IDEXX Snap

IDEXX SNAP速 ImmunoassayTests

In-house ELISA diagnostic tests fast, accurate and easy to use

Contents

Introduction ................................................... 3 ELISA Technology explained .................... 4 – 5 Retrovirus SNAPŽ Feline Combo .............................. 6 – 7 Pancreatitis SNAPŽ cPL™ ............................................ 8 – 9 SNAPŽ fPL™ ......................................... 10 – 11 Vector Borne Diseases SNAPŽ 4DxŽ Plus ................................. 12 – 13 SNAPŽ Leishmania .............................. 14 – 15 Faecal SNAPŽ Parvo ........................................ 16 – 17 SNAPŽ Giardia ...................................... 18 – 19 Equine SNAPŽ Foal .......................................... 20 – 21 The right solution at the right time ....... 22 – 23 References ................................................... 23

2

The Benefits of SNAPÂŽ Technology

ACCURACY The SNAPŽ platform leverages three important features to provide unparalleled accuracy: • bidirectional flow • wash step • result amplification

EASE OF USE Bidirectional flow improves the readability of the results increasing the contact time with the sample and providing a rapid response in less than 10 minutes.

RELIABILITY SNAPÂŽ reliably tests up to 3 sample types for a broad spectrum of samples. Bi-directional sample flow and signal amplification from the enzymatic substrate ensures high sensitivity. SNAPÂŽ incorporates a wash step to eliminate non-specific binding, thus guaranteeing high specificity.

3

ELISA Technology explained

SNAPŽ Rapid Assay Test – ELISA Technology

Antigen Conjugate RBC Platelets Antibody

1

Antigen is bound when the enzyme-linked antibody conjugate and blood sample are combined.

2

The matrix is pre-coated with antigen specific antibodies.

An example of an antigen SNAPÂŽ test

3 The conjugate and the antigen bind to the matrixbound antibody, forming a “sandwich�.

4

The device is activated.

5 The wash step removes non-specific, unbound conjugate and blood sample components from the background matrix, clearing the way for the final step.

Wash step = better specificity

4

The IDEXX SNAPÂŽ range of in-house tests harbours ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assay) technology.

This technology correlates to reference laboratory quality and is considered to be the gold-standard for in-house

diagnostics. SNAPÂŽ devices detect for antigen and/or antibody in blood or faeces of the animal.

SNAPÂŽ has two unique characteristics that ensure highest sensitivity and specificity: the wash- and amplification step.

Competing assays

They use lateral flow technology that relies on clumping gold particles to reveal test results. Additionally, lateral flow tests do not include a wash step, making results difficult to interpret due to unbound blood components that obscure the read-line.

In Summary:

6

The substrate moves across the cleared matrix. The substrate reacts with the conjugate to AMPLIFY the presence of antigen for increased sensitivity and an unmistakable, clear blue read.

Amplification: better sensitivity

• Gold standard ELISA technology = Reference Laboratory Technology • Drives high sensitivity by wash and amplification step • SNAPŽ offers multi analyte platform: 1 drop of blood tests accurately for more diseases in one go

5

SNAPÂŽ Feline Combo This test lets you raise the standard of care for cats.

Screen for both FIV and FeLV using just one blood sample.

• Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV), known as the “fighting cat disease,â€? is transmitted primarily through bite wounds

• Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV), known as the “friendly cat disease,â€? is typically spread through prolonged casual contact

Use the time while the test is running to consult with pet owners on other medical needs, providing a more valuable patient visit. Effective care and management can help infected cats live long, healthy lives.

There are no “sure signs� of either infection.

Clinical signs may take years to appear.

Early signs are more subtle and may include changes in: • Grooming habits

• Behaviour/Mood

• Sleeping habits

• Activity levels

• Eating habits

• Depression

The more obvious signs occur at later stages.

These may include: • Gingivitis

• Poor coat condition

SNAP Feline Combo is the first and only in-clinic test to detect antibodies to both FIV gp40, FIV p15 and p24.

• Skin ailments

• Fever

• Diarrhoea/Vomiting

• Enlarged lymph nodes

Proteins in the feline immunodeficiency virus provoke an immune response in the cat, producing antibodies easily detected by in-clinic test kits. For years, retroviral research indicated that detecting antibodies to the FIV p24 protein provided the necessary sensitivity for diagnosing FIV. Current research shows that maximum sensitivity is achieved when antibodies are detected to FIV p24 and p15, and another important protein, FIV gp40.

• Weight loss

• Respiratory illnesses

ÂŽ

To diagnose a Feline Leukemia infection, SNAPÂŽ detects the presence of the core protein p27 antigen.

• Dehydration

(loud or laboured breathing)

• Stomatitis

• Lethargy

• Abscesses

• Anaemia

Feline Combo Protocol Recommendations The AAFP (American Association of Feline Practitioners) Guidelines for Testing recommend testing all at-risk cats, sick cats and kittens to determine infection status of FIV and/or FeLV.

6

Combines benefits for your patients and your practice

Cats infected with FIV or FeLV present with multiple signs. However, it is common for infected cats to present with no clinical signs at all. Some of the most common reasons for testing cats are listed below:

FIV

Which cats to test?

At-risk cats

FeLV

• Spend time outside • Present with bite wounds or evidence of fighting

Sick cats

• Fever • Lethargy • Gingivitis/stomatitis • Abscesses

New to household

All newly adopted kittens and cats should be tested regardless of age

Product

SNAPÂŽ Feline Combo Test

Tests for

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

Pack sizes

5 / 15 / 30

Storage

2-8ËšC

Sample

Whole blood (anticoagulated) / serum / plasma

Runtime

10 minutes

7

SNAPŽ cPL™ SNAPŽ cPL™ Test (canine pancreas-specific lipase) When dogs present with vomiting, anorexia or abdominal pain, the culprit could be pancreatitis. The SNAPŽ cPL™ Test is the only pet-side test developed to measure canine lipase levels specific to the pancreas.

Diagnose or help rule out pancreatitis with the SNAPŽ cPL™ Test:

• The most accurate pet-side canine pancreatitis test available

New research shows that the canine pancreas-specific lipase test (Spec cPLŽ Test) is better than other methods for the diagnosis of dogs with acute pancreatitis.1 For superior pancreatitis testing in a pet-side assay, the SNAPŽ cPL™ Test also measures cPL concentration using the same reagents and ELISA methodology.

• More specific than serum lipase testing for diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Include with initial chemistry workup to identify pancreatitis before it becomes more serious

• Results in just 10 minutes for answers during the patient visit

Accurate and easy to read:

A multi-institutional, independent study from the Comparative Gastroenterology Society was presented at the 2009 ACVIM Forum. The Comparative Gastroenterology Society study found that, with 93% sensitivity and 78% specificity, the cPL test is better able to discriminate dogs with suspected pancreatitis than other assays.

• Provides a “normalâ€? or “abnormalâ€? result for pancreatic lipase levels

• In a study involving veterinary technicians, 96% of the results were correctly interpreted

• Automatically record results when used with the SNAPshot DxŽ Analyser

• cPL is new standard for pancreatitis testing

8

For a more complete diagnostic picture

Reference Laboratories’ Spec cPLŽ Concentration compared to SNAPŽ cPL™ Results

Abnormal

Normal 0

200

Elevated

400

Consistent with Pancreatitits

Spec cPLŽ SNAPŽ cPL™

Normal 0 – 199 ¾g/L Elevated 200 – 399 ¾g/L Consistent with pancreatitis 400 ¾g/L and over

Reference spot

Sample spot

Sample spot is lighter than reference spot

Product

SNAPŽ cPL™ Test

Tests for

Canine pancreas-specific lipase

Pack sizes

10

Storage

2- 8ËšC

Sample

Serum

Runtime

10 minutes

Sample spot is the same colour as reference spot

Sample spot is darker than reference spot

9

SNAPŽ fPL™ SNAPŽ fPL™ Test (feline pancreas-specific lipase) Pancreatitis, an inflammatory condition of the exocrine pancreas, is a multifactorial disease in cats with a variable clinical course and outcome. Feline pancreatitis is more common than many practitioners realise and diagnosis of this elusive disease can be extremely challenging.

Cats often present with vague clinical signs, such as lethargy, decreased appetite and dehydration. These signs may indicate problems with the gastrointestinal tract. Compared to dogs, the signs for cats less frequently include vomiting and abdominal pain. IDEXX recommends testing any cat that presents with these symptoms.

SNAPŽ fPL™ is a unique in-house test that detects the level of feline pancreas-specific lipase to provide information about the health of your patient’s pancreas.

• Feline Pancreatitis is more common than vets realize: studies show very high prevalence data up to 45%67%.2

• fPL technology is the most accurate serologic assay available: In a recent study, the SNAPŽ fPL™ had a sensitivity of 87% for ruling out pancreatitis and a specificity of 100% for diagnosing pancreatitis.3

• Provides a “normalâ€? or “abnormalâ€? result for pancreatic lipase levels.

SNAPŽ fPL™ uses the same assay reagents as the quantitative Spec fPLŽ Test and was designed to align with the Spec fPLŽ Test but displays results in 10 minutes, rather than in 24 hours. SNAPŽ fPL™ Test has a 92% agreement with the Spec fPLŽ Test for the identification of normal patients ()3.5 ¾g/L), 82% agreement for identification of abnormal patients (>3.5 ¾g/L) and a 96% agreement for identification of patients with levels consistent with pancreatitis (*5.4 ¾g/L).3

• Using SNAPŽ fPL™ and identifying pancreatic issues early in a sick cat can have a significant impact on patient care (and management).

• Designed to align with Spec fPLŽ – making it the most accurate in-house test available today.

Accurate and easy to read:

• SNAPŽ fPL™ allows you to rule out this deadly disease in just 10 minutes.

10

For a more complete diagnostic picture

Reference Laboratories’ Spec fPLŽ Concentration compared to SNAPŽ fPL™ Results

Abnormal

Normal 0

3.5 Âľg/L

Elevated

5.4 Âľg/L

Consistent with Pancreatitits

Spec fPLŽ SNAPŽ fPL™

Normal 0 – 3.5 ¾g/L Elevated 3.5 – 5.4 ¾g/L Consistent with pancreatitis 5.4 ¾g/L and over

Reference spot

Sample spot

Sample spot is lighter than reference spot

Product

SNAPŽ fPL™ Test

Tests for

Feline pancreas-specific lipase

Pack sizes

10

Storage

2- 8ËšC

Sample

Serum

Runtime

10 minutes

Sample spot is the same colour as reference spot

Sample spot is darker than reference spot

11

SNAPÂŽ 4DxÂŽ Plus (heartworm, Ehrlichia, Lyme disease and anaplasmosis)

SNAPŽ 4DxŽ Test Count on the affordable SNAPŽ 4DxŽ PlusTest to deliver accurate screening results – with at least 98% specificity on all four diseases: heartworm disease, ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease and anaplasmosis. SNAPŽ 4DxŽ Plus detects antibodies to both Ehrlichia canis and Ehrlichia ewingii.

Until now no cases of Ehrlichia ewingii have been reported in the EU. The SNAPÂŽ 4DxÂŽ Plus Test is the standard of care for annual parasite screening. It provides an accurate, in-house result in just eight minutes. But the benefits of vector-borne disease screening go far beyond the well-being of an individual pet.

By adopting regular screening protocols at your practice, you can increase awareness and understanding of vectorborne disease in your community. And build the value of your practice with pet owners.

Serological and PCR Testing Options The SNAPŽ 4DxŽ Plus Test helps you make the most of wellness screening at your practice. But for a sick dog presenting with clinical signs consistent with a vector-borne disease, it’s important to consider both serological and PCR testing because they are complementary.

Ixodes ticks are known to be vectors for both Lyme disease and anaplasmosis.

Co-infection of Anaplasma species with other vectortransmitted pathogens may lead to more complex disease presentations and a slower response to therapy. Dogs with seroreactivity to both Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum may have two times the risk of developing clinical illness than singularly infected dogs.4 Anaplasma platys is the cause of infectious cyclic thrombocytopenia in dogs, and antibodies to this pathogen crossreact with the A. phagocytophilum spot on the SNAPÂŽ 4DxÂŽ Plus Test. This results in equally good sensitivity for A. platys as for A. phagocytophilum. A. platys infects canine platelets and is frequently seen as a coinfection with Ehrlichia canis.

Dogs co-infected with E. canis and A. platys were found to have more severe anaemia and thrombocytopenia than dogs with either single infection.5

Co-infection If a dog is relapsing, or is not responding to treatment, the possibility of a co-infection should be considered, as some diseases are carried by the same vector.

12

Every dog, every year. For healthier pets – and more.

Canine Ehrlichiosis

Lyme Disease

Canine Anaplasmosis

Heartworm

Primary vector

Ixodes spp.

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Ixodes spp.

Mosquitoes

Transmission

24 – 48 hours of tick attachment

Time needed for transmission is unknown

< 24 hours of tick attachment

Pre-patent period approximately 6 months

Pathogen

Borrelia burgdorferi spirochete, which localises in tissues of infected dogs

Ehrlichia canis infects canine monocytes

Anaplasma phagocytophilum infects canine neutrophils and A. platys infects platelets

Dirofilaria immitis

The C6 peptide used in the IDEXX SNAPÂŽ 4DxÂŽ tests does NOT cross-react with antibody response to commercially available Lyme vaccines.6

Product

SNAPÂŽ 4DxÂŽ Test

Tests for

Heartworm Disease Ehrlichiosis Lyme Disease Anaplasmosis

Pack sizes

5 / 15 / 30

Storage

2-8°C

Sample

Whole blood (anticoagulated) / serum / plasma

Runtime

8 minutes

13

SNAPÂŽ Leishmania Screen dogs yearly Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that affects an animalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s systems and vital organs. The parasite is transmitted by the bite of a sand fly that has previously bitten an infected animal. The parasite can cause serious harm to the dog, and early detection is critical. An infected animal may die if the disease is not diagnosed and treated in time.

Clinical signs One of the most important characteristics of canine leishmaniasis is the polymorphism or vagueness of its symptoms. The most common symptoms are cutaneous (ulcers, depilation and parakeratosis), that occur in approximately 80% of diseased animals.

When to use IDEXX SNAP Leishmania SNAPÂŽ Leishmania is a basic diagnostic test for screening animals that live in areas where the disease is endemic or that travel to endemic zones. In endemic areas canine leishmaniasis often occurs together with ehrlichiosis.

SNAPÂŽ Leishmania is a test that should be carried out regularly during spring check-ups, especially for patients with a high risk of infection and contagion.

Lymphadenopathy and more systemic symptoms such as fever, apathy, weight loss and muscular atrophy are very common.

Symptoms may also include renal and ocular lesions, hepatosplenomegaly, anaemia, petechiae, pain, lameness, epistaxis, onychogryphosis, icterus, syncope and coughing.

Classic gastrointestinal symptoms include diarrhoea with or without melaena and vomiting, both secondary to colitis or to kidney problems.

14

Every dog, every year. For healthier pets â&#x20AC;&#x201C; and more.

Parasite Cycle

Inoculation Attack of macrophages and phagocytes

Multiplication and re-infection

Amastigotes

Release of amastigotes by macrophages

Promastigotes

Multiplication and transformation in promastigotes

Product

SNAPÂŽ Leishmania Test

Tests for

Leishmaniasis

Pack sizes

10 / 30

Storage

2-8°C

Sample

Whole blood (anticoagulated) / serum / plasma

Runtime

6 minutes

15

SNAPÂŽ Parvo A parvo diagnosis is always difficult, but a definitive diagnosis will help your clients confront whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ahead.

Canine parvovirus is one of the most common and severe gastrointestinal diseases of dogs. Parvovirus most frequently attacks puppies younger than one year of age. The virus is extremely contagious and strikes rapidly and without warning. While most infected adult dogs recover, as many as 25% to 50% of infected puppies die from the disease if not diagnosed and treated immediately.

Parvovirus is difficult to diagnose based on symptoms alone, as symptoms may be varied and identical to those seen with other causes of acute gastroenteritis. Clinical signs include diarrhoea (which can be scant or profuse and watery or bloody), vomiting, dehydration, lethargy, depression, inappetence and fever. Early testing is prudent as the amount of virus being shed in the faeces may begin to decline six to ten days post-infection.

â&#x20AC;˘ No-mess faecal swab makes sampling easy and reduces sample handling â&#x20AC;˘ Room-temperature storage â&#x20AC;˘ Clear, easy-to-read results in 8 minutes via trusted SNAPÂŽ ELISA technology â&#x20AC;˘ SNAPÂŽ Parvo does react with CPV-2a, CPV-2b and CPV-2c â&#x20AC;˘ No cross-reaction with the common CPV vaccines â&#x20AC;˘ The SNAPÂŽ Parvo can also be used to detect Feline Panleukopenia Virus in cats7

The SNAPÂŽ Parvo Antigen Test confirms your parvo diagnosis. With parvovirus, you need to be able to act quickly and decisively. The SNAPÂŽ Parvo Test provides you with rapid, early in-clinic diagnosis and appropriate therapy, thereby increasing the chances of recovery.

16

Help your clients confront whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ahead

Course of infection Intensity

Positive Test Clinical Signs

The antigen shedding starts 3 -4 days after infection and lasts for approximately 10 days.

04

Days Post Infection

Product

SNAPÂŽ Parvo Test

Tests for

Canine Parvovirus Feline Panleukopenia Virus

Pack sizes

5

Storage

2-25°C

Sample

Faeces

Runtime

8 minutes

17

SNAPÂŽ Giardia For dogs and cats â&#x20AC;&#x201C; every faecal workup deserves a SNAPÂŽ Giardia Test â&#x20AC;˘ Detects soluble Giardia antigens â&#x20AC;&#x201C; no more slide-scanning for evasive cysts

â&#x20AC;˘ Has no sample-prep time â&#x20AC;&#x201C; easy to set up alongside faecal floats

â&#x20AC;˘ Provides better answers on just one sample â&#x20AC;&#x201C; near reference-laboratory accuracy

â&#x20AC;˘ Is the first USDA-approved in-clinic rapid assay for the detection of Giardia-solution antigen

Use the SNAPÂŽ Giardia Test as an adjunct to faecal float parasitic diagnosis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; if youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re looking for intestinal parasites, donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t miss a Giardia infection.

Detecting Giardia Infection: A Comparison of In-House Methods vs. Reference Laboratory Methods Mis-diagnosis results from intermittent shedding and difficulty identifying cysts and trophozoites. At present, the SNAPÂŽ Giardia Test is the only commercially available Giardia ELISA assay optimised for use in canine and feline samples. Catch missed Giardia-positive animals up to three times as often as traditional methods9 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; increasing your faecal exam yield and client satisfaction:

â&#x20AC;˘ Giardia is highly prevalent in dogs and cats â&#x20AC;˘ Giardia is a health concern for both people and animals â&#x20AC;˘ Giardia infection can be asymptomatic or symptomatic,

Specificity

Sensitivity

and both forms can transmit infections 99% 92%

The Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) â&#x20AC;&#x153;recommends testing symptomatic (intermittently or consistently diarrhoeic) dogs and cats with a combination of direct smear, faecal flotation with centrifugation, and a sensitive, specific faecal ELISA optimised for use in companion animals.â&#x20AC;? 8

96%

90% 76%

50%

31%

27%

SNAP Microscopy

SNAP Microscopy

SNAP Microscopy

SNAP Microscopy

Compared to ELISA

Compared to DIFM

Compared to ELISA

Compared to DIFM

SNAPÂŽ Giardia Test and in-clinic microscopy test results are shown as percentages of samples that were identified as Giardia-positive by laboratory ELISA and DIFM methods.

18

Every faecal workup deserves a SNAPÂŽ Giardia Test

Compare Giardia testing methods to see the difference.

Light Microscopy

Laboratory IFA

Laboratory ELISA

SNAPÂŽ Giardia

~20 minutes

24-48 hours

24-48 hours

8 minutes

3

1

1

1

Identifies soluble AG Time to result Inexpensive In-house Samples required High accuracy

Conclusion: SNAPÂŽ Giardia â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the ease of faecal floats/smears with the accuracy of a reference laboratory.

Product

SNAPÂŽ Giardia Test

Tests for

Giardia

Pack sizes

5 / 15

Storage

2-8°C

Sample

Faeces

Runtime

8 minutes

19

SNAPÂŽ Foal IgG Test and Treat Foals in a Single Visit.

Successful transfer of protective antibodies â&#x20AC;&#x201C; through colostral immunoglobulins (IgG) from the mare to the newborn foal â&#x20AC;&#x201C; is vital in the first hours following birth. If this process fails, the foal can be exposed to the threat of serious infection and even death. The first 8 -12 hours of life are critical for detecting low IgG levels and, if necessary, providing treatment via supplemental colostrum.

The good news is â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a simple test can be performed in the stable.

â&#x20AC;˘ Treatment after 24 hours of life involves plasma transfusion that can be risky and expensive â&#x20AC;˘ If left untreated, foals with lowered immunity may become ill or die

The SNAPÂŽ Foal IgG test is the easiest What is passive transfer of immunity? â&#x20AC;˘ At birth, the mother typically transfers immunities to her foal through IgG â&#x20AC;˘ Practitioners have expressed concern about the immune status of up to 44% of foals 10 â&#x20AC;˘ Low levels of IgG can leave the foal with weakened defences to bacterial infections, arthritis, pneumonia and enteritis

stall-side test available â&#x20AC;˘ Accurate, easy-to-interpret results â&#x20AC;˘ Effective with serum or whole blood â&#x20AC;˘ Test Results in under 10 minutes â&#x20AC;˘ Foal-side testing â&#x20AC;˘ Zero lab work â&#x20AC;˘ Single patient visit â&#x20AC;˘ Treatment can begin immediately

Why is testing important during the first 8 -12 hours of a foalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life? â&#x20AC;˘ Absorption of IgG occurs during the first 18 -24 hours of life â&#x20AC;˘ Early testing and treatment are keys to ensuring the well-being of newborn foals â&#x20AC;˘ Recommendations often include testing between 8 and 12 hours so supplemental colostrum can be given to minimise the risk and expense of transfusions 20

A lifetime of good health in less than 10 minutes

Test Results 400 mg/dL

800 mg/dL

400 mg/dL

800 mg/dL

sample spot

sample spot

)400 mg/dL IgG: colour intensity of the sample spot is lighter than the 400 mg/dL calibrator spot

400â&#x20AC;&#x201C;800 mg/dL IgG: colour intensity of the sample spot is darker than the 400 mg/dL calibrator spot, but lighter than the 800 mg/dL calibrator spot

Product

SNAPÂŽ Foal Test

Tests for

Colostral Immunoglobulin (IgG) levels

Pack sizes

10

Storage

2-7°C

Sample

Serum or whole blood

Runtime

7 minutes

400 mg/dL

800 mg/dL

sample spot

*800 mg/dL IgG: colour intensity of the sample spot is darker than the 800 mg/dL calibrator spot

21

IDEXX Laboratories The right solution at the right time IDEXX Laboratories is a leading company in veterinary instrumental diagnosis. We integrate state-of-the-art scientific research with accurate clinical standards and laboratory management information systems, in the sector of technologies relating to control tests, analysis and therapies.

IDEXX SNAPÂŽ Tests

IDEXX Laboratories

Whether you are handling a routine wellness visit or a life threatening emergency, IDEXX is with you every step of the way. We understand the value of that life in your hands.

IDEXX VetLabÂŽ Analysers

22

References

First-line testing, no second guessing IDEXX SNAPÂŽ Tests use lab quality ELISA technology to detect infectious diseases.

For point of care diagnostics that are simple, accurate and easy to use, SNAPÂŽ provides your practice with actionable results, every time.

1

K McCord, J Davis, F Leyva, PJ Armstrong, KW Simpson, M Rishniw, MA Forman, DS Biller. A multi-institutional study evaluating diagnostic utility of Spec cPLÂŽ in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in dogs.

Comparative Gastroenterology Society Members, D Twedt.

2

De Cock HE, Forman MA, FarverTB, et al. Prevalence and histopathologic characteristics of pancreatitis in cats. Vet Pathol. 2007;44:39â&#x20AC;&#x201C;49

3

Data on file at IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. Westbrook, Maine USA

4

Beall MJ, Chandrashekar R, Eberts MD, et al. Serological and molecular prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Ehrlichia species in dogs from Minnesota. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2008;8(4):455â&#x20AC;&#x201C;464.

5

Gaunt SD, Ramaswamy C, Beall M, Caterina K, Breitschwerdt E. Potentiation of thrombocytopenia and anemia in dogs experimentally coinfected with Anaplasma platys and Ehrlichia canis. JVIM. 2007;21(3):576.

6

Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Connor TP, Esty KJ, Hanscom JL, Shields P, Philipp MT. Dogs vaccinated with common Lyme disease vaccines do not respond to IR6, the conserved immunodominant region of the VlsE surface protein of Borrelia burgdorferi. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2004;11(3):458â&#x20AC;&#x201C;462.

7

Abd-Eladaim, M. et al. (2009) â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Detection of Feline Panleukopenia Virus Using a Commmercial ELISA for Canine Parvo virusâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, Vet Therapeutics, vol. 10, No. 4.

8

CAPC. CAPC Recommendations: Intestinal Parasites: Protozoa: Giardiasis. Available at: www.capcvet.org/recommendations/giardia.html.

Accessed May 27, 2009.

9

Groat R. Survey of clinic practices and testing for diagnosis of Giardia infections in dogs and cats. Presented at: 2003 ACVIM Forum; June 4â&#x20AC;&#x201C;8; Charlotte, NC.

Real-time diagnostic results â&#x20AC;&#x201C; in one easy-to-read report The IDEXX VetLabÂŽ Suite leverages market leading technology to provide the most reliable point of care chemistry, haematology, urinalysis, endocrinology, coagulation, blood gases and electrolytes testing. This complete suite of analysers connects seamlessly together to produce one easy to read diagnostic report.

10

Squires, EL. Failure of passive transfer. The Horse: 1997:62

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