓÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ·. ∏ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, ˆ˜ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, ÛÙÔ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi Á›ÁÓÂÛı·È, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÛËÌÂ›Ô Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ∂˘ÚÒ˘, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù‹ «ÂÚÈÁÚ¿EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
∫√π¡ø¡π∞ ¶√§π∆ø¡ ÊÂÙ·È» ÛÙÔ ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ™˘Óı‹Î˘. ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ π45 ·Ú. 3, οı ÔÏ›Ù˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÛÙÔ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ‚›Ô Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘. ∆Ô ‰Èη›ˆÌ· ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·Ï‹ ‰È·Î‹Ú˘ÍË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘. ∂¯ÂÈ Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Î·Ù’ ·Ú¯‹Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ›‰È· ‰È¿Ù·ÍË, ‚¿ÛÂÈ Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ fiϘ ÔÈ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÛÔ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÈÔ ·ÓÔÈÎÙ¿ Î·È ÂÁÁ‡ÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘. ¢ËÏ·‰‹, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ, ηٿ ÙÚfiÔ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ÒÛÙ ӷ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋ ›‰Ú·ÛË Û ·˘Ù¤˜. ™ÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ π-46 ÙÔ˘ ™¯Â‰›Ô˘ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ™˘Óı‹Î˘ ÂÍÂȉÈ·ÂÙ·È ·ÎfiÌË ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙÔ˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ Á›ÁÓÂÛı·È. ŒÙÛÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ù·È ÓÔÌÈ΋ ˘Ô¯Ú¤ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ıÂÛÌÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÓ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ Ó· ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘ ÙËÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÂÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÚÔ˜ ·˘Ù¿ ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ۯ‰ȿ˙ÂÈ, ˘ÈÔıÂÙ› Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÈ Ë ŒÓˆÛË. °È· Ó· ηٷÛÙ› fï˜ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ Ë ¿Ô„Ë ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, Ú¤ÂÈ ·˘Ù‹ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÙÂÎÌËÚȈ̤ÓË. ∏ ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛË Â¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ (¿ÏψÛÙ «Ô ÂÓËÌÂڈ̤ÓÔ˜ ÔÏ›Ù˘ Â›Ó·È Ô Î·Ïfi˜ ÔÏ›Ù˘»), Î·È Ë ÂÓË̤ڈÛË Â›Ó·È ‚·ÛÈ΋ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Ù˘ ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ·˜ Ù˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÙˆÓ ıÂÛÌÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÓ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘. ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ π-49 ÙÔ˘ ™¯Â‰›Ô˘, ˆ˜ ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË Ù˘ ¯ÚËÛÙ‹˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂEYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
ˆÓ, Ù· ıÂÛÌÈο fiÚÁ·Ó· ‰ÈÂÍ¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ fiÛÔ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÈÔ ·ÓÔÈÎÙ¿. ŒÙÛÈ ÚԂϤÔÓÙ·È ‰ËÌfiÛȘ Û˘Ó‰ÚÈ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ÀÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Û ¤ÁÁÚ·Ê· ÙˆÓ ıÂÛÌÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÓ, ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ Î·È ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘, ˘fi ÙȘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ‚¤‚·È· Ù˘ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Ô˘ ‹ ȉȈÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜. ∆Ô ¿ÚıÚÔ π-46 ÙÔ˘ ™¯Â‰›Ô˘ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÛÙ· ıÂÛÌÈο fiÚÁ·Ó· Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¤Ó· ‰È·Ú΋ ·ÓÔÈÎÙfi ‰›·˘ÏÔ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÁÂÓÈο Î·È ÙȘ ÂÓÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘. √ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó¯‹˜ Î·È Ì¤Ûˆ ıÂÛÌÔıÂÙËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ‰È·‚Ô‡Ï¢Û˘, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÎʤÚÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë ÙÔ˘˜ fiÏ· Ù· ÂӉȷÊÂÚfiÌÂÓ· ̤ÚË. ∆Ô ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ›Ûˆ˜ ÛÙÔȯ›Ô, Ô˘ ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯È΋ ʇÛË Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ∂˘ÚÒ˘, fiˆ˜ ÙËÓ ÔÚÈÔıÂÙ› ÙÔ ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ™˘Óı‹Î˘, Â›Ó·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ˘Ô‚ÔÏ‹˜, ¿ÌÂÛ·, ÚfiÙ·Û˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ¤Ó· ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈÔ Â˘Úˆ·›ÔÈ Ôϛ٘, ·fi ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÎÚ¿ÙË Ì¤ÏË, ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó Ó· ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ı¤ÛÈÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÓÔÌÈ΋˜ Ú¿Í˘ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ÁÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ™˘Óı‹Î˘, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ˘Ô‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó, Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈο, ÙË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹. ¶ÔÏÈÙÈο, ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ‰È¿Ù·ÍË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ·ÍÈÔÛËÌ›ˆÙÔ ‚‹Ì·. ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ¤-
39
Ó·˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, ·fi ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÎÚ¿ÙË, Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÎÔÈÓ‹ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ˙‹ÙËÌ·, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ˘Ô‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ÓÔÌÈ΋ ˘Ô¯Ú¤ˆÛË Ù˘ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÚfiÙ·ÛË. ∂Ӊ¯Ô̤ӈ˜, ÙÂÏÈο Ó· ÌËÓ ÚÔˆıËı› Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÛÙË ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤Î‰ÔÛË Ù˘ ˙ËÙÔ‡ÌÂÓ˘ ÓÔÌÈ΋˜ Ú¿Í˘. ∆Ô ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô fï˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ôϛ٘ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ı· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ú¤Ì‚ÂÈ ¿ÌÂÛ· ÒÛÙ ӷ Á›ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ÓÔÌÈ΋ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, Ô ·˘ÍË̤ÓÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÓÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ Ó· ·Û¯ÔÏËı› Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ÙÈı¤ÌÂÓÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ·, Î·È Ó· ‰ÒÛÂÈ ÌÈ· › Ù˘ Ô˘Û›·˜ ·¿ÓÙËÛË, ıÂÙÈ΋ ‹ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋, Ë ÔÔ›· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Û·Ê‹˜ Î·È ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁË̤ÓË. ª¤Û· ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ, ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ë Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Ó· ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈËı› ηٿ ÙÚfiÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi. ∏ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ı¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ·fi„ÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÚ›· Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· Û˘Ó¯‹˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÚˆÙÔÛÙ·ÙÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ. ∂ÎÙÈÌÒ fiÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔȘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ, fiˆ˜ Ë ÌË Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË Î·È Ë ÊÈÏfiÍÂÓË ÔÌÒÓ˘ÌË ¤Î‰ÔÛË Ù˘, ı· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Ó¤Ô ıÂÛÌÔıÂÙË̤ÓÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘˜, Ô˘ ÚԂϤÂÈ ÙÔ ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ™˘Óı‹Î˘ Î·È ÛÙȘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· ı· ‚ÚÔ˘Ó Û˘Ì·Ú·Ûٿ٘ fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ›̷ÛÙ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÔ› Ù˘ ȉ¤·˜ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ √ÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛ˘.
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π. ∆ÛÈÓÈÛÈ˙¤ÏË, ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚË ¡. ÃÚ˘ÛÔ¯fiÔ˘ Î·È ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚË ∫. •ÂÓ¿ÎË *
Ô ‰ÔΛÌÈÔ ·˘Ùfi ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ›· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ··ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘. ¢È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ÌÂٷ͇ ıÂÛÌÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-„˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Ù˘¯ÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÏÏ›ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ (∂∂), ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ‰È·ÌÔÈÚ·ÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Î·È ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜. ªÂ ·ÊÔÚÌ‹ ÙËÓ ¤Ó·ÚÍË Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ¢È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ ¢È¿Û΄˘, Î·È Î·ıÒ˜ Ë Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ ª¤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ÂÁ›ÚÂÈ ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÂȷ΋ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ∂∂, ı· ÂÛÙÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ì Û ٤ÛÛÂÚ· ˘Ô‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘. ª¤¯ÚÈ Ù· ̤۷ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ’90, Ë ∂∂ ·ÓÙÏÔ‡Û ÙË ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ‹ Ù˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÔÓÔÌ·˙fiÌÂÓË «Û˘Áηٷ‚·ÙÈ΋ Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛË», ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙË ÛȈËÚ‹ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÛÙȘ Â˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ËÁÂÛÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ∂∂ ‹Á·˙ ·fi ÙËÓ
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* √ ªÈ¯¿Ï˘ π. ∆ÛÈÓÈÛÈ˙¤Ï˘ Â›Ó·È ∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ∞ıËÓÒÓ, Ô ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚ˘ ¡. ÃÚ˘ÛÔ¯fiÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Reader ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ∂ÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ Exeter Î·È o ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚ˘ ∫. •ÂÓ¿Î˘ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÂÈ ¢ÈÂıÓ›˜ Î·È ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂȷΤ˜ ™¯¤ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ∫Ú‹Ù˘.
ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿‰˘Û˘ ÌÈ·˜ «ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜» ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ٷ¯Â›˜ Ú˘ıÌÔ‡˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÌÔÚÊ‹ Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛ˘ ¤‰ˆÛ ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ ÙË ı¤ÛË Ù˘ Û ÌÈ· Ó¤· ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘: Û ÌÈ· ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô Ô˘ ÔÈ ˘ÂÚÂıÓÈΤ˜ ȤÛÂȘ ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó Û ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›· ÙfiÛÔ ÙȘ ÂÓ‰ÔÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙȘ ‰È·ÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ, Â›Ó·È ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·ÏÈÛıÔ‡Ó Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ÂÎÙfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÚ›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ¤ıÓÔ˘˜-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ Ó¤· ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ Ӥ˜ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ∂∂ Û ¤Ó· Ï‹Úˆ˜ ·ÓÂÙ˘Á̤ÓÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·: ÌÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ÌÂٷ͇ ›ÛˆÓ, Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ÌÔÈÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÍÈÒÓ Û ÌÈ· ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÛÊ·›Ú·. ∏ ÚÒÙË ¿Ô„Ë Ô˘ ¯Ú‹˙ÂÈ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÛÙȘ ıÂÛÌÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÏÏ›ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÛÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ıÂÛÌÈ΋˜ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯˘ı› Ô ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜ Ù˘ ∂∂. ∏ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È Û ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-„˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ô˘Û›· ÂÓfi˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ‰‹ÌÔ˘.
∏ £ÂÛÌÈ΋ ¶ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÔÚıfi‰ÔÍË ¿Ô„Ë ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÔ-
∏ ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ·ıÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ∂∂ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË ÌÂÙ·‚›‚·ÛË Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ·fi Ù· ÂıÓÈο ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô‡ÏÈ· ÛÙ· ÂÎÙÂÏÂÛÙÈο fiÚÁ·Ó· Ù˘ ∂∂, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙË ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ ¿ÌÂÛ· ÂÎÏÂÁ̤ÓÔ˘ (·fi ÙÔ 1979) ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ (∂∫). ∏ ıÂÒÚËÛË ·˘Ù‹ ¤ÁÈÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÈÛÙÈ΋ ·fi ÙË ı¤ÛË Û ÈÛ¯‡ Ù˘ ∂ÓÈ·›·˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ¶Ú¿Í˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ¤ÎÙÂÈÓ ÙË ÛÊ·›Ú· ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊÈ΋˜ ·Ú¯‹˜. ¶·Ú¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›·˜ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÛÙË Ï‹„Ë ÙˆÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ, Âȉ›ӈÛ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÙÔÓ ‹‰Ë ÂÚÈıˆÚÈ·Îfi ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï›ˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·. ∏ ÌÂÙ·ÙfiÈÛË fï˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ˘¤Ú Ù˘ ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ÂÎÙÂÏÂÛÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÌË-ÂÎÏÂÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÓ ÛÂ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi Â›Â‰Ô ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ÚÔÊ·Ó‹, ·Ó Î·È Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ·ÏÔ˘ÛÙ¢ÙÈ΋, χÛË: Ó· ·ÓÙÈÛÙ·ıÌÈÛÙ› Ë ·ÒÏÂÈ· ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ¢ı‡Ó˘ ·fi Ù· ÂıÓÈο ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô‡ÏÈ· Ì ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÂ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ›‰Ô. ∞fi ÙËÓ ˘ÔÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ™˘Óı‹EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
¶ √§ π ∆ π ∫ ∏ √ ƒ °∞ ¡ ø ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ ∂ ΢ Ù˘ ¡›Î·È·˜, ·Ó·ÓÂÒıËΠÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛË ÂÓfi˜ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÛÙ· ÂıÓÈο ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô‡ÏÈ·. ªÈ· ÚfiÙ·ÛË Â›Ó·È ˆ˜ ·˘Ù¿ ı· ¤Ú ӷ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÏfiÁÔ, ̤ۈ ·ÚÌÔ‰›ˆÓ ÂÈÙÚÔÒÓ, ÁÈ· ÙÔ Â¿Ó Ë Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›· Û¤‚ÂÙ·È ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔ˘ÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜: ∏ ı¤ÛË fiÛˆÓ ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï›ˆÓ ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÂÙ·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ÛÙËÓ de facto «Â·ÓÂıÓÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË» ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ, Ì ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ χÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÏÏ›ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ ʇÛ˘ Ù˘ ∂∂. ∆Ô Âȯ›ÚËÌ· fiÙÈ Ù· ÂÎÙÂÏÂÛÙÈο fiÚÁ·Ó· Ù˘ ∂∂ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ˘fiÏÔÁ· Û ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë fiÙÈ Ë ∂∂ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜ Ù¯ÓÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ÌfiÚʈ̷ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ Ôχ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË ÂÍÂȉ›Î¢ÛË ·fi ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ˘ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. π‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ’90, Ë Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ‰È¢ڇÓıËÎÂ, ÒÛÙ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÂΛ Ô˘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈṲ̂ÓË Û ıÂÛÌÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù·, Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È ·Ó·fiÛ·ÛÙ· Ì ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ù˘ ∂∂. ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, Ô ÂΉËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ∂∂ ‰ÂÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔÓ Â·Ó·ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ıÂÛÌÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜, Ô‡ÙÂ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ Ì ÙË ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ˘ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ. ∞ÊÔÚ¿, ›Û˘, ·Ó fi¯È ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘, ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ó· ¤ÚıÂÈ Ë ∂∂ ÂÁÁ‡ÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘ Ù˘, ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ˘fiıÂÛË ÌfiÓÔÓ ÙˆÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯ˆÓ ËÁÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ. ªÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ı¤Ì·Ù· ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ·˜ Î·È ·ÏÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, Ô ıÂEYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
ÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È fiÙÈ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÚÔÛÈÙÒÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘ ıÂÛÌÒÓ, Ì ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏË ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ‰È·‚Ô‡Ï¢Û˘ ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙË Ï‹„Ë ÙˆÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ.
∏ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-„˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ¶ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ù˘ ıÂÛÌÈ΋˜ ÚÔ-
∆Û¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ
ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-„˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÏÏ›ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜. ∏ ÔÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ÌÂÙ·ÙÔ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ·fi Ù· Û˘Ó‹ıË ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÔ˜ ΢‚ÂÚÓ¿ Î·È Ò˜, ÛÙÔ ÔÈÔ˜ ΢‚ÂÚÓ¿Ù·È. ¶ÚÔÙ¿ÛÛÂÈ fiÙÈ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ¤Ó·Ó Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi «ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ‰‹ÌÔ» (civic demos) Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋ «·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ· ÔÏÈÙÒÓ» (civic competence) ÛÂ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ›‰Ô, ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ÌÈ· ‚ÈÒÛÈÌË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜. ∏ ı¤ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÌÈ·˜ ‰ÈÂıÓÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó›‰ËÛ˘, Ë ÔÔ›· Ó· ·ÔÚÚ¤ÂÈ Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ Ù˘ ·fi ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓ‹ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ. ŒÓ·˜ ‰ÈÂıÓÈÎfi˜ ‰‹ÌÔ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÔÚÈÛÙ› ˆ˜ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓıÂÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÛÒÌ·, Ù· ̤ÏË ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ÂÓÂÚÁfi ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó, Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙË ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÌÂÙ·‚È‚¿˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÈÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔ˜, Î·È Ì¤Ûˆ, ÙˆÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ. ™ÙË ÏÔÁÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹, Ô Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi˜ ‰‹ÌÔ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙË ‚·ÛÈ΋ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ∂∂, ÛÙÔ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ·›ÙËÌ· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÁÈ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ‰È·ÊˆÓ›· Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·Î‡„ÂÈ Î·ıÒ˜ Ë ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÚÔ¯ˆÚ¿. ∏ ÂÌ-
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Ê¿ÓÈÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙȘ ÔÈΛϘ ·Ú·‰fiÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÂÈÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û‚·ÛÌfi Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰‹ÌˆÓ. ∫·ıÒ˜ Ë Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÔÏÈÙ›· ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÎÔ› ·fi ÙȘ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÂıÓÈΤ˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ˜, Ë ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ ‰‹ÌÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ Û˘Ì‚·‰›˙ÂÈ Ì ÌÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ (civic society) ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈ ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜ ÂıÓÈΤ˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ·ÊÔÌÔÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È Û ÌÈ· Ó¤· ˘ÂÚÂıÓÈ΋ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÚÔ‚¿ÏÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÌÈ·˜ ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ Î·È ÏÔ˘Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙ›·˜, ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ô Û‡ÓıÂÙÔ˜ ‰‹ÌÔ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙË ËÁ‹ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ ∂∂. «¶ÔÏÏÔ› Ï·Ô›, ¤Ó·˜ ‰‹ÌÔ˜», Î·È fi¯È «ÔÏÏÔ› ‰‹ÌÔÈ, ¤Ó·˜ Ï·fi˜», ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ ÂÈÙÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ. ∞Ó·Áη›· ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ ‰‹ÌÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ·˘ÙÔÛ˘Ó›‰ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, Ë ›ÛÙË Û ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ·Í›Â˜ Î·È Ë ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ηٷÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ÂÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜. ∞˜ ÛÎÈ·ÁÚ·Ê‹ÛÔ˘Ì fï˜ ÌÈ· ηÓÔÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏ›ÙË, ÙÒÚ· Ô˘ Ô ¿Ï·È ÔÙ¤ ÂıÓÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi˜ ‰ÂÛÌfi˜ ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ȉÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏ›ÙË Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·‚ÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÔÏÔ¤Ó· Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ. ¶·Ú¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ, Û ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ÁÚ·Ì̤˜, Ë È‰ÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÔÏ›ÙË Î·ıÈÂÚÒÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ÓÔÌÈο ‰È·ÌÔÚʈ̤ÓË, Î·È ¿Ú· Ù¯ÓËÙ‹, ÌÔÚÊ‹ ·ÏÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÛÌÔ‡˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜, ʤÚÂÈ ¤Ó· ÂȉÈÎfi ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ‚¿ÚÔ˜, ÚÔÛʤÚÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÂÌÏ·ÎÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜. ™Â ‰ÈÂıÓÈÎfi ›‰Ô, ‚·ÛÈ΋ ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÙË
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¶ √§ π ∆ π ∫ ∏ √ ƒ °∞ ¡ ø ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ ∂
‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë ıÂÛÌÔı¤ÙËÛË Ù˘ «·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ»: Ë ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜. ∏ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏ›ÙË Â›Ó·È ÈηӋ Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ˘ÂÚÂıÓÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈηȈ̿وÓ, ÚÔÛʤÚÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘ ΛÓËÙÚ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙ· ÎÔÈÓ¿. ∆Ô ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Â›Ó·È Â¿Ó Ë Û‡ÓıÂÙË ·˘Ù‹ ȉÈfiÙËÙ· Û˘Ó¿ÁÂÙ·È ·ÏÒ˜ ÌÈ· ·Ó·‰È¿Ù·ÍË ‹‰Ë ˘·ÚÎÙÒÓ ‰ÈηȈ̿وÓ, ‹ Â¿Ó ı¤ÙÂÈ ÙȘ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ¤Ó· Ó¤Ô «ÔÏÈÙÂÈ·Îfi Û˘Ì‚fiÏ·ÈÔ» ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ∂∂ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Ù˘. ∂¿Ó, Ì ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ Î·È ÙÔÓ ‚·ıÌfi «ÔÏÈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜» (civicness) Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙË ·Ó¿‰˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ‰‹ÌÔ˘, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÌÈ·˜ Ó¤·˜ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÛÊ·›Ú·˜, οÙÈ Ô˘ ··ÈÙ› ÙËÓ ÌÂÙÂͤÏÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ ÔÏ›ÙË Û ·ÏÏËÏÂȉÚfiÓÙ· ÔÏ›ÙË ˆ˜ ÌÈ· Ú¿ÍË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·˘ÙÔÂͤÏÈ͢ ηÈ, ηْ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË, ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·˘ÙԉȷÌfiÚʈÛ˘. °È· Ó· ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓ‹ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙË Ë ·ÔÛ‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏ›ÙË ·fi ÙÔ «ÂıÓÈÎfi ÚÔ··ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ» Î·È Ë ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛ‹ Ù˘ Û ÌÈ· ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙË ÛÊ·›Ú· ‰ÈηȈ̿وÓ, fiˆ˜ Ë Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎϤÁÂÈÓ Î·È ÂÎϤÁÂÛı·È ÛÙȘ ÂıÓÈΤ˜ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘ Ù˘ ∂∂ Ô˘ ηÙÔÈÎÔ‡Ó ÌfiÓÈÌ· Û ¤Ó· ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜-̤ÏÔ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ·fi ÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜, Ë ıÂÛÌÔı¤ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ùfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ÂÓËÌÂÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È Á‡Úˆ ·fi fiÏ· Ù· ÎÚ›ÛÈÌ· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ
∂∂, Ë Î·ÙÔ¯‡ÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Ó· η٤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ·ÍÈÒÌ·Ù· ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙÂÈ· Ù˘ ∂∂, Ô ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÚÁ·ÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜, Î·È Ë ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ˘ËÎfiÔ˘˜ ÙÚ›ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ Ô˘ ‰È·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ÓfiÌÈÌ· Û ¤Ó· ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜-̤ÏÔ˜.
Àԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· ¢È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÏ-
∏ Ï›ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ··ÈÙ› ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ‚·ıÌfi Û˘Ìʈӛ·˜ ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘Ô‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Ô˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ Ë ∂∂. ª¤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ·, ·Ú¿ ÙȘ ‰È·‰Ô¯ÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ıˆڋÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ, ‰ÂÓ ˘‹ÚÍÂ Ë ÔÏ˘fiıËÙË Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛË Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙË ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÔÏÈÙÂȷ΋˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ∂∂. ∆· ˘Ô‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó Â›Ó·È Ù· ÂÍ‹˜: ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎfi, ÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi, ÙÔ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi Î·È ÙÔ Û˘Ó·ÈÓÂÙÈÎfi.
∆Ô ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎfi Àfi‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ô ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·˘Ùfi ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï›ˆÓ ˆ˜ ΢ڛ·Ú¯ˆÓ ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÓ. ∫·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ›Û˘ Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ¤Ó· ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ˘ÙÈÎfi Î·È ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÙÂÏÂÛÙÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· Ó· ΢‚ÂÚÓ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο. ∂ÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È Û ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÌ·Ù· Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ù˘ ∂∂: ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ÂȉÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›·˜, ÛÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ∂∫ ÛÙËÓ ÓÔÌÔ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· (΢ڛˆ˜ ̤ۈ Ù˘ Û˘Ó·fiÊ·Û˘),
∆
Î·È ÛÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï›ˆÓ Ó· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ Ù˘ ∂∂. ¶·Ú¿ fï˜ ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÔÚÈṲ̂ӈÓ, ·Ó Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ, ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ÁÓˆÚÈÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ∂∂, ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÙ› ηÓ›˜ fiÙÈ Ë ∂∂ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· per se, ηıÒ˜ ‰ÂÓ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈÒÓ, Ô‡Ù fï˜ Î·È Û ÌÈ· Û·Ê‹ ÈÂÚ¿Ú¯ËÛË Ù˘ ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘. ∞Ó·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏ·, Ë Î·ıȤڈÛË ÂÓfi˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ∂∂, ÛÙÔ fiÙÈ Ë ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊÈ΋ ·Ú¯‹ ı· ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·Ó Û fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ˘˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ∂∂, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ë ∫ÔÈÓ‹ ∂͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜. ∏ ÂÈÙ˘¯‹˜ fï˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘Ô‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÌÈ· ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙË ¤ÛÙˆ, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ‹, ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· Ó· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÛÙË ÌÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· Ó· ·Ô‰¤¯ÂÙ·È ÙȘ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊÈΤ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÒÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ. ¢Â‰Ô̤Ó˘, ¤ÙÛÈ, Ù˘ ‰È·Û·Ṳ̂Ó˘ ʇÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, Â›Ó·È ÂÌÊ·Ó¤˜ fiÙÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ·Ô˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·, Ì ÙËÓ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊÈ΋ ·Ú¯‹ Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È Û ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ¤ÓÙÔÓˆÓ ‰È·ÊˆÓÈÒÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Û ÙÔÌ›˜ Ô˘ ÔÈ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ ÚÔÙÈÌÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰Ô˘Ó Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋ ÚfiÔ‰Ô ·fi ÙÔ Ó· ÂÌÌ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙ· ÂıÓÈο ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÓfiÌÈ·. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÔÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË Ù˘ ∂∂ ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó Ó· ‚·Û›˙ÔEYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
¶ √§ π ∆ π ∫ ∏ √ ƒ °∞ ¡ ø ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ ∂ ÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ÔÌÔʈӛ·˜, ÂÓÒ fiÙ·Ó ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊÈΤ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ, ˘fiÎÂÈÓÙ·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜ ‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋ ÏÔÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ «ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ ·Ú·ÓÔÌ·ÛÙ‹». ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, ÔÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘Ô‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ˘ÔÁÚ·ÌÌ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ¤ÌÌÂÛÔ˘ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰‹ÌÔ˘ › Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›·˜ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ‡·Ú͢ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ «ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Î·È ÈÛÔÚÚÔÈÒÓ», ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ‰È·‚ԇϢÛË ÛÙȘ ÔÏÔ̤ÏÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï›ˆÓ Î·È ÛÙȘ ÂȉÈΤ˜ ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÚÔ¤˜. ∆Ô ÏÂÔÓ¤ÎÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ˘Ô‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡, Â¿Ó ÂÈÎÚ·Ù‹ÛÂÈ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈο ÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ù˘ ∂∂, Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ı· ¤ÙÚ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÌÂÛ· ÂÎÏÂÁ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ‰‹ÌÔ˘ ¤Ó· ÈÔ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ, ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ∂∂.
∆Ô ™˘ÓÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi Àfi‰ÂÈÁÌ· Û˘ÓÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È
∏ ΢ڛˆ˜ Û ÌÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Û˘Ó¤ÓˆÛ˘ ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂıÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ‹ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·. ™Â Â›Â‰Ô ∂∂, ÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi ÚfiÙ˘Ô ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÛÙ· ‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÙÔÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ó· ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ¢ÈÂıÓÒÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ Î·È fi¯È Û ¤Ó· ÂÓÈ·›Ô ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·. ÀÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· fiÙÈ Ë ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ÛÙËÓ ∂∂ Â͢ËÚÂÙÂ›Ù·È Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· Ì ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÌÈ·˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ΢ڛ·Ú¯ˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ, ·Ú¿ Ì ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ Ó¤·˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÔÏÈÙ›·˜ Ë ÔEYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
Ô›· ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÙË ‰È΋ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ηÈ, ¿Ú·, ÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ‰‹ÌÔ. ∂›Û˘, ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ‰È·ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ˘fiıÂÛË Î·È Â˘ÓÔ› ÙË ‰È¿¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË ·Ú¿ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ ‹ Û ¤Ó· Ó¤Ô ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi «Î¤ÓÙÚÔ». ∆Ô ÙÂÏÈÎfi ÚÔ˚fiÓ ·›ÚÓÂÈ ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÂÓfi˜ «ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‚¿ÛÂÈ Û˘Óı‹Î˘», Ì ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÈ΋ ¢ı‡ÓË Ó· ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ÛÙ· ÎÚ¿ÙË Î·È fi¯È Û ÌÈ· ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ·. ∏ Û˘ÓÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›· ·›ÚÓÂÈ ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÂÓfi˜ «ÂӉȿÌÂÛÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘» ÌÂٷ͇ Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÓ‰ÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ‰È·ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ, Ì ٷ ̤ÚË Ô˘ ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· ÛÙË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ·˘ÙÔ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË. ∞˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· Ï‹ÚË ¤ÓˆÛË ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· οÔÈ· ‹ fiÏ· Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË ¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜. ∆Ô Î‡ÚÈÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi Ù˘ Û˘ÓÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·˜ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙ· ÎÚ¿ÙË ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÂÈÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó ·ÌÔÈ‚·›· ˆÊÂÏ‹ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ·Ó·ÁηÛÙÔ‡Ó Ó· ÚÔ‚Ô‡Ó ÛÙË ı¤ÛÈÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÂÓÈ·›·˜ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋˜ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘. ∏ ȉ¤· Ù˘ ηٷÓÔÌ‹˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂∂ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙË Û˘Ó‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎÒÓ ¯ÒÚˆÓ, ·Ú·¤ÌÔÓÙ·˜, ÛÙË Ï¤ÔÓ ÚÔˆıË̤ÓË ÂΉԯ‹ Ù˘, Û ÌÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ Û˘Á΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó‰È¿ıÂÛ˘. ∞Ó Î·È ÙÔ ÎÏ·ÛÛÈÎfi Û˘ÓÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi ÚfiÙ˘Ô ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· ¢ڇ Ê¿ÛÌ· ıÂÛÌÈÎÒÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔًوÓ, Ë Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË, Û‡ÓıÂÙË ÔÏÈÙ›· ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÛÙȘ ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¤˜ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ-ÌÂÏÒÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›·, ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯È΋˜ ʇÛ˘ ÙÔ˘˜, ‰ÚÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ «∫‡ÚÈÔÈ ÙˆÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ». ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·Ó·ıˆڋÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ÛÙËÓ
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∂∂ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ÔÌÔʈӛ· ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔÔÈ› ÙË ı¤ÛË ·˘Ù‹, fiˆ˜ Î·È ÙÔ fiÙÈ Ù· Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ÎÚ¿ÙË ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙË ‚·ÛÈ΋ ËÁ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ù˘ ∂∂. ∂‰Ò, Ë ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ù˘ ÂÏÏ›ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓË Î·È ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ‡ÚÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂȤ‰Ô˘ Ù˘ ÂÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜.
∆Ô √ÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi Àfi‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ô ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·˘Ùfi ·Ô‚ϤÂÈ
∆ÛÙËÓ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÌÈ·˜ ¤ÓˆÛ˘ Ï·ÒÓ, Î·È fi¯È ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ, Û ¤Ó· Û‡ÓıÂÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÛÒÌ·. √È ÌÂÏÂÙËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë fiÙÈ Ë ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋, ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ‰È¿¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ÛÙ· ̤ÚË, ÌÂÙÚÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ÙÌËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú·ı¤ÛÂȘ Î·È ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ «ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛ˘», οÙÈ Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÈÔÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Û ÌÈ· Û‡ÓıÂÙË ÔÏÈÙÂȷ΋ Û˘Ó›‰ËÛË. ∞fi Â‰Ò ·ÔÚÚ¤ÂÈ ¿ÏψÛÙÂ Î·È Ë ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÁÁ˘‹ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó Û οı ÔÌfiÛÔÓ‰Ë ÔÏÈÙ›· Ó· ·ÓÙÈÚÔۈ‡ÂÙ·È Û ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ›‰Ô, ¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜ Ó· ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ë Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‹ Ó· ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘. ∆Ô ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıȤڈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‹ıÔ˘˜ ÛÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘ ΤÓÙÚÔ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÌÂÚÒÓ. ¶ÚÔÛ·ı› Ó· Û˘Ì‚È‚¿ÛÂÈ Ù· ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ·ÈÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· ¢ڇÙÂÚË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ¤ÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ fiÏÔ˘, ‰È·Ê˘Ï¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·˜ ·Ú΋ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ¯¤ÁÁ˘· ÁÈ· ÙÌËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›·, Ì ÛÎÔfi Ó· ÂÈÙ‡-
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¶ √§ π ∆ π ∫ ∏ √ ƒ °∞ ¡ ø ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ ∂
¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ «ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÔÌÔÈÔÌÔÚÊ›·» Î·È ÙË «‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·Ó·Ú¯›·». ŒÓ·˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·˜ ÙË ı¤ÏÂÈ ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ˙ˆÓÙ·Ó‹, ÏËÓ fï˜ ÏÔ˘Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ Î·È ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË ËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌÂ›Ù·È «·fi ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÚÔ˜ Ù· ¿Óˆ», ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒ¢ÛË ÙfiÛÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓÈ·›Ô˘ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÔ‡ ‰‹ÌÔ˘ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰‹ÌˆÓ ˆ˜ ÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË ÙÔÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÌË ··ÈÙ‹ÛˆÓ. ªÂٷʤÚÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÛÙËÓ ∂∂, ÌÈ· Û˘¯Ó‹ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ È‰¤· ÌÈ·˜ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È¢ı¤ÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÌÈ· Û·Ê‹ Î·È ÈÂÚ·Ú¯Ë̤ÓË Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÔÏ˘Â›Â‰Ô˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘. ªÂ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·˘Ùfi, fï˜, ·ÁÓÔ› ÙËÓ ÂÁÁÂÓ‹ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ Ù˘ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ηٷÓÔÌ‹˜ ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÏÂÁÎÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔ È‰ÈfiÙ˘Ô, ÏËÓ fï˜ ·ÎfiÌË ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi, ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ù˘ ∂∂. ∏ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÌÈ·˜ Ù˘ÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ, ›Û˘, ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ó¤·˜ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ Û ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚÔ Â›Â‰Ô. ™ÙȘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Û˘ÁηٷϤÁÂÙ·È Î·È Ë «Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·» ÙÔ˘ ‰‹ÌÔ˘, οÙÈ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ·ÎfiÌË ÛÙËÓ ∂∂. ∫·ıÒ˜ ·Ô˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ¤Ó·˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi˜ ‰‹ÌÔ˜, Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÙ› ηÓ›˜ ÙËÓ ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË Ù˘ ∂∂ Û ¤Ó· ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ηÈ, ηْ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË, ·fi ¤Ó· ηıÂÛÙÒ˜ Û˘Ó‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Û ÌÈ· Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙ›·.
∆Ô ™˘Ó·ÈÓÂÙÈÎfi Àfi‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ô ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·˘Ùfi ¤¯ÂÈ ¯ÚËÛÈ-
∆ÌÔÔÈËı› ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛÙ› Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Û ÔÏÈÙ›˜ Ì ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÈÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ̤˜. ∂ȉÈÒÎÂÈ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ Û‡ÓıÂÙ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜, ÔÈ ıÂÛÌÔ› Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÚÔÛٷهÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÌÂÈÔÓÔًوÓ. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Lijphart, ¤Ó· Û˘Ó·ÈÓÂÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi Ù¤ÛÛÂÚ· ‚·ÛÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο: «ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Û˘ÌÌ·¯›·», ÙÌËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›·, ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ‰Èη›ˆÌ· ·ÌÔÈ‚·›·˜ ·ÚÓËÛÈ΢ڛ·˜.1 ∏ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Û˘ÌÌ·¯›· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ıÂÛÌÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ ·fi ÙȘ ËÁÂÙÈΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜. ∏ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ fiϘ ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ·ÓÙÈÚÔۈ‡ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜, Ì ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈηÙÔÙÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ÙÌËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›· ‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ ˆ˜ οı ËÁÂÙÈ΋ ÔÌ¿‰· ¤¯ÂÈ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ¿ÙÔÓÙ·È ÙˆÓ ˙ˆÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÌÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÎÚÔۈ›. ∆Ô ‰Èη›ˆÌ· Ù˘ ·ÌÔÈ‚·›·˜ ·ÚÓËÛÈ΢ڛ·˜ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ˆ˜ ÁÈ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÔÌfiʈÓË ¤ÁÎÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ËÁÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÎÚÔÛˆÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ›‰Ô. ∏ ÏÔÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÓÂÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ‰ÂÓ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È ÛÙË ÌÂÈÔ„ËÊ›·. ªÂÙ·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ ÛÙËÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·, ÙÔ Û˘Ó·ÈÓÂÙÈÎfi ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÈ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÓÂÙÈ΋ ʇÛË ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ∂∂. ¢ËÏ·‰‹, ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Â˜ ÂıÓÈΤ˜ ËÁÂÙÈΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÂȉÈÒÎÔ˘Ó ·ÌÔÈ‚·›· ·Ô‰ÂÎÙÔ‡˜
Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌÔ‡˜ ̤ۈ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ «·Ó·ÛÙÚ¤„ÈÌ˘ ‰È·ÊˆÓ›·˜». ∏ Û˘Ó·ÈÓÂÙÈ΋ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ‰È¢ı¤ÙËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛ˘ Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛ˘ ÛÙÔ ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ›‰Ô, οÙÈ Ô˘ ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ‰È¢ıÂÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ Û˘Ìʈӛ˜ ÛÙȘ in camera Û˘Ó‰ÚÈ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘. §fiÁˆ Ù˘ ¤ÏÏÂȄ˘ ÂÓfi˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ‰‹ÌÔ˘, Ë ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, fiˆ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎfi ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ı· ¤‚Ï·Ù·Ó ÙȘ ÌÂÈÔ„Ëʛ˜. À¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ï‹ıÔ˜ ·Ô‰Â›ÍÂˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÓËÁÔÚ› ÛÙÔ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ù˘ ∂∂ ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ Ù· ‚·ÛÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÌÈ·˜ Û˘Ó·ÈÓÂÙÈ΋˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜. ∂˘Ú›˜ Û˘Ó·ÛÈÛÌÔ› ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈ· ÙˆÓ ÀÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Û ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜. ∏ ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ·ÚÈıÌfi „‹ÊˆÓ ÛÙÔ ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ, ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÂȉÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›·˜, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ‹ ÙÔÓ ÏËı˘ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘˜, Î·È ÛÙÔ fiÙÈ fiÏ· Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË ·ÓÙÈÚÔۈ‡ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ÎÂÓÙÚÈο fiÚÁ·Ó· Ï‹„˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ. ∏ ÙÌËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ fiÙÈ Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯Èο ·˘ı‡·ÚÎÙ˜ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ˜ Ì ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ. ∆Ô ‰Èη›ˆÌ· Ù˘ ·ÌÔÈ‚·›·˜ ·ÚÓËÛÈ΢ڛ·˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÛÙ· ÎÚ¿ÙË Ó· ÂÌÔ‰›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ fiÙ·Ó ‰È·Î˘‚‡ÔÓÙ·È Ù· ˙ˆÙÈο ÂıÓÈο ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ·. ∞Ó Î·È Ì ÙËÓ Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ÂȉÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›·˜ ÙÔ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔÓ Î·ÓfiÓ· ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ï‹„˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ, ÔÈ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈEYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
¶ √§ π ∆ π ∫ ∏ √ ƒ °∞ ¡ ø ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ ∂ Τ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ÔÌÔʈӛ·. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ Û˘Ó·ÈÓÂÙÈÎfi ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ∂∂ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· Û‡ÓıÂÙË ÔÏÈÙ›·, ÔÈ ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¤˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜ Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÌÈ· Û˘Ó·ÈÓÂÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ¤ÓˆÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎÒÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ı˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÂıÓÈΤ˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÚÒÓ ‹ Ó· ˘ÔÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È Ë ÂıÓÈ΋ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›· Û ÌÈ· ˘ÂÚΛÌÂÓË ÂÍÔ˘Û›·. ™ËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈΤ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ ·ÂÈÎfiÓÈÛ˘ Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÔÏÈÙ›·˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó‰È¿ıÂÛ˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ù˘ Û˘Ó‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯ÈÒÓ ÌÂ Û˘Ó·ÈÓÂÙÈο ̤۷. ∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Û˘Ó˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÌÈ· ¤ÓÙÔÓË ·ÏÏËÏÔÛ‡Ó‰ÂÛË Î·È ¤Ó·˜ ˘„ËÏfi˜ ‚·ıÌfi˜ ÙÌËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›·˜. ™ÙÔ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·˘Ùfi, ÔÈ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Â˜ ËÁÂÙÈΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¤ÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈˆÓ ‰ÂÛÌÒÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰‹ÌˆÓ, ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ·fiÏ˘ÙÔ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÛÙ· ‰Èο ÙÔ˘˜ ˘ÔÛ˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·. ∞˘Ùfi, ›Û˘, ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Ù˘ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ·ÔÊ·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ›Û˘ ÁÈ· Ù· fiÚÈ· Ù˘ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ∏ ¢ÂÏÈÍ›· ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÓÂÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘Ô‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔ fiÙÈ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·˘ÛÙËÚ‹ ıÂÒÚËÛË Ù˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ηÈ, ηْ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË, ÙÔ˘ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔηıÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡. ™˘ÓÔÙÈο, Ù· ÂıÓÈο Î·È Ù· Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ӷ Û ÌÈ· Û˘Ì‚ÈˆÙÈ΋ Û¯¤ÛË, ÂÓÒ Ë ∂∂ ·›ÚÓÂÈ ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÂÓfi˜ Û‡ÓıÂÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ Û ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ. EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
∂‰Ò, Ë ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·˘ÙÔÛÎÔfi ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÈ· ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ıÔ‡Ó ·ÌÔÈ‚·›ÔÈ Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌÔ› ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ. ŒÙÛÈ, Ë Û˘Ó·ÈÓÂÙÈ΋ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· Â›Ó·È ÂÓ‰ÔÁÂÓÒ˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ÛÙȘ ËÁÂÙÈΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜. ∂ÓÒ ÏÔÈfiÓ ÙÔ Û˘Ó·ÈÓÂÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·ÓÙÈηÙÔÙÚ›˙ÂÈ ÔÏϤ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ ∂∂, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÈÔ ÂӉ‰ÂÈÁ̤ÓÔ, ·Ó ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ì·˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ.
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Û˘ÓÔ¯‹˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Ó· Âȉ›ÍÂÈ Ë ∂∂. ∆· ÛÙÔȯ›· fï˜ ·˘Ù¿ ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Û‹ÌÂÚ·. ∞·ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ¤ÙÛÈ ÌÈ· ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÂÈ·Îfi ̤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ∂∂, Ë Ù‡¯Ë ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È ·Ó·fiÛ·ÛÙ· Ì ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË ÂÓfi˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘. √ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË Ù˘ ∂∂ ·fi ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó‰È¿ıÂÛ˘ Û ÌÈ· ÔÏ˘ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ res public· Ô˘ ı· ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Â˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜ Ôϛ٘ Û ÊÔÚ›˜ Û˘ÛÙËÌÈ΋˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜.
∂∂ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ˘‚ÚȉÈÎfi ÌfiÚ-
∏ʈ̷ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔȯ›· ·fi fiÏ· Ù· ˘Ô‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËηÓ. ¶·Ú·¤ÌÂÈ Û ¤Ó· ÌÂÈÎÙfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÔÚÈÛı› ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ™˘Ó·ÈÓÂÙÈ΋ ™˘ÓÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·.2 ∂¿Ó ·Ó·˙ËÙԇ̠χÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ¤ÏÏÂÈÌÌ·, ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ Â˘ÓÔ› ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ∂∂. √ ÂΉËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ∂∂ ı· ‹Ù·Ó ÈÔ ÂÊÈÎÙfi˜ ·Ó ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó Ë ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋ ÚÔÔÙÈ΋, Ë ÔÔ›· fï˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÔÏÈÙÂȷ΋˜ ˆÚ›Ì·ÓÛ˘ Î·È ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜
™∏ª∂πø™∂π™ 1.
Arend Lijphart, ‘Consociational Democracy’, World Politics, Vol. 21, No. 2, 1969. 2. ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚ˘ ¡. ÃÚ˘ÛÔ¯fiÔ˘, £ÂˆÚ›· Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ∂ÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ∞ı‹Ó·: ¶··˙‹Û˘, 2003. ¢Â˜ ›Û˘ ªÈ¯¿Ï˘ π. ∆ÛÈÓÈÛÈ˙¤Ï˘, Quo Vadis Europa?, ∞ı‹Ó·: ∞η‰ËÌ·˚Τ˜ ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ ™Ì˘ÚÓȈٿÎË, 2001, Î·È Dimitris N. Chryssochoou, Michael J. Tsinisizelis, Stelios Stavridis and ∫ostas Ifantis, Theory and reform in the European Union, ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ·Ó·ıˆÚË̤ÓË ¤Î‰ÔÛË, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2003.
Abstract This article refers to the political identity of the EU and approaches this issue by the institutional and the social-psychological aspects of the democratic deficit of the EU. The democratization of the EU concerns the redefinition of the institutional balance and it is connected with the representation of the parliamentary institutions. It also concerns the effort of bringing the citizens closer to the EU ensuring that the unification it is not only a subject of the prevailing elites. So democracy is enhanced by the approachable to citizens institutions. The social-psychological aspect emphasizes the role of the European “civic demos” and that without essential “civic competence” at the European level a European democracy is not viable. So that European demos is essential for the social legitimacy of the EU. The solution of the democratic deficit requires a significant grade of consent at the level of society in relation to the kind of the governmental model that the EU would adopt. Four models are being analyzed here: the parliamentary, the confederal, the federal and the consential model.
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¢ÈÂıÓ›˜ √ÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ›. ∞Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔÓ fiÏÂÌÔ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÚ‹ÓË ™˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜: ∫˘ÚÈ¿ÎÔ˜ ¢. ∫ÂÓÙÚˆÙ‹˜ – ™Ù·‡ÚÔ˜ ∞. ∫¿ÙÛÈÔ˜ ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ ¶··˙‹ÛË, ∞ı‹Ó· 2002. ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙˆÓ ÚÒÙˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ÙˆÓ ¢ÈÂıÓÒÓ √ÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ ÛÙ· Ù¤ÏË ÙÔ˘ 19Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ΢ڛˆ˜ ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 20Ô‡, ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È Ë ··Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ¢ÈÂıÓÒÓ ™¯¤ÛˆÓ. ™ÙÔÓ ÙfiÙ ÁÓˆÛÙfi ÎfiÛÌÔ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ¤ÌÂÏÏ ӷ ÚÔÛÙÂı› Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ¢ÈÂıÓÒÓ √ÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ. ™ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ Ù˘, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ∂›ÎÔ˘ÚÔÈ ∫·ıËÁËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ∆Ì‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ •¤ÓˆÓ °ÏˆÛÛÒÓ, ªÂÙ¿ÊÚ·Û˘ & ¢ÈÂÚÌËÓ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ πÔÓ›Ô˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘, ÔÈ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜: 1. ∆· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÚ› ÙˆÓ ¢ÈÂıÓÒÓ √ÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ù· ·›ÙÈ· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ıÂÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜. 2. ∏ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ‰È·‰ÚÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ¢ÈÂıÓÒÓ √ÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ. 3. ∏ ‰ÔÌ‹ Î·È ÔÈ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎfiÙÂÚˆÓ ¢ÈÂıÓÒÓ √ÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ. 4. ∆Ô ·ÚfiÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙˆÓ ¢ÈÂıÓÒÓ √ÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ ÛÙË ıˆڛ· Î·È ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ¢ÈÂıÓÒÓ ™¯¤ÛˆÓ. ∏ ¤Î‰ÔÛË, ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·
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µπµ§π√¶∞ƒ√À™π∞™∏ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÚÁ·ÛÙËÚ›Ô˘ °ÂˆÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ ∞ӷχÛÂˆÓ (GeoLab) ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ∆Ì‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ú¿ıÂÛË Ù˘ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜ ÔÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÂÚ› ¢ÈÂıÓÒÓ √ÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ ÛÙ· ·ÁÁÏÈο, Á·ÏÏÈο Î·È ÁÂÚÌ·ÓÈο.
∏ ¶ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘¿ÁÁÂÏÔ˘ µÂÓÈ˙¤ÏÔ˘, ÀÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ ™¿ÎÎÔ˘Ï· Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· ʤÚÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË ·ÓÙÈÌ¤ÙˆË Ì ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ Ù˘ ʇÛ˘ Ù˘. Ÿ¯È Ì ÙÔ Ù˘ÈÎfi ÂÚÒÙËÌ·, Â¿Ó ı· ¤¯ÂÈ ‹ ‰ÂÓ ı· ¤¯ÂÈ ÓÔÌÈ΋ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ·ÏÏ¿, ÛÙË Ì·ÎÚ¿ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ÚÔÔÙÈ΋, ÔÈ· Û¯¤ÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ì ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ϤÁÂÙ·È ÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ, Â¿Ó ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Â›Ó·È Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· «ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi
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ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜» ‹ ·Ó Ë ∂˘ÚÒË Ô‡Ùˆ˜ ‹ ¿Ïψ˜ – Î·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋ Ù˘ ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ – ı· ·Ú·Ì›ÓÂÈ ¿ÓÙ· οÙÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ·fi ¤Ó· «ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜», ı· Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ‹ÂÈÚÔ˜. ªÈ· ‹ÂÈÚÔ˜ Ô˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ ÂÓÈ·›· ·ÁÔÚ¿, ˆ˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡, ˆ˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·Ù·ÎÙ‹ÛˆÓ. ™ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÙÔ˘ «∏ ¶ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜» Ô ∂˘¿ÁÁÂÏÔ˜ µÂÓÈ˙¤ÏÔ˜ Û˘˙ËÙ¿ fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ Ù· «˘·ÚÍȷο» ı¤Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘, ÂÎı¤ÙÔÓÙ·˜ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Î·È ÙȘ ÛΤ„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ ÛÙË ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÚÙÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ‚È‚Ï›Ô Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂӉȷʤÚÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ ÓÔÌÈÎfi Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ Ôϛ٘, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÓËÌÂڈ̤ÓÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ˙˘ÌÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Á‡Úˆ ·fi Ù· ı¤Ì·Ù· ·˘Ù¿, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ¿ÌÂÛ· Î·È Ù· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· Î·È Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ˆ˜ ∂˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ.
Suggestions 1. The impact of Global and Regional Integration of Federal Systems: A Comparative Analysis by H. Lazar, H. Telford, R. L. Eatts Publisher: Stathy Lang Unit, 2003. 2. Federalism in a Changing World:
Learning from Each other: Scientific Background, Proceedings and Plenary Speechies of the Internert. Concerence on Federalism 2002 by R. Blindenbacher, A. Koller, J. Chretieu, U. Diedrichis. Publisher Mc Gill - Queens Univ. Press. 2003.
EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
¢ƒ∞™∆∏ƒπ√∆∏∆∂™ ∆∏™ ∂∫ºƒ∞™∏™ ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ Ó¤ˆÓ «¢π∫∆À∞ ¡∂ø¡ ¶∂ƒ∞ ∞¶√ ∆∞ ™À¡√ƒ∞»
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∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛ ·fi ÙȘ 13-27 πÔ˘Ï›Ô˘ ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ «¢›ÎÙ˘· ¡¤ˆÓ ¶¤Ú· ·fi Ù· ™‡ÓÔÚ·» ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ «¡ÂÔÏ·›·» Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ Î·È Ì ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ù˘ °.°. ¡¤·˜ °ÂÓÈ¿˜. ∆Ô ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÂÚÈÂÏ¿Ì‚·Ó ÙËÓ Â›ÛÎÂ„Ë ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Ó¤ˆÓ ÚÔÛʇÁˆÓ ËÏÈΛ·˜ 17-25 ¯ÚÔÓÒÓ ·fi ÙË ƒÔ˘¿ÓÙ· Î·È ÙË §·-
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Χορεύοντας στους ρυθµούς της Λατ. Αµερικής στη Ν. Μάρκη.
ÙÈÓÈ΋ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Ô˘ ˙Ô˘Ó Î·È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ §ÔÓ‰›ÓÔ. √È Ó¤ÔÈ Ô˘ ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙË ¡¤· ª¿ÎÚË ÛÙËÓ ∞Ó.∞ÙÙÈ΋ ›¯·Ó ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó Ó¤Ô˘˜ ÚfiÛÊ˘Á˜ Ô˘ ˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Î·È Ó· ¤ÏıÔ˘Ó Û ·ʋ Ì ÙÔÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi. ™ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ô˘ ‹Ù·Ó ÂÈÙ˘¯¤˜ ·fi οı ¿Ô„Ë, Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó Î·È ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ¤˜, ̤ÏË Ù˘ ÓÂÔÏ·›·˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË. ™ÙȘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ‹ıËÎ·Ó Ì ӤԢ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Î·È ÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi ‰fiıËÎÂ Ë Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ¯ÔÚÔ‡˜ ·fi ÙË ƒÔ˘¿ÓÙ·, ÙË §·ÙÈÓÈ΋ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Î·È Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ·fi ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ ÌÈ· ı·ÙÚÈ΋ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ÙÔ˘˜ ‰fiıËÎÂ Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÁÈ· ·Èٛ˜ Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌfi, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ô Ú·ÙÛÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ë ÍÂÓÔÊÔ‚›·, Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Á¤Ê˘Ú˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛ˘ Î·È Ó· ¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ¿Óˆ Û’ ¤Ó· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiϘ ÙȘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ÎÔÈӈӛ˜. ∆Ô ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ¤ÏËÍ Ì ÙËÓ EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003
·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË Ù˘ ı·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Ô˘ ›¯Â ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ·‹¯ËÛË ÛÙËÓ ÙÔÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ∏ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·Ô¯·ÈÚÂÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÎÊÚ·Ûı› Ì ÏfiÁÈ·, Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÚÔÓÔÌÈ·Îfi ‚›ˆÌ· fiÛˆÓ ÙË ˙‹Û·ÌÂ...
√È ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ¤˜ Î·È Ë «∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË» Û‚‹ÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ʈÙȤ˜ ÛÙË ¡¤· ª¿ÎÚË
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Ș ˘ÚηÁȤ˜ Ô˘ Í¤Û·Û·Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ¡¤·˜ ª¿ÎÚ˘ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÕÁÈÔ˜ °ÂÒÚÁÈÔ˜ µÚ·Ó¿-ª·Ú·ıÒÓ· ÛÙȘ 4 ∞˘ÁÔ‡ÛÙÔ˘ ÂÓÙfiÈÛ·Ó ÚÒÙÔÈ ÔÈ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÎÊÚ·Û˘. ∏ «∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË-∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋ ∞ÙÙÈ΋» (∂.∂∫.∞¡.∞.) Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯Â ÛÙËÓ Âȯ›ÚËÛË Î·Ù¿Û‚ÂÛ˘ ‰‡Ô ˘ÚηÁÈÒÓ Ì ÙË Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌ‹ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ Ù˘ fiÛÔ Î·È ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÒÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ÙÔÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ∂›Ó·È ·ÍÈÔÛËÌ›ˆÙÔ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ˘ÚÔÛ‚ÂÛÙÈÎfi fi¯ËÌ· Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÎÊÚ·Û˘ Ì ÙÔ Ï‹ÚˆÌ· ÙˆÓ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÒÓ Î·Ù¿ÊÂÚ·Ó Ó· ÂϤÁÍÔ˘Ó ÌfiÓÔÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔ ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎfi Ì¤ÙˆÔ ÛÙËÓ ˘ÚηÁÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ µÚ·Ó¿. ∆· ÙÚ›· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Ë ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË Î·È ÔÈ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ¤˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÂÈ ¿Óˆ ·fi 10 ˘ÚηÁȤ˜ ÛÙËÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÛÙË Î·Ù¿Û‚ÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜.
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Development Forum & AÓ·Ù˘Íȷ΋ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ∂∂
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Berta Leiva, ˘Â‡ı˘ÓË Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ¢È·ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ ŒÎÊÚ·Û˘ Î·È Ì¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ¡ÂÔÏ·›·˜ Ù˘ ŒÎÊÚ·Û˘ ·ÚıÚÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛ ÛÙÔ Development Forum, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂΉ›‰ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ Î·È ·Â˘ı‡ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ÙÔÈο ª.ª.∂. Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ÙˆÓ 15 (Î·È Û ϛÁÔ ÙˆÓ 25). ∂›Ó·È ·ÍÈÔÛËÌ›ˆÙÔ ‰Â fiÙÈ Ë ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰· ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚ› Û 10,000 ·ÓÙ›Ù˘·. ™ÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ Ù˘ Ë Î· Leiva ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ·Ú¯Èο Û ڈÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Â˜ Ô˘
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¤Ï·‚·Ó ¯ÒÚ· ÙÔ 2002 Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó·Ù˘Íȷ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì¿ÙÈÛÂ Ë ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÓˆÛË Û ·˘Ù¤˜. ∂›Û˘, ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙȘ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ı· ÛËÌ·‰¤„Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·Ù˘Íȷ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¤ÙÔ˜ 2003 fiˆ˜ ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ·, ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È ‰ÈÂıÓ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·. π‰È·›ÙÂÚË ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋ ¶ÚÔ‰ڛ· Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ¤ıÂÛ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È‡ڢÓÛË Ù˘ ∂.∂.
∂ÎÏÔÁ¤˜ ¡ÂÔÏ·›·˜ 2004
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™ÙȘ 30 √ÎÙˆ‚Ú›Ô˘ 2003 Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÔÈ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ Ù˘ ¡ÂÔÏ·›·˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ∂ÎÊÚ·ÛË. ∆· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÂÎÏÔÁÒÓ Â›Ó·È Ù· ÂÍ‹˜: °ÂÓÈ΋ °Ú·ÌÌ·Ù¤·˜: µ·ÛÈÏÈ΋ ∫Ô˘ÙÛÔ‡ÎÔ˘ ∞Ó. °ÂÓÈ΋ °Ú·ÌÌ·Ù¤·˜: µ›Î˘ ¶ÔÏ˘˙ˆ˚‰Ë ¢È¢ı‡ÓÙÚÈ·: ª·Ú›· ªÔÏÔÓÙ˙¿ÎË ∆·Ì›·˜: °ÂˆÚÁ›· ∞ÛÙڷο ∆·ÎÙÈο ̤ÏË: ∞ÓÙÈÁfiÓË ªÂÏȉÔÓÈÒÙË ™‡Ï‚È· ∆Û·ÁÏÈÒÙË ™ÔÊ›· ™Ô˘ÓÙÔ‡ÛÎÔ˘ ¡¿ÓÛ˘ µ·ÛÈÏÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ £¤Ì˘ ∫ÔÛÛ›‰·˜ ∞Ó·ÏËڈ̷ÙÈο ̤ÏË: ª·Ú›· ¶·Ó·ÁÈ¿ÚË ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚ˘ ∫Ô˘ÓÂÓ‹˜ ∂ϤÓË ¢ÂÌ›ÚË ¶ÔÏ˘˙ˆ˚‰Ë ∫·ÙÂÚ›Ó· µ·Ó·ÚÔ‡‰Ë˜ °ÈÒÚÁÔ˜ °ÂˆÚÁÈÙÛ¿Î˘ °ÈÒÚÁÔ˜ °ÂˆÚÁ·ÓÙfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜ ¶·Ó·ÁÈÒÙ˘
ÃÚÈÛÙÔ‡ÁÂÓÓ· Ì ÙËÓ ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË
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™ÙȘ 20 ¢ÂÎÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ı· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈËı› Ë ÂÙ‹ÛÈ· ÃÚÈÛÙÔ˘ÁÂÓÓÈ¿ÙÈÎË ¯ÔÚÔÂÛÂÚ›‰· Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÎÊÚ·Û˘ ÛÙÔ ÍÂÓÔ‰Ô¯Â›Ô Divani Caravel. √È ÂӉȷÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÚÔÌËı¢ÙÔ‡Ó ÚÔÛÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ ·fi Ù· ÁÚ·Ê›· Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÎÊÚ·Û˘ ÛÙȘ ÙÈ̤˜ ÙˆÓ 25 Î·È 35 ¢ÚÒ.
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¢HMO™IEY™EI™ ™THN EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ™ÎÔfi˜ Ù˘ ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ·fi„ÂˆÓ - ·ÚΛ Ó· ÌËÓ ÂÎʤÚÔÓÙ·È ·˘ı·›ÚÂÙ· - Î·È Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ηٿÏÏËÏÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ Î·È ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ȉÂÒÓ Ì ›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÙËÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ Û' ·˘Ù‹Ó. OÈ ·fi„ÂȘ Ô˘ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ‰ÂÓ ‰ÂÛÌÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ È‰ÈÔÎÙËÛ›·, ÙÔÓ ÂΉfiÙË ‹ ÙË Û‡ÓÙ·ÍË.
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T· ¿ÚıÚ· Ù· ÔÔ›· ‰ËÌÔÛȇÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ E˘Úˆ·˚΋ 'EÎÊÚ·ÛË, ÂÈϤÁÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙË Û‡ÓÙ·ÍË Ì ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ·, ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·, ÙË ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ οı Ù‡¯Ô˘˜, ÙËÓ ÚˆÙÔÙ˘›· Î·È ÂÈηÈÚfiÙËÙ·. H ¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ·fi 900 ϤÍÂȘ.
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ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙȘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÛÂȘ, ˘Ô‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È ÔÔÙ‰‹ÔÙÂ,Û ÙÚ›· ·ÓÙ›Ù˘·, ˘·ÎÔ‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙȘ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ ÚԉȷÁڷʤ˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ËÌÔÛÈ¢ı› Ô‡Ù Ì ·Ú·Ï‹ÛÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ ‹ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Û ¿ÏÏ· ¤ÓÙ˘·, ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi ̤ÏË Ù˘ EÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ EÈÙÚÔ‹˜ Ù˘ E˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ 'EÎÊÚ·Û˘, Ì ϋÚË ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ÎÚ›Û˘ (·ÓˆÓ˘Ì›· ÙÔ˘ ÎÚÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÚÈÓfiÓÙˆÓ, Ô ÎÚÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÂ›Ù·È ‚¤‚·È· ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË) Î·È Ë
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¤ÎÙ·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Î˘Ì·›ÓÂÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ 2000 - 3000 Ϥ͈Ó. O ˘Ô„‹ÊÈÔ˜ ·ÔÛÙ¤ÏÏÂÈ Û‡ÓÙÔÌÔ ‚ÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi ÛËÌ›ˆÌ·. ™Â fiϘ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ì·˙› Ì οı ˘Ô‚ÔÏ‹ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È Î·È ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë Û ÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÁÏÒÛÛ· (·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ÛÙ· ·ÁÁÏÈο ‹ Ù· ÂÏÏËÓÈο) (100 - 200 ϤÍÂȘ). TÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÛÙ¤ÏÏÂÙ·È Î·È Û ‰ÈÛΤٷ PC ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÔʇÁÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜ Ù˘ ‰·ÎÙ˘ÏÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛ˘ Î·È ÁÂÓÈο Ó· ÂÈÙ·¯‡ÓÂÙ·ÈË ¤Î‰ÔÛË. K·Ïfi Â›Ó·È Â›Û˘ Ó· ·ÔÛÙ¤ÏÏÂÙ·È ÊˆÙÔÁÚ·Ê›· ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·. XÂÈÚfiÁÚ·Ê·, ‰ÈÛΤÙ˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ÚˆÙfiÙ˘· ‰ÂÓ ÂÈÛÙÚ¤ÊÔÓÙ·È.
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A·ÁÔÚ‡ÂÙ·È ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ Ë ÌÂÚÈ΋ ‹ ÔÏÈ΋ ·Ó·‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ‹ ·Ó·‰È·ÓÔÌ‹ Ì ÔÔÈÔÓ‰‹ÔÙ ÙÚfiÔ, ÂÎÙfi˜ ·Ó ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊË ¿‰ÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÂΉfiÙË. OÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜, ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÎÔ›ÓˆÛË Û' ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ıÂÙÈ΋˜ ÎÚ›Û˘ ÁÈ· ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ E˘Úˆ·˚΋ 'EÎÊÚ·ÛË, ‰ÂÛ̇ÔÓÙ·È ·˘Ùfi Ó· ÌËÓ ‰ËÌÔÛÈ¢ı› ÔÔ˘‰‹ÔÙ ·ÏÏÔ‡. OÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ‰ˆÚÂ¿Ó ‰‡Ô ·ÓÙ›Ù˘· ÙÔ˘ ÔÈΛԢ Ù‡¯Ô˘˜. H ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË ‰È·ÙËÚ› ÙÔ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈÎfi ‰Èη›ˆÌ· Ó· ‰È·Ó¤ÌÂÈ Ì ÔÔÈÔ˘Û‰‹ÔÙ fiÚÔ˘˜, ¿ÚıÚ·, ÂÚÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ‹ Î·È ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË ÙËÓ E˘Úˆ·˚΋ 'EÎÊÚ·ÛË ‰È·Ì¤ÛÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ÿÓÙÂÚÓÂÙ.
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EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H
¢E§TIO ™YN¢POMHTOY E¶øNYMO ...................................................................... ONOMA ............................................................................
ŒÙÔ˜ ›‰Ú˘Û˘: 1989 OÌ‹ÚÔ˘ 54, 106 72, Aı‹Ó·, ÙËÏ.: 3643223-4, fax: 36.46.953, e-mail: ekfrasi@ekfrasi.gr.
¢IEY£YN™H ................................................................... ............................................................................................
EÈı˘ÌÒ Ó· ÁÚ·ÊÙÒ Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌËÙ‹˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi «E˘Úˆ·˚΋ 'EÎÊÚ·ÛË» ˆ˜: ............ETH™IA ¢YO ETøN
ú T·ÎÙÈÎfi˜ Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌËÙ‹˜................................................15 ¢ÚÒ ú ¢ËÌfiÛÈÔ, OÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ›, TÚ¿Â˙˜,
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N¶¢¢, N¶I¢, EÙ·ÈÚ›˜, ™‡ÏÏÔÁÔÈ ..................................21 ¢ÚÒ
42 ¢ÚÒ
ú E˘ÚÒË ......................................................................21 ¢ÚÒ ú 'AÏϘ 'HÂÈÚÔÈ...........................................................24 ¢ÚÒ ú ºÔÈÙËÙÈ΋, ÛÔ˘‰·ÛÙÈ΋, ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋ .........................12 ¢ÚÒ ú ™˘Ó‰ÚÔÌ‹ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ - ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢............................40 ¢ÚÒ
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TK............¶O§H ............................TH§.:....................... E-mail:................................................................................ π¢π√∆∏∆∞: ....................................................................... HMEPOMHNIA
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H Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌ‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ηٷ‚ÏËı› ÛÙ· ÁÚ·Ê›· (ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ 09.30 - 17.00, OÌ‹ÚÔ˘ 54), Ì ٷ¯˘‰ÚÔÌÈ΋ ÂÈÙ·Á‹ ·fi ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ ٷ¯˘‰ÚÔÌÈÎfi ηٿÛÙËÌ·, ‹ Ó· ηٷÙÂı› ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÏÔÁ·ÚÈ·ÛÌÔ‡˜ 701/296002-87 Ù˘ EıÓÈ΋˜ TÚ·¤˙˘, ‹ 176-002101 - 023369 Ù˘ Alpha Bank Î·È Ó· Ì·˜ ÂȉÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÙ ۯÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ıÂÛË. EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 50 ñ 3O TPIMHNO 2003