ОТВЕТЫ на твои ВОПРОСЫ | Том 2

Page 1

"˚ )

˚ ˚ ˚ % ˝ ˛

˙ ˝

" " ˚ ˚

˙˚ &

6

˙ ˙ ˚ ˚

k1jn Z*/13Z\-\ a\,1b*H \-/* b1+1 \h1Zn ]\Z`*,Sbaq ,b\`\y b\Y VZS-S w b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\amxD *V S ]`S `*+\b1 Z*/ ]1`,mY b\Y\YE S4/*b1WS +1a1/\,*WS a a\bZqYS pZ\j1y S /1,dj1V S4 `*4Zmf ab`*ZE V\b\`mY \h1Zn ]\Y\-*pb ]`*VbSh1aVS1 a\,1bm S4 S+WSSD 4Z*yE V*V \ZS ]\Y\-db S b1+1D

\b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am

'b* VZS-* \b,1bSb Z* b,\S ,\]`\am , aW1/dpkSf \+W*abqfB

˛ ˚ ˚ )

˙ %•

`SbhS 8B9

yp2-U

“ `S\+`1b*y Yd/`\abnE ]`S\+`1b*y ]\ZSY*ZS1”D

\b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am 6


"˚ )

˚ ˚ ˚ % ˝ ˛

˙ ˝

" " ˚ ˚

˙˚ &

6

˙ ˙ ˚ ˚

k1jn Z*/13Z\-\ a\,1b*H \-/* b1+1 \h1Zn ]\Z`*,Sbaq ,b\`\y b\Y VZS-S w b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\amxD *V S ]`S `*+\b1 Z*/ ]1`,mY b\Y\YE S4/*b1WS +1a1/\,*WS a a\bZqYS pZ\j1y S /1,dj1V S4 `*4Zmf ab`*ZE V\b\`mY \h1Zn ]\Y\-*pb ]`*VbSh1aVS1 a\,1bm S4 S+WSSD 4Z*yE V*V \ZS ]\Y\-db S b1+1D

\b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am

'b* VZS-* \b,1bSb Z* b,\S ,\]`\am , aW1/dpkSf \+W*abqfB

˛ ˚ ˚ )

˙ %•

`SbhS 8B9

yp2-U

“ `S\+`1b*y Yd/`\abnE ]`S\+`1b*y ]\ZSY*ZS1”D

\b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am 6


]`SY1` S4 ]`\jW\-\ dV*4*b1Wn

˙\`\-\y /`d-I

dW*YSbqZV* 77

*`n \W\Y\ZE \h1Zn Yd/`my h1W\,1VE Z*]Sa*WB w 1a1WSanE pZ\j*E ]\V* bm pZE S ]dabn b,\1 a1`/g1 ]`SZ\aSb b1+1 `*/\abn , /ZS b,\1y Y\W\/\abSE S S/SE Vd/* ,1/1b b1+q a1`/g1 S Vd/* aY\b`qb b,\S -W*4*x L'VVW14S*ab 55B=MD ˙*E pZm1 -\/m P ob\ ,`1Yq `*/\abS S ,1a1WnqD Ym b1+1 ob\-\ SaV`1ZZ1 31W*1YD \WnV\ Z1 4*+m,*y b*V31 `*/\,*bn a,\1-\ \-*E 1-\,dD 1/n \Z ,S/SbE V*V bm ab`\Sjn a,\p 3S4ZnE S ad/Sb \ b1+1 Z* \aZ\,*ZSS b,\Sf ]\abd]V\,D \ob\Yd ]`SaWdj*yaq V Yd/`\Yd a\,1bd \W\Y\Z*B w \YZS a,\1-\ 1WSV\-\ ,\`g* , /ZS a,\1y Y\W\/\abSx L'VVW14S*ab 56B5MD m a1`/1hZ\ Y\WSYaqE hb\+m a\,1bm S4 ob\y VZS-S ]\Y\-*WS b1+1 a]`*,Wqbnaq a b`d/Z\abqYSE ,\4ZSV*pkSYS Z* ]dbS Y\W\/mf Wp/1yE S dhSWS b1+q ]`SZSY*bn `1j1ZSq , a\-W*aSS a ,\W1y \-*D *V bm +d/1jn `*/\,*bn a1`/g1 1-\,m L `SbhS 6;B55MD

dV\,\/qkSy a\,1b ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,m

1/Z*q ,/\,* 5::

\aSe 9>

˚41VSq 5=7

S/Sq =;

*,1W 66;

Z*ZSqE Sa*SWE

4*`Sq 578

˙*,S/ 69; \Z`*,SW*an WS b1+1 ob* VZS-*H `S-\/SWaq WS V*O V\yOZS+d/n a\,1bH \-/* Z*]SjS Z*Y ]SanY\ ]\ \/Z\Yd S4 obSf */`1a\,D

a*e 6<;


]`SY1` S4 ]`\jW\-\ dV*4*b1Wn

˙\`\-\y /`d-I

dW*YSbqZV* 77

*`n \W\Y\ZE \h1Zn Yd/`my h1W\,1VE Z*]Sa*WB w 1a1WSanE pZ\j*E ]\V* bm pZE S ]dabn b,\1 a1`/g1 ]`SZ\aSb b1+1 `*/\abn , /ZS b,\1y Y\W\/\abSE S S/SE Vd/* ,1/1b b1+q a1`/g1 S Vd/* aY\b`qb b,\S -W*4*x L'VVW14S*ab 55B=MD ˙*E pZm1 -\/m P ob\ ,`1Yq `*/\abS S ,1a1WnqD Ym b1+1 ob\-\ SaV`1ZZ1 31W*1YD \WnV\ Z1 4*+m,*y b*V31 `*/\,*bn a,\1-\ \-*E 1-\,dD 1/n \Z ,S/SbE V*V bm ab`\Sjn a,\p 3S4ZnE S ad/Sb \ b1+1 Z* \aZ\,*ZSS b,\Sf ]\abd]V\,D \ob\Yd ]`SaWdj*yaq V Yd/`\Yd a\,1bd \W\Y\Z*B w \YZS a,\1-\ 1WSV\-\ ,\`g* , /ZS a,\1y Y\W\/\abSx L'VVW14S*ab 56B5MD m a1`/1hZ\ Y\WSYaqE hb\+m a\,1bm S4 ob\y VZS-S ]\Y\-*WS b1+1 a]`*,Wqbnaq a b`d/Z\abqYSE ,\4ZSV*pkSYS Z* ]dbS Y\W\/mf Wp/1yE S dhSWS b1+q ]`SZSY*bn `1j1ZSq , a\-W*aSS a ,\W1y \-*D *V bm +d/1jn `*/\,*bn a1`/g1 1-\,m L `SbhS 6;B55MD

dV\,\/qkSy a\,1b ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,m

1/Z*q ,/\,* 5::

\aSe 9>

˚41VSq 5=7

S/Sq =;

*,1W 66;

Z*ZSqE Sa*SWE

4*`Sq 578

˙*,S/ 69; \Z`*,SW*an WS b1+1 ob* VZS-*H `S-\/SWaq WS V*O V\yOZS+d/n a\,1bH \-/* Z*]SjS Z*Y ]SanY\ ]\ \/Z\Yd S4 obSf */`1a\,D

a*e 6<;


\b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am 6

ob* VZS-* ]`SZ*/W13Sb

5 2008 WATCH TOWER BIBLE AND TRACT SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA a1 ]`*,* a\f`*Zqpbaq 5 2008 WACHTTURM BIBEL- UND TRAKTAT-GESELLSCHAFT DER ZEUGEN JEHOVAS, E. V., SELTERS/TAUNUS b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\amD \Y 6 Alle Rechte vorbehalten 4/*ZS1 6>56 -\/* 1a]W*bZ\D 'b\ S4/*ZS1 P h*abn ,a1YS`Z\y +S+W1yaV\y ]`\a,1bSb1WnZ\y /1qb1WnZ\abSE V\b\`*q ]`\,\/Sbaq f`SabS*ZaVSYS ,S/1b1WqYS 1-\,m S ]\//1`3S,*1baq /\+`\,\WnZmYS ]\31`b,\,*ZSqYS ˚aWS Z1 dV*4*Z\ SZ*h1E +S+W1yaVS1 gSb*bm ,4qbm S4 w ,qk1ZZ\-\ Sa*ZSq P 1`1,\/* Z\,\-\ YS`*x Y1Z* Z1V\b\`mf pZ\j1y S /1,dj1V S4Y1Z1ZmD f ,maV*4m,*ZSqE `*Z11 ]`S,\/S,jS1aq , /`d-Sf ]d+WSV*gSqf ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,mE ]1`1,1/1Zm 4*Z\,\ \b\B ab`*ZSg* 5:9B 31ZkSZ*E Z1adk*q /`\,*B Godo-FotoC 1,`\]1yaVSy -\`\/B 5 2003 BiblePlaces.com

Made in Germany /1W*Z\ , 1`Y*ZSS Druck und Verlag: Wachtturm-Gesellschaft, Selters/Taunus

Russian (yp2-U)


`\/Sb1WqY 1`S\/ ,4`\aW1ZSq Y\3Z\ a`*,ZSbn a f\3/1ZSO 1Y ]\ V*Z*bdD \-/* `1+1Z\V /1W*1b aW1/dpkSyE Z1d,1`1ZZmy j*-E d ,*a 4*YS`*1b a1`/g1D *YE V*V `\/Sb1WqYE f\b1W\an +m \-`*/Sbn 1-\ \b ob\-\ Sa]mO b*ZSqD \ ob\ Z1,\4Y\3Z\D /Z*V\ Y\3Z\ ]\Y\hn 1Yd P /*bn +*W*ZaS`E hb\+m \Z d/1`3S,*W `*,Z\,1O aS1D mE V*V ZSVb\ /`d-\yE Y\31b1 ]\Y\hn a,\1Yd `1+1ZVd a\f`*ZSbn ]`*,SWnZmy Vd`a S ab*bn \b,1bO ab,1ZZmY ,4`\aWmY h1W\,1V\YD 1-h1 aV*4*bnE h1Y a/1W*bnH 1a\YZ1ZZ\D ˚k1 ,h1`* ,*j amZ +mW Z1]\a1/WS,mYE -\,\`WS,mY V*O `*]d4\YE * b1]1`n ob\ d-`pYmy ]\/`\ab\VE V\b\`my 4*YmV*1baq , a1+1 S Z1 S/1b Z* V\Zb*VbD ˚k1 ,h1`* ,*j* /\hn f\/SW* 4* ,*YS wf,\abSV\YxE * b1]1`n 1y V*V +d/b\ abm/Z\ ]\V*4*bnaq a ,*YS Z* Wp/qfD ˚aWS ]\/\+Z\1 ]`\Saf\/Sb , ,*j1y a1Yn1E Z1 /dY*yb1E hb\ ,mE V*V `\/Sb1WSE Z1a\ab\qb1WnZmD dk1ab,d1b Sab\hZSV Yd/`\abSE V\b\`my /*1b Z*O /13Z\1 `dV\,\/ab,\ ,*Y S ,*j1Yd `1+1ZVdD 'b\ W\,\ \-*E S+WSqD 6Oy b\Y VZS-S w b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\amx ]\Y\31b ,*j1Yd `1+1ZVd Z*dhSbnaq YmaWSbnE `*aad3/*bn S /1W*bn ,m,\/m Z* \aZ\,*ZSS S+WSSD \4Z*V\YS,jSan a \-W*,W1ZS1Y Z* ab`*ZSg*f 8 S 9E ,m ]\WdhSb1 ]`1/ab*,W1ZS1 \ b\YE V*VS1 4/1an \+ad3/*pbaq ,\]`\amD 'b* VZS-* Z1 ]`\ab\ ]1`1O /*1b SZe\`Y*gSpD Z11 1abn Z1V\b\`m1 \a\+1ZZ\abSD 5D Z* ,\,W1V*1b hSb*b1Wq , /S*W\-D ,*j1-\ `1+1ZV* +d/1b ,\4Y\3Z\abn Z*]Sa*bn a,\1 YZ1ZS1 ]\ `*4WShZmY ,\]`\a*YD *]`SY1`E af1Y* w \S /1yab,Sq , daW\,Sqf ]`1aaSZ-*x Lab`D 576 S 577M ]\O Y\31b 1Yd ]`\/dY*bnE V*V ]\abd]*bnE 1aWS 1-\ +d/db aVW\Zqbn V h1YdOb\ ]W\f\YdD `\Y1 b\-\E , V\Zg1 2 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


V*3/\-\ S4 /1,qbS `*4/1W\, ob\y VZS-S 1abn w \y /Z1,ZSVxE , V\b\`\Y pZmy hSb*b1Wn aY\31b 4*]SO a*bn a,\S YmaWS S ,]1h*bW1ZSq \b ]`\hSb*ZZ\-\D 6D Z* ]\+d3/*1b V \+k1ZSpD *]`SY1`E Z* ab`*ZSg*f :7 S :8 1abn `*YV* w *V YZ1 ]\-\,\O `Sbn \ a1Va1 a ]*]\y SWS Y*Y\yHxD *V31 , V\Zg1 V*3/\y -W*,m 1abn `*YV* w *V ]\Ob,\1YdHxD 'b* `*YV* ]\4,\Wq1b ]\,b\`Sbn Y*b1`S*WD 11 ]\Y\O knp Y\3Z\ \+ad3/*bn ]`\hSb*ZZ\1 , V`d-d a1YnSD `\Y1 b\-\E , V*3/\y -W*,1 ]\Y1k1Z w W*Z /1yO ab,SyIxE , V\b\`\Y ]\/`\abV*Y /*1baq ,\4Y\3Z\abn 4*]\WZSbn -`*edB w \]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYxD 'b\ ]\+d3/*1b Sf a\,1b\,*bnaq a `\/SO b1WqYS P b1YSE Vb\ ]\Y\31b SY ]`\ybS ]\ V*Z*bdE Z1 ]\b1`q, `*,Z\,1aSqD

\WnV\ \/Z\ ]`1/\ab1`131ZS1I b\+m ,*j `1+1O Z\V Y\- ]Sa*bn \bV`\,1ZZ\E Z1 4*-Wq/m,*yb1 +14 `*4`1j1ZSq , 1-\ VZS-dD `S/1b ,`1YqE S \ZE ,\4O Y\3Z\E a*Y 4*f\h1b ]\/1WSbnaq a ,*YS b1YE hb\ d Z1-\ Z* a1`/g1D dabn d ,*a +d/1b a\+ab,1ZZ*q VZS-*D ZSY*O b1WnZ\ 11 ]`\hSb*yb1D a]\YSZ*yb1E hb\ aYdk*W\E b`1,\3SW\ S YdhSW\ ,*a , ]\/`\abV\,m1 -\/mD ]\/f\/qkSy Y\Y1Zb `*aaV*3Sb1 \+ ob\Y `1+1ZVdD

\-/* 1Yd +d/1b W1-h1 /\,1`Sbnaq ,*YD V\-/* \Z Z*hZ1b -\,\`SbnE ,ZSY*b1WnZ\ 1-\ aWdj*yb1I mbn Y\31bE ab*`*ZSq Z*W*/Sbn V\Zb*Vb Z1 a`*4d d,1ZO h*pbaq da]1f\YE Z\ Z1 a/*,*yb1anD Z\-/* `1+1Z\V Y\31b ,a1Y a,\SY ,S/\Y ]\V*4m,*bnE hb\ Z1 aWdj*O 1b ,*aE Z* a*Y\Y 31 /1W1 ,*j a\,1b /Wq Z1-\ -\`*4/\ ,1a\Y11E h1Y YZ1ZS1 a,1`abZSV\,D m \h1Zn `*/mE hb\ d ,*a S d ,*j1-\ `1+1ZV* b1]1`n 1abn ob* \aZ\,*ZZ*q Z* S+WSS VZS-*D m Y\WSYaqE hb\+m \Z* \V*4*W*an +W*-\aW\,1O ZS1Y /Wq ,*j1y a1YnSD

4/*b1WS 3


a\/1`3*ZS1 `1/SaW\,S1B V1Y ]\a\,1b\,*bnaqHD D :

1

"˚ )

5 \b\, WS q a V1YOb\ ,ab`1h*bnaqH 58 6 b\ ]W\f\-\ , b*yZmf a,S/*ZSqfH 65 7 \/f\/SY WS Ym /`d- /`d-dH 6< 8 /1 -`*Zn /\4,\W1ZZ\-\H 86 9 ˛*h1Y 3/*bn /\ +`*V*H 8<

2

˚ ˚ ˚ % ˝ ˛

: b\ a\ YZ\y ]`\Saf\/SbH 9< ; 1Z*,S3d a,\p ,Z1jZ\abnD *V YZ1 +mbnH :; < \h1Yd YZ1 ]`Sf\/Sbaq b*V +\W1bnH ;8

3

˙ ˝ ˙ ˝

= *V \a,\+\/Sbnaq \b \/SZ\h1ab,*H <: 5> \h1Yd Y\y /`d- b*V a\ YZ\y ]\abd]SWH =6 55 \`Y*WnZ\ WS /`d3Sbn h1`14 Zb1`Z1bH == 56 1Y \]*aZm a]W1bZSH 5>9

4

" " ˚

57 *V /\abShn da]1f* , dh1+1H 558 58 *V 4*kSbSbnaq \b S4/1,*b1Wnab,H 565 59 *V Z1 ]\]*abn ]\/ /d`Z\1 ,WSqZS1H 56< 5: d3Z\ WS ]\V\ZhSbn a /,\yZ\y 3S4ZnpH 57: 5; b\Sb WS SaV*bn /`d41y , jV\W1H 586


5

˙˚ &

5< *V Z1YZ\-\ 4*`*+\b*bnH 59> 5= *V `*a]\`q3*bnaq /1Zn-*YS -`*Y\bZ\H 59: 6> b\E 1aWS q S4 +1/Z\y a1YnSH 5:9

6

˙ ˚ ˙ ˚

65 \/Sb1WS ]\ab\qZZ\ ]`S/S`*pbaqD *V +mbnH 5;8 66 \h1Yd ab\WnV\ ]`*,SWH 5<5 67 ˚aWS `\/Sb1WS ]npb SWS ]`SZSY*pb Z*`V\bSVSH 5=> 68 b\ /1W*bnE 1aWS `\/Sb1WS aa\`qbaqH 5== 69 \3Z\ WS +mbn ah*abWS,mY , Z1]\WZ\y a1Yn1H 6><

7

6: *V a/1`3S,*bn a,\S hd,ab,*H 65< 6; \h1Yd q b*V\y Y*VaSY*WSabH 669 6< *V Z1 ]\//*bnaq ,WSqZSp -\Y\a1Vad*WS4Y*H 675 6= *V YZ1 S4+*,Sbnaq \b Z*,q4hS,mf YmaW1y \ a1Va1H 67;

8

˛ ˚ ˚ )

7> b\Sb WS YZ1 S-`*bn , oW1Vb`\ZZm1 S-`mH 68: 75 *V ]`*,SWnZ\ \bZ\aSbnaq V Yd4mV1H 697 76 *V Wdhj1 ,a1-\ ]`\,1abS a,\+\/Z\1 ,`1YqH 6:7 77 ˛*h1Y S4+1-*bn ]\`Z\-`*eSSH 6;7

9

˙ %• %•

78 ˛*h1Y 3Sbn ]\ Z\`Y*Y S+WSSH 6<6 79 *V ab*bn /`d-\Y \-*H 6<= 7: *V \bab*S,*bn a,\p ,1`d , \-*H 6=; 7; W1/d1b WS YZ1 V`1abSbnaqH 7>8 7< 1Yd ]\a,qbSbn a,\p 3S4ZnH 755


˚˙ ˚

V1Y


]\a\,1b\,*bnaqHDD /1,\hV*Y ,*a , VW*aa1 Z\,1ZnVSyD 'b\b aSY]*bShZmy ]*`1Zn ZSV*V Z1 S/1b d b1+q S4 -\W\,mD w */Z\EP -\,\`Sjn bm a1+1DP a1 `*,Z\ q /Wq Z1-\ ]dab\1 Y1ab\E Y\3Z\ S ]\Y1hb*bnxD b\Yd 31 bm Z1 \/O Z* b*V*qD `1/S /1,h\Z\V ,a1 `*4-\,\`m P b\WnV\ \ Z1YD /`d- \Z ]\,\`*hS,*1baq , b,\p ab\`\Zd S \+,\O `\3Sb1WnZ\ dWm+*1baqD 1+q 4*abS-WS ,`*a]W\fE S bmDDD dWm+*1jnaq , \b,1bD Z ]\/f\/Sb S Z1`1O jSb1WnZ\ Z*hSZ*1bB P `S,1bD P `S,1bD P 1Zq 4\,db b*aD

Y*WnhSV*Y b1+1 ]`S+WS3*pbaq /,\1 \/Z\VW*aaZSV\,D b1+q a3SY*1baq a1`/g1 P Z* ob\y Z1/1W1 \ZS d31 /,* `*4* ]mb*WSan 4*ab*,Sbn b1+q 4*VdO `SbnD 'b\ +d/1b b`1bSy `*4D

1`,my -\,\`SbB P b\E \]qbn aVdh*1jnH Y1Zq hb\Ob\ /Wq b1+q 1abnD 'b\ b1+q `*4,1a1WSbDDD w b\Ob\x \Z ]`\S4Z\aSb a \a\+\y SZb\Z*gS1yD ‹ Z W141b , V*`Y*ZE S bm d31 4Z*1jnE hb\ \Z a1yh*a /\ab*Z1bD S-*`1bdD 1`/g1 d b1+q a3SY*1baq 1k1 aSWnZ11D

`1/SaW\,S1 7


P m d Z*a Z\,1ZnVSyH P Ë™*E Ym ]1`11f*WS ]*`d Z1/1Wn Z*4*/D L `\ab\ Z1 ,1`SbaqE hb\ bm Z*q,d `*4-\,*`SO ,*1jn a\ b*a\YIM P Wdj*yEP ]`\/\W3*1b b*aEP a1-\/Zq ]\aW1 jV\Wm d Y1Zq a\+S`*1baq V\Y]*ZSqD \h1jnE ]`Sf\/SD db \Z ]\ZS3*1b -\W\a SE 4*-*/\hZ\ dWm+*qanE -\,\`SbB P \WnV\ /\W31Z b1+q ]`1/d]`1/SbnB `\/Sb1O W1y Z1 +d/1bD \aS/SYE 1abn hb\ ,m]SbnD

b\ aV*31jnH b*a 3/1b \b b1+q \b,1b*D p+*q /`d-*q /1,h\ZV* a`*4d +m aV*4*W* w/*xI hb\ aV*31jn bmH

P 1 Z*/\E q 3 ,*Y d31 -\,\`SWE hb\DDD b\`\y ]1`1+S,*1b b1+qB P b\E ,1`* Z1 ]\4,\Wq1bH 1]1`n b1+1 ZSh1-\ Z1Wn4qH P WS bm ]`\ab\ aW*+*VH P Ë™* Z1 aW*+*V qDDD /SZ S4 ZSf VW*/1b b1+1 Z* ]W1h\ `dVd S /`d31O aVS -\,\`SbB P d b\-/* ]\]`\+dyI Ë™`d-\y ]\/Z\aSb aS-*`1bd b1+1 V -d+*Y S fSb`\ dWm+*1baqB P m ZSV\Yd Z1 aV*31YD SVb\ Z1 d4Z*1bD *V bm ]\abd]SjnH


˙ %˚ aSbd*gSS V*3/my /1Zn ,\4ZSV*pb ]`*VbSh1aVS ,\ ,a1f d-\WV*f 41YWSD `*,/*E \/ZS `1+qb* ]\/-\b\,W1Zm V b*VSY Sa]mb*ZSqY Wdhj1E /`d-S1 P fd31D \-/* Y*WnhSV* 4*ab*,Wqpb 4*O Vd`SbnE \Z Y\31b ]\/dY*bnB w) Z1 f\hd dabd]*bnE Z\ ob\ d31 Z1,mZ\aSY\I \h1Yd q Z1 Y\-d SY /\O V*4*bnE hb\ q tZ\`Y*WnZmyrHx WS V\-/* /1,djVd Vd/*Ob\ ]`S-W*j*1b Y\W\/\y h1W\,1VE 1y Z1,\WnZ\ ]`Sf\/qb , -\W\,d YmaWSB w Z ,`\/1 ]`SWShZmyD \31bE `*4\V P b\WnV\ `*4\VI P aV*4*bn t/*rHx /Z*V\ YZ\-S1 Y\W\/m1 Wp/S Z*dhSWSan b,1`O /\ \bab*S,*bn a,\S d+13/1ZSqD E V*V ZS ab`*ZO Z\E /*,W1ZS1 Z* ZSf \aW*+1,*1bD \b1W +m S bm ob\Yd Z*dhSbnaqH \-/* /Wq b1+q 1abn f\`\j*q Z\O ,\abn P bm Y\31jnI *V ob\ a/1W*bnH b`d/Z\abqYSE ,\4ZSV*pkSYS a1-\/Zq d Y\W\O /13SE ]\Y\-*1b a]`*,Sbnaq S+WSqD Z1y bm Z*yO /1jn ]`1,\af\/Zm1 a\,1bmE ,1/n 11 Z*]Sa*ZS1 ,/\fZ\,SW \- L6 SY\e1p 7B5:E 5;MD V*VSf ae1O `*f 3S4ZS ]\Y\-*1b S+WSqH \aY\b`S Z* ]`S,1O /1ZZmy ZS31 ]1`1h1Zn S ]\ab*,n Z*]`\bS, ,\O ]`\a\,E \a\+1ZZ\ *Vbd*WnZmf /Wq b1+qD ı O *V \+k*bnaq a ]`\bS,\]\W\3ZmY ]\W\YH O O O O O O O O

*V a,mVZdbnaq a S4Y1Z1ZSqYS , \`-*ZS4Y1H *V 4*,1abS /`d41yH *V ]`\bS,\ab\qbn /*,W1ZSp , jV\W1H *V `*a]\`q3*bnaq /1Zn-*YSH *V W*/Sbn a `\/Sb1WqYSH *V a]`*,Sbnaq a\ a,\SYS hd,ab,*YSH *V ,m+S`*bn `*4,W1h1ZSqH *V `*abS /df\,Z\H

˚aWS bm ]\aY\b`Sjn Z* ab`*ZSgm 8 S 9E b\ 4*Y1bSjnE hb\ ]1`1hSaW1ZZm1 ,mj1 ,\]`\am \+O ad3/*pbaq , /1,qbS `*4/1W*f ob\y VZS-SD *O ]`\bS, V*VSf ,\]`\a\, bm ]\ab*,SW -*W\hVSH `1/SaW\,S1 9


\31jn Z*h*bn hb1ZS1 a a\\b,1bab,dpkSf `*4/1O W\,D V*3/\Y `*4/1W1 bm Z*y/1jn +S+W1yaVS1 ]`SZgS]m S Z*dhSjnaq ]`SY1Zqbn Sf , 3S4ZS1D Sb*q obd VZS-dE bm aY\31jn b*V31 11 /\]\WO ZSbnD *]`SY1`E ]\/ V\Z1g V*3/\y -W*,m ]\Y1k1O Z* `*YV* w W*Z /1yab,SyIxD b1+q +d/1b ,\4Y\3O Z\abn S4W\3Sbn a,\S YmaWS \ b\YE V*V ]`SY1ZSbn ]`\hSb*ZZ\1D *+\hS1 af1YmE b*VS1E V*V w \S /1yO ab,Sq , daW\,Sqf ]`1aaSZ-*x Lab`D 576 S 577ME ]\Y\O -db b1+1 ]`\/dY*bn b*VbSVd ]\,1/1ZSq , b`d/Zmf aSbd*gSqfD `\Y1 b\-\E , V\Zg1 V*3/\-\ `*4/1W* bm Z*y/1jn w \y /Z1,ZSVxE , V\b\`\Y Y\3Z\ 4*O ‹ ]Sa*bnE V*V b\b SWS SZ\y ,\]`\a ]`SY1ZSY , b,\O 1y 3S4ZSD * ab`*ZSg*f VZS-S b1+1 ,ab`1bqbaq /1O ,qbn w `SY1`\, S4 ]`\jW\-\xD m ]`\hSb*1jn \+ d]\YqZdbmf , S+WSS Wp/qfE d V\b\`mf 1abn h1Yd ]\dhSbnaqD S+WSq ]`S4m,*1bB w `S\+`1b*y Yd/`\abnE ]`S\+`1b*y ]\ZSY*ZS1x L `SbhS 8B9MD \/ aW\,*O YS wYd/`\abnx S w]\ZSY*ZS1x ]\/`*4dY1,*1baq +\Wnj1E h1Y ]`\ab\ 4Z*ZS1 b\-\E hb\ f\`\j\E * hb\ ]W\f\D `1+d1baq ]\ZSY*ZS1 ]`ShSZ S ]\aW1/O ab,SyD *]`SY1`E 1aWS bm 4Z*1jnE V h1Yd ]`S,\O /qb f\`\jS1 /1W*E * V h1Yd P ]W\fS1E b1+1 +d/1b W1-h1 a b,1`/\abnp S Yd31ab,\Y ]`\bS,\ab\qbn /d`Z\Yd ,WSqZSp , jV\W1D ˛Z*yB V*VSYS +m Z1]`1\/\WSYmYS ZS V*4*WSan b,\S ]`\+W1YmE bm Z1 \/SZ\VD Z\-S1 Z*dhSWSan da]1jZ\ a]`*,Wqbnaq a b*VSYS 31 b`d/Z\abqYSD

1+1 ob\ b\31 ]\/ aSWdI dabn b1+1 , ob\Y ]\Y\31b 6Oy b\Y VZS-S w b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\amxD m d+1O /SjnaqE hb\ Z*SWdhjS1 a\,1bm Z*f\/qbaq , S+O WSSI 1 obd VZS-d ,\jWS YZ\-S1 a\,1bm S4 `d+`SVS w \]`\am Y\W\/13Sx 3d`Z*W* w `\+d/Sb1anIxE V\b\`my S4/*pb ,S/1b1WS 1-\,mD

10 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


, ob\y VZS-1 bm Z*y/1jnDDD

=

VWph1,m1 b1Vabm S4 S+WSSE ]\/h1`VS,*pkS1 -W*,Zdp YmaWn

˚

]`*VbSh1aVS1 ]\/aV*4VSE V\b\`m1 b1+1 \h1Zn ]\Y\-db

˛ ˚"& %DDD

4*ab*,WqpkS1 4*/dY*bnaq e*Vbm

?

]W*Z /1yab,SyI ı ,\4Y\3Z\abn Z*]Sa*bnE V*V bm a\+S`*1jnaq ]`SY1ZSbn ]`\hSb*ZZ\1

O ˚ H

˘ ,\]`\amE V\b\`m1 ]\Y\-db b1+1 ]\`*4YmjWqbn

* V`\Y1 b\-\DDD

Y\y /Z1,ZSV bm Y\31jn ,1abS /Z1,O ZSV P , V\Zg1 V*3/\-\ `*4/1W* /Wq ob\-\ \b,1/1Z* ab`*ZSg*

˚ ˛ "

`*aaV*4m \+ d]\YqZdbmf , S+WSS Wp/qfE V\b\`m1 /\ab\yZm ]\/`*3*ZSq



1

"˚ )

* ]1`1Y1Z1 YSY\ b1+qE /1`3*an ı 4* `dVSE ]`\f\/Sb O Z1 ,a1 `*,Z\ ]*`\hV*D b\ bm O 1YZ\-\ 4*,S/dp hd,ab,d1jnH O SWnZ\ 4*,S/dp m S/1jn a /`d4nqYS , VSZ\E Z\ \V*4m,*1baqE hb\ d ,a1fE V`\Y1 b1+qE 1abn ]*`*D b\ bm hd,ab,d1jnH

O Z1 ,a1 `*,Z\ O 1YZ\-\ Z1W\,V\ O SWnZ\ 4*,S/dp

,\y WdhjSy /`dZ1/*,Z\ Z*h*W a V1YOb\ ,ab`1h*bnaqD b\ bm hd,ab,d1jnH

O ) `*/ O 1YZ\-\ 4*,S/dp O ) 4Wpan

d/* ZS ]\aY\b`S P ,Wp+W1ZZm1 ]*`\hO VSD jV\W1E Z* dWSg1E , ad]1`Y*`V1b1D aqO VSy `*4 b1+q \/\W1,*1b \ab`\1 31W*ZS1 Z*yO bS ]*`d S a1+1D \ -\b\, WS bm V ob\YdH ˚aWS /* E b\ V*V Z*ybS b\-\E Vb\ ]\/f\/Sb b1+1H 1aWS bm Z*j1W b*V\-\ h1W\,1V*E V*V a\f`*O ZSbn hSab\bd \bZ\j1ZSy ,\ ,`1Yq df*3S,*O ZSqH W*,m 5P9 ]\Y\-db b1+1 \b,1bSbn Z* obS ,\]`\amD 13


1

\b\, WS q a V1YOb\ ,ab`1h*bnaqH Wp+\,np S a,S/*ZSqYS P a]W\jZ\y ]`1aaSZ-D b\Yd 31 ,\V`d- ab\WnV\ aSY]*bShZmf ]*`Z1yI SbZS 1V\b\`m1 /1,djVS b*V Z*ab\yhS,mI \`\y ‹ b`d/Z\ SY \bV*4*bnD \ q 4Z*pE hb\ aV*3db `\/Sb1WSE 1aWS q f\bq +m 4*SVZdan \+ ob\YD SWS]]

˝˚ ˚ +mbn `q/\Y a b1YE Vb\ Z`*,Sbaq b1+1 S V\Yd Z`*,Sjnaq bmE Y\31b +mbn Z1,1`\qbZ\ aSWnZmYE /*31 , \h1Zn pZ\Y ,\4`*ab1D ˙1,djV* ]\ SY1ZS ˙31ZSe1` ]\/1WSW*anB w 31 , 55 W1b q hd,ab,\,*W* a1+q Z1W\,V\ \b b\-\E hb\ 1k1 Z1 /`d3d a Y*WnhSV\YxD ,\b hb\ `*aaV*O 4*W* `SbZSB w˚aWS bm Z1 ,ab`1h*1jnaq P f\bn a V1YO ZS+d/nEP b\ , jV\W1 hd,ab,d1jn a1+q Z1]\WZ\g1ZZ\yIx 14 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


bmH \b\, WS bm V `\Y*ZbSh1aVSY \bZ\j1ZSqYH `13/1 h1Y \b,1bSbnE ]\/dY*y Z*/ \/ZSY ,*3ZmY ,\O ]`\a\YB

b\ 4Z*hSb w,ab`1h*bnaqxH

b,1bn Z* aW1/dpkS1 ,\]`\amB m h*ab\ ]`\,\/Sjn ,`1Yq a \/ZSY S b1Y 31 h1W\,1V\Y ]`\bS,\]\W\3Z\-\ ]\W*D m ,ab`1h*1b1anH

ı

O ˙* O 1b

m hd,ab,d1b1 ,4*SYZdp aSY]*bSpD 1aV\WnV\ `*4 , /1Zn ,m \+Y1ZS,*1b1an Oa\\+k1ZSqYS SWS `*4-\,*`S,*1b1 ]\ b1W1e\ZdD m ,ab`1h*1b1anH

O ˙* O 1b

*3/my `*4 , V\Y]*ZSS bm ,a1 a,\1 ,ZSO Y*ZS1 d/1Wq1jn \/Z\Yd S b\Yd 31 h1W\,1Vd ]`\bS,\]\W\3Z\-\ ]\W*D m ,ab`1h*1b1anH

O ˙* O 1b

V\`11 ,a1-\E Z* ]1`,my ,\]`\a bm \b,1bSW W1-V\E Z\ Z*/ /`d-SYS ]`SjW\an ]\/dY*bnD b\ 31 4Z*hSb P ,ab`1h*bnaqH \-/* Wp/S Sa]mbm,*pb /`d- V /`d-d `\O Y*ZbSh1aVS1 hd,ab,* S ,Y1ab1 ]`\,\/qb ,`1YqE V*Vdp +m e\`Yd Sf \+k1ZS1 ZS ]`SZSY*W\E b\ Y\3Z\ ahSO b*bnE hb\ \ZS ,ab`1h*pbaqD ˛Z*hSbE ]`*,SWnZmy \b,1b Z* ,a1 b`S ,\]`\a* P /*D ˚aWS ,mE 4Z*q \ hd,ab,*f /`d/`d-*E ]\ab\qZZ\ \+k*1b1an WShZ\ SWS ]\ b1W1e\ZdE \bO V`mb\ SWS b*yZ\ P ob\ Y\3Z\ Z*4,*bn `\Y*ZbSh1aVSO YS \bZ\j1ZSqYSD \ -\b\, WS bm V b*V\y \b,1bab,1ZZ\O abSH W1/dpkS1 b`S ,\]`\a* ]\Y\-db b1+1 ob\ ]\ZqbnD

*VS1 d b1+q Z*Y1`1ZSqH \ YZ\-Sf VdWnbd`*f df*3S,*ZS1 S a,S/*ZSq P Z\`O Y*WnZmy a]\a\+ ]\4Z*V\YSbnaq ]\+WS31D \WnV\ d a,SO /*ZSy /\W3Z* +mbn /\ab\yZ*q g1Wn P ]\Y\hn pZ\j1 S /1,djV1 \]`1/1WSbnE f\bqb WS \ZS ]\31ZSbnaqD

/Z*V\ Z1V\b\`m1 V df*3S,*ZSqY \bZ\aqbaq W1-O V\YmaW1ZZ\D ZS Z1 a\+S`*pbaq ,abd]*bn , +`*VE ]`\ab\ SY Z`*,Sbaq \+k*bnaq a \]`1/1W1ZZmY h1W\,1O V\YD /Wq Z1V\b\`mf ,\\+k1 /`d- SWS ]\/`d-* P ob\

\b\, WS q a V1YOb\ ,ab`1h*bnaqH 15


ab`1h*qan +14 Z*Y1`1ZSq ,abd]Sbn , +`*VE bm ]\abd]*1jn V*V `1+1Z\VE V\b\`my d,W1V*1baq Z\,\y S-`djV\yE * ]\b\Y +`\a*1b 11 Z1 +\Wnj1 h1Y b`\e1y Sf Wp+\,O Zmf ]\+1/ SWS Y\/Zmy *Va1aadO *`E V\b\`mY Y\3Z\ ]\V`*a\,*bnO aq S ]\b1jSbn a,\1 a*Y\Wp+S1D

/Z*V\ h*ab\ b*VS1 ]\,1`fZ\abO Zm1 \bZ\j1ZSq +mab`\ 4*V*ZhSO ,*pbaqD \b hb\ 4*Y1bSW* /1,djO V* ]\ SY1ZS S`*B w Z\-S1 pZm1 ]*`m `*aab*pbaq ,a1-\ WSjn h1`14 Z1/1Wp SWS /,1D \Y*ZbSh1aVS1 \bZ\j1ZSq ab*Z\,qbaq /Wq ZSf h1YOb\ ,`\/1 `*4,W1h1ZSqD Z1V\b\`\Y aYmaO W1E \ZS -\b\,qbaq Z1 V +`*VdE *E aV\`11E V `*4,\/dxD `\Y1 b\-\E 4*,q4m,*q `\Y*ZbSh1aVdp /`d3+dE Z1 4*+m,*yE hb\ d /`d-\-\ h1W\,1V* b\31 1abn hd,ab,*D \O ob\Yd d+1/SanE hb\ b,\S Z*Y1`1ZSq /\ab\yZmD \b1W +m bmE hb\+m Vb\Ob\ S-`*W a b,\SYS hd,ab,*YSE V*V a S-`djV\yEP ]\S-`*W S +`\aSWH ˙1,djV*E V\b\`dp 4\O ,db 1WaSE -\,\`SbB w Z\-/* q /dY*pE hb\ /`d3+* a ]*`O Z1Y P ]`\ab\ 4*+*,*D \ V\-/* \/SZ \bZ\aSbaq V ob\Yd a1`n14Z\E * /`d-\y P Z1bE ab*Z\,Sbaq Z1 /\ jdb\VxD

V\WnV\ b1+1 W1bH V*V\Y ,\4`*ab1E ]\Ob,\1YdE /\]dabSYm `\Y*ZbSO h1aVS1 \bZ\j1ZSqH ı ........... 1]1`n a]`\aS \+ ob\Y a,\Sf `\/Sb1W1y S Z*]SjS \b,1bD DDDDDDDDDDD 1`\qbZ\E ]1`,*q gSe`* Y1Znj1 ,b\`\yD Y\31bE S Z1bD \4Y\3Z\E bmE V*V S YZ\-S1 ]\/`\abVSE ]\abd]*O 1jn Yd/`\ S Z1 b\`\]Sjnaq a\ a,S/*ZSqYSE \3S/*q ,`1Y1ZSE V\-/* ]\,4`\aW11jn S Wdhj1 d4Z*1jn a*Y\-\ a1+qD Y1ZZ\ b*V\y Z*ab`\y ]`\q,Wq1b 5;OW1bZqq ˙*O ZSoWW*D Z* -\,\`SbB w \E hb\ q f\b1W* ,S/1bn , a,\O 16 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am

' ' ˚ ˚ ˝˚ ˝˚ ˚# ˚ ) ˚# ˚ ) ˚ ˚ 5E 5E 6= 6= 7> 7>


1Y +d/dk1Y Yd31 /,* -\/* Z*4*/E , V\`Z1 \bWSh*1baq \b b\-\E h1-\ q \3S/*p a1-\/O ZqD 1abZ\ -\,\`qE q S a1yh*a Z1 Y\-d 1k1 \]`1/1WSbnaqE h1-\ SY1ZZ\ q f\hdD \-/* f\bq +m ]*`d W1b q +d/d hd,ab,\,*bnE hb\ Y\q WShZ\abn +\W11OY1Z11 ae\`YS`\O ,*W*anE b\-/* S ]\/dY*p \ b\YE hb\+m Z*h*bn a V1YOZS+d/n ,ab`1h*bnaqxD ˚abn 1k1 \/Z* ]`ShSZ*E ]\h1Yd `*O 4dYZ11 Z1 b\`\]SbnaqD `1YqE V\-/* ]\W\,\1 ,W1h1ZS1 S `\Y*ZbSh1aVS1 hd,O ab,* \a\+1ZZ\ aSWnZmE , S+WSS Z*4m,*O 1baq w`*ag,1b\Y pZ\abSx L5 \`SZeqZ*Y ;B7:MD ˚aWS d b1+q 1k1 Z1 YSZdW `*ag,1b pZ\abSE +WS4V\1 \+k1ZS1 a h1W\,1V\Y ]`\bS,\]\W\3Z\-\ ]\W* Y\31b daSWSbn ob\ ,W1h1ZS1 S ]`S,1abS V /d`ZmY ]\abd]V*YD \4Y\3Z\E /Wq b,\O Sf \/Z\VW*aaZSV\, ]\/\+O ˛ ˚"& %DDD Zm1 `*aad3/1ZSq P ]dab\y 4,dVD YZ\-Sf Z* dY1 b\WnV\

\-W*aZ\ YZ\-\hSaO \/Z\ P w]\]`\+\,*bnx a1VaD W1ZZmY SaaW1/\,*ZSqYE \ bm Y\31jn +mbn ,mj1 b1E Vb\ ,abd]*1b , +`*V b*V\-\ ]`S41YW1ZZ\-\ YmjO , ,\4`*ab1 /\ 6> W1bE W1ZSqI L SYWqZ*Y 56B6MD 1Y ,1`\qbZ\E `*4,1/dbaq +\W11 hb\ S+WSq ]`S4m,*1b , b1h1ZS1 9 W1bD b1+q wS4+1-*bn ]\W\,\y `*aO ]dk1ZZ\abSx L5 \`SZeqZ*Y :B5<E W*-*q ,1abnMD ˚aWS ]\/\3/*bnE ]\V* Z1 ]`\y/1b `*ag,1b pZ\abSE b\ +d/1b W1-h1 w\b,`*bSbn +1/dx L'VO VW14S*ab 55B5>MD

?

\b\, WS bm V ,abd]W1ZSp , +`*VH ˙Wq b\-\ hb\+m \b,1bSbn Z* ob\b ,\]`\aE Zd3Z\ ,ZSO Y*b1WnZ\ ]\aY\b`1bn Z* a1+qD \/dY*y Z*/ aW1/dpO kSYD

bZ\j1ZSqD *VS1 d b1+q \bZ\j1ZSq a `\/Sb1WqO YSE * b*V31 a b,\SYS +`*bnqYS S a1ab`*YSH *ab\ WS , `*4-\,\`1 a ZSYS bm ,mf\/Sjn S4 a1+qE q4,Sjn SWS

\b\, WS q a V1YOb\ ,ab`1h*bnaqH 17


‘‘

˙dY*pE hb\ ,ab`1h*bnaq Y\3Z\ b\-/*E V\-/* ob\b h1W\,1V hb\Ob\ /Wq b1+q 4Z*hSb S V\-/* V*31baqE hb\ d ,*jSf \bZ\j1ZSy 1abn +d/dk11D ˙Wq b1+q ,*O 31Z a*Y h1W\,1VE * Z1 31W*ZS1 ]`\ab\ 'Y+1` ,ab`1h*bnaq a V1YOZS+d/n

’’

-`d+SjnH hb\ \ZS aV*3db \ b1+1 , ob\Y \bZ\j1ZSSH \E V*V bm \+k*1jnaq a `\/ZmYSE ]\V*4m,*1bE V*V bm +d/1jn \bZ\aSbnaq V a,\1Yd a]dbZSVd 3S4ZSD L `\hSO b*y 'e1aqZ*Y 8B75DM *ab`\yD ˝S4Z1`*/\abZmy bm SWS ,1hZ\ Z1/\,\WnO ZmyH \VW*/Sabmy SWS ,a1-/* Z*ab*S,*1jn Z* a,\1YH \31jn WS a\f`*Zqbn a]\V\yab,S1 , ab`1aa\,\y aSbdO *gSSH ˚abn WS d b1+q b1`]1ZS1H *4,S,*q , a1+1 ]W\/ \3n1-\ /df* a1yh*aE bm ab*Z1jn f\`\jSY Yd31Y SWS 31Z\y , +d/dk1YD L `\hSb*y *W*b*Y 9B66E 67DM ˙1Zn-SD *V bm `*a]\`q3*1jnaq /1Zn-*YSH *ab\ WS bm V\YdOb\ /\W31ZH /*1baq WS b1+1 d/1`3*bnO aq Z* `*+\h1Y Y1ab1H ˚aWS Z1bE b\ hb\ b\Yd ,SZ\yH *Y* `*+\b*H *+\b\/*b1WSH WS 31 b,\S ]`S,mhVS S h1`bm f*`*Vb1`*E Z*/ V\b\`mYS Z*/\ `*+\b*bnH ˚aO WS bm Z1 dY11jn ]`*,SWnZ\ `*a]\`q3*bnaq /1Zn-*YSE b\ V*V bm +d/1jn a\/1`3*bn a1YnpH L `\hSb*y 5 SY\O e1p 9B<DM ˚ ˙df\,Z\abnD ˚aWS bm ,S/1b1Wn 1-\,mE hb\ bm `\hSb*y 6 1b`* Y\31jn aV*4*bn \ a,\1y /dO 5B9Q; S ,m+1`S V*h1O f\,Z\abSH Zb1`1aZ\ WS b1O ab,\E Z*/ V\b\`mY b1+1 +1 hSb*bn W\,\ \-*E ]`SO Z*/\ `*+\b*bnE hb\+m ZSY*bn dh*abS1 , aWd31ZSS ]\/-\b\,Sbnaq V df*3SO S , f`SabS*ZaVSf ,ab`1h*fH ,*ZSp S +`*VdD 1`14 ,\y +d/dkSy a]dbZSV 3S4O Y1aqg ]`\,1`nE hb\ bm ZS /\ab\SZ b\-\E hb\+m `qO d4Z*W \+ ob\Y V*h1ab,1 /\Y a ZSY +mW /df\,Z\ S ab*W WS ]`\q,Wqbn 1-\ Wdhj1D 4`1Wmy h1W\,1VD L `\hSb*y 'VVW14S*ab 8B=E 5>D)

18 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


=

r *aad/Sb1WnZmy \+/dYm,*1b a,\S j*-SsD `SbhS 58B59 Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™

b\ bm Y\31jn /1W*bn `1/ab*,nE hb\ b1+1 ,/`d- aV*4*WS a/*,*bn oV4*Y1Z ]\ ]`1/Y1bdE V\b\`my b1+1 b\WnV\ Z*h*WS ]`1]\/*,*bnD dE ob\ +mW\ +m Z1h1abZ\I 1+1 Zd3Z\ ,`1YqE hb\+m S4dhSbn ]`1/Y1b S ]\/-\b\,Sbnaq V oV4*Y1ZdD \ 31 a*Y\1E 1aWS b1+q ]\/b*WVS,*pb a V1YOb\ ,ab`1O h*bnaqE V\-/* bm V ob\Yd Z1 -\b\,D *V Ym d,S/1WSE V df*3S,*ZSp Z1Wn4q \bZ\aSbnaq W1-V\YmaW1ZZ\D *V hb\ ]1`1/ b1YE V*V a\a`1/\b\hSbn a,\1 ,ZSY*ZS1 Z* V*V\YOb\ \/Z\Y h1W\,1V1E Zd3Z\ ,`1YqE hb\+m S4dhSbn \h1Zn ,*3Zmy w]`1/Y1bx P a\4/*ZS1 ]`\hZ\y /`d3O +mD ]\b\YE V\-/* bm ,ab`1bSjn b\-\E Vb\ b1+1 ]\/f\O /SbE bm +d/1jn , a\ab\qZSS ]\ab`\Sbn V`1]VS1 \bZ\O j1ZSqD 1/n f\`\jSy +`*V P ob\ a\p4 /,df f\`\jSf /`d41yD

]W*Z /1yab,SyI b\+m Wdhj1 ]\/-\b\,Sbnaq V +`*VdE YZ1 Zd3Z\ `*+\b*bn Z*/ b*VSYS V*h1ab,*YSE V*VDDD

ı ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

*+\b*bn Z*/ obSYS V*h1ab,*YS YZ1 ]\Y\31bDDD ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................


\,`1Y1ZS, a df*3S,*ZSqYSE bm Z1 \-`*ZShSjn a,\p a,\+\/dD *]`\bS,E d b1+q +d/1b +\Wnj1 a,\+\O /mE hb\+m w,1a1WSbnaqDDD ]\V* bm pZx L'VVW14S*ab 55B=MD b1+q +d/1b ,`1Yq ae\`YS`\,*bnaq V*V WShZ\abn SE hb\ 1k1 ,*3Z11E `*4,Sbn a,\p /df\,Z\abn L W*h 1`1YSS 7B6;MD ]\V* bm Y\31jn ]`SqbZ\ ]`\,\/Sbn ,`1Yq a\ a,\O SYS `\,1aZSV*YS ]`\bS,\]\W\3Z\-\ ]\W*D *VH dhj1 ,a1-\E 1aWS bm +d/1jn \+k*bnaq , V\Y]*ZSqf ]\/ ]`SO aY\b`\Y V\-\Ob\ S4 ,4`\aWmfD ˙1,djV* ]\ SY1ZS oYYS -\,\`SbB w) /dY*pE hb\ , b*V\y V\Y]*ZSS SZb1`1aZ11D dhj1 SY1bn YZ\-\ /`d41yxD *V 31 ahSb*1b S \ZSV*B w'b\ ]`1V`*aZ*q S/1qD V\Y]*ZSS bm d4Z*1jn `*4Zmf Wp/1yxD ˚aWS 31 bm ]\a]1jSjn a\a`1/\b\hSbnaq Z* V\YOb\ \/Z\YE b\ \+`1h1jn a1+q Z* /dj1,Zm1 ab`*/*ZSqD \O ob\Yd Z1 b\`\]SanD \V* bm Y\W\/E Sa]\Wn4dy ,`1YqE hb\+m Z*dhSbnaq `*4,S,*bn S a\f`*Zqbn /`d3+dD ]\4O 31E 1aWS bm `1jSjn a V1YOb\ ,ab`1h*bnaqE bm d31 +dO /1jn SY1bn ]`1/ab*,W1ZS1 \ b\YE Vb\ bm 1abn S h1-\ bm \3S/*1jn \b a]dbZSV* 3S4ZSD ˚˙ (#˚• ˚ \4ZSV*1b WS d b1+q SaVdj1ZS1 a V1YOb\ ,ab`1h*bnaq ,b*yZ1 \b `\/Sb1W1yH 'b\ V`\1b , a1+1 -\`*4/\ +\Wnjdp \]*aZ\abnE h1Y bmE ,\4Y\3Z\E /dY*1jnD

O ˚ H

˘ *V +mW\ +m dY1abZ\ \+k*bnaq a `\,1aZSV*YS ]`\bS,\]\W\3Z\-\ ]\W*H ˘ b\ +m bm ]\a\,1b\,*W a,\1Yd +`*bd SWS a1ab`1E 1aWS \ZS f\bqb a V1YOb\ ,ab`1h*bnaqE Z\ SY 1k1 `*Z\H ˘ ˚aWS bm a V1YOb\ ,ab`1h*1jnaqE Z1 a\+S`*qan ,abd]Sbn , +`*VE b\ V*V ob\ Y\31b \b`*4Sbnaq Z* hd,ab,*f b\-\ h1W\,1V*H

20 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


2

b\ ]W\f\-\ , b*yZmf a,S/*ZSqfH ˙31aaSV* +mW* Z* `*a]dbn1D a1 Z*h*W\an a b\-\E hb\ 11 \/Z\VW*aaZSVE ˙31`1YSE ab*W ]`\q,Wqbn V Z1y ,ZSY*ZS1D w Z b*V\y aSY]*O bShZmy ]*`1ZnEP ]`S4Z*W*an ˙31aaSV*DP ˙1,h\ZVS , \/SZ -\W\a b,1`/SWSE hb\ +\W11 ]\`q/\hZ\-\ YZ1 Z1 Z*ybSD Z\-S1 f\b1WS a ZSY /`d3SbnE Z\ \Z ,m+`*W Y1ZqxD aV\`1 ˙31`1YS ]`1/W\3SW ˙31aaSV1 ,ab`1h*bnaqD ˙31aaSV* 1Yd \b,1bSW*E hb\ \Z* ,S/1b1Wn 1-\,m S 1y Z1 `*4`1j*O pb ,ab`1h*bnaq a b1YSE Vb\ Z1 `*4/1Wq1b 11 ,1`mD Z* ,a]\YSZ*1bB w \-/* d ˙31`1YS `\/SW*an S/1qD Z aV*4*WB t /*,*y +d/1Y /`d3Sbn ,b*yZ1 \b b,\Sf `\/Sb1W1yIrxD

˚ Z1+14`*4WShZmy b1+1 h1O W\,1V a/1W*W +m b*V\1 ]`1/W\O 31ZS1E V*V +m bm ]\abd]SWH \O 31bE bm d/S,SjnaqE Z\ ˙31aaSV* ]`SZqW* ]W*Z ˙31`1YSD Z* `*aaV*4*W*B w) +mW* d,1`1Z*E hb\ 1aWS Z*hZd a ZSY ,ab`1h*bnaqE b\ ]\Y\-d 1Yd ]\Wp+Sbn 1-\,dxD b\ S4 ob\-\ ,mjW\E Ym d4Z*1Y ]\431D aZ*h*W* ,mqaZSYE ]\h1Yd Z1V\O b\`m1 ]\//*pbaq a\+W*4Zd S Z*O hSZ*pb b*yZ\ ,ab`1h*bnaqD

b\ Sf V ob\Yd ]\+d3/*1bH ˛*h1Y ,ab`1h*bnaq b*yO Z\H (Z\j* ]\ SY1ZS ˙*,S/


b\hZ\ ]\/Y1bSWB w ZS 4Z*pbE hb\ `\/Sb1WS SY Z1 `*4`1O j*bE ,\b \ZS SY S Z1 -\,\`qbxD ˙31yZ \bY1bSW* 1k1 \/O Zd ,1`\qbZdp ]`ShSZdD w *yZmy `\Y*Z P ob\ ]\]mbV* /\V*4*bn a,\p a*Y\ab\qb1WnZ\abnD ˚aWS a b\+\y \+`*O k*pbaq V*V a `1+1ZV\YE b\-/* V*V bm hd,ab,d1jn a1+q ,4`\aWmYE f\h1baq aV*4*bnB q +d/d /1W*bn ,a1E hb\ f\hdE S Z1 \+q4*Z \bhSbm,*bnaq ]1`1/ `\/Sb1WqYSxD \31jn WS bm Z*4,*bn /`d-S1 ]`ShSZmE ]\h1Yd Z1O V\b\`m1 ,ab`1h*pbaq b*yZ\H *]SjS Sf ZS31D

ı ............................................................................. .............................................................................

\Z1hZ\E bm 4Z*1jnE hb\ S+WSq ,1O WSb b1+1 aWdj*bnaq `\/Sb1W1y L'e1aqO Z*Y :B5MD `*4 \ZS Z1 /*pb b1+1 ,ab`1O h*bnaqE d ZSf /\W3Zm +mbn Z* b\ ,1aVS1 ]`ShSZmD 1Y Z1 Y1Z11 Z1dO /S,Sb1WnZ\E hb\ b1+q +d/db ]\a1k*bn b*VS1 YmaWSB ˘ ) hd,ab,dp a1+q S4-\1YE ]\b\O Yd hb\ ,a1 ,ab`1h*pbaqE V`\Y1 Y1ZqD ˘ 1Zq bqZ1b V b\YdE Vb\ Z1 `*4/1Wq1b Y\1y ,1`mD ˘ ) +m f\b1W ,ab`1h*bnaq a V1YOb\ S4 a\+`*ZSqE f\bn YZ1 1k1 `*Z\ ,abd]*bn , +`*VD

mE Z*,1`Z\1E /\-*/mO ,*1jnaqE V*V\y +mW* +m `1*VgSq `\/Sb1W1yE `*aO aV*3S bm SY \+ obSf YmaWqfD , -Wd+SZ1 /dO jS 4Z*1jnE hb\ \ZS ]`*,mD \ , b\ 31 ,`1O Yq bmE ,\4Y\3Z\E /dO Y*1jnE V*V /1,djV* ]\ SY1ZS *Z*YSB


w˙*,W1ZS1 Z*ab\WnV\ aSWnZ\1E hb\ ,`1Y1Z*YS q V\O W1+Wpan , a,\Sf d+13/1ZSqfD ˙Wq Y\W\/13S a1-\O /Zq Z1YmaWSY\ Z1 ,ab`1h*bnaqD `\Y1 b\-\E +mbn \/O Z\y Z1 \h1ZnOb\ ,1a1W\Ix b*V\y aSbd*gSS Z1V\b\`m1 Z*hSZ*pb ,ab`1h*bnaq ,b*yZ1 \b a,\Sf `\/Sb1W1yD *VH

w *Y aV*4*WS /1`3*bn ob\ , b*yZ1x *Y b1`YSZ wb*yZm1 a,S/*ZSqx ]`1/]\W*-*1b \]`1O /1W1ZZdp Y1`d \+Y*Z* P ]`\ab\ +14 ob\-\ Z1 \+\ybSanD 1V\b\`mY d/*1baq f`*ZSbn , b*yZ1 a,\S \bZ\j1ZSqE \+k*qan , \aZ\,Z\Y ]\ b1W1e\Zd SWS h1`14 Zb1`Z1bD * Wp/qf \ZS ]`\ab\ /`d4nqE Z\ Sf oW1Vb`\ZZ*q ]1`1O ]SaV*E Oa\\+k1ZSq S `*4-\,\`m ]\ b1W1e\Zd `SadO pb a\,1`j1ZZ\ SZdp V*`bSZdD ˚k1 \/Z* fSb`*q b*VbSV* P ,ab`1h*bnaq , V\Y]*O ZSSE Z\ b*VE hb\+m 31W*pkS1 Y\-WS ]\b\Y \b/1WSbnaq S ]\+mbn ,/,\1YD \b hb\ aV*4*W ˙31yYaB w *VOb\ `*4 Ym a\+`*WSan a ]`Sqb1WqYSE * ]\b\Y d4Z*WSE hb\ ,a1 ob\ `*/S b\-\E hb\+m \/Z* ]*`\hV* Y\-W* ]\+mbn ,Y1O ab1D *Y aV*4*WS /1`3*bn ob\ , b*yZ1xD *ab\E V*V 4*Y1bSW ˙31yYaE b*yZm1 a,S/*ZSq ,\4O Y\3Zm ]`S a\/1yab,SS /`d41yD w 1`1/V\ V*V YSZSO YdY \/SZ /`d- , Vd`a1 /1W*E Z\ ]`1/]\hSb*1b Y\WO h*bnE hb\+m Z1 ]`\aWmbn /\Z\ahSV\YxEP 4*Y1bSW* o`\WD Z\-/* /\f\/Sb /\ \bV`\,1ZZ\y W3SD \ aW\O ,*Y 5;OW1bZ1y 1bE wYZ\-SYE hb\+m SY1bn ,\4Y\3Z\abn ˛ ˚"& %DDD b*yZ\ ,ab`1h*bnaqE ]`Sf\O `\hZm1 ,4*SY\O /Sbaq W-*bn `\/Sb1WqYE Vd/* \bZ\j1ZSq ab`\qbaq \ZS S/dbxD Sa*VSE V\b\`\y Z* /\,1`SSD ab`1h*qan 5= W1bE SY1ZZ\ b*V S /1W*O b*yZ\E bm \+Y*Zm,*1jn W*D Z* `*aaV*4*W*B w) ]`SO /\,1`S1 `\/Sb1W1y S ‹ /dYm,*W* aVW*/Zm1 Sab\`SS ]\`bSjn \bZ\j1ZSq SE hb\+m Z1 ]\b1`qbn /\,1O a b1YE a V1Y ,ab`1O `Sq `\/Sb1W1yE ab*`*W*an ZS h*1jnaqD , h1Y /`d-\Y Sf Z1 \+Y*ZmO ,*bnxD

?

b\ ]W\f\-\ , b*yZmf a,S/*ZSqfH 23


=

r \ ,a1Y f\bSY ,1abS a1+q h1abZ\sD ˚,`1qY 57B5< ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

]*aZ\abS b*yZmf a,S/*ZSy ˚aWS bm ab\Sjn ]1`1/ a\+W*4Z\Y b*yZmf a,S/*O ZSy P SWS d31 b*yZ\ a V1YOb\ ,ab`1h*1jnaqEP b1+1 Z*/\ 4*/*bn a1+1 aW1/dpkS1 /,* ,\]`\a*B 1Y ob\ 4*V\ZhSbaqH \+S`*1jnaq WS bm ,aV\`1 ,abd]Sbn a obSY h1W\,1V\Y , +`*VH w ab`1h*bnaqE Z1 a\+S`*qan ]\31ZSbnaqEP ob\ ,a1 `*,Z\ hb\ `1VW*YSO `\,*bn V*VdpOb\ ,1knE Z1 a\+S`*qan 11 ]`\/*,*bnxEP aV*4*W 6>OW1bZSy ',*ZD h1Yd ob\ ]`S,\/SbH `SbO h*f 57B56 -\,\`SbaqB w b 4*bqZd,j1-\aq \3S/*ZSq +\O WSb a1`/g1xD \h1jn WS bm ]`ShSZSbn /dj1,Zdp +\Wn b\YdE Vb\ b1+1 Z`*,SbaqH \/dY*y 1k1 ,\b \ h1YB b*yZ\ ,ab`1h*qanE bm \bV*4m,*1jnaq \b Wp+,S S 4*+\O bm a,\Sf `\/Sb1W1y S /`d-Sf ,4`\aWmf Wp/1yE V\b\`m1 \ b1+1 +1a]\V\qbaqD S4O4* ob\-\ ,\4`*ab*1b ,1`\qbO Z\abn b\-\E hb\ bm ]\]*/1jn , W\,djVd a1Vad*WnZ\y +14Z`*,ab,1ZZ\abS L *W*b*Y :B;MD b\ \+ ob\Y /dY*1b \- 1-\,*H S+WSS aV*4*O Z\E hb\ w,a1 \+Z*31Z\ S \bV`mb\ ]1`1/ -W*4*YS b\-\E V\Yd Ym /*/SY \bh1bx L˚,`1qY 8B57MD \ob\YdE 1aWS bm ]mb*1jnaq aV`mbn ]\f\3/1ZSq P a,\S SWS a,\1-\ /`dO -*EP ]\YZSB 1-\,* \ ZSf d31 4Z*1bD 1aWS b1+1 ]`SO f\/Sbaq W-*bnE ab\Sb ,a1`n14 4*/dY*bnaqD 1-\,* \Z1Z*,S/Sb W\3nD 13/d ]`\hSYE wW3S,my q4mVx ab\Sb hdbn WS Z1 Z* ]1`,\Y Y1ab1 , a]SaV1 Z1Z*,SabZmf /Wq Z1-\ ,1k1y L `SbhS :B5:P5=MD \W\3S V\Z1g \+Y*Zd 14daW\,Z\E b1+1 Wdhj1 ]\-\,\`Sbn a `\/Sb1WqYS SWS a V1YOb\ S4 /df\,Z\ 4`1Wmf f`SabS*Z \ Wp+mf b*yO Zmf \bZ\j1ZSqfE , V\b\`m1 bmE ,\4Y\3Z\E ,\,W1h1ZD ˚aWS d b1+q 1abn /`d-E V\b\`my a V1YOb\ b*yZ\ ,ab`1O h*1baqE Z1 ab*Z\,San a\dh*abZSV\YE ]\Y\-*q 1Yd ,a1 aV`m,*bn L5 SY\e1p 9B66MD ,/`d- /1W\ ]W\f\ V\ZO 24 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


\Wh*bn \ b\YE hb\ b,\y /`d- a V1YOb\ b*yZ\ ,ab`1h*1baqEP ,a1 `*,Z\ hb\ ]`SV`m,*bn /S*+1bSV*E V\b\`my b*yZ\ ]\1/*1b aW*/\abS hSbaqH *4,1 bm Z1 +d/1jn f\bq +m \bO h*abS ,SZ\,*bH *V\O ,\ b1+1 +d/1bH ˙Wq ]`SY1`*B hb\E 1aWS +m d b1+q +mW /`d-E ab`*/*pkSy a*f*`ZmY /S*+1b\YE V\b\`my +m b*yV\Y ]\1/*W aW*/\abS S dY\WqW b1+q ZSV\Yd \+ ob\Y Z1 `*aaV*4m,*bnH h1Y +m bm +1a]\V\SWaq , ]1`O ,dp \h1`1/n P V*V ]`SV`mbn 1-\ SWS V*V a]*abS 1Yd 3S4ZnH \/\+Z\1 ]`\Saf\/SbE V\-/* Vb\Ob\ S4 b,\Sf /`d41y Z*hSZ*1b b*yZ\ ,ab`1h*bnaqD 1 +\yaqE hb\ Z*,1VS ]\O b1`q1jn /`d-*I \ ,`1Y1Z1Y Z*ab\qkSy /`d- ]\yY1bE hb\ bm /1yab,\,*W 1Yd 31 ,\ +W*-\ L a*W\Y 585B9MD

`*,\ Z* WShZdp 3S4Zn \Z1hZ\E a1V`1bZ\abn , a,q4S a df*3S,*ZS1Y Z1 ,a1-/* ]\/`*4dY1,*1b \+Y*ZD *]`SY1`E 1aWS /,\1 Y\O W\/mf Wp/1y f\bqb Wdhj1 ˚ d4Z*bn /`d- /`d-*E b\ \ZS Y\-db ]\31W*bn ,`1Y1ZZ\ m Z1 \+q4*Zm wb`dO Z1 ]`1/*,*bn a,\S \bZ\j1O +Sbnx \ a,\1y /`d3+1D ZSq \-W*aV1D \h1YdH \W\O /Z*V\ `*aaV*3Sb1 /\y h1W\,1V ]\ SY1ZS \Y*a \ Z1y b1YE Vb\ SY11b ]`S,\/Sb b*Vdp ]`ShSZdB ]`*,\ 4Z*bnEP ,*jSY w 1 f\h1baqE hb\+m b1+1 /\O `\/Sb1WqYD Vdh*WS ,\]`\a*YS bS]*B t d S V\-/* ,m ]\31ZSb1anHrxD

b\ ]W\f\-\ , b*yZmf a,S/*ZSqfH 25


1Zd3Z\1 /*,W1ZS1 \V`d3*pkSf Y\31b +mbn /*O 31 ,`1/ZmY L 1aZn ]1aZ1y 6B;MD \ob\Yd Z* ]1`,mf ]\`*f df*3S,*ZSq Z1V\b\`m1 Z1+14\aZ\,*b1WnZ\ ]`1/]\hSb*pb Z1 ,mab*,Wqbn a,\S \bZ\j1ZSq Z*O ]\V*4 L `SbhS 5>B5=MD w *V ]\q,Wq1baq ,`1Yq ,a1 f\O `\j1ZnV\ \+/dY*bnEP aV*4*W* 6>OW1bZqq ZZ*DP ˚aWS ,*jS \bZ\j1ZSq ab*Z\,qbaq +\W11 a1`n14ZmYSE b\-/* Y\3Z\ ,ab`1h*bnaq \bV`mb\xD `S ob\Y +mW\ +m Z1]`*,SWnZ\ aV`m,*bn a,\S \bO Z\j1ZSq \b b1fE Vb\ SY11b ]`*,\ \ ZSf 4Z*bnE Z*]`SO Y1` \b a,\SfE * b*V31 \b 1-\ LSWS 11M `\/Sb1W1yD ˚aWS 31 bm Z1 Y\31jn ,a1 SY h1abZ\ `*aaV*4*bnE b\ a]`\O aS a1+q ]\h1Yd H ˛Z*1jn WS bm , -Wd+SZ1 /djSE hb\ b,\S `\/Sb1WS +d/db ]`\bS, S hb\ Sf ]`\b1ab ,a1Ob*VS +d/1b \+\aZ\,*ZH

w) ]\ZqW*E hb\ YZ1 Z*/\ /1W*bnx ˙31aaSV*E \ V\b\`\y -\,\`SW\an ,Z*h*W1E `1jSW* ]`1V`*bSbn b*yZm1 a,S/*ZSq a ˙31`1YSE V\-/* daWmO j*W* ]\f\3dp Sab\`Sp \/Z\y f`SabS*ZVSD w 4Z*,E

]W*Z /1yab,SyI ˚aWS q b*yZ\ ,ab`1h*pan a V1YOb\ S4 a\,1`dpkSfE qDDD

ı .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

˚aWS Y\y /`d- a V1YOb\ b*yZ\ ,ab`1h*1baqE qDDD .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................


‘‘

) ]`1V`*bSW* b*yZ\ ,ab`1h*bnaqD \Z1hZ\E V*3/my /1Zn ,S/1bnaq a obSY ]*`Z1Y , jV\W1 +mW\ Z1W1-V\D \ 1-\,* \- 4Z*1b +\Wnj1E h1Y YmD ˚Yd Z*/\ ˙31aaSV* ]`\ab\ /\,1`qbn

’’

V*V \Z* ]\`,*W* a\ a,\SY /`d-\YEP `*aaV*4*W* ˙31aO ‹ aSV*EP q ]\ZqW*E hb\ YZ1 Z*/\ /1W*bnxD 1-V\ WS /*Waq 1y ob\b j*-H w'b\ +mW 1/SZab,1ZZmy ]*`1ZnE V\O b\`my YZ1 ,\\+k1 V\-/*OWS+\ ]\OZ*ab\qk1Yd Z`*,SWO aqEP ]`S4Z*W*an ˙31aaSV*DP ) `1,1W* Z1aV\WnV\ Z1O /1Wn ]\/`q/xD \ ˙31aaSV* 4Z*W*E hb\ Wp+Sb 1-\,dD \bq \Z* a+SW*an a ]dbSE Z* a*Y\Y /1W1 \Z* 31W*W* ]\abd]*bn ]`*,SWnZ\D \ ,`1Y1Z1Y +\Wn `*aab*,*ZSq dbSfW*D w 1O ]1`n Y\S \bZ\j1ZSq a 1-\,\y Wdhj1E h1Y V\-/*OWSO +\ ]`13/1EP -\,\`Sb ˙31aaSV*DP ) b*V +W*-\/*`O Z*E hb\ \Z /*1b Z*Y `dV\,\/ab,\ , a*Ymy Zd3Zmy Y\Y1ZbIx ˚˙ (#˚• ˚ m d31 /\ab*b\hZ\ 4`1WE hb\+m

,ab`1h*bnaqE S b1+1 Vb\Ob\ Z`*,SbaqD \ V*V d4Z*bnE ]\/f\/Sb1 WS ,m /`d- /`d-dH

O ˚ H

˘ 4-WqZS 1k1 `*4 Z* aW\,*E ,m/1W1ZZm1 3S`ZmY j`Seb\Y Z* ab`*ZSg1 66D m,*W\ WS hb\Ob\ ]\f\311 a b\+\y H ˘ *V a obSY a]`*,SbnaqE Z1 4*,\/q b*yZ\y /`d3+mH ˘ ˚aWS +m bm d4Z*WE hb\ b,\y /`d- ,b*yZ1 a V1YOb\ ,ab`1h*1baqE b\ hb\ +m bm a/1W*WH \h1YdH

b\ ]W\f\-\ , b*yZmf a,S/*ZSqfH 27


3

\/f\/SY WS Ym /`d/`d-dH


/1WS ]*`d YSZdbE hb\+m \b,1bSbn Z* ,\]`\O am ob\-\ b1ab*D *VSYS V*h1ab,*YS /\W31Z \+W*/*bn +d/dkSy a]dbZSV 3S4ZSH ]`S,1/1ZZ\Y ZS31 a]SaV1 ]\ab*,n Z*]`\bS, h1bm`1f a*YmfE Z* b,\y ,4-Wq/E ,*3Zmf V*h1ab,D

ı O SY]*bShZmy

O \Y]*Z1yaVSy O \]dWq`Zmy O 1a1Wmy

O ˙df\,Zmy O */13Zmy O ma\V\Z`*,ab,1ZZmy O 1W1dab`1YW1ZZmy

mW WS bm , V\-\Ob\ ,Wp+W1ZE V\-/* +mW Y\W\O 31H ]`S,1/1ZZ\Y ,mj1 ]1`1hZ1 ]\ab*,n Z*]`\bS, b\-\ V*h1ab,*E V\b\`\1 ]`S,W1VW\ b1+q b\-/* , h1W\,1V1 +\Wnj1 ,a1-\D

˚ ]1`1hSaW1ZZmf ,mj1 V*h1ab,*f Z1b ZSh1-\ ]W\f\-\D *3/\1 ]\Oa,\1Yd ]`S,W1V*b1WnZ\D \ a\-W*O aSanE hb\ , ]\`d pZ\j1aV\y ,Wp+W1ZZ\abS h1W\,1Vd a,\yab,1ZZ\ ,S/1bn aV\`11 ,Z1jZ11E Z*]`SY1` V*h1O ab,*E dV*4*ZZm1 , W1,\Y ab\W+g1D

/Z*V\E ,4`\aW1qE bm ab*Z\,Sjnaq ]`\ZSg*b1WnO Z11 S ,S/Sjn , Wp/qf +\W11 -Wd+\VS1 V*h1ab,*E Z*O ]`SY1` b1E hb\ ]`S,1/1Zm , ab\W+g1 a]`*,*D *VE a\ ,`1Y1Z1Y ]\ZSY*1jnE hb\ a*Y*q V`*aS,*q /1,djV* ,\ /,\`1 P Z1 \+q4*b1WnZ\ a*Y*q Z*/13Z*qE * a*Ymy ]\]dWq`Zmy Y*WnhSV , VW*aa1 P Z1 ,a1-/* a*Ymy ,mO a\V\Z`*,ab,1ZZmyD ˚aWS d b1+q d31 YSZ\,*W `*ag,1b pZ\abSE b\-/*E \b,1h*q Z* ,\]`\aB w \/f\/SY WS Ym /`d- /`d-dHx P bmE Z*,1`ZqV*E +d/1jn ,S/1bn , h1W\O ,1V1 Z1 b\WnV\ ,Z1jZ11D *hZS a a1+q `13/1 h1Y \b,1bSbn Z* ,\]`\aE Vb\ b1+1 ]\/\y/1bE Zd3Z\ d4Z*bn a1+qD ob\Y b1O +1 ]\Y\-db aW1/dpkS1 ,\]`\amB \/f\/SY WS Ym /`d- /`d-dH 29


*VS1 d Y1Zq /\ab\SZab,*H

ı .................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................

*VS1 d Y1Zq Z1/\ab*bVS SWS aW*+\abSH .................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................

h1Y q Zd3/*pan /df\,Z\ S oY\gS\Z*WnZ\H .................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................

*4\+`*bnaq , a1+1 P /1W\ Z1 S4 W1-VSfE Z\ Y\3O Z\ Z*h*bn f\bq +m a ,mj1]`S,1/1ZZmf ,\]`\a\,D 1Y Wdhj1 bm d4Z*1jn a1+qE b1Y W1-h1 +d/1b Z*ybS b\-\E Vb\ daSWSb b,\S /\ab\SZab,*E * Z1 b,\S Z1/\ab*bVS1D V*V +mbnE 1aWS b1+1 V*31baqE hb\ bm Z*j1W SY1ZZ\ wb\-\ h1W\,1V*xH

aqVSy WS ]\/\y/1bH w \3Z\ a b\+\y ]\+WS31 ]\4Z*V\YSbnaqHx 4*,SO aSY\abS \b b\-\E Vb\ ob\ -\,\`SbE bm +d/1jn WS+\ , d3*a1E WS+\ , ,\ab\`-1D `1/]\W\3SYE bm \b,1bSjn db,1`/Sb1WnZ\D *V a\ ,`1Y1Z1Y \]`1/1WSbnE ]\/O f\/Sb b1+1 ob\b h1W\,1V SWS Z1bH Ë™\]dabSYE bm f\h1jn Vd]Sbn a1+1 Z\,dp \+d,nD m 4*f\/Sjn , Y*-*4SZE S b,\1 ,ZSY*ZS1 ]`S,W1V*O 1 m Wdhj1 d4Z*1jn a1+qE 1aWS `*aaY\b`Sjn ,\]`\amE ]\/ZqO bm1 , -W*,1 5E ]\/4*-\W\,\V w \O b\, WS bm V ,abd]W1ZSp , +`*VHxD

1 ,aqV\-\ `*4Y1`* \+d,n ]\/\y/1b b1+1C b\hZ\ b*V 31 Z1 ,aqVSy h1W\,1V ]\/\y/1b b1+1 V*V a]dbZSV 3S4ZS 30


1b ]*`* V`*aS,mf bde1WnD m Sf ]`SY1`q1jnE Z\E d,mE \ZS b1+1 3YdbD *V bm ]\abd]SjnH a1 `*,Z\ Sf VdO ]Sjn SWS ]\Sk1jn /`d-S1H ˙1W\ qaZ\1 P ]`S/1baq ]\ab*,Sbn Sf Z* Y1ab\ S SaV*bn /*Wnj1D *W\ d/\,\Wnab,Sq Z\aSbn \+d,nE V\b\`*q b1+1 Z1 ]\ `*4O Y1`dI \f\31 /1W\ \+ab\Sb S a ,m+\`\Y a]dbZSV* 3S4ZSD \4Y\3Z\E b,\1 ,ZSY*ZS1 ]`S,W1h1b Z1 \/SZ h1W\O ,1VD \ b1+1 ]\/\y/1b /*W1V\ Z1 V*3/myD m ,a1Ob*VS f\h1jnE hb\+m `q/\Y a b\+\y +mW h1W\,1VE a V\b\`mY bm hd,ab,d1jn a1+q d,1`1ZZ\E V\b\`my ]\/f\/Sb b1+1 ]\ f*`*Vb1`d S SY11b ]\f\3S1 g1WS L mbS1 6B5<C *bO e1q 5=B8P:MD *j1W WS bm b*V\-\ h1W\,1V*H ˚aWS /*E V*V d4Z*bnE ]\/f\/Sb WS \Z b1+1H Y\b`S -Wd+31 b\+m \b,1bSbn Z* ob\b ,\]`\aE ,4-WqZS \+l1VbS,O Z\ Z* ]`1/]\W*-*1Y\-\ a]dbZSV* 3S4ZSD \WnV\ +d/n \ab\`\31ZI V\`11 ,a1-\E bm +d/1jn aVW\Z1Z ,S/1bn WSjn b\E hb\ b1+1 f\h1baq d,S/1bnD 1 b\`\]SanD \O ab*`*yaq ]\Zqbn ]\/WSZZdp adkZ\abn h1W\,1V*D 'b\ +d/1b Z1W1-V\D \b`1+dpbaq daSWSqD *]`SY1`E ]`1/O ab*,nE hb\ bm f\h1jn Vd]Sbn Y*jSZdD b\ ]\,WSq1b Z* b,\y ,m+\`H \WnV\ ,Z1jZSy ,S/H 1 Wdhj1 WS ]\O aY\b`1bn -Wd+31H *]`SY1`E d4Z*bnE , V*V\Y a\ab\qO ZSS /,S-*b1WnH

˙\ab*b\hZ\ WS ]`S ,m+\`1 Y*jSZm aY\b`1bn WSjn Z* 11 ,Z1jZSy ,S/H 1Y +\W11 Zd3Z\ aY\b`1bn -Wd+31 ]`S ,m+\`1 a]dbZSV* 3S4ZSI


m+\` a]dbZSV* 3S4ZS Vd/* a1`n14Z11 ,m+\`* Y*O jSZmD \ YZ\-S1 , ]\`d df*3S,*ZSq ,S/qb WSjn ,Z1jZ11D ZS b\WnV\ S -\,\`qb hb\ \ af\/ab,1 ,Vda\, S SZb1`1a\,B w *Y \+\SY Z`*,Sbaq \/Z* S b* 31 Yd4mO V*xE w m Wp+SY \/ZS S b1 31 4*ZqbSqxE w *jS YZ1ZSq a\,]*/*pb ,\ ,a1YIx 1Y Z1 Y1Z11E V*V -\,\`SW\an ,mO j1E 1aWS `*ag,1b pZ\abS d b1+q Z* a*Y\Y /1W1 YSZdWE bm +d/1jn aY\b`1bn Z1 b\WnV\ Z* ,Z1jZS1 V*h1ab,*D m ]\yY1jnB ,*3Z\ `*4-Wq/1bn wb\E hb\ aV`mb\ , a1`/O g1 h1W\,1V*x L5 1b`* 7B8C 'e1aqZ*Y 7B5:MD ‹ ]`SY1`dE Z*,1`ZqV* +\Wnj1 d4Z*1jn \ h1W\,1O V1E 1aWS +d/1jn ]\/Y1h*bn Z1 b\E V*V h*ab\ ,m af\O /Sb1an ,\ YZ1ZSqfE * b\E hb\ ]`\Saf\/SbE V\-/* ,*O ‹ jS YZ1ZSq `*af\/qbaqD ˙`d-SYS aW\,*YSE V*V \Z SWS \Z* ,1/1b a1+q , V\ZeWSVbZ\y aSbd*gSSH *ab*S,*1b WS Z* a,\1YE /\]dabSYE /*,*q ,\Wp w,a]mjV*Y -Z1,*x SWS w\aV\`+Sb1WnZ\y `1hSxH L *W*b*Y 9B5=E 6>C \W\aO aqZ*Y 7B<MD `\q,Wq1b WS +W*-\`*4dYS1 P -\b\,Z\abn dabd]Sbn `*/S YS`*E V\-/* ,\]`\a Z1 ]`SZgS]S*W1ZH L *V\,* 7B5;MD \/dY*yB Z1 aVW\Z1Z WS \Z SWS \Z* Y*ZS]dWS`\O ,*bn /`d-SYS SWS `1,Z\O ,*bnH 1 ,1/1b WS a1+q V*V ˚ a\+ab,1ZZSVH 1 b`1+d1b ˛*ZSY*yb1an /1W*YSE WS \bh1b* 4* V*3/my b,\y V\b\`m1 ,mq,Wqpb j*-H w˚abn b*VS1 ]*`mE V\O WShZm1 V*h1ab,*B b\`m1 aa\`qbaq S4O4* b\-\E ˘ ,Y1ab1 S4dh*yb1 hb\ \/SZ Z1 b1`]SbE V\-/*

W\,\ \-*C /`d-\y 4*+m,*1b t\bhSb*bnO aqrE -/1 +mWEP -\,\`Sb /1O ˘ 4*Y1h*yE V*V b,\y /`d,djV* ]\ SY1ZS SV\WnDP ]`SZSY*1b dh*abS1 ,\ ,ab`1h*f a\+`*ZSq S ) /dY*pE ob\ ]W\f\y ]`SO , aWd31ZSSC 4Z*Vx L5 \`SZeqZ*Y 57B8MD \/Zqbm1 ,\]`\am \+O ˘ ,Y1ab1 ]\Y\-*yb1 , d+\`V1 ˛*W* *`ab,*E `*k*pb ,ZSY*ZS1 Z* f*O dh*ab,dyb1 , ab`\yV*fD `*Vb1` S ]\,1/1ZS1 h1W\,1O V*D /Z*V\ Z1 Y1Z11 ,*3Z\

32 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


˚ ˛ "

dW*YSbqZV* dW*YSbqZV*E ,\a]1b*q , 1aZS ]1aZ1y \W\Y\Z*E \a\4Z*,*W*E hb\ , `\Y*ZbSh1aVSf \bZ\j1ZSqf ,*3Z\ a\f`*Zqbn 4/`*,\YmaWS1D Z* aV*4*W* a,\SY ]\/`dO -*YB w \VWqZSb1anE hb\ Z1 ab*Z1b1 ZS ]`\+d3/*bnE ZS 4*3S-*bn ,\ YZ1 Wp+,SE ]\V* \Z* a*Y* Z1 ]`\+d/SbaqxD ˙1,djV* 4Z*W*E hb\ hd,ab,* Y\-db ,Z14*]Z\ ,4qbn ,1`f Z*/ `*aad/V\YD *]`SY1`E \Z* ]\ZSY*W*E hb\ ]\/ ,WSqZS1Y ]\/`d- Y\31b \bVWSVZdbnaq Z* df*3S,*ZSq h1W\,1V*E V\b\`my 1y Z1 ]\/f\/SbD ˙*31 11 a\+ab,1ZO Zm1 hd,ab,* Y\-WS +m 4*bYSbn a]\a\+Z\abn b`14,\ \g1ZSbn aSbd*gSpD \ adW*YSbqZV* \ab*,*W*an ab\yV\yE V*V wab1Z*x L 1aZn ]1aZ1y <B8E 5>MD ˚abn WS d b1+q b*V\1 31 4`1W\1 \bZ\j1ZS1 V Wp+,SH \31jn WS bm ]`SaWdjS,*bnaq Z1 b\WnV\ V a1`/gdE Z\ S V `*4dYdH L `SbhS 6B5>E 55MD Z\-/* \V`d3*pkS1 Y\-db \V*4m,*bn Z* b1+q /*,W1ZS1E ]\+d3/*q Z*h*bn a V1YOb\ ,ab`1h*bnaqE V\-/* bm V ob\Yd 1k1 Z1 -\b\,D \4Y\3Z\E bm /*31 a*Y Z* a1+q \V*4m,*1jn b*V\1 /*,O W1ZS1D *]`SY1`E bm ,S/Sjn ,Wp+W1ZZdp ]*`\hVdE V\b\`*q /1`3Sbaq 4* `dVSD 1 Z*hSZ*1jn WS bm \bh*O qZZ\ 31W*bn b\-\ 31E b*V hb\ /*31 a\-W*a1Z ,ab`1O h*bnaq a h1W\,1V\YE Z1 `*4/1WqpkSY b,\Sf +S+W1yO aVSf d+13/1ZSyH adW*YSbqZVS +mW 4`1Wmy ,4-Wq/ Z* `\Y*ZbSh1aVS1 \bZ\j1ZSqD 1`S a Z11 ]`SY1`I


“Z1 ,]`q-*yb1an , Z1`*,Z\1 q`Y\” w 1 ,]`q-*yb1an , Z1`*,Z\1 q`Y\ a Z1,1`dpkSYSxD *,1`Z\E bm ]\ZSY*1jn aYmaW ob\-\ +S+W1yaV\-\ ]`SZgSO ]* S4 6 \`SZeqZ*Y :B58D 1Y Z1 Y1Z11 b1+qE ,\4Y\3Z\E bqZ1b V Z1,1`dpk1Yd h1W\,1VdD \h1YdH Z\-/* ob\ ]`\O ab\ eS4Sh1aV\1 ,W1h1ZS1D (Z\j* ]\ SY1ZS *`V `*aaV*O 4*WB w'b* /1,djV* +mW* , Z*j1y -`d]]1 ]\ eS4VdWnbd`1D Z* a*Y* ]\/f\/SW* V\ YZ1 ]\+\Wb*bnD mW\ Z1b`d/Z\ 4*,1abS a Z1y /`d3+dxD ˚aWS bm 4Z*1jnE h1-\ f\h1jnE 1aWS bm b,1`/ , a,\Sf /dO f\,Zmf d+13/1ZSqf S 1aWS bm /\ab*b\hZ\ 4`1WE hb\+m Z1 ]\//*,*bnaq hd,ab,*YE b\ bm Z1 +d/1jn b1`qbnaq , /\-*/O V*fE hb\ b1+1 /1W*bnD *VSY +m ]`S,W1V*b1WnZmYE \h*`\O ,*b1WnZmY SWS ,ma\V\Z`*,ab,1ZZmY ZS V*4*Waq ob\b h1W\O ,1V P \Z Z1 dV`1]Sb b,\p /`d3+d a \-\Y L *V\,* 8B8MD \Z1hZ\E 1aWS bm d31 4*,q4*W `\Y*ZbSh1aVS1 \bZ\j1O ZSqE ]\`,*bn Sf +d/1b Z1W1-V\D ob\Y d+1/SW*an SZ/SD Z* aV*4*W*B w) V*3/my /1Zn ]W*V*W*D ) ]\ab\qZZ\ \ Z1Y /dY*W*E /*31 Z* ,ab`1h*f a\+`*ZSqD ) b*V aSWnZ\ 1-\ WpO +SW*E hb\ -\b\,* +mW* aV\`11 dY1`1bnE h1Y ]\b1`qbn 1-\xD /Z*V\ ]`\jW\ ,`1YqE S SZ/S ]\ZqW*E hb\ Y*Y*E V\b\O `*q +mW* ]`\bS, b\-\E hb\+m \Z* ,ab`1h*W*an a Z1,1`dpO kSYE +mW* ]`*,*D ˙1,djV* -\,\`SbB w \`\j\E hb\ q a ZSY `*aab*W*anD ) d,1`1Z*E hb\ 1-\,* \+\ YZ1 ]\4*+\bSbaqxD ˚aWS bm b\31 4*,q4*W \bZ\j1ZSq a Z1,1`dpkSYE b\ Z1 ]mb*yaq a]`*,Sbnaq , \/SZ\hVdD \-\,\`S a `\/Sb1WqO YSD *V ]\abd]SW ˙3SYE V\-/* ,Wp+SWaq , /1,djVd S4 a,\1y jV\WmD Z `*aaV*4*WB w V\Zg1 V\Zg\, q \+`*bSWaq 4* ]\Y\knp V `\/Sb1WqYD 'b\ S ]\Y\-W\ YZ1 a]`*,Sbnaq a hd,ab,*YSxD \Y\hn Y\-db b*V31 ab*`1yjSZm f`SabS*ZO aV\-\ a\+`*ZSqD \h1Yd +m b1+1 Z1 ]\-\,\`Sbn a V1YOb\ S4 ZSf \ a,\Sf ]1`13S,*ZSqfH L a*Sq 76B5E 6MD 34 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


d4Z*bn \ 1-\ `1]db*gSSD b\ \ Z1Y /dY*pb \V`d3*pO kS1H \-\,\`S a b1YSE Vb\ d31 Z1V\b\`\1 ,`1Yq 4Z*1b ob\-\ h1W\,1V*E Z*]`SY1` a\ 4`1WmYS f`SabS*Z*YS S4 1-\ a\+`*ZSqD *V bm d4Z*1jnE f\`\j\ \b4m,*pbaq \+ ob\Y h1W\,1V1 SWS Z1b L˙1qZSq 5:B5E 6MD m YZ\-\1 ]\yY1jnE 1aWS 4*]Sj1jn a,\S Z*+WpO /1ZSqD b\ \+ ob\Y h1W\,1V1 Y\3Z\ aV*4*bn , a,q4S a\ aW1/dpkSYB *`*Vb1` ı ...................................................................... ..................................................................................................

\,1/1ZS1 ....................................................................... ..................................................................................................

1]db*gSq ....................................................................... ..................................................................................................

\W14Z\ b*V31 `*aaY\b`1bn `*YVd w d/1b WS \Z YZ1 f\`\jSY Yd31YHx Lab`D 7=M SWS w d/1b WS \Z* YZ1 f\`\j1y 31Z\yHx Lab`D 8>MD \]`\am , `*YV1 ]\Y\-db \]`1/1WSbnE ]\/f\/Sb b1+1 ob\b h1W\,1V V*V a]dbZSV 3S4ZS SWS Z1bD `1/]\W\3SYE bm ,a1 ,4,1aSW S ]\ZqWE hb\ b\bE a V1Y bm ,ab`1h*1jnaqE b1+1 Z1 ]\/f\/SbD \-/* ]1`1/ b\+\y ab\Sb a1`n14Zmy ,\]`\aB b\Sb WS ]`1V`*bSbn /`d3+dH Z\-/* `*4`m, \bZ\j1ZSy P 1/SZab,1ZZmy ]`*O ,SWnZmy ,m+\`D \b hb\ aWdhSW\an a ˙3dWS1yD Z* ˛ ˚"& %DDD `*aaV*4*W*B w Z*h*W* YZ1 aaW1/\,*ZSq Z1S4Y1ZO WnabSW\ b\E hb\ Y\y /`d- ,a1O Z\ ]\V*4m,*pbE hb\E -/* +1a]\V\SWaqE -/1 qE a V1Y V\-/* , +`*V ,abd]*pb q S hb\ q /1W*pD \ /\jW\ /\ Wp/SE Sa]\,1/dpkS1 b\-\E hb\ q Z1 Y\-W* d31 ZS `*4Zm1 `1WS-SSE ,1`\O a V1Y ]`\,\/Sbn ,`1Yq V`\O qbZ\abn `*4,\/* aSWnZ\ Y1 V*V a ZSYD Z /*31 ab*W d,1WShS,*1baqD `1,Z\,*bn Y1Zq V Y\1y 31

?

\/f\/SY WS Ym /`d- /`d-dH 35


=

r *WnhSV* Y\3Z\ d4Z*bn S ]\ 1-\ 4*ZqbSqY P hSab\ WS S h1abZ\ WS b\E hb\ \Z /1W*1bsD `SbhS 6>B55 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

a1Yn1E \a\+1ZZ\ V \bgdD \-/* q `*4\`,*W* \bZ\j1ZSqE b\hZ\ -\`* a,*WSW*an a Y\Sf ]W1hIx *`m +mW\ Z1hb\ ]\/\+Z\1D Z* ab*W* 4*Y1h*bnE hb\ ˙3\ZE 11 Y\W\/\y h1W\,1VEP q4,Sb1WnZmyE b`1+\O ,*b1WnZmy S -`d+myD *`* ,a]\YSZ*1bB w *VOb\ `*4 \Z ]`Sj1W Z* b`S h*a* ]\431I bV`mW* /,1`n Y*Y*D Z Z* Z11 P Z\Wn ,ZSY*ZSqE 4*O j1W S -\,\`Sb YZ1B t \jWSD m \]*4O /m,*1YrD 1 t) \]\4/*WrE * t m \]*4O /m,*1YrD Z /*31 Z1 S4,SZSWaq S ZSh1-\ Z1 \+lqaZSWD \ -W*,Z\1 P \Z Z1 ]`\q,SW d,*31ZSq V Y*Y1Ix \Z1hZ\E 1/SZab,1ZZmy Z1]`S-O Wq/Zmy ]\abd]\V SWS h1`b* Z1 \+`1V*1b ,*jS \bZ\j1ZSq Z* Z1O d/*hd L a*W\Y 57>B7MD \ V\-/* *`* ]\ZqW*E hb\ -`d+\abn ˙3\O Z* aV\`11 ]`*,SW\E h1Y SaVWpO h1ZS1E \Z* `1jSW* a ZSY ]\`O ,*bnD b\E 1aWS bmE ]\/\+Z\ ˙3dO WSS S *`1E `1jSWE hb\ h1W\,1VE a V\b\`mY bm ,ab`1h*1jnaqE Z1 +d/1b /Wq b1+q ]\/f\/qkSY a]dbZSV\Y 3S4ZSH \-/* Z1 ]`1Z1+`1-*y a,\SYS hd,ab,*YS I *V +m b`d/Z\ b1+1 ZS +mW\E a*Y\1 Wdhj11 P `*aab*bnO aqD `Sbh*f 66B7 -\,\`SbaqB w `1/daY\b`Sb1WnO Zmy ,S/Sb +1/ab,S1 S dV`m,*1baqxD *]`SY1`E 1aWS bm 4*Y1h*1jn \/SZ SWS Z1aV\WnV\ aS-Z*W\, \]*aZ\O abSE d]\YqZdbmf Z* ab`*ZSg*f 7= S 8>E Wdhj1 ,a1-\ ]`1V`*bSbn \bZ\j1ZSq P ]\ V`*yZ1y Y1`1 ]\V* ]`\O +W1Y* Z1 +d/1b dab`*Z1Z*D */\ ]`S4Z*bnE hb\ `*aab*O 36 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am

' ' ˚ ˚ ˝˚ ˝˚ ˚# ˚ ) ˚# ˚ ) ˚ ˚ 5E 5E ˚ ˚ 75 75


‘‘

Z SWS \Z* +d/1b \bZ\aSbnaq V b1+1 b*V 31E V*V \bZ\aSbaq \ZS V hW1Z*Y a,\1y a1YnS

’’

,*ZS1 P /1W\ Z1 S4 W1-VSfD \ +`*V P ob\ a\p4 Z* ,ap 3S4ZnD dhj1 ]1`1b1`]1bn +\Wn a1yh*aE h1Y ]\O b\Y ,ap 3S4Zn -\`nV\ a\3*W1bnI *V \+ ob\Y aV*4*bnH *V a\\+kSbn \ a,\1Y `1j1ZSSH `13/1 ,a1-\E ,mO +1`S ]\/f\/qkdp \+ab*Z\,Vd /Wq `*4-\,\`*D *VdpH b\+m ]\Zqbn ob\E ]\ab*,n a1+q Z* Y1ab\ b\-\ h1W\,1O V* L *be1q ;B56MD \b1W +m bmE hb\+m b1+1 \+lq,SWS \ `*4`m,1 \bZ\j1ZSy ]`S Wp/qfH `q/ WSD ˚aWS Z1b \a\+mf ]`ShSZE Z1 ab\Sb ]`S+1-*bn V ]\Y\kS oW1VO b`\ZZ\y ]\hbmE *,b\\b,1bhSV* SWS D \ab*O `*yaq ,m+`*bn ,`1Yq S Y1ab\E V\b\`m1 ]\O 4,\Wqb /\W3ZmY \+`*4\Y \+-\,\`Sbn ob\b a1`n14Zmy ,\]`\aD b\ SY1ZZ\ aV*4*bnH ]\ab\W *,1W ]`S4m,*W f`SabS*Z w-\,\`Sbn SabSZdx /`d- /`d-d L'e1aqZ*Y 8B69MD \ob\Yd a*O Y\1 ]`*,SWnZ\1 P +mbn b*VbShZmYE Z\ ]`qYmYD 1bV\ \+lqaZSE ]\h1Yd bm ahSO b*1jnE hb\ ob\b h1W\,1V Z1 ]\/f\/Sb b1+1D 14*h1Y ]`S,\/Sbn /WSZZmy ]1O `1h1Zn 1-\ ]`\Y*f\, SWS \+`djS,*bn W*O ,SZd V`SbSVSD Y1ab\ b\-\ hb\+m -\O ,\`SbnB w m Z1 /\W31Z +mWDDDx SWS w m ZSV\-/* Z1DDDx P Wdhj1 ]\/+S`*bn aW\,*E \b`*3*pkS1 b,\S hd,ab,*E Z*O ]`SY1`B w) f\hdE hb\+m a\ YZ\y `q/\Y +mWDDDx SWS w Z1 V*31baqE Z*Y Zd3Z\ `*aab*bnaqE ]\b\Yd hb\DDDxD 1 ,`1Yq ]`\q,Wqbn aW*+\f*`*Vb1`Z\abn SWS ]\/O /*,*bnaq Z* d-\,\`mD \YZSE hb\ bm `1jSWaq Z* \/f\/SY WS Ym /`d- /`d-dH 37


`*4`m, ]\ ,1aVSY ]`ShSZ*YD \ob\Yd +d/n Z*h1VdE 1aWS b,\y /`d-E hb\+m ]1`1d+1/Sbn b1+qE Z*hZ1b b\O +\y b\ZV\ Y*ZS]dWS`\,*bnD ˙1,djV* ]\ SY1ZS \`S aV*4*W*B w \-/* q ]`1V`*bSW* Z*jS \bZ\j1ZSqE Y\y +m,jSy ]*`1Zn ab*W Z*]daV*bn Z* a1+q 3*WVSy ,S/E hb\+m q ]\hd,ab,\,*W* a1+q ,SZ\,*b\yD Z1 S ]`*,O /* +mW\ ]W\f\D \ q Z1 ]\4,\WSW*E hb\+m 1-\ ]\,1/1O ZS1 S4Y1ZSW\ Y\1 `1j1ZS1xD *V S \`SE /dY*y a,\1y -\W\,\yD `S/1`3S,*yaq a,\1-\ `1j1ZSqD dabn b,\1 wZ1bx \4Z*h*1b wZ1bx L *V\,* 9B56MD \aW1 `*4`m,* 1 d/S,WqyaqE hb\ ]\aW1 `*4`m,* bm V*V\1Ob\ ,`1Yq +d/1jn ]\/*,W1ZD \31bE d b1+q +d/db b*VS1 31 hd,ab,*E V*V d ]a*WY\]1,g*B w) ]\b1`qW ]\V\yE a\O -ZdWaq /\ 41YWSE g1Wmy /1Zn f\3d \]1h*W1ZZmyx L a*W\Y 7<B:MD \`\y /`d4nq S4 WdhjSf ]\+d3/1O ZSy Y\-db d-\,*`S,*bn b1+q /*bn ,*jSY \bZ\j1ZSO qY 1k1 \/SZ j*ZaD \ 4Z*yB 3Sbn a b,\SY `1j1ZS1Y ]`S/1baq b1+1E * Z1 b,\SY /`d4nqYD \ob\Yd Z1 +\yaq

]W*Z /1yab,SyI ˚aWS Y1Zq ]`S,W1V*1b Z1,1`dpkSy h1W\,1VE qDDD

ı .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

b\+m d4Z*bnE V*V\,* `1]db*gSq Y\1-\ /`d-*E qDDD .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................


+d/1b WS \Z YZ1 f\`\jSY Yd31YH \aZ\,Zm1 f*`*Vb1`SabSVS ˚ ˚aWS 1Yd /\,1`1Z* \]`1/1W1ZZ*q ,W*abnE V*V \Z 1p `*a]\`q3*1baqH L *be1q 6>B69E 6:MD

˚ *V\,m 1-\ g1WSH L5 SY\e1p 8B59MD ˚ b*`*1baq WS \Z d31 a1yh*a /\abS-*bn obSf g1W1yH L5 \`SZeqZ*Y =B6:E 6;MD

˚ \hbSb1WnZ\ WS \Z \bZ\aSbaq V hW1Z*Y a,\1y a1YnSH L af\/ 6>B56MD

˚ b\ 1-\ /`d4nqH L `SbhS 57B6>MD ˚ h1Y \Z h*ab\ `*4-\,*`S,*1bH L dVS :B89MD ˚ *V \Z \bZ\aSbaq V /1Zn-*YH L˚,`1qY 57B9E :MD ˚ *VS1 \Z ]`1/]\hSb*1b `*4,W1h1ZSqH L a*W\Y =;B5>MD ˚ h1Y ]`\q,Wq1baq 1-\ Wp+\,n V 1-\,1H L5 \*ZZ* 9B7MD

/\ab\SZab,* ˚ `d/\Wp+S, WS \ZH L `SbhS :B=P55MD ˚ 1`n14Z\ WS \Z ]\/f\/Sb V eSZ*Za\,mY ,\]`\a*YH L dVS 58B6<MD

˚ \`\j\ WS \ Z1Y \b4m,*pbaqH L˙1qZSq 5:B5E 6MD ˚ ZSY*b1W1Z WS \Z V /`d-SYH L SWS]]Syg*Y 6B8MD

aS-Z*Wm \]*aZ\abS ˚ a]mWnhS, WS \ZH L `SbhS 66B68MD ˚ mb*1baq WS \Z ,\,W1hn b1+q , Z1/\4,\W1ZZm1 a1Vad*WnZm1 /1yab,SqH L *W*b*Y 9B5=MD ˚ m,*1b WS \Z -`d+ aW\,1aZ\ SWS eS4Sh1aVSH L'e1aqZ*Y 8B75MD

˚ d31Z WS 1Yd *WV\-\WnE hb\+m f\`\j\ ]`\,1abS ,`1YqH L `SbhS 6>B5MD ˚ `\q,Wq1b WS \Z `1,Z\abn S o-\S4YH L5 \`SZeqZ*Y 57B8E 9MD

\/f\/SY WS Ym /`d- /`d-dH 39


+d/1b WS \Z* YZ1 f\`\j1y 31Z\yH \aZ\,Zm1 f*`*Vb1`SabSVS ˚ *V \Z* ]`\q,Wq1b ]\,SZ\,1ZS1 , a1Yn1 S , a\+`*ZSSH L'e1aqZ*Y 9B65E 66MD ˚ \hbSb1WnZ\ WS \Z* \bZ\aSbaq V hW1Z*Y a,\1y a1YnSH L af\/ 6>B56MD ˚ b\ 11 /`d4nqH L `SbhS 57B6>MD ˚ h1Y \Z* h*ab\ `*4-\,*`S,*1bH L dVS :B89MD ˚ *V \Z* \bZ\aSbaq V /1Zn-*YH L5 \*ZZ* 6B59P5;MD ˚ *V\,m 11 g1WSH L5 SY\e1p 8B59MD ˚ b*`*1baq WS \Z* d31 a1yh*a /\abS-*bn obSf g1W1yH L5 \`SZeqZ*Y =B6:E 6;MD

˚ *VS1 \Z* ]`1/]\hSb*1b `*4,W1h1ZSqH L a*W\Y =;B5>MD ˚ h1Y ]`\q,Wq1baq 11 Wp+\,n V 1-\,1H L5 \*ZZ* 9B7MD

/\ab\SZab,* ˚ `d/\Wp+S,* WS \Z*H L `SbhS 75B5;E 5=E 65E 66E 6;MD ˚ 1`n14Z\ WS \Z* ]\/f\/Sb V eSZ*Za\,mY ,\]`\a*YH L `SbhS 75B5:E 5<MD

˚ \`\j\ WS \ Z1y \b4m,*pbaqH L den 7B55MD ˚ ZSY*b1WnZ* WS \Z* V /`d-SYH L `SbhS 75B6>MD

aS-Z*Wm \]*aZ\abS ˚ p+Sb WS \Z* a]\`SbnH L `SbhS 65B5=MD ˚ mb*1baq WS \Z* ,\,W1hn b1+q , Z1/\4,\W1ZZm1 a1Vad*WnZm1 /1yab,SqH L *W*b*Y 9B5=MD ˚ m,*1b WS \Z* -`d+\y aW\,1aZ\ SWS eS4Sh1aVSH L'e1aqZ*Y 8B75MD

˚ d31Z WS 1y *WV\-\WnE hb\+m f\`\j\ ]`\,1abS ,`1YqH L `SbhS 6>B5MD ˚ `\q,Wq1b WS \Z* `1,Z\abn S o-\S4YH L5 \`SZeqZ*Y 57B8E 9MD

40 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


]`\q,Wqbn b,1`/\abnE /*31 1aWS bm \-\`h1Z aWdhS,O jSYaqD 1 a\YZ1,*yaqE hb\ a\ ,`1Y1Z1Y +\Wn ]`\y/1bD ]\V*E hb\+m a]`*,Sbnaq a hd,ab,*YSE ]\]`\+dy ]`1/]`SZqbn aW1/dpk11D \/1WSan a,\SYS hd,ab,*YS a +WS4VSY /`d-\Y1 L `SbhS 59B66MD \WSan 1-\,1 L a*W\Y 99B66MD b*O `*yaq +mbn 4*ZqbmY L5 \`SZeqZ*Y 59B9<MD 1 4*YmO V*yaq , a1+1 L `SbhS 5<B5MD +k*yaq a b1YSE Vb\ Y\O 31b b1+q \+\/`SbnD b*`*yaq a\a`1/\b\hS,*bnaq Z* ]\W\3Sb1WnZmf YmaWqf L SWS]]Syg*Y 8B<MD \ ,`1Y1Z1Y bmE ,\4Y\3Z\E ]\4Z*V\YSjnaq a /`dO -SY h1W\,1V\YD 1a\YZ1ZZ\E bm +d/1jn /1yab,\,*bn 1k1 +\W11 \+/dY*ZZ\D mbn Y\31bE b\-/* Z* ,\]`\aB w \/f\/SY WS Ym /`d- /`d-dHx P bm aY\31jn aV*O 4*bn w/*xI 1 \Y\hn b1+1 Y\-db `\/Sb1WS S /`d-S1 ,4`\aWm1E Z*]`SY1` ab*`1yO jSZm a\+`*ZSqD \4Y\3Z\E bm d4Z*1jnE hb\ S \ZS , b,\1Y ,\4`*ab1 ab*WVS,*WSan a ]\/\+ZmYS aSbd*gSqYSD

˚˙ (#˚• ˚ ˚aWS bm d31 a V1YOb\ ,ab`1h*1jnaqE

V*V \]`1/1WSbnE V*VS1 ]`\q,W1ZSq hd,ab, dY1abZmE * V*VS1 P Z1bH

O ˚ H

˘ *VS1 S4 b,\Sf /\ab\SZab, ]\a]\a\+ab,dpb da]1jZ\Yd +`*VdH ˘ *VS1 V*h1ab,* /Wq b1+q ,*3Z11 ,a1-\ , a]dbZSV1 3S4ZSH ˘ *VS1 b`d/Z\abS ,\4ZSVZdbE 1aWS bm ,abd]Sjn , +`*V a h1W\,1V\YE V\b\`my Z1 `*4/1Wq1b b,\1y ,1`mH ˘ *V Y\3Z\ Wdhj1 d4Z*bn f*`*Vb1`E ]\,1/1ZS1 S `1]db*gSp b\-\E a V1Y bm ,ab`1h*1jnaqH

\/f\/SY WS Ym /`d- /`d-dH 41


4

/1 -`*Zn /\4,\W1ZZ\-\H

bY1bnE ,1`Z\ SWS Z1,1`Z\H

ı

]1`S\/ df*3S,*ZSq Wp+\y eS4Sh1aVSy V\Zb*Vb Z1/\]dabSYD

O 1`Z\ O 1,1`Z\

*`1Zn S /1,djV*E Z1 a\,1`jS, ]\W\,\y *VbE ,a1 31 Y\-db +mbn ,SZ\,ZmYS , +Wd/1D

O 1`Z\ O 1,1`Z\

˚aWS ,Wp+W1ZZm1 ,\4/1`3S,*pbaq \b hd,ab,1ZZmf W*aVE 4Z*hSbE \ZS Z1 Wp+qb /`d- /`d-*D

O 1`Z\ O 1,1`Z\

˚ ˚ E bm YZ\-\ \+ ob\Y /dY*WD ˚aWS bm a V1YO b\ ,ab`1h*1jnaqE ]1`1/ b\+\yE ,\4Y\3Z\E ab\Sb Z1O ]`\ab\y ,\]`\aB hb\ Y\3Z\E * h1-\ Z1Wn4q , ]`\q,W1ZSS Z13Zmf hd,ab,H ˙*,*y \+ad/SY , a,1b1 \3n1-\ W\,* b`S ,mj1]`S,1/1ZZmf db,1`3/1ZSq S `*4+1`1YaqE -/1 -`*Zn /\4,\W1ZZ\-\D

42 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


˘ ]1`S\/ df*3S,*ZSq Wp+\y eS4Sh1aVSy V\Zb*Vb Z1/\]dabSYD

1,1`Z\D S+WSq Z1 \ad3/*1b dY1abZm1E g1W\Yd/O `1ZZm1 ]`\q,W1ZSq Z13Zmf hd,ab,D *]`SY1`E S+WSq `*aaV*4m,*1b \ /1,djV1OadW*YSbqZV1 S pZ\Y ]*abdO f1E V\b\`m1 ]\Wp+SWS /`d- /`d-*D f \bZ\j1ZSq +mWS +14d]`1hZmD \E ]\ ,a1y ,S/SY\abSE \ZS \+Y1ZS,*WSan Z1V\b\`mYS W*aV*YS 1k1 /\ +`*V* L 1aZn ]1aZ1y 5B6C 6B:C <B9MD 1-\/Zq b\31 1abn ]*`mE V\b\`m1 ahSb*pbE hb\ 1aWS \ZS ]W*ZS`dpb ]\31ZSbnaqE b\ \]`1/1W1ZZm1 hSO abm1 ]`\q,W1ZSq Z13Zmf hd,ab, dY1abZm1D

/Z*V\ ]*`1Zn S /1,djV* /\W3Zm +mbn ]`1/1WnZ\ \ab\`\3ZmYS , ]1`S\/ df*3S,*ZSqD a1E hb\ ,\4+d3O /*1bE Z*]`SY1` ]\g1WdS S \+lqbSqE Y\31b 4*V\ZhSbnO aq +14Z`*,ab,1ZZ\abnpD ˙*31 SY1q a*Ym1 +W*-\`\/O Zm1 Z*Y1`1ZSqE Y\3Z\ W1-V\ ]\b1`qbn a*Y\\+W*/*ZS1 S /\]dabSbn a1Vad*WnZdp +14Z`*,ab,1ZZ\abn L \W\aaqZ*Y 7B9MD ˘ *`1Zn S /1,djV*E Z1 a\,1`jS, ]\W\,\y *VbE ,a1 31 Y\-db +mbn ,SZ\,ZmYS , +Wd/1D

‹ 1`Z\D `1h1aV\1 aW\,\ ]\`Z1y*E ]1`1,\/SY\1 , S+O WSS V*V w+Wd/xE SY11b jS`\V\1 4Z*h1ZS1D Z\ \4Z*h*1b Wp+m1 a1Vad*WnZm1 \bZ\j1O ZSq ,Z1 +`*V*D \ob\Yd +Wd/ P ˛ ˚"& %DDD ob\ Z1 b\WnV\ ]\W\,\y *VbE ˚aWS ,m a\+S`*1b1an Z\ b*V31 \`*WnZmy S *Z*WnO ]\31ZSbnaqE ,*Y Z*/\ Zmy a1VaE `*4/`*31ZS1 ]\W\O \+ad/Sbn Z1V\b\`m1 ,mf \`-*Z\, /`d-\-\ h1W\,1V* SZbSYZm1 ,\]`\amD S ]`\hS1 /1yab,SqE a,q4*ZZm1 /Z*V\ \bV`\,1ZZm1 a Z1/\4,\W1ZZmY Sa]\Wn4\,*O `*4-\,\`mE Z*g1W1ZZm1 ZS1Y ]\W\,mf \`-*Z\,D Z* ,\4+d3/1ZS1 a1VadO *WnZ\-\ 31W*ZSqEP 1 Z1V\b\`mf ab`*Z*f ahSb*1baq Z1O ob\ \/SZ S4 ,S/\, Z1O ]`SWShZmY S \aV\`+Sb1WnZmYE V\-/* hSab\bmE /*31 1aWS Z131Z*bm1 Wp/S Z* ,S/d d /`d-Sf ]`\O q,Wqpb /`d- V /`d-d Z13Zm1 hd,ab,*D \ZS ,1/dbaq ]\ b1W1O `SabS*Z1 /\W3Zm aW1/SbnE hb\+m Sf e\Zd SWS h1`14 D

?

]\,1/1ZS1 Z1 ab*W\ /Wq V\-\Ob\ ]`1bO VZ\,1ZS1Y L6 \`SZeqZ*Y :B7MD

/1 -`*Zn /\4,\W1ZZ\-\H 43


hb\E 1aWS Ym ]1`1jWS -`*ZnH b\ /1W*bnE 1aWS bm ,\,W1Vaq , +14Z`*,ab,1ZZ\abnH 1 ab\Sb \+Y*Zm,*bn a1+qE /dY*qE hb\ bm a*Y aY\31jn `1jSbn ]`\+W1YdD /Z* /1,djV* ]`S4Z*W*anB w) Y\WSO W*anB t \Y\-S Z*Y +\Wnj1 ob\-\ Z1 /1W*bnIr Z\-/* ob\ ]\Y\-*W\E Z\ Z1 ,a1-/*xD *V hb\ ]\-\,\`S a `\/Sb1WqYSD S+WSS /*1baq Yd/`my a\,1b ]\4,*bn ab*`1yjSZ a\+`*O ZSq L *V\,* 9B58MD 'bS f`SabS*ZaVS1 ]*abm`S /*/db a\,1bE Z*ab*,W1ZS1 S ]\Y\-db b1+1 ,\aab*Z\,Sbn a,\S \bZ\j1O ZSq a \-\YD

\W11 b\-\E S+WSq \ad3/*1b Z1 b\WnV\ +Wd/D ]\ab\W *,1W ]Sa*WB w /1W* ]W\bS q,ZmE ob\ P +Wd/E Z1hSab\b*E `*a]dbZ\1 ]\,1/1ZS1xD ˙*W11 \Z /\+*,SWB w \abd]*pkS1 b*V g*`ab,* \-* Z1 Z*aW1/dpbx L *W*b*Y 9B5=P65M. b\ b*V\1 wZ1hSab\b*xH `1h1aV\1 aW\,\E ab\qk11 4* obSY ]\ZqbS1YE \bZ\aSbaq V\ ,aqV\-\ `\/* Z1hSab\b1E Z*]`SY1` , `1hS SWS ]\,1/1ZSSD ˚aWS Vb\Ob\ ]\4,\WqO 1b a1+1 4*+S`*bnaq `dV*YS ]\/ \/13/d /`d-\-\ h1W\,1O V*E aZSY*bn 11 SWS W*aV*bn SZbSYZm1 4\ZmE Z*]`SY1` -`d/nEP ob\ d31 Z1 Z*4\,1jn hSabmYS \bZ\j1ZSqO YSD S+WSS W*aV*ZS1 -`d/S \bZ\aSbaq V d/\,\Wnab,SO qYE \b,1/1ZZmY b\WnV\ /Wq ad]`d31aVSf ]*` L `SbhS 9B5<E 5=MD \,`1Y1ZZm1 ]\/`\abVS ]\`\y +144*ab1ZhS,\ ]`1O Z1+`1-*pb \3nSYS Z\`Y*YS Y\`*WSE Z*Y1`1ZZ\ 4*f\O /q aWSjV\Y /*W1V\ SWS a 3*/Z\abnp 4*,\/q Z\,mf /`d41y SWS ]\/`d31VE hb\+m ,\,W1V*bn Sf , a1VadO *WnZdp Z1hSab\bdD 1V\b\`m1 /*31 /\f\/qb /\ b\-\E hb\ *]\ab\W *,1W Z*4,*W w`*a]dbZmY ]\,1/1ZS1YxD `1h1O aV\1 aW\,\E V\b\`\1 ]1`1,\/Sbaq V*V w`*a]dbZ\1 ]\,1O /1ZS1xE \4Z*h*1b w\aV\`+Sb1WnZm1 /1yab,SqE Z1dY1`1ZO Z\abnE /1`4\abnE Z1\+d4/*ZZ*q ]\f\bnxD 1a\YZ1ZZ\E bm

44 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am

' ' ˚ ˚ ˝˚ ˝˚ ˚# ˚ ) ˚# ˚ ) ˚ ˚ 5E 5E ˚ ˚ 68 68


=

r p+\,nDDD Z1 ,1/1b a1+q Z1]`SWShZ\sD 5 \`SZeqZ*Y 57B8E 9 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

Z1 31W*1jnE wdb`*bS, ,aqVSy abm/xE ]`1/*bnaq w`*a]dbO Z\Yd ]\,1/1ZSpE hb\+m a 3*/Z\abnp 4*ZSY*bnaq ,aqV\O -\ `\/* Z1hSab\b\yx L'e1aqZ*Y 8B5;P5=MD ˘ ˚aWS ,Wp+W1ZZm1 ,\4/1`3S,*pbaq \b hd,abO ,1ZZmf W*aVE 4Z*hSbE \ZS Z1 Wp+qb /`d- /`d-*D

1,1`Z\D \]`1VS YZ1ZSp \b/1WnZmf Wp/1yE Z1O dY1abZm1 W*aVS Z1 dV`1]Wqpb \bZ\j1ZSyD *]`\bS,E \ZS `*4`dj*pb ,4*SYZ\1 d,*31ZS1 S /\,1`S1D \b hb\ aWdhSW\an a \`\yB w /SZ `*4E V\-/* Y*Ym Z1 +mW\ /\Y*E Y\y ]*`1Zn ]`Sj1W V\ YZ1E qV\+mE ]\aY\b`1bn b1W1,SO 4\`D Z*h*W* \Z ]`\ab\ /1`3*W Y1Zq 4* `dVdD ]\b\Y 1-\ `dVS ,/`d- ab*WS +Wd3/*bnD ) +\qW*an 1-\ \ab*Z\,SbnE /dY*W*E hb\ \Z \+S/Sbaq S dy/1bxD *V bm /dY*1jnE ob\b ]*`1Zn /1yab,Sb1WnZ\ Wp+SW \`d SWS 31 ]`\ab\ SaV*W a1+1 d/\,\Wnab,SqH ˚aWS Vb\O b\ ]mb*1baq ,\,W1hn b1+q , Z1hSab\1 ]\,1/1ZS1E b\ Y\3O Z\ WS aV*4*bnE hb\ \Z /1yab,Sb1WnZ\ b1+q Wp+SbH ˚aWS ]*`1Zn ]\+d3/*1b /1,djVd ]\abd]Sbn ,`*4`14 a 11 f`SabS*ZaVSY ,\a]Sb*ZS1Y S a\,1abnpE \Z Z*`dO j*1b 4*V\Z \-*D \bq \Z S db,1`3/*1bE hb\ Wp+Sb 11E 1-\ /1W* -\,\`qb \+`*bZ\1D 1aWS /1,djV* ]\//*1baq b*O ˚ V\Yd /*,W1ZSpE b\ \Z* ]\4,\O +k*yb1an , V\Y]*ZSS Wq1bE hb\+m 1p ]\Wn4\,*WSanD SWS ,a1-/* ]`S-W*j*yb1 hb\ fd31E \Z* ,\,W1V*1baq , b`1bn1-\D 4+1-*yb1 Z1hSab\bd SE ,\4Y\3Z\E /*31 \]*aZmf aSbd*gSyD *O a\,1`j*1b +Wd/1 L5 \`SZeqO ]`SY1`E Z1 \ab*,*yb1an Z*Y :B=E 5>MD Z*1/SZ1 , V,*`bS`1E /\O Y1 SWS ]`S]*`V\,*ZZ\y Y*jSZ1D 1 \Z1hZ\E b\E hb\ \+ad3/*1baq ,

ob\Y *+4*g1E \bZ\aSbaq V ]`1/ab*,Sb1O WqY \+\Sf ]\W\,D

/1 -`*Zn /\4,\W1ZZ\-\H 45


‘‘

m a Y\SY 31ZSf\Y ,Y1ab1 hSb*1Y \aZ\,*ZZm1 Z* S+WSS ab*bnS \ b\YE V*V f`*ZSbn g1W\Yd/`S1D m g1ZSY obS a\,1bmE ]\aV\WnVd \ZS ]\Y\-*pb Z*Y 1bSanq a\f`*Zqbn a\,1abn hSab\y

ab*Z\,S h1bVS1 -`*ZSgm

’’

˚aWS bm a V1YOb\ ,ab`1h*1jnaqE V*V bm Y\31jn S4+13*bn Z1dY1abZ\-\ ,m`*31ZSq hd,ab,H d/`\ 4*`*O Z11 dab*Z\,Sbn h1bVS1 -`*ZSgm /\4,\W1ZZ\-\D `SbO h*f 57B5> -\,\`SbaqB w a\,1bdpkSfaq P Yd/`\abnxD \O -\,\`S a\ a,\SY S4+`*ZZSV\Y \ b\YE V*VS1 ,m`*31ZSq hd,ab, dY1abZmE * V*VS1 P Z1bD ˙\3S/*bnaq SZbSYZ\y S hd,ab,1ZZ\y \+ab*Z\,VSE hb\+m /\-\,\`Sbnaq \ ]`*,SO W*fEP ob\ ,a1 `*,Z\ hb\ /\3S/*bnaq ]\3*`*E hb\+m ]\O ab*,Sbn aS-Z*WS4*gSpD \4Y\3Z\E b1+1 +d/1b b`d/Z\ S Z1W\,V\ \+ad3/*bn b*O V\y /1WSV*bZmy ,\]`\aE \a\+1ZZ\ 1aWS ,m b\WnV\ Z*h*WS ,ab`1h*bnaqD \ 1aWS 4*`*Z11 dab*Z\,Sbn -`*ZSgm /\4O ,\W1ZZ\-\E Y\3Z\ ]`1/\b,`*bSbn ,\4ZSVZ\,1ZS1 a1`n14O

]W*Z /1yab,SyI Z1 +d/1b W1-h1 ab\`\ZSbnaq SaVdj1ZSyE 1aWS qDDD

ı .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

˚aWS h1W\,1VE a V\b\`mY q ,ab`1h*panE aVW\Zq1b Y1Zq V Z1hSabmY ]\abd]V*YE qDDD .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................


b*W +m bm /\3S/*bnaq ]\3*`*E hb\+m ]\ab*,Sbn aS-Z*WS4*gSpH \-/* Z1 /\3S/*yaq ]mWVSf ab`*ab1yE hb\+m dab*Z\,Sbn -`*ZSgm /\4,\W1ZZ\-\ Zmf ]`\+W1YD *4dYZm1 -`*ZSgm Y\3Z\ a`*,ZSbn a /1O b1Vb\`\Y /mY*E V\b\`my ]`S ]1`,\Y ]`S4Z*V1 ]\3*`* ]\/*ab aS-Z*WD b\Yd 31 ,*j1 dY1ZS1 \+ad3/*bn b*VS1 ,\]`\am a,S/1b1Wnab,d1b \ b\YE aY\31b1 WS ,m , +d/dO k1Y /\abS-*bn ,4*SY\]\ZSY*ZSqD 1/n /Wq b\-\ hb\+m , +`*V1 a1Vad*WnZm1 \bZ\j1ZSq ]`SZ\aSWS d/\,W1b,\`1O ZS1 S `*/\abnE Z1\+f\/SYm b*VS1 V*h1ab,*E V*V a*Y\\+O W*/*ZS1E b1`]1ZS1 S +1aV\`mabS1 L5 \`SZeqZ*Y ;B7E 8MD 1aa]\`Z\E ]`S/1`3S,*bnaq \3nSf Z\`Y ]`*,1/Z\O abS Z1W1-V\D /Z*V\ bm Y\31jn /\,1`qbn a\,1bd 1-\O ,mD a*SS 8<B5; -\,\`SbaqE hb\ \- wdhSb b1+q ]\W14O Z\YdE ,1/1b b1+q ]\ b\Yd ]dbSE ]\ V\b\`\Yd b1+1 Zd3Z\ S/bSxD 1-\,* 31W*1b b1+1 b\WnV\ a*Y\-\ Wdhj1-\I ˚˙ (#˚• ˚ ˙1,ab,1ZZ\abn ,\,a1 Z1 a,S/1b1Wnab,d1b

\ b,\1y Z1]\WZ\g1ZZ\abSD *\+\`\bE ob\ Yd/`my ,m+\`D 4Z*y ]\h1YdD

O ˚ H

˘ *VS1 +m bm dab*Z\,SW -`*ZSgm , \bZ\j1ZSS ]`SV\aZ\,1ZSy V h1W\,1Vd ]`\bS,\]\W\3Z\-\ ]\W*H ˘ +lqaZSE , h1Y `*4ZSg* Y13/d +Wd/\YE Z1hSab\b\y S `*a]dbZmY ]\,1/1ZS1YD

/1 -`*Zn /\4,\W1ZZ\-\H 47


5

˛*h1Y 3/*bn /\ +`*V*H 1Zq ]\ab\qZZ\ aVW\Zqpb ]\]`\+\,*bn a1VaD 1WWS Z1 ab`*ZZ\E hb\ q 1k1 Z1 +mW a /1,djV\yD ˙3\`/\Z

w % E 1k1 /1,ab,1ZZSg*Hx w m /\ aSf ]\` tY*WnO hSVrHx \/\+Zm1 ,\]`\am Y\-db ,m+Sbn d b1+q ]\h,d S4O ]\/ Z\-D a\,`1Y1ZZ\Y \+k1ab,1 Z* pZ\j1y S /1,dO j1VE V\b\`m1 Z1 a]1j*b `*aab*bnaq a /1,ab,1ZZ\abnpE ]\`\y aY\b`qb V*V Z* +1Wmf ,\`\ZD 1d/S,Sb1WnZ\E hb\ YZ\-S1 Y\W\/m1 Wp/S d31 , ]\/`\abV\,\Y ,\4`*ab1 ]mO b*pbaq ]`S\+`1abS a1Vad*WnZmy \]mbD

Ë?1W*ZS1 S4Zdb`SE /*,W1ZS1 aZ*`d3S ËšaWS bm f`SabS*ZSZE b\ 4Z*1jn +S+W1yaVdp 4*]\O ,1/n w,\4/1`3S,*bnaq \b +Wd/*x L5 1aa*W\ZSVSyg*Y 48 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


V*VSYS +d/db `1*WnZm1 ]\aW1/ab,SqH Z1+`*hZmy a1Va h*ab\ V`*aS,\ ]`1]\/Z\aSbaqD ,\S a,1`abZSVSE * b*V31 SZ/dab`Sq `*4,W1h1ZSy W\,V\ aV`m,*O pb 1-\ Z1]`SqbZm1 ]\aW1/ab,SqD \b b`S bS]ShZm1 aSbd*gSSD *V ]\Ob,\1YdE hb\ ]`\S4\y/1b Z* a*Y\Y /1W1H ˘ ,\y \/Z\VW*aaZSV f,*ab*1baqE hb\ d Z1-\ +mW\ YZ\-\ /1O ,dj1VD Z -\,\`SbE hb\ ob\ wVW*aaZ\x S wZS d V\-\ ZSV*VSf ]`\+W1YxD \ hb\ `1*WnZ\ ]`\S4\y/1b /*Wnj1 P S a b1YS /1,djV*YSE S a ZSYH ı ............................................. ..................................................................................................

˘ SWnY 4*V*ZhS,*1baq eS4Sh1aV\y +WS4\abnp /,df ,Wp+O W1ZZmf ]\/`\abV\,D b\ ]`\S4\jW\ +m /*Wnj1 , `1*WnO Z\abSH ...................................................................................... ..................................................................................................

˘ m ]\4Z*V\YSW*an a V`*aS,mY ]*`Z1YE S \Z aVW\Zq1b b1+q V a1VadD Z -\,\`SbE hb\ \+ ob\Y ZSVb\ Z1 d4Z*1bD ˚aWS +m bm a\-W*aSW*an S 4*f\b1W* ob\ aV`mbnE V h1Yd +m ob\ ]`S,1W\ , `1*WnZ\abSH .......................................................................... ..................................................................................................

8B7MD 1Y Z1 Y1Z11 b1+1 Y\31b +mbn b`d/Z\ a/1`3S,*bn a,\S a1Vad*WnZm1 31W*ZSqD (Z\j* ]\ SY1ZS \W ]`SO 4Z*WaqB w \`\y YmaWS \ a1Va1 ,\4ZSV*pb d Y1Zq , -\W\O ,1 +14 ,S/SYmf Z* b\ ]`ShSZxD 1 ,\WZdyaqB , \aZ\,Z\Y b*VS1 hd,ab,* Z\`Y*WnZmD \Z1hZ\E Z1]`SqbZ\E V\-/* Z*/ b\+\y S4/1,*pbaq S aY1pbaq S4O4* b\-\E hb\ bm Z1 b\`\]Sjnaq a ]\W\,mO YS \bZ\j1ZSqYSD 1+qb* Y\-db -\,\`Sbn b1+1E +d/b\ bm wZ1 Yd3hSZ*x SWS w1k1 /1,\hV*xE ]\aV\WnVd d b1+q ]\O V* Z1 +mW\ a1Vad*WnZ\-\ \]mb*D 'WW1Z aV*4*W*B w ,1`O abZSVS ,mab*,Wqpb a1Va V*V hb\Ob\ ]SV*ZbZ\1 S a\,1`O j1ZZ\ 1ab1ab,1ZZ\1D ˚aWS bm Z1 4*ZSY*1jnaq a1Va\YE b1+q ahSb*pb ab`*ZZmYxD ˛*h1Y 3/*bn /\ +`*V*H 49


Ëš Ë› "

\aSe \aSe \V*4*Waq , b`d/Z\y aSbd*gSSD Ë?1Z* 1-\ -\a]\/SZ* d31 Z1 `*4 ]mb*W*an 1-\ a\+W*4ZSbnD /O Z*3/m \Z* aZ\,* ab*W* 1-\ d-\,*`S,*bnD \ \aSe b,1`/\ `1jSW Z1 ]\//*,*bnaqD Z \b,1bSW 1yB w *V 31 q Y\-d a\,1`jSbn b*V\1 ,1WSV\1 4W\ S a\-`1jSbn ]`\bS, \-*Hx \ ob* 31ZkSZ* S aWdj*bn ZSh1-\ Z1 f\b1W*C \Z* /*31 af,*bSW* 1-\ 4* \/13/dD \aSe Z1 ]\abm/SWaq d+13*bnD Z /*31 ,maV\hSW S4 /\Y*E ]\abd]S, V*V ,ma\V\Z`*,ab,1ZZmy h1W\,1V L mbS1 7=B;P56MD m Y\31jn \V*4*bnaq , ]\/\+Z\y aSbd*gSSE V\-/* Vb\Ob\ 4*f\h1bE hb\+m bm ]\j1W Z* ]\,\/d d a,\Sf a1Vad*WnZmf 31W*ZSyD b\+m ]`\bS,\ab\qbn SYE b`1+d1baq Z1 b\WnV\ aSW* ,\WSD W*,Z\1 P ob\ 31W*O ZS1 Z1 \-\`h*bn a,\1-\ \4/*b1WqE 1-\,d \-*D 1a\YZ1ZZ\E d \aSe*E V*V S d b1+qE +mWS a1Vad*WnO Zm1 31W*ZSqD /Z*V\ \Z Z1 /\]daV*W S YmaWS \ b\YE hb\+m d/\,W1b,\`Sbn Sf b*VE hb\ ob\ \aV\`+SW\ +m \4/*b1WqD *3Z\E hb\+m S bm +mW d+13/1ZB Z`*,O ab,1ZZ*q Z1hSab\b* \aV\`+Wq1b \-* SE , V\Z1hZ\Y ah1b1E WSj*1b /dj1,Z\-\ a]\V\yab,SqD \ob\Yd ab`1YSan V Z`*,ab,1ZZ\y hSab\b1 S a\f`*Zqy 11E V*V \aSeD


‘‘

) ]\YZp aW\,* S4 'e1aqZ*Y 9B9E hb\ tZSV*V\y +Wd/ZSVE Z1hSabmyDDD Z1 SY11b Z*aW1/ab,* , g*`ab,1r \-*E S ob\ ]\Y\O -*1b YZ1 a\]`\bS,Wqbnaq SaVdj1ZSp S/Sq a\,1`jSbn +14Z`*,ab,1ZZ\abn

’’

\ b,\S a,1`abZSVSE aV\`11 ,a1-\E Z1 \+`*k*pb ,ZSO Y*ZSq Z* b\E hb\ 1abn \+`*bZ*q ab\`\Z* Y1/*WSD *]`SO Y1`E *`SqE d V\b\`\y +mWS ]\W\,m1 \bZ\j1ZSq a 11 ]*`Z1YE `*aaV*4*W*B w \b\Y q Sa]mbm,*W* aYdk1ZS1 S abm/D ) Z1Z*,S/1W* S 1-\E S a1+qxD ob\ ]`\Saf\/Sb h*O k1E h1Y /dY*pb YZ\-S1 ]\/`\abVSD * a*Y\Y /1W1 /\O +`*hZmy a1Va h*ab\ ,m4m,*1b /dj1,Zdp +\Wn S SY11b -d+Sb1WnZm1 ]\aW1/ab,SqD w˛*h1Y b\-/* \- Z*/1WSW Z*a a1Vad*WnZmYS 31W*O ZSqYSE 1aWS /\ ,abd]W1ZSq , +`*V Sf Z1Wn4q d/\,W1b,\O `qbnHx *V\y `14\ZZmy ,\]`\a 4*/*W* /1,djV* ]\ SY1O ZS "*Z/*D ˙*,*y ]\`*aad3/*1YB *4,1 a1Vad*WnZ\1 ,W1h1ZS1 P 1/SZab,1ZZ\1 S4 aSWnZmf 31W*ZSyE V\b\`m1 d b1+q ,\4ZSV*pbH \O Z1hZ\E Z1bD 1-\,* \- a\4/*W b1+q a\ a]\a\+Z\abnp SaO ]mbm,*bn `*4WShZm1 31W*ZSq S hd,ab,*D b1]1`n ]\O /dY*yB ˙\W31Z WS bm a`*4d 31 ˛ ˚"& %DDD d/\,W1b,\`qbn Wp+m1 a,\S b\ ]`S,mV V a1VadO 31W*ZSq S ]\`m,mH 1bD *WnZmY ,\WnZ\abqY \- b*V31 /*W b1+1 ,\4Y\3O /\ +`*V*E \+mhZ\ Z\abn V\Zb`\WS`\,*bn a,\S Z1 S4Y1Zq1b a,\SY /1yab,SqD ]`S,mhV*Y S ]\aW1 *V\y Y\3Z\ a/1W*bn ,mO a,*/n+mD Z*]`\bS,E ,\/H \4Y\3Z\E b1 SWS SZm1 Vb\ ]`S/1`3S,*Waq 31W*ZSq ,\4ZSV*pb d b1+q Z`*,ab,1ZZmf Z\`Y ‹ Z1]`\S4,\WnZ\E Z\ hb\ bm \-* /\ +`*V*E aV\`11 +d/1jn /1W*bnE V\-/* \ZS ]\O ,a1-\E +d/1b ,1`1Z a,\O q,qbaqEP 4*,SaSb \b b1+qD 1Yd a]dbZSVd 3S4ZSD \//*,*bnaq V*3/\Yd a1VO ad*WnZ\Yd ]\`m,d b*V 31

?

˛*h1Y 3/*bn /\ +`*V*H 51


Z1]`*,SWnZ\ S -Wd]\E V*V +Sbn V\-\Ob\ ,aqVSy `*4E V\-O /* bm 4WSjnaqD ˙1W\ , b\YE hb\ \- ZSV\-/* Z1 f\b1WE hb\+m Ym Z1/\ab\yZ\ ]\Wn4\,*WSan a,\SYS /1b\`\/ZmYS \`-*O Z*YSD \-W*aZ\ S+WSSE ,\Wq \-* , b\YE whb\+m V*3O /myDDD 4Z*WE V*V ,W*/1bn a,\SY a\ad/\Y b1W\Y , a,qb\O abS S h1abSx L5 1aa*W\ZSVSyg*Y 8B8MD *V 1abn w,`1Yq Wp+Sbn S ,`1Yq Z1Z*,S/1bnxE b*V 1abn ,`1Yq WS+\ d/\,O W1b,\`qbn a,\S a1Vad*WnZm1 31W*ZSqE WS+\ Z1b L'VVW1O 4S*ab 7B5P<MD V\Z1hZ\Y ah1b1E bm a*Y f\4qSZ a,\Sf 31W*ZSyI V*V +mbnE 1aWS Vb\Ob\ Z*aY1f*1baq S a d/S,W1ZSO 1Y a]`*jS,*1bB w b1+q hb\E ]`*,/* /\ aSf ]\` tZSV\O -\ Z1 +mW\rHx 1 /*y ]`S,1O abS a1+q , ab`*f S aYqb1ZS1D ˚ ˚aWS b1+q ]`\ab\ f\bqb dZSO 4SbnE bm Y\- +m \b,1bSbnB 4+1-*y \+k1ZSq a b1YSE w˙*D 4Z*1jn hb\ P ob\ d V\-\ Z1b b,1`/mf Y\O `*WnZmf ]`SZgS]\,E Y\1 `1j1ZS1 S q ob\Yd `*/Ix /*31 1aWS \ZS db,1`O WS Y\3Z\ aV*4*bnB w'b\ 3/*pbE hb\ `*4/1Wqpb Y\1 WShZ\1 /1W\D ) Z1 f\O b,\S ,1`\,*ZSqD hd ob\ \+ad3/*bnx1 L `ShbS 6:B8C \W\aaqZ*Y 8B:MD Y\O 31bE bm `1jSjnE hb\ a h1W\O ,1V\Y ab\Sb ]`\/\W3Sbn `*4-\,\`D \-/* `*aaV*3S 1Yd \ a,\Sf \aZ\,*ZZmf Z* S+WSS d+13/1ZSqfD *V +m bm 1k1 Y\- \b,1bSbn Z* ,\]`\a bS]*B w b1+q hb\E ]`*,/* /\ aSf ]\` tZSV\-\ Z1 +mW\rHx *]SjSD

ı .................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................

1ZZmy /*` *V \- \bZ\aSbaq V ]\W\,mY \bZ\j1ZSqY /\ +`*O V*H `1/ab*,nE hb\ bm Vd]SW /Wq /`d-* ]\/*`\VD \ ]`13/1 h1Y bm 1-\ ]\/*`SWE \Z S4 Wp+\]mbab,* \bV`mW 1 Zb1`1aZ\E hb\ Sada `1jSW Z1 \b,1h*bn Z* `*aa]`\am `\/* L dO VS 67B<E =MD \-/* b1+q ]`\,\gS`dpbE V*V ]`*,SW\E Wdhj1 ]`\ab\ Y\WO h*bnD

52 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am

' ' ˚ ˚ ˝˚ ˝˚ ˚# ˚ ) ˚# ˚ ) ˚ ˚ 5E 5E ˚ ˚ 68 68


r˚aWS Vb\Ob\DDD , a,\1Y a1`/g1 `1jSW a\f`*Zqbn a,\p /1,ab,1ZZ\abnE b\ \Z ]\abd]*1b f\`\j\sD

=

5 \`SZeqZ*Y ;B7; ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

1-\D `SqbZ\ WS b1+1 +d/1bH b1]1`n ]\/dY*yE hb\ ]\O hd,ab,d1b \-E 1aWS bm `*Znj1 ,`1Y1ZS ,abd]Sjn , ]\O W\,m1 \bZ\j1ZSqD Z f\h1bE hb\+m bm `*/\,*Waq ob\Yd /*`d b\WnV\ ]\aW1 ,abd]W1ZSq , +`*V L mbS1 5B6<MD \ hb\ 31 /1W*bnE 1aWS bm hd,ab,d1jn ]\W\,\1 ,W1O h1ZS1H \`\bV\ -\,\`qE Zd3Z\ Z*dhSbnaq 1-\ a/1`3SO ,*bnD 1+1 ob\ ]\/ aSWdI \WSan 1-\,1 \ ]\Y\kSD ˚-\ /df ]\Y\31b b1+1 ]`\q,Wqbn a*Y\\+W*/*ZS1 L *W*b*Y 9B66E 67MD *]\YSZ*y a1+1E hb\ w\b f\/qkSf , +14d]`1hO Z\abS 1-\,* Z1 ab*Z1b d/1`3S,*bn /\+`\1x L a*W\Y <8B55MD (Z\j* ]\ SY1ZS \`/\Z aV*4*WB w *V b\WnV\ YZ1 Z*hSZ*1b V*4*bnaqE hb\ a1Va /\ +`*V* P ob\ Z1 b*V

]W*Z /1yab,SyI b\+m a\f`*ZSbn g1W\Yd/`S1 /\ +`*V*E YZ1 Zd3Z\DDD

ı ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

˚aWS Y\y V`d- \+k1ZSq Y1j*1b YZ1 a\f`*Zqbn , ob\Y b,1`/\abnE qDDD ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................


abd]Sbn , ]\W\,dp a,q4n /\ +`*V* P b\ 31 a*Y\1E hb\ \bV`mbn ]\/*`\VE V\b\`my b1+1 1k1 Z1 ]\/*`SWS d3 ]W\f\E q bdb 31 /dY*p \ ]W\fSf /df\,Zmf ]\aW1/ab,SO qfD V\Z1hZ\Y ah1b1E ZS \/Z\ -`1f\,Z\1 Z*aW*3/1ZS1 Z1 ab\O Sb Y\Sf \bZ\j1ZSy a 1-\,\yxD \ adbSE /1,ab,1ZZ\abn Z1 1abn hb\Ob\ ab`*ZZ\1 SWS Z1Z\`Y*WnZ\1D 1Va /\ +`*V* P ,\b hb\ dZS4SO b1WnZ\E \aV\`+Sb1WnZ\ S \]*aZ\D dabn b1+q Z1 \+Y*O Z1b YS`aV*q ]`\]*-*Z/*E V\b\`*q ]mb*1baq ,ZdjSbnE +d/b\ a b\+\y hb\Ob\ Z1 b*VE 1aWS bm ]`S/1`3S,*O 1jnaq +S+W1yaVSf ]`SZgS]\,D \f`*Zqq g1W\Yd/O `S1 /\ +`*V*E bm a\f`*ZSjn a,\1 eS4Sh1aV\1 S /dj1,O Z\1 4/\`\,n1E * a*Y\1 -W*,Z\1 P f\`\jS1 \bZ\j1ZSq a \-\YD

O ˚ H

˘ \h1Yd Z*/ ]\/`\abV*YSE \b,1`-*pkSYS Z1]`Sab\yZm1 ]`1/W\31ZSqE ]\`\y Z*aY1f*pbaqH ˘ \h1Yd Z1W1-V\ a\f`*Zqbn Z`*,ab,1ZZdp hSab\bdH ˘ \h1Yd ab\Sb a\f`*Zqbn g1W\Yd/`S1 /\ +`*V*H ˘ *V +m bm \+lqaZSW ob\ YW*/j1Yd +`*bd SWS a1ab`1H

54 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


1

"˚ )

Y\y /Z1,ZSV

˚aWS bm /dY*1jn \ +`*V1E 4*]SjS /,* a*Ymf -W*,Zmf V*h1ab,*E V\b\`m1 bm f\b1W +m ,S/1bn , a]dbZSV1 3S4ZSE S \+lqaZSE ]\h1Yd bm g1ZSjn obS V*h1ab,*D ˚aWS bmE ]\ V`*yZ1y Y1`1 ,`1Y1ZZ\E f\h1jn \ab*,*bnaq +14+`*hZmYE b\ 4*]SjS /,* ]`1SYdk1ab,* +14+`*hSqD

ı

55



˚ ˚ ˚ % ˝ ˛

2

`1,\3Sb WS b1+q b\E V*V `*4,S,*1baq ı b,\y \`-*ZS4YH O ˙* O 1b d,ab,d1jn WS bm , a,q4S a ]1`1f\/ZmY ,\4`*ab\Y \/SZ\h1ab,\E `*ab1`qZZ\abn SWS ab`*fH

O ˙* O 1b

/\W1,*pb WS b1+q YmaWS \ ]`\bS,\O ]\W\3Z\Y ]\W1H

O ˙* O 1b

˚aWS Z* Z1V\b\`m1 S4 obSf ,\]`\a\, bm \b,1bSW w/*xE Z1 ]1`13S,*y P a b\+\y ,a1 , ]\`q/V1D a*Y\Y /1W1E eS4Sh1aVS1 S oY\O gS\Z*WnZm1 S4Y1Z1ZSqE V\b\`m1 a b\+\y ]`\Saf\/qbE Y\-db ,m4m,*bn `*/\abnE dZmO ZS1 S 1k1 g1Wmy `q/ hd,ab,D m 31 ,a1-/* f\b1W ab*bn ,4`\aWmYI 1]1`n ob\b ]`\g1aa Z*h*WaqE SE ,\4Y\3Z\E hb\Ob\ b1+q ]d-*1bD W*,m :P< ]\Y\-db b1+1 */*]bS`\,*bnaq V ]`\Saf\/qkSY ]1`1Y1Z*YD 57


6

b\ a\ YZ\y ]`\Saf\/SbH ) +mab`\ `\aE \/Z*V\ S4O4* ob\-\ Sa]mbmO ,*W +\WSD \Z1hZ\E +mW\ 4/\`\,\E hb\ q ab*O Z\,SWaq ,ma\VSYE Z\ d Y1Zq +mWS ad/\`\-S , Z\-*fD ) hd,ab,\,*W a1+q d3*aZ\D \W*Z m 4Z*1jnE hb\ b,\q ,Z1jZ\abn Y1Zq1bO aqE Z\ Z*/11jnaqE hb\ /`d-S1 ob\-\ Z1 4*Y1O h*pbD ]\b\Y V*V*qOb\ /\+`*q b1bq dV*4m,*1b Z* b,\S jS`\VS1 +1/`* S -\,\`SbB w \/f\/qk*q eS-d`* /Wq +d/dk1y Y*Y\hVSIx V,\4n 41YWp ]`\,*WSbnaq +mI "*Z1Wn

˚ ˚˚˛˝ WS bm V\-/*OZS+d/n , /`d-\y -\`\/H *,1`Z\1E +mO W\ b`d/Z\E ]\aV\WnVd ]`SjW\an aY1ZSbn /\Y S jV\WdE * b*V31 `*aab*bnaq a /`d4nqYSD d3Z\ +mW\ ,`1YqE hb\+m ]`S,mVZdbn V Z\,\y a`1/1D 1`1f\/Zmy ,\4`*ab P ob\ ,`1YqE V\-/* bm ab*Z\,Sjnaq ,4`\aO WmY S a b\+\y ]`\O


Saf\/qb \-`\YZm1 ]1`1Y1ZmD +`*4Z\ -\,\`qE bm ]1O `1143*1jn , Z14Z*V\Ymy -\`\/D \WZSb1WnZ\H ˚k1 V*VI 1`1f\/ V 4`1W\abS ,m4m,*1b aY1j*ZZm1 hd,O ab,*E S V Z\,mY \+ab\qb1Wnab,*Y +m,*1b b`d/Z\ ]`S,mVZdbnD V*VSYS S4Y1Z1ZSqYS a,q4*Z ob\b SZb1`1aZmyE Z\ , b\ 31 ,`1Yq +1a]\V\yZmy ]1`S\/ 3S4ZSH

\WnV\ /Wq /1,\h1V \/`\abV\,my ,\4`*ab P ,`1Yq +\WnjSf ]1`1Y1ZD 1V\b\`m1 S4 ZSf aSWnZ\ ,WSqpb Z* ,Z1jZ\abnD *O ]`SY1`E -\`Y\Zm abSYdWS`dpb `\ab ,\W\a , \+W*O abS -1ZSb*WSyD m b*V31 4*Y1h*1jnE hb\ d b1+q `*ab1b -`d/nE +1/`* S q-\/SgmD m d31 Z1 ]\f\3* Z* `1+1ZV*E b,\1 b1W\ ]`S\+`1b*1b +\W11 31Zab,1ZZm1 \h1`b*ZSqD 1a]\V\Sbnaq Z1 ab\SbE ,a1 ob\ a\,1`j1ZZ\ Z\`Y*WnO Z\D *VS1 ]1`1Y1Zm a,S/1b1Wnab,dpbE hb\ b,\y \`-*O ZS4Y -\b\,Sbaq V\ ,`1Y1ZSE V\-/* bm aY\31jn ab*bn Y*Y\yD aV\`1 ]\aW1 ob\-\ d b1+q Z*hZ1baq Y1Zab`d*WnZmy gSVWD ˚aWS V ob\Yd Z1 ]\/-\b\,SbnaqE b\ ]1`,*q Y1ZO ab`d*gSq Y\31b b1+q Z*]d-*bnD \b hb\ `*aaV*4*W* *Y*Zb*B w \-/* d Y1Zq Z*h*WSan Y1aqhZm1E q +mW* 4*O abS-Zdb* ,`*a]W\fD d,ab,dq a1+q -`q4Z\yE q , ,*ZZ\y a +`14-WS,\abnp b1`W* a1+q Y\h*WV\yD maWn \ b\YE hb\ b*VS1 Ydh1ZSq +d/db ]\,b\`qbnaq V*3/my Y1aqg S4 -\/* , -\/E ]`S,\/SO W* Y1Zq , d3*aIx

`\k*bnaq a /1bab,\Y P ob\ aW\,Z\ d143*bn S4 `\/Z\-\ -\`\/*D \ ]`Sa]\a\+Sbnaq Y\3Z\ 59


\YZS ,a1 31E hb\ Y1Zab`d*WnZmy gSVW a,S/1b1WnO ab,d1b \ `*4,SbSS , b,\1Y \`-*ZS4Y1 /1b\`\/Zmf edZVgSyD f\bq 1k1 ]`\y/db -\/mE ]`13/1 h1Y bm +d/1jn -\b\,* V `\3/1ZSp /1b1yE a1yh*a bm ab\Sjn Z* ]\`\-1 ,4`\aW\y 3S4ZSD /Z*V\ Z*h*W\ Y1Zab`dO *gSy Y\31b ,m4,*bn , b,\1y /dj1 aYqb1ZS1D ˙1,djO V* ]\ SY1ZS 1WWS ]\/1WSW*anB w `d/Z11 ,a1-\ +mO W\ a ]1`1]*/*YS Z*ab`\1ZSqD ) ]d-*W*anE V\-/* ,1an /1Zn +mW* Z* ]\/l1Y1 S , b\b 31 ,1h1` ZS a b\-\ ZS a a1O ˛ ˚"& %DDD -\ Z*hSZ*W* +14db1jZ\ `mO \W\,\1 a\4`1,*ZS1 d /*bnxD V\-\Ob\ Z*hSZ*1baq , <E ˚aWS b1+q \/\W1,*pb ]\O * d V\-\Ob\ , 58 W1b SWS /\+Zm1 hd,ab,*E Z*+1`San ]\431D \ZqbS1 Z\`Ym b1`]1ZSqD \ ,`1Y1Z1Y bm , ob\Y ,\]`\a1 \bZ\O a ZSYS a]`*,SjnaqD Y\bO aSb1WnZ\D `SE hb\ `*aaV*4*W* 6>OW1bO Zqq ZZ1bbB w V*V\yOb\ Y\O Y1Zb q \a\4Z*W*E hb\ ab*Z\,Wpan ,4`\aW\y S hb\ 1-\,* ]\/*`SW YZ1 a]\a\+Z\abn SY1bn /1b1yD *V\1 \a\4Z*ZS1 ]`Sf\/Sb Z1 a`*4dE S Z1V\b\`mY /1,\hV*Y +m,*1b \h1Zn b`d/Z\E Z\ a\ ,`1Y1Z1Y a,mV*1jnaq a ]1O `1Y1Z*YSxD `\Saf\/qb WS a b\+\y d]\YqZdbm1 ,mj1 eS4S\W\O -Sh1aVS1 ]1`1Y1ZmH ˚aWS , a,q4S a obSY d b1+q 1abn ,\]`\amE 4*]SjS SfD ı .......................................................

?

.................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................

\WnV\ /Wq Y*WnhSV\, Y*WnhSV\, ]1`S\/ ]\W\,\-\ a\4`1,*ZSq a,qO 4*Z a\ 4Z*hSb1WnZmYS S4Y1Z1ZSqYS ,\ ,Z1jZ\abSD \3* d b1+qE ,\4Y\3Z\E ab*Z\,Sbaq 3S`Z\yE ]\q,WqO pbaq ]`mkS S d-`S1D w `mkS \h1Zn `*4/`*3*pbEP 1 \/\+Z\1 b*V31 ]`\Saf\/Sb a /1,djV*YSD +mhZ\ ]\Y\-*1b ]`*O ,SWnZmy df\/ 4* V\31yD

60 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


‘‘

1`1f\/Zmy ,\4`*ab ]`1]\/Z\aSb ab\WnO V\ ap`]`S4\,E hb\ ZSV\-/* Z1 4Z*1jnE h1-\ 3/*bn \b a,\1-\ \`-*ZS4Y* , aW1/dpkSy `*4D \ bm ,4`\aW11jn S dhSjnaq ]`SO ZSY*bn S /*31 ]`S,1bab,\,*bn ZZ1bb ]1`1Y1Zm

’’

aV*4*W 5<OW1bZSy *`bSZEP ]`Sf\/Sbaq a ZSYS +\O `\bnaqE ob\ a*Y*q Z*ab\qk*q ,\yZ*D 1 4Z*1jnE \bO abd]qb WS \ZS V\-/*OZS+d/nE \ab*,qb WS j`*Ym S +dO /db WS \bb*WVS,*bn \b b1+q Wp/1yxD /`d-\y ab\`\ZmE bm 4*Y1h*1jnE hb\ ab*Z\,SjnO aq +\Wnj1E aSWnZ11E jS`1 , ]W1h*fD ]1`S\/ ]\W\,\O -\ a\4`1,*ZSq Z* Z\-*fE -`d/SE WSg1 S ]\/ YmjV*YS `*abdb ,\W\amD ab*bSE V\WSh1ab,\ ,\W\a Z1 \]`1/1O Wq1bE Z*aV\WnV\ bm wZ*ab\qkSy Yd3hSZ*xD \W\am P ob\ ,a1-\ WSjn ,\]`\a Z*aW1/ab,1ZZ\abSD ob\Y ,\4`*ab1 Z1 ,a1 h*abS b1W* `*abdb a \/SO Z*V\,\y aV\`\abnpE ]\ob\YdE ,\4Y\3Z\E bm ,m-WqO /Sjn Z1aVW*/ZmYD ˙d*yZ a dWm+V\y ,a]\YSZ*1bB w) +mW W\,\VE V*V 3S`*e Z* `\WSV*fD *4*W\anE aS-O Z*Wm \b Y\4-* /\f\/SWS /\ Y\Sf V\Z1hZ\ab1y b\WnV\ h1`14 Z1/1WpIx ]\/`\abV\,\Y ,\4`*ab1 -\W\a d b1+q ]\ab1]1ZZ\ ab*Z\,Sbaq ZS31D \ SZ\-O ˚ /* bm a`m,*1jnaq Z* w]1O bdjSZmy V`SVxE V\b\`my \aV\WnVd bm d31 Z1 ]\`\y aY1jSb \V`d3*pO `1+1Z\VE aW1/S 4* \/13O kSfD 1 ]1`13S,*yE a\ ,`1O /\yE hb\+m Z1 ,m4m,*bn Y1Z1Y -\W\a ,m`\,Zq1baqD Z1dY1abZ\-\ ,ZSY*ZSqD *dhSan \bZ\aSbnaq V a1O a1-/* \/1,*yaq wa\ +1 a pY\`\YE S bm +d/1jn aV`\YZ\abnp S 4/`*,\O YmaWS1Yx L5 SY\e1p Y1Znj1 aYdk*bnaqD 6B=MD \W\,\1 `*4,SbS1 a\O ]`\,\3/*1baq d,1WSh1ZS1Y

b\ a\ YZ\y ]`\Saf\/SbH 61


=

r d/d f,*WSbn b1+qE ]\b\Yd hb\ q a\4/*Z d/S,Sb1WnZ\ S ob\ ,Zdj*1b +W*-\-\,1ZS1sD a*W\Y 57=B58 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

]\W\,mf \`-*Z\, S ]\q,W1ZS1Y \V\W\ ZSf ,\W\aD *O hSZ*1b ,m`*+*bm,*bnaq a1Y1ZZ*q 3S/V\abnE a\/1`O 3*k*q YSWWS\Zm a]1`Y*b\4\S/\,E V\b\`m1 Sa]daV*O pbaq ,\ ,`1Yq ]\W\,mf aZ\j1ZSyD ]1`Y*b\4\S/ a]\a\+1Z \]W\/\b,\`Sbn qyg1VW1bVd 31ZkSZmE , `1O 4dWnb*b1 h1-\ ]`\Saf\/Sb 4*h*bS1D \ Y1`1 b\-\ V*V , \`-*ZS4Y1 \+`*4d1baq a1Y1ZO Z*q 3S/V\abnE \Z* \bh*abS ]\-W\k*1baq \`-*ZS4Y\YE \bh*abS ,m,\/Sbaq S4 Z1-\ ,\ ,`1Yq aZ*D *VS1 ,m/1O W1ZSq 1ab1ab,1ZZmD ZSf d]\YSZ*1baq /*31 , S+O WSS L 1,Sb 59B5:E 5;MD ZS dV*4m,*pb Z* b\E hb\ b,\S ]\W\,m1 \`-*Zm edZVgS\ZS`dpb Z\`Y*WnZ\ S bm /\O abS-*1jn 4`1W\abSD `\Saf\/qb WS a b\+\y d]\YqZdbm1 ,mj1 eS4SO \W\-Sh1aVS1 ]1`1Y1ZmH ˚aWS , a,q4S a obSY d b1+q 1abn ,\]`\amE 4*]SjS SfD ı .............................................. .................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................

*V a]`*,Sbnaq a Z\,mYS hd,ab,*YS \ Y1`1 /\abS31ZSq ]\W\,\y 4`1W\abS d pZ\O j1y S /1,dj1V ]`\+d3/*1baq SZb1`1a V ]`\bS,\]\O W\3Z\Yd ]\WdD *`bSZ `*aaV*4m,*1bB w ]1`1f\/Z\Y ,\4`*ab1 q ab*W 4*Y1h*bnE aV\WnV\ ,\V`d- V`*aSO ,mf /1,dj1VD 'b\ Y1Zq d-Z1b*W\E b*V V*V q ]\ZSY*WE hb\ YZ1 1k1 `*Z\ 4*,\/Sbn `\Y*ZbSh1aVS1 \bZ\j1O ZSqxD b\YE V*V a]`*,Sbnaq a b*VSYS hd,ab,*YSE bm aY\31jn ]`\hSb*bn , 6=Oy -W*,1 ob\y VZS-SD ]\O V* Z*ab`\yaq Z* b\E hb\+m dhSbnaq a/1`3S,*bn a,\S a1Vad*WnZm1 31W*ZSq L \W\aaqZ*Y 7B9MD *VSY +m 62 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


V*V YZ1 ]\-\,\`Sbn \ a1Va1 a ]*]\y SWS Y*Y\yH ˚aWS d Y1Zq ,\4ZSVZ1b ,\]`\a \ a1Va1E q ,`q/ WS ]\y/d V `\/Sb1WqYD 1b

Z1 +m /dfd Z1 f,*bSW\ 4*-\,\`Sbn \+ ob\YD ˙1ZZSa

˛Z*V\Ym1 hd,ab,*H \Z1hZ\E aSbd*gSq Z1]`\ab*qB d b1+q 1abn ,\]`\am \ a1Va1 S \b,1bSbn Z* ZSf Y\-WS +m `\/Sb1WSE Z\ b1+1 Y1Znj1 ,a1-\ f\h1baq a]`*jS,*bn \+ ob\Y d ZSfD 1+q YZ\-\1 \ab*Z*,WS,*1bE Z*]`SY1`B

b\ \ZS ]`\ Y1Zq ]\/dY*pbH w \panE hb\ 1aWS 4*-\,\`p a ZSYSE b\ ,m4\,d V a1+1 ]\/\4`1ZSqx L˙31aaSV*MD w ZS /dY*pbE hb\ bm ,1hZ\ +d/1jn pZ\y S Z1,SZZ\yE Z\ ab\Sb b1+1 4*-\,\`Sbn \ a1Va1E S bm hb\Ob\ b1`q1jn , Sf -W*4*fx L 1bMD

b\ \ZS aV*3dbH w˙dY*pE hb\ ab\Sb b\WnV\ YZ1 \bV`mbn `\bE V*V `\/Sb1WS a/1W*pb ]\a]1jZm1 ,m,\/m S ]dabqbaq , Z`*,\dh1ZSqx L W\`SqMD w \S `\/Sb1WS Z1 Y\-db aV`m,*bn a,\Sf hd,ab,D

\panE hb\ Z* WSg1 d ZSf a`*4d \b`*4Sbaq d3*aD ) Z*hZd -\,\`SbnE * ]*]* bdb 31 ab*Z1b a\hSZqbn /dj1a]*aSb1WnZdp `1hnx L *Y1W*MD

1 Sab\WVdpb WS \ZS ]`1,`*bZ\ Y\S Y\bS,mH w ZS Y\-db \b`1*-S`\,*bn aWSjV\Y \ab`\D *hZ1baqB t b1+1 hb\E ]`Sab*,*WSHr SWS t * b1+q /*,qb a,1`abZSVSHr YZ1 ]`\ab\ Wp+\]mbZ\x L S4*MD w \WnV\ 4*-\,\`p \ V*V\YOZS+d/n Y*WnhSV1E V*V ]*]* Y1Zq1baq , WSg1 S aZ\,* ]`SZSY*1baq 4* Y\1 ]\W\,\1 ,\a]Sb*ZS1D q /dY*pB t *E q ]`\ab\ aV*4*W*E hb\ \Z VW*aaZmy ]*`1ZnD Y1Zq S YmaWS Z1 +mW\ ]`\ 4*Yd31ab,\ SWS a1Varx L *abqMD b\ a\ YZ\y ]`\Saf\/SbH 63


˚aWS ob\ b1+q f\bn Z1YZ\-\ db1jSbE b\ b,\SY `\/Sb1WqYE ,\4Y\3Z\E b*V 31 Z1d/\+Z\ -\,\`Sbn \ a1Va1 a b\+\yE V*V S b1+1 a ZSYS I \31bE ob\ S \+lqaZq1bE ]\h1Yd :9 ]`\g1Zb\, `\/Sb1W1y , f\/1 \/Z\-\ SaaW1/\,*ZSq db,1`3/*WSE hb\ -\,\O `SWS a\ a,\SYS /1bnYS \ a1Va1E b\-/* V*V b\WnV\ 85 ]`\g1Zb /1b1y ]`S]\YSZ*pb b*V\y `*4-\,\`D *V hb\ b,\S `\/Sb1WSE ,\4Y\3Z\E Z1 `1j*pbaq 4*-\,\O `Sbn Z* obd b1YdD V\`11 ,a1-\E Sf `\/Sb1WS ZSV\-/* Z1 -\,\`SWS \+ ob\Y a ZSYSI *V +m b\ ZS +mW\E \bZ1aSan V ZSY a ]\ZSY*ZS1YD \31b +mbnE ]1`,myE `1jSb1WnZmy j*- Y\+m a/1W*bn bmD \ V*VH

*V \bV`mbn b1YdH \/Sb1WqY 1abn hb\ ]\,1/*bn b1+1 ]\ ,\]`\a*Y a1Va*D */\ b\WnV\ ]\/\+`*bn V ZSY VWphSVD \b Z1V\b\`m1 a\,1bmB 5 +lqaZSE ]\h1Yd bm +\Sjnaq \+ ob\Y 4*-\,\`SbnD w 1 4Z*pE ab\Sb WS -\,\`SbnD \panE V*V +m bm Z1 ]\/dY*WE hb\ qDDDx

6 \b\Y aV*3SE ]\h1Yd bm `1jSW ]\/\ybS SY1ZZ\ V ZSYD w \ d Y1Zq 1abn ,\]`\aE S q /dY*pE Wdhj1 a]`\jd d b1+qE h1Y d V\-\Ob\ 1k1xD 7 1]1`n ]`\ab\ 4*/*y a,\y ,\]`\aD w) f\hd a]`\aSbnDDDx 8 ˛*V\ZhS `*4-\,\` b*VE hb\+m ]\b\Y +mW\ W1-V\ V Z1Yd ,1`ZdbnaqD w \3Z\E 1aWS hb\E Ym \]qbn ]\-\,\`SY \+ ob\YHx mE V\Z1hZ\E S b*V 4Z*1jnE hb\ \ZS aV*3dbB w \3Z\xD \E a]`\aS, \+ ob\YE bm \ab*,Sjn ,\4Y\3Z\abn ,1`Zdbnaq V +1a1/1D b*VE ]\]`\+dyI \31bE , Sb\-1 bm a\-W*aSjnaq a `SZ\yE V\b\`\y a1yh*a 68 -\/*D Z* ,a]\YSZ*1bB w \-/* Ym a Y*Y\y ab*WS -\,\`Sbn Z* obd b1YdE q ]\/dY*W*E hb\ Wdhj1 +m Ym Z1 Z*hSZ*WS ob\b `*4-\,\`D \ b1]1`n q `*/*E hb\ Y*Y* -\,\`SW* a\ YZ\y ]`qY\ S \bV`\,1ZZ\D 1Zq ob\ d+1`1-W\ \b YZ\-Sf ]`\+W1YIx 64 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


b`d/ZmY b1+1 ob\ ZS V*4*W\anE +d/n d,1`1Z P ob\ ,\4O Y\3Z\ I ]1`S\/ ]\W\,\-\ a\4`1,*ZSq bm ,mZd3/1Z +\O `\bnaq S a /`d-SYS hd,ab,*YSD *]`SY1`E a hd,ab,\Y 4*ZS31ZZ\y a*Y\\g1ZVSD `1Y1Z*YS Y\31b Z*fWmO Zdbn \/SZ\h1ab,\E dZmZS1 S b\aV*D b*VSf aWdh*qf +mW\ +m Z1]W\f\ ]\-\,\`Sbn a `\/Sb1WqYS SWS 1k1 a V1YOb\ S4 ,4`\aWmfE V\Yd bm /\,1`q1jnD *]SjSE a V1Y bm Y\- +m ]\/1WSbnaq a,\SYS hd,ab,*YSD

覺 .................................................................................................. *Y\1 ,*3Z\1 `*4,SbS1 \ a*Y\1 ,*3Z\1 `*4,SbS1 a,q4*Z\ Z1 a WSg\YE eS-d`\y SWS `\ab\YE * a b,\1y WShZ\abnp P a b,\O SY dYab,1ZZmYE oY\gS\Z*WnZmY SE ]`13/1 ,a1-\E /df\,ZmY ab*Z\,W1ZS1YD ]\ab\W *,1W ]Sa*WB w \-O /* q +mW YW*/1Zg1YE b\ -\,\`SW V*V YW*/1Z1gE /dO Y*W V*V YW*/1Z1gE `*aad3/*W V*V YW*/1Z1gE Z\ b1O ]1`nE ab*, Yd3hSZ\yE q `*aab*Waq a YW*/1Zh1aVSYx L5 \`SZeqZ*Y 57B55MD m,\/ qa1ZB ]`\ab\ ,m-Wq/1bn

]W*Z /1yab,SyI \V* q ,4`\aW1pE YZ1 Z*/\ \+`*k*bn \a\+\1 ,ZSY*ZS1 Z* b*Vdp h1`bd f*`*Vb1`*E V*VDDD

覺 ................................................................................................................................. b\+m `*abS b*V31 /df\,Z\E qDDD ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................


]\O,4`\aW\Yd P Y*W\D d3Z\ dhSbnaq ]\O,4`\aW\O Yd ]\abd]*bnE -\,\`Sbn S /dY*bnD 1 /*,*y 4*+\b1 \ ,Z1jZ\abS d,W1hn b1+q Z*ab\WnV\E hb\ bm ]1`1ab*O Z1jn d/1Wqbn ,ZSY*ZS1 a,\1y ,Zdb`1ZZ1y adbSD *V31 ]\YZSE hb\ \- w,S/Sb a1`/g1x L5 *YdSO W* 5:B;MD S+WSS aV*4*Z\E hb\ *dW +mW ,ma\O VSY S V`*aS,mYE Z\ \Z +mW Z1a\ab\qb1WnZmY g*`1Y S aV,1`ZmY h1W\,1V\Y L5 *YdSW* =B6MD ˛*Vf1yE Z*O \+\`\bE +mW h1W\,1V\Y wY*W1ZnV\-\ `\ab*xE Z\ d Z1O -\ f,*bSW\ ,Zdb`1ZZ1y aSWmE hb\+m V\`1ZZmY \+`*O 4\Y S4Y1ZSbn a,\p 3S4Zn S ab*bn dh1ZSV\Y `Sab* L dVS 5=B6P5>MD )aZ\E hb\ a*Y\1 -W*,Z\1 P V*V\y bm ,Zdb`SD b*VE ,`1Yq Z1 \ab*Z\,Sbn S Z1 daV\`SbnD \O ob\Yd ab*`*yaq ,ab`1h*bn ]1`1Y1Zm Z1 a\ ab`*f\Y S ,`*3/1+Z\abnpE * a /\ab\SZab,\Y S hd,ab,\Y pY\O `*D 1`1f\/Zmy ,\4`*ab P ob\ Z1 +\W14ZnD 1`14 Z1-\ ]`\f\/qb ,a1D *V hb\ Z1 a\YZ1,*yaqB bm a]`*,Sjnaq a b`d/Z\abqYSE ]1`13S,1jn ob\ +1a]\V\yZ\1 ,`1Yq S ab*Z1jn ]\WZ\g1ZZmY ,4`\aWmY h1W\,1V\YI ˚˙ (#˚• ˚ b\E 1aWSE -Wq/q , 41`V*W\E

bm a1+1 Z1 Z`*,SjnaqH *V ]`*,SWnZ\ \bZ\aSbnaq V a,\1y ,Z1jZ\abSH

O Ëš H

˘ \h1Yd b*V Z1W1-V\ a]`*,Wqbnaq a b`d/Z\abqYS ]1`1f\/Z\-\ ,\4`*ab*H ˘ h1Y b1+1 a]`*,Wqbnaq b`d/Z11 ,a1-\H ˘ \h1Yd , ]1`1f\/Z\Y ,\4`*ab1 b,\q Wp+\,n V \-d Y\31b \fW*/1bnE Z\ V*V ob\-\ Z1 /\]dabSbnH

66 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


7

1Z*,S3d a,\p ,Z1jZ\abnD *V YZ1 +mbnH

*ab\ WS bm Z1/\,\W1Z a,\1y ,Z1jZ\abnpH ˙dY*W WS bm \ ]W*abSh1aV\y \]1`*gSS SWS \ ab`\-\y /S1b1E 31W*q Sa]`*,Sbn V*VS1Ob\ Z1/\ab*bVS ,Z1jZ\abSH ˚aWS +m bm Y\-E hb\ +m bm S4Y1ZSW , a1+1H L +,1/SDM

ı

O ˙*

O 1b

O ˙*

O 1b

\ab S-d`* Sg\

1a \W\am \W\a


˚ Z* ]1`,m1 /,* ,\]`\a* bm \b,1bSW w/*xE * , b`1O bn1Y ,\]`\a1 \+,1W b`S SWS +\W11 aW\,*E b\ ]dabn b1+q db1jSb YmaWnE hb\ /`d-S1 ,`q/ WS aY\b`qb Z* b1+q b*V 31 ]`S/S`hS,\E V*V bm a*YD 1`1ahd` +1a]\V\qan \ a,\1y ,Z1jZ\abSE W1-V\ Y\3Z\ ,]*abn , V`*yZ\abnD \-W*aZ\ \/Z\Yd \]`\adE Z*+`*bn WSjZS1 VSW\-`*YO Ym Z1V\b\`m1 /1,djVS +\qbaq +\Wnj1E h1Y q/1`Z\y ,\yZmE `*V* S /*31 aY1`bS `\/Sb1W1yI 14daW\,Z\E ,Z1jZ\abn ,WSq1b Z* a*Y\\g1ZVd S Z* \bZ\j1ZS1 V b1+1 /`d-Sf Wp/1yD 5=OW1bZqq *`SO Z* -\,\`SbB w \S /,1 ab*`jS1 a1ab`m +mWS V`*a*O ,Sg*YSE * q +mW* ]dfW1ZnV\yD ,\1 a*Y\,\a]`SqbS1 */\ YZ\y h*ab\ Z*aY1f*WSan , Y\31b +mbn ]\/\+Z\ jV\W1D 1bq ,/\+*,\V ]`\4,*O \b`*31ZSp , V`S,\Y W* Y1Zq t]\ZhSV\YrD hb\ fd31 41`V*W1 ,a1-\ P b*V 31 \Z* Z*4m,*W* a,\p \bV\`YW1ZZdp a\+*hO VdxD 5:OW1bZ1y (WS +mW ]\/\+Zmy aWdh*yD Z* `*aO aV*4m,*1bB w /Z* /1,h\ZO V* , jV\W1 /`*4ZSW* Y1ZqE -\,\`qE hb\ d Y1Zq 4d+m V*V d V`\WSV*D `\/1 Y1O W\hnE Z\ Y1Zq ob\ b*V 4*/1O W\E hb\ q /\ aSf ]\` V\YO ]W1Vadp ]\ ]\,\/d a,\Sf 4d+\,xD

1a]\V\yab,\ SWS ]\Y1j*b1Wnab,\H +1a]\V\yab,1 \ a,\1y ,Z1jZ\abS Z1b ZSh1-\ ]W\O f\-\D Zb1`1aZ\E hb\ , S+O WSS V*V \/Z\ S4 /\ab\SZab, *``mE *fSWSE \aSe*E ˙*O ,S/*E ,S-1S Z*4m,*1baq Sf V`*aS,*q ,Z1jZ\abnD S+O WSS b*V31 -\,\`Sbaq \ /1,djV1 68 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


‘‘

1Zq /\W-\ /`*4ZSWS ]dh1-W*4\yD ) Z*O dhSW*an \+`*k*bn ,a1 , jdbVd S , b\ 31 ,`1Yq +mbn d,1`1ZZ\y , a1+1 S a,\Sf /\ab\SZab,*fD ) aYS`SW*an a b1YE V*V q ,m-Wq3dE S ]`SZSY*p a1+q b*V\yE 'Y+1` V*V*q 1abn

’’

]\ SY1ZS ,Sa*-*E V\b\`*q +mW* wZ1\+mh*yZ\ V`*aSO ,*x L5 *`1y 5B8MD

/Z*V\ YZ\-S1 ]\/`\abVS aW\,Z\ ]\Y1j*WSan Z* b\YE V*V \ZS ,m-Wq/qbD 1V\b\`m1 /1,djVSE Z*O ]`SY1`E ,ZdjSWS a1+1E hb\ aSZ\ZSY V`*a\bm P fdO /\+*D \ ,a1y ,S/SY\abSE Z* Sf YmjW1ZS1 ,WSqO pb \+`*4m fd/\k*,mf V`*a*,SgE V\b\`mYS ]1ab`qb -WqZg1,m1 3d`Z*WmD `*,/*E /1,djVS 4*+m,*pbE hb\ obS e\b\-`*eSS +mWS /\`*+\b*Zm a ]\Y\knp V\YO ]npb1`Z\-\ Y\Zb*3* S a]1goee1Vb\, S hb\ obS Y\/1WS /\W3Zm aS/1bn Z* -\W\/Z\y /S1b1E hb\+m a\O f`*ZSbn eS-d`dI \E a`*,ZS,*q a1+q a obSYS e\b\O -`*eSqYSE /1,djVSE ,\4Y\3Z\E ,]*/*pb , \bh*qZS1D b\ 31 /1W*bnE 1aWS b,\q ,Z1jZ\abn b1+q -Wd+\V\ d/O `dh*1bH ˙Wq Z*h*W* Zd3Z\ ,4-WqZdbn Z* a1+q `1*WSO abShZ\D

`S,\1 41`V*W\ m V\-/*OZS+d/n +m,*W , wV\YZ*b1 aY1f*xH V`S,mf 41`V*W*f bm V*31jnaq WS+\ \h1Zn b\WabmYE WS+\ b\kSYD *V SWS SZ*h1E b,\1 \b`*31O ZS1 Z1 a\\b,1bab,d1b `1*WnO Z\abSD YZ\-Sf Y\W\/mf WpO /1y ]`1/ab*,W1ZS1 \ a*YSf a1+1 Z*]\YSZ*1b \b`*31O ZS1 , V`S,\Y 41`V*W1D \b

˛ ˚"& %DDD

]1gS*WSabm ]`1/dO ]`13/*pbE hb\ 1aWS Y\`Sbn a1+q -\W\/\Y `*/S ]\fd/1ZSqE b\ \`-*ZS4Y Y\31b ]1O `1ybS , wV`SbSh1aVSy `13SYx S 4*Y1/WSbn \+Y1Z ,1k1ab,D ]\O b1`qZZmy ,1a ]\b\Y +mab`\ ,\aab*Z\,SbaqI

?

1Z*,S3d a,\p ,Z1jZ\abnD *V YZ1 +mbnH 69


`14dWnb*bm \/Z\-\ SaaW1/\,*ZSqB 9< ]`\g1Zb\, /1,dO j1V ahSb*WSE hb\ \ZS aWSjV\Y ]\WZm1E b\-/* V*V Z* a*Y\Y /1W1 WSjn 5; ]`\g1Zb\, S4 ZSf ab`*/*WS S4+mO b\hZmY ,1a\YD ˚k1 \/Z\ SaaW1/\,*ZS1 ]\V*4*W\E hb\ 89 ]`\g1Zb\, 31ZkSZ a Z1/\ab*b\hZmY ,1a\Y ahSb*O WS a1+q b\WabmYSI 1V\b\`m1 SaaW1/\,*b1WS -\,\`qbE hb\ d +\WnjSZO ab,* /1,dj1VE ahSb*pkSf a1+q ]\WZmYSE Z* a*Y\Y /1W1 Z1b ]`ShSZ /Wq +1a]\V\yab,*D \Z1hZ\E b*VS1 ,m,\/m dh1Zmf b1+q Z1 aSWnZ\ db1j*bE 1aWS d b1+q ]W\bZ\1 b1W\aW\31ZS1D 1Y \Z\ Y\31b +mbn \+daW\,O W1Z\H *3Zdp `\Wn S-`*pb -1O ˚ ZmD 1V\b\`m1 Wp/S fd/m1 ˚aWS bm ab*`*1jnaq \b ]`S`\/mD \ 1aWS b1+1 ]\ ]\fd/1bnDDD Z*aW1/ab,d /\ab*WSan ]mjO ˘ a1-/* 4*,b`*V*yE Zm1 e\`YmE a obSY ZSh1-\ SZ*h1 S4O4* hd,ab,* Z1 ]\/1W*bnD \bq b,\y ,1aE -\W\/* ]\b\Y al1jn ,\4Y\3Z\E a\\b,1bab,d1b +\Wnj1 \+mhZ\-\D Z\`Y1E bm ,m-Wq/Sjn ]\WO Z11E h1Y b1+1 f\b1W\an +mD ˘ 1`1/ 1/\y ,m]1y ]\WZmy ab*V*Z ,\/mD ]`*3Z1ZSq S ]`*,SWnZ\1 'b\ dY1`Sb *]]1bSb ]Sb*ZS1 , V*V\yOb\ ab1]1ZS S ]\Y\31b V\Zb`\WSO Y\-db ]\Y\hnE Z\E ]\ +\WnO `\,*bnE aV\WnV\ bm 1jnD j\Yd ah1bdE a,\p V\ZabSbdO gSp Z1 S4Y1ZSbnD \-db aV*4m,*bnaq S 1aO b1ab,1ZZm1 S4Y1Z1ZSqE a,q4*ZZm1 a ]1`1f\/ZmY ,\4O `*ab\YD `S ]\W\,\Y a\4`1,*ZSS a`1/Z11 a\/1`3*ZS1 3S`* , \`-*ZS4Y1 /1,\h1V ,\4`*ab*1b a < /\ 66 ]`\O g1Zb\,D *V ]`*,SW\E a\ ,`1Y1Z1Y ,a1 Z\`Y*WS4d1baqE S ]dfW1ZnV*q 55P56OW1bZqq /1,\hV*E ]\/`*ab*qE ]`1O ,`*k*1baq , ab`\yZdp /1,djVdD \ hb\E 1aWS d b1+q WSjZSy ,1a S4O4* Z1]`*,SWnZ\-\ ]Sb*ZSq SWS Y*W\O ]\/,S3Z\-\ \+`*4* 3S4ZSH b\E 1aWS b1+1 S , a*Y\Y /1W1 Z1 ]\Y1j*W\ +m ]\fd/1bnE b*V V*V S4+mb\hZmy ,1a d-`\3*1b 4/\`\,npH

70 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am

' ' ˚ ˚ ˝˚ ˝˚ ˚# ˚ ) ˚# ˚ ) ˚ ˚ 5E 5E ˚ ˚ 5> 5>


=

r 1W\,1V ,S/Sb b\E hb\ ,S/qb -W*4*E * 1-\,* ,S/Sb a1`/g1sD 5 *YdSW* 5:B; Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™

`*,Z\,1j1ZZmy ,4-Wq/ S+WSq ]\\k`q1b Z*a +mbn wdY1`1ZZmYS , ]`S,mhV*fx L5 SY\e1p 7B55MD \ob\Yd Wdhj1 ,\,`1O Yq ]Sb*bnaq S Z1 4W\d]\b`1+Wqbn /S1b*YSD \3*WdyE WdhjSy a]\a\+ a+`\aSbn VSW\-`*YYm P 4/\`\,\1 ]SO b*ZS1 S dY1`1ZZm1 4*ZqbSq a]\`b\YD 1 ab\Sb d,W1V*bnaq Z\,\Y\/ZmYS /S1b*YSD *+O W1bVS /Wq ]\fd/1ZSqE Y\31bE S ]`Sbd]Wqpb Z* ,`1O Yq *]]1bSbE \/Z*V\ \`-*ZS4Y +mab`\ V ZSY ]`S,mO V*1bD `14dWnb*b1 WS+\ ,\4,`*k*1baq *]]1bSbE WS+\ 4*Y1/Wq1baq \+Y1Z ,1k1ab, S bm aZ\,* Z*+S`*1jn ,1aE WS+\ ,\4ZSV*pb V*VS1Ob\ ]\+\hZm1 oee1Vbm P -\W\,\V`d31ZS1E ,ma\V\1 /*,W1ZS1E b`1,\3Zm1 `*aO ab`\yab,* S /*31 Y1/SV*Y1Zb\4Z*q 4*,SaSY\abnD \ 31 a*Y\1 Y\3Z\ aV*4*bn S \ Y\h1-\ZZmf a`1/ab,*fE S \ ]`1]*`*b*fE daV\`qpkSf \+Y1Z ,1k1ab,D +*W*ZaS`\,*ZZ\1 ]Sb*ZS1 S dY1`1ZZ*qE Z\ `1-dO Wq`Z*q eS4Sh1aV*q Z*-`d4V*E Z*]`\bS,E ]\Y\-db b1+1 hd,ab,\,*bn a1+q S ,m-Wq/1bn V*V Y\3Z\ Wdhj1D Y1O `d 4*ZSY*qan eSbZ1a\Y Z1aV\WnV\ `*4 , Z1/1WpE bm \+q4*b1WnZ\ ]\hd,ab,d1jn `14dWnb*bmD \`\y /\ab*O b\hZ\ /*31 +mab`\y f\/n+m SWS ]\/l1Y* ]\ abd]1O ZqYD 1 ]\]*/S , 4*]*/Zp *Z\`1VaSSI mb*qan ]\fd/1bnE Z1V\b\`m1 ]\/`\abVS ab*Z\O ,qbaq 31`b,*YS *Z\`1VaSS P \]*aZ\-\ /Wq 3S4ZS ]*b\W\-Sh1aV\-\ a\ab\qZSqE ]`S V\b\`\Y h1W\,1V /\O ,\/Sb a1+q /\ ]\WZ\-\ Sab\k1ZSqD ˙1,djV* ]\ SY1O ZS *a*YS ]\/1WSW*an hd,ab,*YS ]\aW1 8OY1aqhO Z\-\ Vd`a* W1h1ZSq \b *Z\`1VaSSB w \-/* YZ1 Vb\Ob\

1Z*,S3d a,\p ,Z1jZ\abnD *V YZ1 +mbnH 71


-\,\`SbB t m f\`\j\ ,m-Wq/SjnrE d Y1Zq bdb 31 ,\4O ZSV*1b YmaWnB t -*E ob\ ]\b\Yd hb\ q ]\WZ1pIr b*O VS1 Y\Y1Zbm q -W\b*p aW14m S /dY*p ]`\ a1+qB t \bn +m \]qbn ]\fd/1bnI b*bn +m aZ\,* V*V 8 Y1aqg* Z*O 4*/IrxD Z\`1VaSq Y\31b `*4,Sbnaq Z1,4Z*h*yD ˙1,djV*O ]\/`\ab\VE hb\+m ]\fd/1bn Z* ]*`d VSW\-`*YY\,E a*O /Sbaq Z* /S1bd P V*4*W\an +m +14\+S/ZdpD Z* /\O abS-*1b a,\1y g1WS S ,a1 31 \ab*1baq Z1/\,\WnZ\yD

Z* aY\b`Sb , 41`V*W\ S Y\`kSbaqB w) ,a1 `*,Z\ b\WO ab*qIx \ob\Yd `1j*1b a+`\aSbn 1k1 ]*`d VSW\-`*YO Y\,D \b\Y 1k1 ]*`dD 1k1DDD `\-`*YY* 4*/*Z*E w,SO `dax *Z\`1VaSS 4*Z1a1ZD ˚aWS bm 4*Y1h*1jn d a1+q aSY]b\Ym *Z\`1VaSS SWS /`d-\-\ `*aab`\yab,*E bm Zd3/*1jnaq , ]\Y\kSD ˙\,1`naq Y*Y1E ]*]1 SWS 1k1 V\YdOb\ S4 +WS4VSf b1+1 ,4`\aWmfD S+W1yaV*q Yd/`\abn -W*aSbB w *ab\qkSy /`d- Wp+Sb ,\ ,aqV\1 ,`1YqE \Z +`*bE `\3/1ZZmy Z* ,`1Yq +1/ab,Sqx L `SbhS 5;B5;MD

]W*Z /1yab,SyI W1/Sbn 4* a,\SY eS4Sh1aVSY a\ab\qZS1Y YZ1 ]\Y\31bDDD

ı .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

Z1 ]\/\y/db b*VS1 d]`*3Z1ZSqE V*VDDD .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................


h1Y 4*VWph*1baq SabSZZ*q V`*a\b*H Z1jZ\abS S b1W\aW\31ZSp S+WSq , g1W\Y Z1 ]`S/*1b \a\+\-\ 4Z*h1ZSqD *\+\`\bE /Wq \-* SaO bSZZ*q V`*a\b* h1W\,1V* \]`1/1Wq1baq 1-\ ,Zdb`1ZO Z1y adkZ\abnp L `SbhS 55B6>E 66MD \4nY1YE V ]`SY1`dE ,1aa*W\Y*E amZ* g*`q ˙*O ,S/*D S+WSS aV*4*Z\B w \ ,a1Y 4`*SW1 Z1 +mO W\ Yd3hSZmE V\b\`my +m b*V aW*,SWaq V`*a\b\yE V*V ,1aa*W\YD Z +mW +14 S4lqZ* P \b -\W\,m /\ ]qbx L6 *YdSW* 58B69MD /Z*V\ ob\b Y\W\/\y h1W\,1V +mW V\,*`ZmYD ˙,S3SYmy -\`/mZ1y S h1ab\Wp+S1YE \Z ]mb*Waq a,1`-Zdbn a ]`1ab\W* g*`qE V\b\`\-\ Z*4Z*O hSW 1-\,*D *V hb\ , S+WSS ,1aa*W\Y ]`1/ab*1b /*O W1V\ Z1 , ]\W\3Sb1WnZ\Y a,1b1E Z\ V*V ]`1/*b1Wn S V`\,\3*/Zmy 4W\/1yD

W*,Z\1E hb\ w 1-\,* \g1ZS,*1b a1`/g*xE * Z1 \+lO 1Y b*WSS SWS +Sg1]a\, L `SbhS 65B6MD \ob\YdE f\bq , 31W*ZSS f\`\j\ ,m-Wq/1bn Z1b ZSh1-\ ]W\f\-\E Z*YO Z\-\ ,*3Z11E hb\ bm 4* h1W\,1VD V\Z1hZ\Y ah1b1E Wp/S ]\bqZdbaq V b1+1E g1Zq b,\S /df\,Zm1 V*h1ab,*E * Z1 YdaVdWm SWS ]W\aVSy 3S,\bI

Z\-S1 ]\/`\abVS ,mZd3/1Zm +\`\bnaq a f`\ZSh1aVSYS +\W14ZqYSD ˚aWS ob\ V\aZdW\an S b1+qE b\ hb\ /1W*bnH

˚˙ (#˚• ˚

O ˚ H

˘ b\ bm /dY*1jn \ a,\1y ,Z1jZ\abSH ˘ *VS1 `*4dYZm1 /1yab,Sq ]\Y\-db b1+1 ,m-Wq/1bn Wdhj1H ˘ b\ +m bm ]\a\,1b\,*W /`d-dE d V\b\`\-\ aSY]b\Ym *Z\`1VaSS SWS /`d-\-\ `*aab`\yab,*H ˘ *V +m bm ]\Y\- YW*/j1Yd +`*bd SWS a1ab`1 ]`*,SWnZ\ \bZ\aSbnaq V a,\1y ,Z1jZ\abSH

1Z*,S3d a,\p ,Z1jZ\abnD *V YZ1 +mbnH 73


8

\h1Yd YZ1 ]`Sf\/Sbaq b*V +\W1bnH Y\W\/\abS b1+1 ,a1 ZS]\h1YD \ ob\ \kdk1ZS1 ,YS- dW1bdhS,*1baqE V\-/* a1`n14Z\ 4*+\W1,*1jnD m +d/b\ 4* \/SZ /1Zn a\ab*`SWaqD ˙31ya\Z

˙ ˙31ya\Zd +mW\ 5< W1bE d Z1-\ \+Z*`d3SWS +\O W14Zn `\Z* P YdhSb1WnZ\1 ,\a]*W1ZS1 VSj1hZSV*D \4Y\3Z\E bm b\31 ab`*/*1jn \b V*V\yOZS+d/n f`\O ZSh1aV\y +\W14ZS SWS ]*b\W\-SSD \E hb\ /`d-S1 ,\a]`SZSY*pb V*V a*Y\ a\+\y `*4dY1pk11aqE Z*]`SO Y1` ,\4Y\3Z\abn a*YSY \/1,*bnaqE 1abn SWS f\/Sbn , jV\WdE b1+1 /\ab*1baq a \-`\YZmY b`d/\YD 4O4* f`\ZSh1aV\y +\W14ZS bmE ,\4Y\3Z\E hd,abO ,d1jn a1+q d4ZSV\YE 4*VWph1ZZmY , h1bm`1f ab1Z*fD \31bE bm ab`*/*1jn \b \/SZ\h1ab,*D \31bE b1+q ]\a1k*pb YmaWSE hb\ bm h1YOb\ ]`\O -Z1,SW \-* SWS hb\ \- ]\aW*W b1O +1 Sa]mb*ZS1D /Z*V\ , S+WSS L `\/\W31ZS1 Z* ab`*ZSg1 ;=DM

4O4* f`\ZSh1aV\y +\W14ZS bm Y\31jn ]\hd,ab,\,*bn a1+q d4ZSV\YD \ S+WSq /*1b Z*/13/d Z* S4+*,W1ZS1

74


‘‘

Ë™ E 66 -\/* \YZpE V*V q ]W*V*W Z* -`d/S d Y*YmE d4Z*,E hb\ +d/d ]`SV\,*Z V SZ,*WS/Z\y V\WqaV1D Z1 +mW\ b\WnV\ < W1bD Y1Zq Ymj1hZ*q /Sab`\eSqD ) Z1 Y\-d a*Y\ab\qb1WnZ\ \/1,*bnaqE Ymbnaq S 1abnD \S `dVS a\,a1Y Z1 ]\/ZSY*pbaqD ,a1 31 d Y1Zq Z*amk1ZZ*q S `*/\abZ*q 3S4ZnE S 1abn 4* hb\ +mbn +W*-\/*`ZmYD ) `1-dWq`Z\ dh*ab,dp , ]`\]\,1/SE , a\+`*ZSS q aWd31+Zmy ]\Y\kZSVD \q 3S4Zn /Wq Y1Zq P Z1 +\`n+* 4* ,m3S,*ZS1D aWd31ZSS 1-\,1 d Y1Zq ,a1-/* 1abn hb\ /1W*bn S V h1Yd ab`1O YSbnaqD ) 3/d ,`1Y1ZSE V\-/* q aY\-d taV*V*bnE V*V \W1Znr , \3n1Y Z\,\Y YS`1 L a*Sq 79B:M

’’

‘‘

\-/* YZ1 +mW\ h1bm`1 -\/*E ,`*h aV*4*WE hb\ YZ1 ,ap 3S4Zn +d/db /1W*bn dV\Wm SZadWSZ*D ˙Wq /S*+1bSV* b`d/Z11 ,a1-\ ]\//1`O 3S,*bn d`\,1Zn a*f*`* , V`\,SD *ab\ YZ1 Z1Wn4q 1abnE V\-/* q f\hdE S Zd3Z\ 1abnE V\-/* Z1 f\hdD * a1-\/ZqjZSy /1Zn YZ1 d31 a/1W*WS ]`S+WS4Sb1WnZ\ 69 >>> dV\W\,E S \b ob\-\ d Y1Zq Z* `dV*f S Z* +1/`*f \h1`ab,1W* V\3*D \ `\/Sb1WS ]\O Y\-*pb YZ1 /1W*bn ,a1E hb\ q Y\-d , a,\Sf \+ab\qb1Wnab,*fD ZS ,a1-/* ]\W\3Sb1WnO Z\ Z*ab`\1Zm S Z1 dZm,*pbD ZS Z*dhSWS Y1Zq g1ZSbn /df\,Z\1D 1-\,* V\ YZ1 \h1Zn /\+`D \-/* ]\4,\WqW\ 4/\`\,n1E q , 4Z*V +W*-\/*`Z\O abS aWd3SW* ]\WZ\,`1Y1ZZ\ E 65 -\/

’’

\h1Yd YZ1 ]`Sf\/Sbaq b*V +\W1bnH 75


‘‘

p/S Z1 4Z*pbE V*V a1+q ,1abS a b1YSE Vb\ Z1 b*V\yE V*V ,a1D 'b\ V*V `*4 ]`\ Y1ZqD ) `\/SWaq a `1/VSY ,S/\Y V*`WSO V\,\abSD p/S +\Wnj\1 4Z*h1ZS1 ]`S/*pb ,Z1jZ\abSE ]\ob\Yd q ,a1O -/* ]mb*pan /\V*4*bnE hb\ q Z1 `1+1Z\V a\ ,4`\aWmY -\W\a\YD Y1O ab\ b\-\ hb\+m Zmbn \ b\YE h1-\ d Y1Zq Z1bE q /dY*p \ b\YE hb\ d Y1Zq 1abnE S `*/dpan 3S4ZSD ) S4dh*p S+WSp S Y\Wpan 1-\,1 \ ]\/O /1`3V1D \q a1Ynq ,a1-/* -\b\,* ]`SybS YZ1 Z* ]\Y\knD Z1b1`]1ZS1Y \3S/*pE V\-/* \- dab`*ZSb ,a1 Z1/d-SD 1yh*a q 3S,d a\ a,\SYS bq-\b*YSE Z\ Z1 ]\4,\Wqp SY 4*]\WZSbn ,ap Y\p 3S4Zn ˙˝˚• E 5< W1b

’’ ‘‘

) ]\ZqW*E hb\ a\ YZ\y hb\Ob\ Z1 b*VE V\-/* ab*W\ \h1Zn +\WnZ\ /*31 ]\/Zqbn ab*V*Z ,\/mD Y1Zq eS+`\4SbE * ob\ ]`ShSZq1b +\Wn P , ]`qO Y\Y S ]1`1Z\aZ\Y aYmaW1D Z1 f\h1baq Z1 \bab*,*bn \b /`d41yE Z\ a1yh*a YZ1 ,a1 /*1baq bq31W11E h1Y `*ZnO j1D * b\E hb\+m 4*aZdbnE df\/Sb g1W*q ,1hZ\abnI \ a ]\Y\knp 1-\,m q Z*dhSW*an a]`*,Wqbnaq a\ a,\1y ]`\+W1Y\yD ˙*31 aY\-W* +\Wnj1 ,`1Y1ZS ]\a,qO k*bn ]`\]\,1/SE aWd3* ]\/a\+ZmY ]S\Z1`\YD mW\ Z1]`\ab\E Z\ d Y1O Zq ]\WdhSW\anD ) ab*`*pan /1W*bn ,a1 ,\4Y\3Z\1D b*`*pan ]`SaWdO jS,*bnaq V a,\1Yd \`-*ZS4Yd S Z1 ]1`1da1`/ab,\,*bnD 1aWS q 4*+d/d \+ ob\YE Y*Y* ,a1-/* Z*]\YZSbI

˙ )E 5: W1b

’’


‘‘

*Znj1 q +mW* \bWShZSg1yE * a1yh*a YZ1 b`d/Z\ /*31 ]`\hSb*bn ]`1/W\31ZS1D 4O4* ob\-\ q SZ\-/* ,]*/*p , dZmZS1D SZ/`\Y f`\ZSh1aV\y dab*W\abS ,a1 ]`1,`*k*1b , b`d/Z\abnD `\ab\ ,ab*bn a ]\ab1WS h*ab\ Z1,\4Y\3O Z\D \ q Z1 ]\4,\Wqp +\W14ZS e\`YS`\,*bn Y\p WShZ\abnD ) V*3/my /1Zn hSb*p S+WSpE f\bq +m Z1aV\WnV\ abSf\,D WS 31 ]`\jd V\-\Ob\ S4 `\/Zmf ]\hSO b*bn YZ1D ) YZ\-SY \+q4*Z* a,\1y a1Yn1D *]* /*31 \bV*4*Waq \b 4*O /*ZSq Z* V\Z-`1aa1E hb\+m ]\Y\hn YZ1 ]`Sadbab,\,*bn Z* Z1YD Z ZS `*4d Z1 ]\3*W\,*WaqD \ 1-\ aW\O ,*YE a*Y\1 ]\h1bZ\1 4*/*ZS1 /Wq Z1-\ P 4*+\b* \ a,\1y a1Yn1 ' ˛ )E 6> W1b

’’

‘‘

Z14*]Z\ , ]`Sabd]1 ]*ZSVS q Z*hSZ*p V`Sh*bnE Y1Zq aSWnZ\ b`qa1bE ,\V`d,a1 ]*/*1bE `*4+S,*1baqDDD Y1Zq a 9 W1b o]SW1]aSqD `Sabd]m aWdh*pbaq /\ a1YS `*4 , Y1aqgD *3/my /1Zn Z*/\ ]`SZSY*bn W1O V*`ab,\E * \b Z1-\ q +mab`\ dab*pD /Z*V\ q ab*`*pan /dY*bn \ /`d-SfE * Z1 b\WnV\ \ a1+1D ˙,\1 ]\WZ\,`1O Y1ZZmf aWd3Sb1W1y Y\1-\ ,\4`*ab* S4 Z*j1-\ a\+`*ZSq YZ1 \h1Zn ]\Y\-*pbD

V\ZhS, jV\WdE q `*ajS`SW a,\1 aWdO 31ZS1D ˚aWS d b1+q o]SW1]aSqE b\-/* V*3/my /1Zn P ob\ +\`n+*D \-/* q dZm,*pE b\ ab*`*pan \b/\fZdbnD Z* aW1/dpkSy /1Zn YZ1 d31 Wdhj1

E 6> W1b

’’

\h1Yd YZ1 ]`Sf\/Sbaq b*V +\W1bnH 77


‘‘

' &(E 5= W1b `d/Z\ 4*,\1,*bn d,*31ZS1 `\,1aZSV\,E V\-/* bm Z1 ,]Sam,*1jnaq , Sf ]\ZqbS1 Z\`Y*WnZ\-\D ) +m a d/\,\Wnab,S1Y 4*ZSY*Waq a]\`b\YE Z\ Z1 Y\-dD Y1Zq g1`1+O `*WnZmy ]*`*WShE ]\ob\Yd YZ1 /*31 f\/Sbn b`d/Z\D \ q ab*`*pan ]\Y1Znj1 /dY*bn \ b\YE h1-\ Z1 Y\-dE S ]\+\Wnj1 \ b\YE hb\ Y\-dD *]`SO Y1`E q Y\-d hSb*bn S a d,W1h1ZS1Y ob\ /1W*pD ˚abn Y1ab\E -/1 q Y\-d +mbn a*O YSY a\+\y S Y1Zq ZSVb\ Z1 \ad/SbEP ob\ ˛*W *`ab,*D `SqbZ\ 4Z*bnE hb\ 1-\,* Wp+Sb Y1Zq 4* b\E V*V\y q ,Zdb`SD ) Z1 ahSb*p a1+q V*W1V\yD `\ab\ Z* Y\p /\Wp ,m]*W\ \a\+\1 Sa]mb*ZS1

’’

‘‘

E 69 W1b *Znj1 q Y\-W* 4*ZSY*bnaq a]\`b\YD \ , ]\/`\abV\,m1 -\/m q aW\,Z\ ,Z14*]Z\ a\ab*`SW*anD

V*4*W\anE hb\ d Y1Zq ,`\3/1ZZmy ]\`\V a1`/g*D SY]b\Ym ]`\q,SWSan b\WnV\ , ]1`1f\/Z\Y ,\4`*ab1D Z1 a/1W*WS \]1`*gSpE Z\ /*31 a1yh*aE h1`14 : W1bE q +mab`\ dab*p S ab`*/*p \b -\W\,Zmf +\W1yD \ob\Yd q ab*,Wp ]1`1/ a\+\y Z1+\WnjS1E /\abS3SO Ym1 g1WSD *]`SY1`E q Y\-d aWd3Sbn \-d ]\WZ\,`1Y1ZZ\ P , \aZ\,Z\Y ]Sjd ]SanY* S a,S/1b1Wnab,dp ]\ b1W1e\ZdD `\Y1 b\-\E Y\y Z1/d- ]\O Y\- YZ1 ]`S\+`1abS V*h1ab,*E V\b\`mf YZ1 Z1 f,*b*W\E Z*]`SY1` /\W-\O b1`]1ZS1 S aV`\YZ\abn

’’


=

r \-/*DDD ZSVb\ S4 3Sb1W1y Z1 aV*31bB r) +\W1ZsD a*Sq 77B67E 68 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

L *h*W\ Z* ab`*ZSg1 ;8DM

aV*4*Z\B w \-* Z1,\4Y\3Z\ Sa]mb*bn 4W\Y S \Z a*Y ZSV\-\ Z1 Sa]mbm,*1b 4W\Yx L *V\,* 5B57MD *V hb\ +\O W14Zn P ob\ ]`\ab\ 31ab\V*q `1*WnZ\abn a1-\/ZqjO Z1y 3S4ZSE * Ym ,a1 P 31`b,m w,`1Y1ZS S aWdh*qx L'VVW14S*ab =B55MD

/Z*V\ Z*a db1j*1b b\E hb\ \- 1-\,* \+1k*O 1b Z*Y Z\,my YS`E -/1 wZSVb\ S4 3Sb1W1y Z1 aV*31bB t) +\W1Zrx L a*Sq 77B68MD ˙*31 dY1`jS1 +d/db ,\aV`1O j1Zm S aY\-db `*/\,*bnaq 3S4ZS , Z\,\Y YS`1 L \O *ZZ* 9B6<E 6=MD ]\V* Z1 Z*abd]SW\ ob\ ]`1V`*aZ\1 ,`1YqE V*V bm Y\31jn ]`Sa]\a\+Sbnaq V a,\SY \+ab\O qb1Wnab,*YH \f`*Zqy \]bSYS4YD S+WSS aV*4*Z\B w */\abO Z\1 a1`/g1 +W*-\b,\`Z\E V*V W1V*`ab,\x L `SbhS 5;B66MD 1V\b\`m1 ahSb*pbE hb\ 1aWS \ZS a1`n14Z\ +\WnZmE b\ `*/\abn S aY1f Z1dY1abZmD /Z*V\ /\+`my pY\` S ]`SqbZ\1 \+k1ZS1 Y\-db `*4,1qbn -`dabZm1 YmaWS S dV`1]Sbn , b1+1 31W*ZS1 3SbnD \/dY*yE V*V bm Y\31jn ]`S,Z1abS +\Wnj1 `*/\abS , a,\p 3S4ZnD 1 4*+m,*yE hb\ `*/\abn Saf\/Sb \b \-*E \Z* P ]W\/ 1-\ /df* L *W*b*Y 9B66MD \3Sy /df ]\Y\31b b1+1 ab\yV\ ]1`1Z\aSbn +\W14ZnE Z1 b1`qq `*/\abS L a*W\Y ˛ ˚"& %DDD 85B7MD m +\W11jn Z1 ]\b\YdE b*,n /\abS3SYm1 g1O hb\ b1+q ]\V*`*W \-E WSD S+WSS aV*4*Z\B * ]\b\YdE hb\E V*V S ,a1 w dabn ,*j1 +W*-\`*4dYS1 Wp/SE bm dZ*aW1/\,*W +d/1b S4,1abZ\ ,a1Y Wp/qYx \b /*Y* Z1a\,1`j1ZO L SWS]]Syg*Y 8B9MD W*-\O ab,\ L SYWqZ*Y 9B56M. `*4dYS1 Z1 /*ab b1+1 \bZ\O aSbnaq V a,\1Yd 4/\`\,np

?

\h1Yd YZ1 ]`Sf\/Sbaq b*V +\W1bnH 79


Z1+`13Z\ SWS 31 aWSjV\Y b`1]1bZ\D *]`SY1`E 1aO WS b,\1 a\ab\qZS1 ]\4,\Wq1bE b\ ]\W14Zm1 /Wq b1+q d]`*3Z1ZSq dWdhj*b a*Y\hd,ab,S1D \ob\Yd ,\ YZ\-Sf +\WnZSg*f ]`*VbSVd1baq W1h1+Z*q -SYZ*abSO V* /Wq /1b1y S ]\/`\abV\,D +mhZ\ ]`*,SWnZ\ ]\/\O +`*ZZm1 d]`*3Z1ZSq /1yab,dpb +W*-\b,\`Z\ Z1 b\WnV\ Z* b1W\E Z\ S Z* /dfD b*VE h1abZ\ \g1ZS a,\S ,\4Y\3Z\abS S ]\ab*,n /\abS3SYm1 g1WSD *dhSan \+k*bnaqD b\ /1W*bnE V\-/* b1+q 4*/1O ,*pb hnSOb\ Z1b*VbShZm1 4*Y1h*ZSq \ b,\1Y a\O ab\qZSSH S+WSS -\,\`SbaqB w 1 ]`SZSY*y +WS4V\ V a1`/gd ,a1 aW\,*E V\b\`m1 -\,\`qb Wp/Sx L'VVW14S*ab ˚ ;B65MD Z\-/* Wdhj1 ,a1-\ 1S4,1abZ\abn ]\`\3/*O Z1 \+`*k*bn ,ZSY*ZSq Z* 1b ab`*fD \ob\Yd d4Z*y b*VS1 ,maV*4m,*ZSqD WS \ a,\1Y Z1/d-1 V*V Y\3O 31 Y\3Z\ ,4qbn aSbd*gSp Z\ +\Wnj1D ˚aWS b1+1 , a,\S `dVSD `1/]\W\3SYE hb\Ob\ Z1qaZ\E 4*/*,*y /`d-S1 , b,\1Y ]`Sadbab,SS V\ZV`1bZm1 ,\]`\am hd,ab,dpb a1+q Z1W\,V\ S4O a,\1Yd ,`*hdD 4* b\-\E hb\ bm , SZ,*O WS/Z\y V\WqaV1D \]mb*yO aq `*4`q/Sbn \+ab*Z\,VdB w˛Z*1jnE q d31 ]`S,mV V a,\1y V\WqaV1D V*4*bnE V*V q , Z1y \V*4*WaqHx 1 a/*,*yaqD 1`1/ WSg\Y bq31Wmf ab`*/*ZSy Sada Y\WSWaq \-dE d]\,*W Z* Z1-\ S a\a`1/\b\hSO ,*Waq Z1 Z* +\WSE * Z* `*/\abSE V\b\`*q 3/*W* 1-\ ,]1O `1/S L˚,`1qY 56B6MD b`d/Z\abqf \Z YZ\-\Yd dhSWaq L˚,`1qY 8B59E 5:C 9B;P=MD Z ]`SZSY*W ]\Y\kn S db1O j1ZS1 L dVS 66B87MD Z ab*`*Waq /dY*bn \ +W*-1 /`dO -SfE * Z1 \ a,\Sf -\`1abqf L dVS 67B7=P87C \*ZZ* 5=B6:E 6;MD

1-\,* 4*+\bSbaq \ b1+1 \bq d b1+q YZ\-\ b`d/Z\ab1yE Z1 /dY*yE hb\ \- ahSb*1b b1+q Z1]\WZ\g1ZZmYD *\+\`\bE /Wq Z1-\ 80 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am

' ' ˚ ˚ ˝˚ ˝˚ ˚# ˚ ) ˚# ˚ ) ˚ ˚ 5E 5E ˚ ˚ 57 57


,*3Zm S /`*-\g1ZZm b1E Vb\ ab*`*1baq Sa]\WZqbn 1-\ ,\Wp L dVS 56B;MD Z 4*+\bSbaq \ b1+1 WShZ\ S `*/d1bO aqE hb\ bm 1Yd aWd3SjnE Z1aY\b`q Z* +\W14Zn SWS Z1O Y\kn L5 1b`* 9B;MD dabn Z1d,1`1ZZ\abn S ab`*f Z1 ]\Y1j*pb b1+1 /1W*bn b\E hb\ bm f\h1jn S /\W31Z /1W*bnD a1-/* SkS ]\//1`3VS d \-* 1-\,mD Z 4Z*1bE , h1Y bm Zd3O /*1jnaq S hb\ hd,ab,d1jnD Z Y\31b /*bn b1+1 waSO WdE ]`1,mj*pkdp \+mhZdpxE hb\+m bm ,a1 ]`1\/\O W1W L6 \`SZeqZ*Y 8B;MD \31bE a\ ,`1Y1Z1Y d b1+q +d/1b b*V\y 31 ]\W\3Sb1WnZmy Z*ab`\yE V*V d SY\O bSD 5; W1b 1Yd ]\ab*,SWS /S*-Z\4 aSZ/`\Y f`\ZSh1O aV\y dab*W\abSD Z -\,\`SbB w *V aV*4*Z\ , 5 \`SZO eqZ*Y 5>B57E 1-\,* Z1 /\]dabSbE hb\+m Ym b1`]1WS

]W*Z /1yab,SyI b\+mE Z1aY\b`q Z* +\W14Zn SWS Z1Y\knE a\f`*Zqbn ]\W\3Sb1WnZmy Z*ab`\yE qDDD

ı ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

/Z* S4 /\abS3SYmf /Wq Y1Zq g1W1y P ob\DDD .................................................................................................................................

`\k1 \bZ\aSbnaq V Z1b*VbShZmY ,maV*4m,*ZSqY \ Y\1Y a\ab\qZSS YZ1 ]\Y\31bDDD ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................


+\Wnj1E h1Y Y\31Y ,mZ1abSD ) d+13/1ZB 1aWS Y\y \O 4/*b1Wn d,1`1ZE hb\ q Y\-d a]`*,Sbnaq a obSY Sa]mb*O ZS1YE b\ Vb\ q b*V\yE hb\+m a ZSY a]\`SbnHx

˚aWS +\W1Z Vb\Ob\ S4 b,\Sf 4Z*V\Ymf \ hb\E 1aWS \b V*V\-\Ob\ Z1/d-* ab`*/*1jn Z1 bmE * Vb\Ob\ S4 b,\Sf 4Z*V\YmfH *V 1Yd ]\Y\hnH W*,O Z\1 P +mbn wa\hd,ab,dpkSYDDD -Wd+\V\ a\ab`*/*b1WnO ZmYx L5 1b`* 7B<MD \ab*`*yaq ,\ybS , ]\W\31ZS1 ob\-\ h1W\,1V*D \aY\b`S Z* ,a1 1-\E * Z1 a,\SYS -W*O 4*YSD SZm ,`\3/1ZZ*q `*ak1WSZ* ]\4,\Z\hZSV*D

Z* -\,\`SbB w) Y*W1ZnV*q S ]`SV\,*Z* V V\WqaV1E ]\ob\Yd a\ YZ\y h*ab\ `*4-\,*`S,*pb V*V a `1+1ZO V\YD Z1 ob\ \h1Zn Z1]`SqbZ\D ˛*b\ Z1V\b\`m1 ,\ ,`1Yq +1a1/m a]1gS*WnZ\ ]`Sa*3S,*pbaqE hb\+m Z1 ,\4,mj*bnaq Z*/\ YZ\yD \-/* q hd,ab,dp a1+q V\YO e\`bZ\Ix ˚aWS bm Z1 +d/1jn a\a`1/\b\hS,*bnaq Z* +\W14O ZS h1W\,1V*E b\ d,S/SjnE hb\ \Z b*V\y 31E V*V S bmD \WnV\ ]\/dY*yB b,\S aW\,* Y\-db ab*bn /Wq Z1-\ Z*O ab\qkSY w/df\,ZmY /*`\YxI bm a*Y ]\hd,ab,d1jn +W*-\aW\,1ZS1 \b w,4*SYZ\-\ \+\/`1ZSqx L SYWqZ*Y 5B55E 56MD

O ˚ H

˘ *V Y\3Z\ Sa]\Wn4\,*bn SZe\`Y*gSp S4 ob\y -W*,mE hb\+m ]\Y\hn h1W\,1VdE ab`*/*pk1Yd f`\ZSh1aVSY Z1/d-\YH ˘ ˚aWS d b1+q f`\ZSh1aV\1 4*+\W1,*ZS1E V*VS1 ]\W\3Sb1WnZm1 YmaWS ]\Y\-db b1+1 ]`Sa]\a\+Sbnaq V \+ab\qb1Wnab,*YH ˘ \h1Yd Y\3Z\ aV*4*bnE hb\ b,\y Z1/d- P Z1 \3nq V*`*H

82 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


2

˚ ˚ ˚ % ˝ ˛

Y\y /Z1,ZSV

]SjSE hb\ b1+1 \a\+1ZZ\ , a1+1 Z1 Z`*,Sbaq S ]\h1Yd ob\ b1+q +1a]\V\SbD

ı

*]SjS V*V\1OZS+d/n a,\1 /\ab\SZab,\ S \+lqaZSE ]\h1Yd bm ahSb*1jn 1-\ b*V\,mYD

83



˙ ˝ ı *aV\WnV\ /Wq b1+q ,*3Zm /`d4nqH

3

O 1 ,*3Zm O *3Zm O h1Zn ,*3Zm

1-V\ WS b1+1 4*,\/Sbn /`d41yH

O ˙* O 1b

˚abn WS d b1+q +WS4VSy /`d-H

O ˙* O 1b

*V\1 V*h1ab,\ b1+1 +\Wnj1 ,a1-\ f\b1W\an +m ,S/1bn , +WS4V\Y /`d-1H

ı ................................................ S+WSS aV*4*Z\E hb\ wZ*ab\qkSy /`d- Wp+Sb ,\ ,aqV\1 ,`1YqE \Z +`*bE `\3O /1ZZmy Z* ,`1Yq +1/ab,Sqx L `SbhS 5;B5;MD *4,1 Z1 \ b*V\Y /`d-1 bm Y1hb*1jnH

/Z*V\ 4*,1abS Z*ab\qkdp /`d3+d +m,*1b b`d/Z\E * a\O f`*ZSbn 11 P 1k1 b`d/Z11D b\ b1+1 , ob\Y ]\Y\31bH \W14Zm1 a\,1bm bm Z*yO /1jn , -W*,*f = P56D

85


9

*V \a,\+\/Sbnaq \b \/SZ\h1ab,*H 1-\/Zq hd/1aZmy /1ZnE * d b1+q ZSV*VSf ]W*Z\,D ˛*b\ d ,a1f \ab*WnZmf \ZS 1abnD 1O +qb* ,Y1ab1 \bWShZ\ ]`\,\/qb ,`1YqD bm \]qbn aS/Sjn /\Y*I +S/Z\E V\-/* b1+q Z1 ]`S-W*j*pbD V\-/* bm /dY*1jn \ ]`ShSO Z1 ob\-\E ab*Z\,Sbaq 1k1 fd31B w \31bE q V*V\yOb\ Z1 b*V\yH \h1Yd a\ YZ\y ZSVb\ Z1 f\h1b \+k*bnaqHx


1`1VSZn Y\abSV h1`14 ]`\]*abnE \b/1Wqpkdp b1+q \b /`d-Sf

Ë› Ë? E bm Z1 `*4 +m,*W , aSbd*gSSE \]SO a*ZZ\y Z* ab`*ZSg1 aW1,*D *31baqE hb\ Y13/d b\O +\y S a,1`abZSV*YS P g1W*q ]`\]*abnD aqVSy `*4E 4*,\/q a ZSYS `*4-\,\`E bm Z*hSZ*1jn 4*SV*bnaqD V*V b\WnV\ ]\q,Wq1baq ,\4Y\3Z\abn ]`\,1abS a ZSO YS ,`1YqE b1+q \/\W1,*1b 4*ab1ZhS,\abnD \h1Yd b1O +1 b*V b`d/Z\ af\/Sbnaq a Wp/nYSH *V ]1`1VSZdbn Y\abSV h1`14 ]`\]*abnE \b/1WqpO kdp b1+q \b \ab*WnZmfH ˘ 5Oq ]`\]*abnB hd,ab,\ ZSVh1YZ\abSD 1V\b\O `m1 ]\/`\abVS ]\ab\qZZ\ a1+q Z1/\\g1ZS,*pbD ZS ahSb*pbE hb\ ZSV\Yd /\ ZSf Z1b /1W* S hb\ SY Z1O h1-\ aV*4*bnE hb\+m ]\//1`3*bn `*4-\,\`D *V\-\ WS bm YZ1ZSq \ a1+1H ËšaWS /*E b\ ]\/\+Z*q a*Y\\g1ZV* b\WnV\ d,1WShS,*1b ]`\]*abnD \abSVB ]\YZS \ a,\Sf /\ab\SZab,*f L6 \O `SZeqZ*Y 55B:MD Ë›*/dY*yaqE V*VS1 d b1+q aSWnZm1 ab\`\ZmH 1`1hSaWS a,\S /\ab\SZab,* S b*W*ZbmD

Äą .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................

*V \a,\+\/Sbnaq \b \/SZ\h1ab,*H 87


‘‘

/Z* a1ab`* S4 a\+`*ZSq ,aqh1aVS ]mb*O W*an a\ YZ\y ]\/`d3SbnaqE Z\ ]\Z*h*Wd q Z1 \bVWSV*W*anD *V*q 31 q +mW* -WdO ]*qI 1\3S/*ZZ\ \Z* ab*W* \/Z\y S4 Y\Sf a*Ymf WdhjSf ]\/`d-D ,1/n *`Sq \Z* ab*`j1 Y1Zq Z* 69 W1bI

’’

14daW\,Z\E d b1+q 1abn YSZdamE S ob\ ,*3Z\ ]`SO 4Z*,*bn L5 \`SZeqZ*Y 5>B56MD \ d b1+q 1abn S ]WpO amD 1 4*+m,*y ob\-\E S b\-/* bm aY\31jn S4+*,SbnO aq \b hd,ab,* ZSVh1YZ\abSD ˘ 6Oq ]`\]*abnB 4*ab1ZhS,\abnD 1+1 f\h1baq Z*O h*bn `*4-\,\`E Z\ V\-/* ,m]*/*1b d/\+Zmy aWdh*yE Z1 Y\31jn S `b* `*aV`mbnD w) d3*aZ\ 4*ab1ZhSO ,*qEP 3*Wd1baq 5=OW1bZqq 'WS4*+1bDP * ,ab`1h*f a\+`*ZSq YZ1 \h1Zn b`d/Z\ ]\/f\/Sbn V /`d-SYE S q ,\afSk*pan b1YSE d V\-\ ˛ ˚"& %DDD ob\ ]\Wdh*1baqIx ˚aWS b1+1 +WS4VS hd,ab,* 'WS4*+1bE S+WSq /*1b \aZ\,*ZS1 Y\31b V*4*bnaqE hb\ ob* ]\W*-*bnE hb\ \Sa1yE ]`\]*abn Z1]`1\/\WSY*D 1`1YSq S SY\e1y \abSVB SaV`1ZZ1 SZO +\`\WSan a 4*ab1ZhS,\O abnp L af\/ 7B55E 57C b1`1adyaq /`d-SYSD \O 8B5E 5>C 1`1YSq ,a1 Z1 \+q4*b1WnZ\ +mbn 5B:Q<C 5 SY\e1p a*YmY V\YYdZSV*+1WnZmY 8B56C 6 SY\e1p h1W\,1V\Y Z* 41YW1D *hO 5B:Q<MD ZS a Y*W\-\ P ]`\q,S SZb1O `1a V V\YdOb\ \/Z\YdD (Z\O j* ]\ SY1ZS \`f1 -\,\`SbB w) 4*Y1bSWE hb\E 1aWS ]`\ab\ a]`\aSbn h1W\,1V*E V*V d Z1-\ /1W* SWS V*V `*+\b*E Y\3Z\ 4*W\3Sbn \aZ\,*ZS1 /Wq +\W11 +WS4O V\-\ 4Z*V\Yab,*xD

?

\b 1k1 a\,1bB \+k*yaq Z1 b\WnV\ a `\,1aZSV*YSD S+WSS d]\YSZ*1baq +WS4V*q /`d3+* Y13/d Wp/nO 88 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am

' ' ˚ ˚ ˝˚ ˝˚ ˚# ˚ ) ˚# ˚ ) ˚ ˚ 5E 5E ˚ ˚ <<


YS a\,1`j1ZZ\ `*4Zmf ,\4`*ab\,B Y13/d denp S \1YSZnpE ˙*,S/\Y S \Z*e*Z\YE SY\e11Y S *,O W\Y L den 5B5:E 5;C 5 *YdSW* 5<B5C 5 \`SZeqZ*Y 8B5;MD *V31 dhbSE hb\ \+k1ZS1 ]\/`*4dY1,*1b /S*O W\-E * Z1 Y\Z\W\-D p/S g1ZqbE V\-/* Sf ,maWdjS,*O pbD b*VE 1aWS bm h1W\,1V 4*ab1ZhS,myE Z1 4*+m,*yE hb\ Z1\+q4*b1WnZ\ -\,\`Sbn YZ\-\D V1Y S4 ,4`\aWmf b1+1 f\b1W\an +m ]\4Z*V\YSbnO aq ]\+WS31H *]SjS ]*`d SY1ZD ı ................................ ..................................................................................................

\]`\+dy ]\/\ybS V \/Z\Yd S4 obSf Wp/1y S 4*,q4*bn `*4-\,\`D 1Y +\Wnj1 bm 4Z*V\YSjnaq a\ w,a1Y +`*bab,\YxE b1Y Y1Znj1 hd,ab,d1jn a1+q \/SO Z\VSY L5 1b`* 6B5;MD ˘ 7Oq ]`\]*abnB \bb*WVS,*pkS1 Y*Z1`mD 1V\O b\`m1 Wp/S V*V ,a14Z*yVSE V\b\`mY Z`*,Sbaq ]\/V*Wm,*bn /`d-Sf S ]\/h1`VS,*bn Sf Z1,131ab,\D Z1V\b\`m1 Wp+qb ]\a]\`Sbn SWS Z*,q4*bn /`d-SY a,\1 YZ1ZS1E ahSb*q a1+q ]`*,mYS ,\ ,a1YD *VS1 waWSjV\Y ]`*,1/Zm1x Wp/S bdb 31 \ad/qb Wp+\-\E Vb\ Z1 a\\b,1bab,d1b Sf ob*W\Z*Y L'VVW14S*ab ;B5:MD \Yd f\h1baq \+k*bnaq a b*VSYS Wp/nYSI \-W\ WS aWdhSbnaqE hb\ ]`\]*abn \+`*4\,*W*an S4O4* b\O -\E hb\ bm b*V a1+q ,1/1jnH S+WSS aV*4*Z\E hb\ ˚ w-Wd]my Z*-\,\`Sb YZ\-\ \//1`3S,*y `*4-\,\`D aW\,x S hb\ w]`S YZ\-\aW\O ˚aWS d b1+q a]`*jS,*pbE ,SS Z1 S4+13*bn -`1f*x V*V ]`\jWS ,mf\/Zm1E L'VVW14S*ab 5>B58C `SbhS Z1 \b,1h*y ]`\ab\B 5>B5=MD w \`\j\E a]*aS+\xD \abSVB ]`\q,Wqy \+O *aaV*3SE hb\ bm /1W*WD f\/Sb1WnZ\abn L5 1b`* ˛*b1Y ]\SZb1`1adyaqE V*V ]`\,1W ,`1Yq b\b 7B<MD ˙*31 1aWS bm Z1 a\O h1W\,1VD -W*a1Z a YZ1ZS1Y a\+1a1/O ZSV*E /*y 1Yd ,maV*4*bnaqD

*V \a,\+\/Sbnaq \b \/SZ\h1ab,*H 89


=

r b\ k1/`\ ]\Sb /`d-SfE b\b S a*Y +d/1b k1/`\ Z*]\1ZsD `SbhS 55B69 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

`\q,S a/1`3*ZZ\abnD \/Y1h*yE , h1Y ,m af\/SO b1an ,\ YZ1ZSqfE S ab`\y Z* ob\Y +1a1/dD 1aWS bm ,a1 31 `1jSjn ,m`*4Sbn Z1a\-W*aS1E a/1W*y ob\ a]\O V\yZ\ S b*VbShZ\D

\,\`S b*VE V*V f\h1jnE hb\+m -\,\`SWS a b\+\yD S+WSq a\,1bd1bB w˙1W*yb1 ,a1 +14 `\]\b* S a]\`\,x L SWS]]Syg*Y 6B58MD ˚aWS bm +d/1jn a]\`SbnE ,mO aY1S,*bnE \aV\`+Wqbn SWS a*Y\d,1`1ZZ\ \ad3/*bn /`d-SfE ob\ b\WnV\ \bb\WVZ1b Wp/1yD Z*\+\`\bE \ZS +d/db \f\bZ11 a b\+\y \+k*bnaqE 1aWS b,\q w`1hn ,a1O -/* +d/1b Wp+14Z\yx L \W\aaqZ*Y 8B:MD

p+\y g1Z\yH b*VE ]`\*Z*WS4S`\,*, aSbd*gSpE bmE ,\4Y\3O Z\E ,S/SjnE V*V ]`1\/\W1bn ]`\]*abn , \+k1ZSSD \O

]W*Z /1yab,SyI *Y*q +\Wnj*q ]`\]*abn /Wq Y1Zq P ob\DDD

ı .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

b\+m ]1`1+`\aSbn Y\abSV h1`14 obd ]`\]*abnE qDDD .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................


1+1 b*V31 +d/1b SZb1`1aZ\ ]\aY\b`1bn eSWnY w \]`\am Y\W\/13SD *V Z*ybS Z*ab\qkSf /`d41yHxD ˙SaV ,m]dk1Z +\W11 h1Y Z* 8> q4mV*f

Z1hZ\E Z*/\ `1*WnZ\ aY\b`1bn Z* ,1kSB Z1,\4Y\3Z\ 4*,\1O ,*bn aSY]*bSp ,a1f S V*3/\O -\D Sada /*31 aV*4*WE hb\ b1fE Vb\ ]\abd]*1b ]`*,SWnZ\E +dO /db ]\`\y Z1Z*,S/1bn L \*ZO Z* 59B5=MD *V hb\ Z1 ]mb*yaq \+`1b*bn /`d41y Wp+\y g1Z\yD 1Y Z1 Y1Z11 Zd3Z\ ab*`*bnaq +mbn ]`SqbZmY S \+f\/Sb1WnZmY h1W\,1V\YE Z1 ]\abd]*qan a,\SO YS \aZ\,*ZZmYS Z* S+WSS d+13/1ZSqYSD *YdSWE 3S,jSy , +S+W1yaVS1 ,`1Y1Z*E b,1`/\ `1jSW d-\3O /*bn \-dD , `14dWnb*b1 \Z w,a1 +\Wnj1 Z`*,SWaq 1-\,1 S Wp/qYx L5 *YdSW* 6B6:MD `SW\3S Z1YZ\-\ daSWSyE S b\ 31 a*Y\1 Y\3Z\ +d/1b aV*4*bn \ b1+1I ˚˙ (#˚• ˚ WS4VSy /`d- ,Z14*]Z\ Z*hSZ*1b a1+q

,1abS V*V 4W1yjSy ,`*-D b\ /1W*bnH

O ˚ H

˘ \h1Yd Z1V\b\`m1 f`SabS*Z1 ab`*/*pb \b \/SZ\h1ab,*H ˘ b\ ]\Y\31b b1+1 Z1 ]\//*,*bnaq Z1-*bS,ZmY YmaWqY S ]`*,SWnZ\ \bZ\aSbnaq V a*Y\Yd a1+1H ˘ ˚aWS +m b,\y YW*/jSy +`*b SWS a1ab`* ab`*/*WS \b \/SZ\h1ab,*E V*V +m bm SY ]\Y\-H

*V \a,\+\/Sbnaq \b \/SZ\h1ab,*H 91


10

\h1Yd Y\y /`db*V a\ YZ\y ]\abd]SWH `SabSZ* +mW* Y\1y +WS4V\y ]\/`d-\yD Z11 Z1b Y*jSZmE ]\ob\Yd q V*3/my /1Zn ,\4SW* 11 /\Y\y a `*+\bmD /Z*V\ ,aV\`1 q ]\hd,ab,\,*W*E hb\ \Z* ]`\ab\ YZ\y ]\Wn4d1baqD

Z* a*/SW*an , Y*jSZdE /1W\,Sb\ `*4-\,*`S,*q ]\ b1W1e\Zd SWS \b]`*,Wqq OVSD Z* ZS `*4d Z1 aV*4*W* wa]*aS+\xD 1`1ab*W* /*,*bn /1Zn-S Z* +1Z4SZD 11 `*4-\,\`*f +mW* \/Z* V`SbSV*D ) `d-*W* a1+qE hb\ ab\WnV\ 11 b1`]WpI *VOb\ `*4 q ,13WS,\ \+lqaZSW* `SabSZ1E hb\ Z1 aY\-d +\Wnj1 4* Z1y ]`S143*bnD b1f ]\` \Z* ]\b1`qW* V\ YZ1 ,aqVSy SZb1`1aE S q \V\Zh*O b1WnZ\ ]\ZqW*E hb\ , Z*j1y /`d3+1 \Z* SaV*W* b\WnV\ ,m-\/dD Z1 +mW\ \h1Zn +\WnZ\I SV\Wn

˙ ˚ aWdh*1baq /*31 a a*YmYS WdhjSYS /`d4nqYSD 1-\/Zq \ZS Z1 `*4W1y ,\/*E * 4*,b`* P Z1 f\bqb ,S/1bn /`d- /`d-*D \h1Yd +WS4VS1 /`d4nq b*V W1-V\ Y\-db ab*bn ,`*-*YSH


˘ ˙Wq -Z*b* g1W\y b`*-1/S1y ab*W\ b\E hb\ 1-\ +WS4VSy /`d- d1f*W 4* ]\Wb\`m bmaqhS VSW\Y1b`\,D -Z*b aV*4*WB w \aW1 ob\-\ \Z ZS `*4d Z1 ]\4,\ZSWD ) \+S/1WaqxD ˘ *`SZ* ab*W* 4*Y1h*bnE hb\ 11 Wdhj*q ]\/`d-*E a V\b\`\y \Z* /`d3SW* 9 W1bE S4Y1ZSW*anB w˚1 Z*O ab`\y S `*4-\,\`m \h1Zn YZ1 Z1 Z`*,SWSanD Z* a ]`1Z1+`131ZS1Y \b4m,*W*an \ b\YE hb\ +mW\ /Wq Y1O Zq /\`\-\D \-/* q ]\]mb*W*an ]\-\,\`Sbn a Z1y \+ ob\YE \Z* Z*4,*W* Y1Zq ]`1/*b1WnZSg1y S a,qb\j1y S aV*4*W*E hb\ Z*j* /`d3+* ]W\f\ Z* Z11 ,WSq1bIx ˘ *4`m, a +WS4V\y ]\/`d-\y /Wq W\`SS +mW ]\WO Z\y Z1\3S/*ZZ\abnpD Z* `*aaV*4m,*1bB w a1 b*V 4/\`\,\ Z*hSZ*W\anD Z* -\,\`SW*E hb\ q 1y V*V a1O ab`*D ]\b\Y ZS a b\-\ ZS a a1-\ ab*W* Y1Zq S4+1-*bnE ]`S,\/q 3*WVS1 \b-\,\`VSxD ˘ `1ZSq Y13/d *`\y S ˙*j1y Z*h*WSan S4O4* ]*`ZqD *`* `*aaV*4m,*1bB w m a ZSY ,ab`1h*WSanD 1aY\b`q Z* ob\E ˙*j* h*a*YS +\Wb*W* a ZSY ]\ b1O W1e\ZdD Z1 ]`SjW\an ]1`1Z1abS S ]`1/*b1Wnab,\ Wdhj1y ]\/`d-SE S ]\b1`p h1W\,1V*E V\b\`my Y\ab*bn YZ1 Yd31YIx

93


=

r *aV\WnV\ ,\4Y\3Z\ a ,*j1y ab\`\ZmE +d/nb1 , YS`1 a\ ,a1YS Wp/nYSsD SYWqZ*Y 56B5< Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™

b\ +mW\ ]`ShSZ\yH p/qY a,\yab,1ZZ\ \jS+*bnaqE ]\ob\Yd b,\y /`d- `*Z\ SWS ]\4/Z\ h1YOZS+d/n b1+q \+S/SbD Ë™* S bmE Z*,1`ZqV*E ,a]\YZSjn aWdh*SE V\-/* `*ZSW hd,ab,* /`d-Sf L'VVW14S*ab ;B66MD w a1 Ym Z1S/1O *WnZm S ]\`\y /\a*3/*1Y /`d- /`d-dxEP 4*Y1bSW* /1,djV* ]\ SY1ZS S4*D +mhZ\ Y1WVS1 Z1/\`*O 4dY1ZSq Y\3Z\ W1-V\ dab`*ZSbnE ]\-\,\`S, /`d- a /`d-\YD m,*1bE \/Z*V\E hb\ b`1kSZ* , \bZ\j1ZSqf ]\O q,Wq1baq Z1 ,/`d-D m ]\ab1]1ZZ\ 4*Y1h*1b1E hb\ Y13/d ,*YS Z1 b*V YZ\-\ \+k1-\E V*V V*4*W\anD 1 4*+m,*yB ]\ Y1`1 b\-\ V*V bm ,4`\aW11jnE b,\S SZb1`1am Y1Zqpbaq P S b\ 31 a*Y\1 ]`\Saf\/Sb a b,\SY /`d-\YD *V +mbnE V\-/* bm hd,O ab,d1jnE hb\ ,m \b/*Wq1b1an /`d\b /`d-*H *V w4*jb\]*bnx /`d3+d `1/ab*,nE hb\ bm ]\`,*W V*VdpOb\ a,\p Wp+SYdp \/13/dD b\ bm a/1W*1jnH m+`\O aSjnH WS 4*jn1jnH \O Z1hZ\E ,a1 4*,SaSb \b `*4O \`,*ZZdp /`d3+dE V*V S \/13/dE Y\3Z\ w4*jb\]*bnx


‘‘

˚aWS +m Z*h*bn ,a1 aZ*h*W*E q +m Z1 3/*W \b Z*j1y /`d3+m a\,1`j1Zab,*D ) +\Wnj1 +m aWdj*W S ]\//1`3S,*W a,\1O -\ /`d-* S Y1Znj1 a\a`1/\b\hS,*Waq Z* 1-\ Z1/\ab*bV*fD 1]1`n q ]\ZSY*pE hb\ Sa]mb*ZSq S b`d/Z\abS WSjn 4*V*WqO SZ\Z pb /`d3+d

’’

Y1`* /m`VS S \b b\-\E Z*aV\WnV\ ob* ,1kn b1+1 /\`\-*D p+SYdp ,1kSgd f\h1baq a\f`*ZSbnD \hO Z\ b*V 31 Y\3Z\ w4*jb\]*bnx S `*4\`,*ZZdp ‹ /`d3+dD a1 4*,SaSb \b b\-\E hb\ aWdhSW\an S Z*O aV\WnV\ ,*jS \bZ\j1ZSq /Wq b1+q g1ZZm1D ˚aWS b1+q `*ZSWS aW\,\Y SWS ]\abd]V\YE \/SZ ,*`S*Zb P ]\aW1/\,*bn a\,1bd S4 a*WY* 8B8B w mO -\,\`Sb1an , a,\1Y a1`/g1 Z* a,\1y ]\ab1WS S ]`\O Y\WhSb1xD `13/1 h1Y ]\a]1jZ\ \bV*4*bnaq \b /`d3+mE f\`\j1ZnV\ ]\/dY*yB Z*Y1`1ZZ\ WS b1+q \+S/1WSH ˚aWS bm , ob\Y Z1 d,1`1ZE b\-/* ab\Sb WS a`*4d /dY*bn \ a,\1Y /`d-1 ]W\f\H +\WnjSZO ab,1 aWdh*1, Y\3Z\ Saf\/Sbn S4 ]`SZgS]*B w pO +\,n ]\V`m,*1b YZ\31O ab,\ -`1f\,x L5 1b`* 8B<MD ˛ ˚"& %DDD *V31 ]\/dY*yB Y\31bE \`Y*WnZm1 \bZ\j1O S bm h*abShZ\ ,SZ\,*bH ZSq ,\4Y\3ZmE V\-/* *]`SY1`E 1aWS /`d- `*aO Wp/S /*pb /`d- /`d-d V`mW b,\y a1V`1bE ,\4Y\3O \]`1/1W1ZZdp Y1`d Z\E S4Z*h*WnZ\ bm Z1 /\WO a,\+\/m L `SbhS 31Z +mW \+`1Y1Zqbn 1-\ 69B5;MD aWSjV\Y b*VSYS a,1/1ZSqYSH WS ]`1b1Z/dq Z* ,`1Yq S ,ZSY*ZS1 a,\1-\ /`d-*E 1 Z1V\b\`mYSE ,\4Y\3Z\E Z1 ab\O Y\3Z\ b\WnV\ Sa]\`O Sb a\f`*Zqbn +WS4Vdp /`d3+dD a\O bSbn \bZ\j1ZSqD +1ZZ\ 1aWS Sf ]\,1/1ZS1 ab*W\ Z1O

?

]\/\+*pkSY a f`SabS*ZaV\y b\hVS 4`1ZSq L5 \`SZeqZ*Y 9B55C 59B77MD ' ' ˚ ˚ ˝˚ ˝˚ ˚# ˚ ) ˚# ˚ ) ˚ ˚ 5E 5E ˚ ˚ <<

95


4*/*y a1+1 ,\]`\aB w ,/`d- Z*/\ YZ\y aY1pbaqE ]\O b\Yd hb\ q SZ\-/* YZ\-\ +\Wb*p SWS -\,\`p -Wd]\O abSHx L `SbhS 59B6MD ˚aWS ob\ b*VE b\ a]`\aS a1+qB w b\ YZ1 , a1+1 S4Y1ZSbnE hb\+m Y\y /`d- +\Wnj1 Y1Zq d,*3*WHx w \-\,\`SY \ b\YE hb\ ]`\S4\jW\Hx 1aWS bm hd,ab,d1jnE hb\ Z1 Y\31jn ]`\O ab\ 4*+mbn \ aWdhS,j1YaqH \-/* ]\/\y/S V a,\1O Yd /`d-dD \ Z1 , b\b Y\Y1ZbE V\-/* bm `*aa1`O 31ZD S+WSS -\,\`SbaqB w *4-Z1,*ZZmy h1W\,1V ,\4+d3/*1b `*4/\`E * Y1/W1ZZmy Z* -Z1, d-*j*O 1b aa\`dx L `SbhS 59B5<MD \ob\Yd /\3/SanE ]\O V* Z1 \abmZ1jnE S b\-/* ]\]mb*yaq dW*/Sbn aSbd*O gSpD \-/* 31 bm 4*,1/1jn `*4-\,\`E ]\YZSE hb\ b,\q g1Wn Z1 ,\4/*bn w4W\Y 4* 4W\xE * `*4`1jSbn ]`\+W1Yd S a\f`*ZSbn /`d3+d L SYWqZ*Y 56B5;C

]W*Z /1yab,SyI ˚aWS /`d- Y1Zq \+S/1W S q `1jSW ]\-\,\`Sbn a ZSY \+ ob\YE q Z*hZd b*VB

ı .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

˙*31 1aWS Y1Zq \-\`hSW ]\abd]\V /`d-*E q +d/d SaV*bn YS`*E S /Wq ob\-\ qDDD .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................


˚ ˛ "

S/Sq \bq S/Sq +mW* Z\,\\+`*k1ZZ\y f`SabS*ZO V\yE \Z* a*Y* ]`S-W*aSW* , -\abS *]\ab\W* *,W* S 1-\ a]dbZSV\, L˙1qZSq 5:B58E 59MD *V d Z11 ,m/*O W*an `1/V*q ,\4Y\3Z\abn ]\\+k*bnaq a obSYS 4`1O WmYS +`*bnqYSD ]\YZSjnE Vd/* ]\jWS *,1W S SW* ]\aW1 \a,\+\3/1ZSq S4 bp`nYmH ]qbnOb*VS /\Y\y V S/SS L˙1qZSq 5:B8>MD b*`*1jnaq WS S bmE ]\/\+Z\ S/SSE a*Y 4Z*O V\YSbnaq a /`d-SYSH *V ob\ Y\3Z\ /1W*bnH *hZS a Y*W\-\D *dhSan ,1abS +1a1/d a \/ZSY h1W\,1V\YD *]`SY1`E ]\ab*,n g1Wn Z* V*3/\y ,ab`1h1 a\+`*O ZSq Z*hSZ*bn `*4-\,\` a V1YOb\ \/ZSYD Wm+*yaqD ˚aWS Z1 4Z*1jnE hb\ aV*4*bnE 4*/*,*y ,\]`\am SWS `*aaV*3S hb\Ob\ \ a1+1D ZSY*b1WnZ\ aWdj*yD \ ,`1Y1Z1Y b1+1 4*f\h1baq aV*4*bn +\Wnj1D `SO qbZm1 S SaV`1ZZS1 aW\,* ,`q/ WS V\-\Ob\ \ab*,qb `*,Z\/djZmY L `SbhS 5:B68MD W*-\/*`q -\ab1]`SO SYab,d S /`d31Wp+Sp d S/SS +mWS f\`\jS1 /`d4nqD ˚aWS bm ]\aW1/d1jn 11 ]`SY1`dE \ZS +d/db S d b1+qI 97


a*W\Y 78B58MD d/n SaO V`1ZZSY S h1abZmYD m Y\- +m aV*4*bnB w m Z1 1 /1W*y ]\a]1jZmf ,m,\/\,D Z*h*W* d4Z*yE ]1`,my /1Zn /`d3SYD \O V*V Z* aSbd*gSp aY\b`Sb 31bE ]\-\,\`SY \ b\YE b,\y /`d- L `SbhS hb\ ]`\S4\jW\Hx \Zq,E , 5<B57MD h1Y V\`1Zn ]`\+W1YmE w4*jb\]*bnx /`d3+d +d/1b ]`\k1D ˙*31 1aWS /`d- Z1 ]\j1W b1+1 Z*,ab`1hdE b1+1 +d/1b W1-h1 \bb\-\E hb\ bm ,a1Ob*VS ]\]mb*Waq ,\aab*Z\,Sbn YS`D ,mE +m,*pb w]`Sqb1WSE -\b\,m1 `*4\`,*bn /`d- /`d-* Z* h*abSxE Z\ Z1 a\YZ1,*yaqB 1abn w/`d+\W11 ]`S,q4*ZZmyE h1Y +`*bx L `SbhS 5<B68MD ˙*O 31 a*Y*q V`1]V*q /`d3+* SZ\-/* Y\31b b`1k*bn ]\ j,*YD b*VSf aWdh*qf /1W*y ,a1 ,\4Y\3Z\1E hb\+m 11 a\f`*ZSbnD ,\S ab*`*ZSq Z*W*3S,*bn \bZ\j1ZSq a,S/1b1Wnab,dpb \ b\YE hb\ bm ab*Z\O ,Sjnaq ,4`\aWmYE 4`1WmY h1W\,1V\YD ˚

˚˙ (#˚• ˚ 1V\b\`m1 `1+qb* h*a*YS \+k*pbaq

, SZb1`Z1bOh*b*fD \h1Yd ob\ b*V ]\]dWq`Z\H

O ˚ H

˘ 4O4* h1-\ ]\`\y \fW*/1,*1b /`d3+*H ˘ ˚aWS +m b1+q \+S/1W /`d-E , V*VSf aWdh*qf bm ]`1/]\h1W +m a ZSY ]\-\,\`Sbn \+ ob\YE * , V*VSf P Z1bH ˘ ˚aWS +m b1+q \+S/1W /`d-E h1Yd bm Y\- +m S4 ob\-\ Z*dhSbnaqH ˘ *V Y\3Z\ dY1ZnjSbn ,1`\qbZ\abn b\-\E hb\ b1+q \+S/Sb b,\y /`d-H

98 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


11

\`Y*WnZ\ WS /`d3Sbn h1`14 Zb1`Z1bH ı

*V b1+1 +\Wnj1 ,a1-\ O ShZ\ Z`*,Sbaq \+k*bnaqH O \ b1W1e\Zd O \ Zb1`Z1bd V1Y b1+1 ]`\k1 ,a1-\ O \/Z\VW*aaZSV*YS \+k*bnaqH O `\/ZmYS O V1YOb\ S4 a\+`*ZSq /1 bm hd,ab,d1jn a1+q O jV\W1 Y1Z11 aV\,*ZZ\H O ˙\Y* O * ,ab`1h*f a\+`*ZSq

˙ • \+ad/SY ]1`,my ,\]`\aD ˚aWS bm \bY1bSWE hb\ b1+1 +\Wnj1 Z`*,Sbaq \+k*bnaq ]\ Zb1`Z1bdE b\ bm Z1 \/SZ b*V\yD Z\-S1 Y\W\/m1 Wp/S Skdb /`d41y , 1bSD ˙1,djV* ]\ SY1ZS 'W1yZ `*aaV*4*O W*B w 1`14 Zb1`Z1b Y\3Z\ 4Z*V\YSbnaq a Wp/nYS S4 `*4Zmf d-\WV\, 41YWSD \Z1hZ\E ob\ SZb1`1aZ\D

/1 1k1 Z*y/1jn b*Vdp ,\4Y\3Z\abnHx *YYSE V\O b\`\y 5= W1bE dV*4*W* Z* \/Zd 4*Y*ZhS,dp ab\`\O Zd b*V\-\ \+k1ZSqB w db bm Y\31jn Y\/1WS`\,*bn a,\y \+`*4D , WShZ\Y \+k1ZSS 1aWS bm Z1 Z`*O ,Sjnaq h1W\,1VdE b\ Z1 Z`*,Sjnaq P S a obSY ZSh1O -\ Z1 ]\/1W*1jnxD 1]1`n /*,*y ]\-\,\`SY \ ,b\`\Y S b`1bn1Y ,\]`\a*fD Sh1-\ d/S,Sb1WnZ\-\E 1aWS b1+1 ]`\k1 ,1abS /S*W\- a \/Z\VW*aaZSV*YSE h1Y a +`*bnqYS S a1ab`*YS Z* f`SabS*ZaVSf ,ab`1h*fD 5<OW1bZqq 99


˝*aYSZ ]\/1WSW*anB w d/* W1-h1 \+k*bnaq a b1YSE d V\-\ b1 31 SZb1`1am S b`d/Z\abSE hb\ S d b1+qD \O ob\Yd , jV\W1 aV\`11 Z*y/1jn /`d41yxD hSbm,*q ,a1 ob\E ,]\WZ1 1ab1ab,1ZZ\E hb\ b1O +1 f\h1baq \+k*bnaq a\ a,1`abZSV*YS ]\ Zb1`Z1O bdD *YYS b*V S ]\abd]*W*D Z* -\,\`SbB w a1 `1+qb* \+k*WSan ]\ Zb1`Z1bdE S q Z1 f\b1W* \bab*O ,*bnx1D *b*WSE V\b\`\y 6> W1bE a\4/*W* ,1+Oab`*O ZSgdE hb\+m ]\//1`3S,*bn \bZ\j1ZSq a /`d4nqYSD \b 11 YZ1ZS1B w 1fZ\W\-SS S/db ,]1`1/D \q,WqO pbaq Z\,m1 a`1/ab,* V\YYdZSV*gSSD 'b\ \/Z\ S4 ZSfE S YZ1 \Z\ Z`*,SbaqxD

1Y bm `SaVd1jnH 1aa]\`Z\E Z1V\b\`mY /`d3+* \ZW*yZ Z`*,SbO aq +\Wnj1D *b*WS \+lqaZq1bB w \WnV\ , Zb1`Z1O b1 bm Y\31jn hd,ab,\,*bn a1+q b*V d,1`1ZZ\xD \ 31 a*Y\1 -\,\`Sb S *YYSB w S`bd*WnZ\1 \+k1ZS1 /*1b 4*ab1ZhS,\Yd h1W\,1Vd ,\4Y\3Z\abn \+/dYmO ,*bnE hb\ \Z f\h1b aV*4*bnxD \ \+k1ZS1 , 1bS b*Sb , a1+1 S \]*aZ\abnE V\O b\`dp +mW\ +m -Wd]\ S-Z\`S`\,*bnD *4,1 bm ab*W +m f\/Sbn ]\ \]*aZ\Yd `*y\Zd a 4*,q4*ZZmYS -W*4*YSH b\Sb WS b\-/* +`\/Sbn ]\ Zb1`Z1bdE Z1 ]`SZSY*q ,\ ,ZSY*ZS1 b\E h1Y bm `SaVd1jnH 1Y 31 \]*aZ\ SaV*bn /`d41y \ZW*yZH 'W1yZE V\b\`*q `*Znj1 \+k*O W*an , h*b*f a Z14Z*O ˛ ˚"& %DDD V\Yg*YSE -\,\`SbB w 1-O V\ Y\3Z\ Z*bVZdbnaq

b\Sb b\WnV\ a\\+kSbn Z* a\YZSb1WnZmf WShZ\O , Zb1`Z1b1 WShZm1 ab1yD Z\-/* d31 h1`14 /*ZZm1E Z*]`SY1` ]*`d YSZdb am]Wpbaq Z1O e*YSWSpE Z\Y1` ]`Sab\yZ\abS bS]*B t m jV\Wm SWS b1W1e\Z*E S 4W\dYmjW1ZZSV /1,ab,1ZZSg*H m 4*ZSO aY\31b b1+q Z*ybSD

?

1 "V\WnZ*q /`d3+* +d/1b \+ad3O /*bnaq , -W*,1 5;D

100 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


Y*1jnaq \`*WnZmY a1Va\YHr 1V\b\`m1 /*31 ]`1/O W*-*pb VS+1`a1VaxD L \/ obSY aW\,\Y ]\/`*4dY1,*O pbaq o`\bSh1aVS1 `*4-\,\`m ]\ Zb1`Z1bd /Wq ]\Wdh1ZSq a1Vad*WnZ\-\ d/\,\Wnab,SqDM hb\E 1aWS bm f\`\j\ 4Z*1jn b\-\E a V1Y \+k*1jnaqH ˙*31 , ob\Y aWdh*1 Z*/\ +mbn \aY\bO `Sb1WnZmYD ˙3\*Z `*aaV*4m,*1bB w *]`SY1`E bm +144*+\bZ\ ]1`1]Sam,*1jnaq a h1W\,1V\Y ]`\bSO ,\]\W\3Z\-\ ]\W*D m /dY*1jnE hb\ \Z t]`\ab\ /`d-rD m \+k*1b1anE \+k*1b1anE ab*Z\,Sb1an +WSO 31E S ,*jS `*4-\,\`m ]`SZSY*pb SZbSYZmy f*O `*Vb1`xD

w b\ aV`m,*1b a,\p adkZ\abnx *`n ˙*,S/ f\`\j\ 4Z*WE V*V ,*3Z\ S4+1-*bn /d`Zmf V\Y]*ZSyD ˚-\ aW\,* 4*]Sa*Zm , S+WSSB w) Z1 aS/1W a Wp/nYS W3S,mYS S a b1YSE Vb\ aV`mO ,*1b a,\p adkZ\abnE Z1 f\/SWx L a*W\Y 6:B8MD b*WVS,*Waq WS bm a b*VSYS Wp/nYS , SZb1`O Z1bOh*b*fH *]SjSE , V*VSf aWdh*qf Wp/S waV`mO ,*pb a,\p adkZ\abnxD ı .................................................... ..................................................................................................

Y\31b +mbnE ob\ bm aV`m,*O 1jn a,\p adkO Z\abnE \+k*qan \ZW*yZH +S-1yW `*Znj1 \+k*W*an , h*b*fD Z* `*aaV*O 4*W*B w) Z*hSZ*W*

b*W +m bm f\/Sbn ]\ \]*aZ\Yd `*y\Zd a 4*,q4*ZZmYS -W*4*YSH

b\Sb WS b\-/* +`\/Sbn ]\ Zb1`Z1bdE Z1 ]`SZSY*q ,\ ,ZSY*ZS1 b\E h1Y bm `SaVd1jnH


=

r) Z1 aS/1W a Wp/nYS W3S,mYS S a b1YSE Vb\ aV`m,*1b a,\p adkZ\abnE Z1 f\/SWsD a*W\Y 6:B8 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

+1a1/d a Wp/nYS S ]`Sb,\`qW*an V1Y d-\/Z\E hb\+m Y1Zq ]`SZqWS 4* ta,\1-\ h1W\,1V*rxD ˙1,djV* ]\ SY1ZS S*Z* b\31 ]`S+1-*W* V \+O Y*ZdE \/Z*V\ Z1aV\WnV\ ]\O/`d-\YdD Z* ,a]\YSZ*O 1bB w) ]\ab\qZZ\ \+k*W*an , h*b1 a \/ZSY ]*`Z1Y S4 a\a1/Z1-\ a\+`*ZSqD aV\`1 Ym ab*WS \+lqaZqbnO aq /`d- /`d-d , Wp+,SD \-/* `\/Sb1WS ]`\f\/SWS YSY\E q a,\`*hS,*W* ,1+Oab`*ZSgdE S \ZS Z1 /\-*O /m,*WSanE hb\ ]`\Saf\/SbD \OY\1YdE SY S , -\W\,d Z1 ]`Sf\/SW\E hb\ Sf 57OW1bZqq /\hV* ]Sj1b WpO +\,Zm1 ]SanY* 58OW1bZ1Yd Y*WnhSVdxD ˚

1`m ]`1/\ab\`\3Z\abS \Z1hZ\E \+k1ZS1 h1`14 Zb1`Z1b Y\31b +mbn ,]\WO Z1 dY1abZmYD Z\-S1 Wp/SE , b\Y hSaW1 S ,4`\aWm1E b*O VSY a]\a\+\Y ]\//1`3S,*O pb a,q4n a /`d4nqYSD ˚aWS ob\ \bZ\aSbaq S V b1+1E b\ Z*/\ ]`SZqbn Z1V\b\`m1 Y1O `m ]`1/\ab\`\3Z\abSD *VS1H ˘ W1/SE aV\WnV\ ,`1Y1ZS df\/Sb Z* ]1`1]SO aVdE S Z1 ]\4,\WqyE hb\+m \Z* \b,W1V*W* b1+q \b +\O W11 ,*3Zmf /1WE Z*]`SY1` \b aZ*D (Z\j* ]\ SY1ZS `*y*Z -\,\`SbB w 1V\b\`m1 `1+qb* , jV\W1 `*aaV*O 4m,*pbE V*V /\ b`1f db`* aS/1WS , Zb1`Z1b1x L'e1aqO Z*Y 9B59E 5:MD ˘ +k*yaq b\WnV\ b\-/*E V\-/* 4Z*1jn h1W\,1V* WShZ\ SWS Y\31jn ]`\,1`SbnE a V1Y ]1`1]SamO Zb1`Z1b1 ,`1Yq W1O bSb Z14*Y1bZ\I \ob\Yd \]`1/1WqyE aV\WnV\ bm ]\b`*bSjn ,`1Y1ZSE S ]`S/1`3S,*yaq a,\1-\ `1j1ZSqD ˚aWS Z*/\E ab*,n +d/SWnZSVD

102 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


‘‘

) Z1 \+k*pan ]\ Zb1`Z1bd a b1YSE V\-\ Z1 4Z*p S a V1Y Z1 ab*W* +m ˙3\*Z \+k*bnaq , `1*WnZ\y 3S4ZS

’’

,*1jnaqD *4,`*k1ZZm1 Wp/S +`\/qb ]\ Zb1`Z1bdE Sk* /\,1`hS,mf ]\/`\abV\,E hb\+m Sa]\Wn4\,*bn Sf /Wq a,\Sf g1W1y L SYWqZ*Y 5:B5<MD ˘ d/n \aY\b`Sb1W1Z ]`S /1W\,mf \]1`*gSqfD

a\+1ZZ\ \ab\`\3ZmY Zd3Z\ +mbnE V\-/* /*1jn WShO Zm1 a,1/1ZSqD Z*h1 Y\3Z\ ab*bn 31`b,\y Y\j1ZZSO h1ab,* SWS h1-\Ob\ ]\fd31 L *be1q 5>B5:MD ˘ \amW*q /`d4nqY a,\S e\b\-`*eSSE a]`\aS a1+qB ]\f\31 WSE hb\ Z* aZSYV1 P h1W\,1VE V\b\`my aWd3Sb \-dH L Sbd 6B;E <MD ˘ *V S ]`S WShZ\Y \+k1ZSSE ]`1V`*bS `*4-\,\`E 1aWS \Z df\/Sb Z1 bd/* L'e1aqZ*Y 9B7E 8MD

]W*Z /1yab,SyI ) f\hd \-`*ZShSbn ,`1Yq , Zb1`Z1b1 /\ ...................... , Z1/1WpE S /Wq ob\-\ qDDD

ı ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

˚aWS ]\ Zb1`Z1bd a\ YZ\y Z*hZ1b \+k*bnaq Z14Z*V\Ymy h1W\,1VE qDDD ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................


˘ \Wn4dyaq Zb1`Z1b\Y Z* ,S/d d /`d-SfD ˚aWS b1+1 ]`Sf\/Sbaq waV`m,*bn a,\p adkZ\abnx \b `\/SO b1W1yE ob\ Z1Z\`Y*WnZ\D ˙1,djV* ]\ SY1ZS *`S -\O ,\`SbB w b Y*Ym q ZSh1-\ Z1 aV`m,*p S ]\V*4m,*p 1yE hb\ /1W*p , Zb1`Z1b1x L˚,`1qY 57B5<MD

w \`\j\E hb\ q Z1 ]\b\`\]SW*anx 1+1 f\h1baq SY1bn /`d41yD 'b\ 1ab1ab,1ZZ\D m a\4/*Zm a ]\b`1+Z\abnp , +WS4V\Y \+k1ZSS L mO bS1 6B5<MD *VS1 hd,ab,* 4*W\31Zm , Z*a \-\YD \ ]`S ,m+\`1 /`d41y Zd3Z\ +mbn \ab\`\3ZmYD d/n d,1`1ZE hb\ bm \+q4*b1WnZ\ Z*y/1jn f\O `\jSf /`d41yE 1aWS +d/1jn SaV*bn Sf , a\-W*aSS a +S+W1yaVSYS Z\`Y*YSD /Z* 59OW1bZqq /1,djV* ]\/1WSW*anB w˙`d41yE V\b\`m1 +m Wp+SWS 1-\,d S Wp+SWS b1+qE Z*ybS Z1W1-V\D \ V\-/* Sf Z*f\/SjnE ]\ZSY*1jnB t \`\j\E hb\ q Z1 ]\b\`\]SW*an a ,mO +\`\YrxD ˚˙ (#˚• ˚ \,\`qbE hb\ aW\,\Y Z1 d+n1jnD

/Z*V\ a]W1bZqYS Y\3Z\ Z*Z1abS -Wd+\VS1 /dj1,Zm1 `*ZmD *V +\`\bnaq a\ a]W1bZqYSH

O ˚ H

˘ *V\,m ]Wpam S YSZdam ,S`bd*WnZ\-\ \+k1ZSq ]\ a`*,Z1ZSp a \+mhZmYH ˘ \h1YdE \+k*qan ]\ Zb1`Z1bdE W1-V\ aV`m,*bn a,\1 SabSZZ\1 WSg\H ˘ *V aW1/Sbn 4* b1YE aV\WnV\ ,`1Y1ZS bm ]`\,\/Sjn , Zb1`Z1b1H ˘ \-/* \+k1ZS1 ]\ Zb1`Z1bd +m,*1b dY1abZmYH

104 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


12

1Y \]*aZm a]W1bZSH *VOb\ q ]\jW* Z* ,1h1`SZVdE * Z* aW1/dpkSy /1Zn ]dabSWS aWdfE hb\ q ]1`1a]*W* a \/ZSY ]*`Z1YD 'b\ +mW* hSab1yj*q W\3nI SZ/* Z\-/* q ,/`d- d4Z*pE hb\ ,ab`1h*pan a V*V\yOb\ /1,h\ZV\yEP * q a Z1y ,\\+k1 Z1 4Z*V\YI 1YE Vb\ `*a]daV*1b b*VS1 a]W1bZSE /*31 , -\W\,d Z1 ]`Sf\/Sb ]`\,1`Sbn e*VbmD *yV


˚ Y\-db ]\`\/Sbn ab\WnV\ SZb`S-E hb\ Sf f,*bSb Z* g1Wmy a1`S*WD 5=OW1bZqq Y+1` 4Z*1b \+ ob\Y Z1 ]\Z*aWmjV1B w +\ YZ1 ]\ab\qZZ\ f\/qb V*O VS1Ob\ aWdfSD \ q 4*+1`1Y1Z1W*E b\ a/1W*W* *+\`bE b\ b\`-\,*W* Z*`V\bSV*YSE * b\ ,\\+k1 a1W* Z* S-O WdD 1 4Z*pE ]\h1Yd \+\ YZ1 a]W1bZSh*pbxD 1`14 S4Wp+W1ZZm1 d ]\/`\abV\, oW1Vb`\ZZm1 ]SanY* S aSab1Ym Y-Z\,1ZZmf a\\+k1ZSy Y\3O Z\ Z*Y1`1ZZ\ \h1`ZSbn h1W\,1V*E Z1 ]`\S4Z1aq ZS aW\,*D a1-\ WSjn ]*`* ]1h*bZmf ab`\V P S ]\`\O h*kS1 a,1/1ZSq d31 Z* ]dbS V /1aqbV*Y ]\Wdh*b1O W1yE ]*/VSf Z* a1Za*gSSD Z\-/* a\4/*pbaq g1Wm1 a*ybmE hb\+m dZS3*bn S /SaV`1/SbS`\,*bn Wp/1yD 1`1/V\ a1b1,m1 w+W\-Sx P ,1+Oa*ybmE a\/1`3*kS1 /Z1,ZSVSEP Z*]ShV*Zm b*VSYS a]W1bZqYSE V*VS1 h1W\,1V Z1 \aY1WSWaq +m ,maV*4*bn ,aWdfD

a1-/* WS ]W\f\ -\,\`Sbn \ /`d-SfH

bY1bnE ,1`Z\ SWS Z1,1`Z\H *4-\,*`S,*bn \ /`d-Sf Wp/qf P ,a1-/* ]W\f\D ı O 1`Z\ O 1,1`Z\ ˙*,*y `*4+1`1YaqD `\ab\ `*4-\,\` \ V\YOb\ ,]\WZ1 Y\31b +mbn dY1abZmYD *Y* S+WSq ]\O \k`q1b Z*a SZb1`1a\,*bnaq /`d-SYS L SWS]]SyO g*Y 6B8MD \Z1hZ\ 31E ob\ Z1 /*1b Z*Y ]`*,* ,Y1O ˛ ˚"& %DDD jS,*bnaq , hd3S1 /1W* ˙*31 ]`\ab\ aWdj*q L5 1b`* 8B59MD Z1e\`O a]W1bZSE bm , V*V\yOb\ Y*WnZ\y +1a1/1 Ym d4Z*O Y1`1 ab*Z\,Sjnaq \bO 1YE Vb\ ,abd]*1b , +`*V ,1bab,1ZZmY 4* Sf SWS d V\-\ `\/SWaq `1+1O `*a]`\ab`*Z1ZS1D 1 Z\VD ]`*,/*E 1aWS Ym a\O \ab*Z\,S, `*4-\,\`E bm /*1jn a]W1bZ1 /*WnZ1yO ,a1Y Z1 -\,\`SY \ /`d-SfE jSy f\/D b\ `*4,1 Y\3Z\ aV*4*bnE hb\ Ym SYS SZb1`1ad1YaqH

?

106 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


‘‘

\-/* h1W\,1VE \ V\b\`\Y q a]W1bZSh*W*E d4Z*W \+ ob\Y S ]\/\j1W V\ YZ1EP /Wq Y1Zq ob\ +mW\ f\`\jSY d`\V\YI ,SWnO Zdbn +mW\ Z1Vd/*I ) ]\ZqW*E hb\ Wdhj1 -\,\`Sbn a h1W\,1V\Y Z*]`qYdpE h1Y \WSZ* d Z1-\ 4* a]SZ\yI

’’

/Z*V\ b*VS1 `*4-\,\`m W1-V\ Y\-db ]1`1ybS , a*Ym1 Z*ab\qkS1 a]W1bZSD *VE Z1,SZZ*q e`*4* w˚-\` S SV* +mWS +m ]`1V`*aZ\y ]*`\yIx Y\31b +mbn ]1`1aV*4*Z* V*V w˚-\` S SV* P ]`1V`*aZ*q ]*`*xE f\bq obS Y\W\/m1 Wp/S /*31 Z1 /dY*WS 4*O ,q4m,*bn \bZ\j1ZSqD \Ob,\1YdE ob\ ]dabqVH \4O Y\3Z\D \ b\WnV\ Z1 /Wq ˚-\`* S Z1 /Wq SVSD `\ 5<OW1bZpp ˙3dWS f\/SWS ]\/\+Zm1 aWdfSE S ob\ \h1Zn 11 d-Z1b*W\D Z* `*aaV*4*W*B w'b\ Y1O Zq d3*aZ\ 4WSW\D ) d31 ab*W* a\YZ1,*bnaqE Y\3Z\ WS ,\\+k1 V\YdOWS+\ /\,1`qbnxD \/\+Z\1 ]1`13SO W* S 5=OW1bZqq ˙31yZB w V\Zg1 V\Zg\, q ab*W* S4O +1-*bn b\-\ ]*`ZqE a V\b\`mY Z*a t]\31ZSWSrD \ ob\ 31 *+ad`/B ]\h1Yd q +\Wnj1 Z1 Y\-d \+k*bnaq a h1W\,1V\YE a V\b\`mY d Y1Zq ]`1V`*aZm1 \bZ\j1O ZSqHx

]`*,Wqy `*4-\,\`\YI *V Y\3Z\ a/1`3*bnaqE V\-/* b*V S bqZ1b ]\O a]W1bZSh*bnH `1/ab*,nE hb\ bm 1/1jn ]\ 4*-`dO 31ZZ\y b`*aa1D */\ +mbn -\b\,mY , Wp+\y YS- ]1O `1ab`\Sbnaq Z* /`d-dp ]\W\adE ]`Sb\`Y\4Sbn SWS ,\\+k1 \ab*Z\,SbnaqD ˚aWS bm ,a1-/* Z*h1VdE b\ ]`1/,S/Sjn Wp+m1 *,*`SyZm1 aSbd*gSS S a`*4d 31 `1*-S`d1jnD \/\+Z\1 Y\3Z\ aV*4*bn S \ +1a1/1D 1b`d/Z\ d,S/1bnE hb\ `*4-\,\` ]\j1W Z1 bd/*D d3Z\ dY1W\ 1Y \]*aZm a]W1bZSH 107


]W1bZS ]\/\+Zm \]*aZ\Yd \`d3SpE a]\a\+Z\Yd ]\-d+Sbn `1]db*gSp

/*bn 1Yd ]`*,SWnO Z\1 Z*]`*,W1ZS1D SZ*h1 ,`1/* Z1 S4+13*bnD *yV -\O ,\`SbB w + \/Z\y /1,h\ZV1 qE Z1 ]\O /dY*,E aV*4*WE hb\ d Z11 Z* dY1 b\WnV\ ]*`ZSD ˚y /\Z1aWS Y\S aW\,*E S \Z* \+S/1W*anD ˙\ aSf ]\` ]\YZp 11 -\W\aE V\-/* \Z* aV*4*W*E V*V ob\ 11 `*ZSW\D \bq Z*jS \bZ\j1ZSq Z*W*/SWSanE YZ1 /*31 a1yh*a Z1]`SqbZ\E hb\ q 4*/1W 11 hd,ab,*xD a1Y S4,1abZ\E hb\ aW\,* Y\-db ]`ShSZSbn +\WnD ˙*31 , S+WSS Z*]Sa*Z\B w Z\yE -\,\`q +14/dYZ\E `*ZSbE V*V Y1h\Yx L `SbhS 56B5<MD \b ]\h1Yd Z*/\ /dY*bnE ]1`1/ b1Y V*V hb\Ob\ aV*4*bnI ˙1yab,Sb1WnO Z\E b`1+d1baq a*Y\\+W*/*ZS1E hb\+m wZ*3*bn Z* b\`Y\4*xE V\-/* `*4-\,\` ]`S\+`1b*1b ]SV*ZbZmy f*`*Vb1`D 5;OW1bZqq *`\O ˚ WSZ ]\ZqW*B w */\ aW1/Sbn 4* b1YE hb\ -\,\`SjnD ˚aWS ˚aWS Vb\Ob\ a]W1bZSh*1bE bm Z1 d,1`1Z , ]`*,/S,\O bm Y\- +m aV*4*bn hb\Ob\ abS SZe\`Y*gSSE b\E ,\4O ,`\/1B w Z1 V*VOb\ Y\3Z\E `*a]`\ab`*Zq1jn Z1W\,V\ \+ ob\Y `*4-\O ,*`S,*bnD b\Yd 31 11 W\3nxD \ob\YdE , \bZ\O 4/1an Z1bE S \Z* Z1 Y\O j1ZSS a]W1b1Z aW1/dy a\O 31b 4* a1+q ]\ab\qbnxD ,1bd *]\ab\W* *,W* w]\O ab*,Sbn a1+1 g1Wnp 3Sbn

108 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


bSf\E 4*ZSY*bnaq a,\SY /1W\Yx L5 1aa*W\ZSVSyO g*Y 8B55MD *V Y\3Z\ SZb1`1a\,*bnaq Wp/nYS S ]`S ob\Y Z1 ,Y1jS,*bnaq , Sf /1W*H 1`1/ b1Y V*V hb\O b\ aV*4*bnE a]`\aS a1+qB w ,1`1Z WS qE hb\ ob\ b*VH \h1Yd q f\hd \+ ob\Y `*aaV*4*bnH *V Y\S aW\,* ]\,WSqpb Z* Y\p `1]db*gSpHx \aW1/ZSy ,\]`\a \h1Zn ,*31ZE ,1/nE ]`\aWm, a]W1bZSV\YE bm +\Wnj1 ]\,`1/Sjn a,\1y `1]db*gSSE h1Y `1]db*gSS b\-\E \ V\Y -\,\`SjnD

\-/* a]W1bZSh*pb \ b1+1 b\ /1W*bnE 1aWS bm ab*W 31`b,\y a]W1b1ZH w 1 a]1jS a,\SY /df\Y \+S3*bnaqxEP a\,1bd1baq , 'VO VW14S*ab1 ;B=D \ab*`*yaq b`14,\ ,4-WqZdbn Z* aSO bd*gSpD S+WSS -\,\`SbaqB w 1 ]`SZSY*y +WS4V\ V a1`/gd ,a1 aW\,*E V\b\`m1 -\,\`qb Wp/SDDD 1/n b,\1 a1`/g1 4Z*1b YZ\-\ aWdh*1,E V\-/* bm a*Y 4W\O aW\,SW /`d-Sfx L'VVW14S*ab ;B65E 66MD

]W*Z /1yab,SyI

\-/* d Y1Zq ,\4ZSVZ1b SaVdj1ZS1 ]1`1/*bn Z1]`\,1`1ZZdp SZe\`Y*gSpE qDDD

ı................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

˚aWS \+\ YZ1 aV*4*WS hb\Ob\ \+S/Z\1E hb\+m dW*/Sbn /1W\E qDDD ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................


=

r b\ ab1`131b a,\S dab*E b\b f`*ZSb a,\p /djdE * Vb\ jS`\V\ \bV`m,*1b `\bE b\b ]\-S+Z1bsD `SbhS 57B7 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

\Z1hZ\E 4W\+ZmY a]W1bZqY \]`*,/*ZSq Z1bD

/Z*V\ 1aWS bm /*jn ,\Wp hd,ab,*YE b\ \b ob\-\ bm ]\ab`*/*1jn +\Wnj1E h1Y \b a*Y\y a]W1bZSD `*O ,SWnZdp ]\4SgSp ]\ \bZ\j1ZSp V a]W1bZqY 4*ZqO W* 1Z1D Z* ]\/1WSW*anB w˙*E Z1]`SqbZ\E V\-/* \ b1+1 -\,\`qb ]W\f\D \ q ab*`*pan Z1 /1W*bn S4 YdO fS aW\Z* P h1`14 Z1/1Wp \ZS d31 +d/db \+ad3/*bn V\-\Ob\ /`d-\-\x1D d/n +W*-\`*4dYZmY SE V\-/* `*4-\,\` ]`1,`*O k*1baq , a]W1bZpE ]1`1,1/S 1-\ , /`d-\1 `daW\D V\-/* a]W1bZSh*pb \ b1+1E ]`\q,S 4`1W\abn S Z1 `1*-S`dy aWSjV\Y +d`Z\D dabn 4* b1+q -\,\`qb b,\S /1W* L5 1b`* 6B56MD *V bm a\f`*ZSjn /\+`m1 \bZ\j1ZSq a Wp/nYS S a \-\YD 1 Z1V\b\`mf aWdh*qf ab\Sb b*VbShZ\ ]\-\,\`Sbn a \+S/hSV\YD \ h*k1 ,a1-\ ob\-\ Z1 b`1+d1baqE ]\aV\WnVd wWp+\,n ]\V`m,*1b YZ\31O ab,\ -`1f\,x L5 1b`* 8B<MD

O ˚ H

˘ V*VSf aWdh*qf dY1abZ\ -\,\`Sbn \ /`d-SfH ˘ b*Z\,SWaq WS bm V\-/*OZS+d/n 31`b,\y a]W1b1ZH ˚aWS /*E h1Yd ob\ b1+q Z*dhSW\H ˘ ˚aWS bm `*a]`\ab`*Zq1jn a]W1bZSE V*V ob\ Y\31b Sa]\`bSbn b,\p `1]db*gSpH

110 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


3

˙ ˝

Y\y /Z1,ZSV

*VS1 b`d/Z\abS , /`d31aVSf \bZ\j1ZSqf ,\4ZSV*WS d b1+q , ]\aW1/Z11 ,`1YqH

ı

*V ]`\hSb*ZZ\1 , ob\Y `*4/1W1 ]\Y\31b b1+1 a]`*,Sbnaq a b`d/Z\abqYSH

111


4

" Ëš

Ëšabn WS ]`1/Y1bmE ]\ V\b\`mY bm 1/,* da]1,*1jnH

Äą

O Ë™* O 1b

b*WVS,*Waq WS bm , jV\W1 a S4/1,*b1Wnab,*YS SWS /\Y\-*b1Wnab,\YH

O Ë™* O 1b

\h1baq WS b1+1 ]\`\y ]`Sa\1/SZSbnaq V a,1`abZSV*YE hb\+m a\,1`jSbn hb\Ob\ ]W\f\1H

O Ë™* O 1b

wËšaWS ,m/1`3d jV\WdE b\ ,m/1`3d ,a1 Ix ob\Y ,maV*4m,*ZSS 1abn /\Wq SabSZmD dYab,1ZZ\YE oY\gS\Z*WnZ\Y S /df\,Z\Y ]W*Z1 jV\W* P ob\ Sa]mb*ZS1 Z* ]`\hZ\abnD *V ]\WdhSbn \+k11 \+O `*4\,*ZS1 S Z1 ]\//*bnaq /d`Z\Yd ,WSqZSp Z1V\O b\`mf a,1`abZSV\,H W*,m 57P5; ]\Y\-db b1+1 ob\Yd Z*dhSbnaqD 112



13

*V /\abShn da]1f* , dh1+1H


˚˙ &E hb\ bm \hdbSWaq , Z1]`\f\/SYmf /3dZ-WqfD V,\4n -dabdp WSab,d Z1 ]`\+S,*1baq ZS 1/SZ\-\ Wdh* a,1b*D W\bZm1 4*`\aWS ab1aZSWS b1+q a\ ,a1f ab\`\ZE b`d/Z\ /*31 /,SZdbnaq a Y1ab*D b\O +m ,m+`*bnaqE bm ,mZd3/1Z ]`\`d+*bn a1+1 ]dbn a ]\Y\knp \ab`\-\ Y*h1b1D 1 Z*]\YSZ*1b WS b1+1 ob\ dh1+d , jV\W1H ˙Z1Y bm Z* 4*ZqbSqfE ,1h1`\Y 4* d`\V*YS P ZSV*V\y a,\O +\/mE b\hZ\ , 4*]*/Z1I ˛Z*V\Y\1 \kdk1ZS1H b\ b1O +1 /*1baq b`d/Z11 ,a1-\ H *V\y ]`1/Y1bH *]SjSD

ı .................................................................................................. \/Sb1WS S dhSb1WqE Z*,1`Z\1E d-\,*`S,*pb b1+q ,4qbnaq 4* ob\b ]`1/Y1b V*V aW1/d1bD 'b\ Z1 /Wq b\O -\E hb\+m ]`\ab\ daW\3ZSbn b1+1 3S4ZnD ZS f\bqb ]\WZ\abnp `*aV`mbn b,\y ]\b1ZgS*WD *V +mbnE 1aO WS V*31baqE hb\ ]W*ZV* h1`1ahd` 4*,mj1Z*E S d b1+q \]daV*pbaq `dVSH `\`d+Sbn a1+1 ]dbnI ob\Y b1+1 ]\Y\-db Z1V\b\`m1 SZab`dY1ZbmD *VS1H ˘ 5Oy SZab`dY1ZbB ]`*,SWnZ\1 \bZ\j1ZS1 V dh1O +1D `q/ WS d b1+q +d/1b 31W*ZS1 dhSbnaqE 1aWS bm Z1 ,S/Sjn , ob\Y aYmaW*D \ob\Yd 4*-WqZS Z1YZ\O -\ ,]1`1/D ]\ab\W *,1W ]Sa*WB w *jdkSy /\W31Z ]*f*bn a Z*/13/\y S Y\W\bqkSy /\W31Z Y\W\bSbn a Z*/13/\y ]\WdhSbn a,\p /\Wpx L5 \`SZeqZ*Y =B5>MD ˛ ˚"& %DDD \ h1-\ `*/S w]*f*bnxE 1aWS Z1 ,S/Sjn , ]`1/Y1O "]*`-*WVS S ]`\hS1 b1 ZSV*V\y ]\Wn4mH \31b fSb`\abS ]\/`m,*pb ]\V*4*bnaqE hb\ S4 jV\WnO /\,1`S1 V h1W\,1Vd S Z\y ]`\-`*YYm b1+1 ]`SO b\`Y\4qb 1-\ `*4,SbS1D -\/Sbaq /*W1V\ Z1 ,a1EP ,\ hb\ fd31E ob\ Z*O ,aqV\Y aWdh*1 a1yh*aD /O ,W1V*1b Z* Z1-\ Z1/\,\Wnab,\ \-* Z*V\E ]\WdhS, \+kS1 4Z*O L `SbhS 55B5MD ZSq ]\ `*4WShZmY ]`1/O Y1b*YE bm +d/1jn Wdhj1

?

*V /\abShn da]1f* , dh1+1H 115


h1+* ]\`\y Z*]\YSZ*1b Z1]`\f\/SYm1 /3dZ-WSD /Z*V\ Zd3Zm1 SZab`dY1Zbm ]\Y\-db b1+1 ]`\`d+Sbn ]dbn

`*4+S`*bnaq , \V`dO 3*pk1Y b1+q YS`1D W*-\/*`q ob\Yd bm aY\31jn ab*bn SZO b1`1aZmY a\+1a1/ZSO V\YE wab*bn ,a1Y /Wq Wp/1y ,aqV\-\ `\/*x L5 \`SZeqZ*Y =B66MD *V SWS SZ*h1E bm 4*O \ab`Sjn a,\y dYE S ,]\aW1/ab,SS ob\ b1+1 \h1Zn S \h1Zn ]`S-\/SbaqD ˘ 6Oy SZab`dY1ZbB ,1`* , a,\S aSWmD "V\W* Y\O 31b \+Z*`d3Sbn b,\S aV`mbm1 b*W*ZbmD *,1W a\,1b\,*W SY\e1pB w *]\YSZ*p b1+1 V*V \-\Zn `*4O 3S-*bn /*` \-*E V\b\`my 1abn , b1+1x L6 SY\e1p 5B:MD h1,S/Z\E SY\e1y Sa]\WZqW \a\+\1 aWd31O ZS1 , f`SabS*ZaV\Y a\+`*ZSSD `S ob\Y \Z /\W31Z +mW Z1dab*ZZ\ `*4,S,*bn ]\Wdh1ZZm1 \b \-* a]\O a\+Z\abSE w/*`xE S Z1 ]\4,\Wqbn SY ]`\]*/*bn 4`qD \Z1hZ\E b,\S a]\a\+Z\abS V dh1+1 Z1 /*`\,*Zm b1+1 \-\Y Z1]\a`1/ab,1ZZ\D /Z*V\ d b1+q 1abn a,\SE SZO /S,S/d*WnZm1 b*W*ZbmD jV\W1 bm Z*dhSjnaq Sf `*4,S,*bn S /*31 aY\31jn `*aV`mbn b1 a]\a\+Z\O abSE \ V\b\`mf S Z1 ]\/\4`1,*WD 1 \+`1V*y a*Y a1+q Z* Z1d/*hdE /dY*qE hb\ dhSbnaq Wdhj1 b1+1 Z1 ]\ aSW*YD \-/* W14db YmaO 116 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am

' ' ˚ ˚ ˝˚ ˝˚ ˚# ˚ ) ˚# ˚ ) ˚ ˚ 5E 5E ˚ ˚ 5< 5<


‘‘

a,1`abZSV\, q 4*Y1bSW* \/Zd 4*V\O Z\Y1`Z\abnB 1aWS bm Z1\`-*ZS4\,*Z , dh1+1E b\ b*V 31 Z1\`-*ZS4\,*Z S , SaaW1/\,*ZSS /df\,Zmf ,\]`\a\,D b\ , jV\W1 Z1 `*4,SW Wp+\,n V dh1+1E d b\-\ f`\Y*1b S WShZ\1 S4dh1ZS1 SWn,Sq S+WSS

’’

WSE +d/b\ bm ZS V h1Yd Z1 a]\a\+1ZE ab*`*yaq /dY*bn ‹ \ b\YE hb\ d b1+q ]\Wdh*1baq f\`\j\D \-/* Wp/SE ,\4Y\3Z\E Z1\+\aZ\,*ZZ\E ,maY1S,*WS \`*b\`aVS1 a]\a\+Z\abS *,W*E \Z aV*4*WB w˙*31 1aWS q Z1 SaVdO a1Z , aW\,1E b\ ZSV*V Z1 , 4Z*ZSqfx L6 \`SZeqZ*Y 5>B5>C 55B:MD *,1W \a\4Z*,*WE hb\ d Z1-\ 1abn aW*+\O abSD \ \Z 4Z*WE hb\ d Z1-\ 1abn S aSWnZm1 ab\`\ZmD bmH *V\,m b,\S aSWnZm1 ab\`\ZmH ˚aWS bm a*Y Sf Z1 ,S/SjnE ]\-\,\`S a Wp+qkSY b1+q ,4`\aO WmYD *V\y /`d- ]\Y\31b b1+1 d,S/1bnE , h1Y bm aSO W1Z S V*V `*4,Sbn b,\S /\ab\SZab,*D ˘ 7Oy SZab`dY1ZbB f\`\j*q \`-*ZS4\,*ZZ\abnD da]1fd , dh1+1 Z1b W1-VSf ]db1yD *Z\ SWS ]\4/Z\ ,4qbnaq 4* dh1+d ]`S/1baqD ˚ \4Y\3Z\E \b \/Z\y WSjn YmaWS \+ ob\Y b1+1 ab*O `Sabd]*q V S4dh1ZSpE Z\,Sbaq b\aVWS,\D ,a1 ]`\aY\b`S Y*b1`S*W 31 dhSbnaq ab\SbD 1YZ\-\ , g1W\YD \/4*-\W\,VS daSWSy P S b1+1 ob\E ,\4O ]\Y\-db b1+1 ae\`YdO Y\3Z\E ]\Z`*,SbaqD WS`\,*bn ,\]`\am V b\+m f\`\j\ \`-*ZSO Y*b1`S*WdD \ f\/d hb1ZSq \bmaVS,*y Z* ZSf 4\,*bn a1+qE Zd3Z\ ]`*O \b,1bmD V\Zg1 ]\]`\O ,SWnZ\ `*a]`1/1WSbn ,`1O +dy ,a]\YZSbnE hb\ YqD 1 4*+m,*yB ]\V* bm ]`\hSb*WD jV\WnZSVE dh1+* /Wq b1O +q P -W*,Z\1D \Z1hZ\E ,

*V /\abShn da]1f* , dh1+1H 117


=

r b\ aW1/Sb 4* ,1b`\YE b\b ZSV\-/* Z1 ]\a11bE S Vb\ aY\b`Sb Z* bdhSE b\b ZSV\-/* Z1 ]\3Z1b sD 'VVW14S*ab 55B8 Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™

S+WSS -\,\`SbaqE hb\ 1abn w,`1Yq aY1qbnaqx S w,`1O Yq ]Wqa*bnx L'VVW14S*ab 7B5E 8C 55B=MD *V S ,a1 /1O bSE bm f\h1jnE hb\+m d b1+q \ab*,*W\an ,`1Yq Z* \bO /mf S ,1a1Wn11D /Z*V\ , 'VVW14S*ab1 55B8 1abn ]`1/\ab1`131ZS1B w b\ aW1/Sb 4* ,1b`\YE b\b ZSV\-O /* Z1 ]\a11bE S Vb\ aY\b`Sb Z* bdhSE b\b ZSV\-/* Z1 ]\3Z1bxD b*VE Z1 \bVW*/m,*y ,*3Zm1 /1W* Z* ]\O b\YD 1 ,\WZdyaqE bm Z*y/1jn ,`1Yq S Z* dh1+dE S Z* `*4,W1h1ZSqI

*V /1W*bn d`\VSH b\E \/Z*V\E /1W*bnE 1aWS bm +dV,*WnZ\ 4*,*W1Z d`\V*YSH \4Y\3Z\E d b1+q b*VS1 31 hd,ab,*E V*V d 1 \Wnj1 SZe\`Y*gSS \+ \b/mf1 S `*4,W1h1ZSqf Y\3Z\ Z*ybS , <OY `*4/1W1 ob\y VZS-SD

]W*Z /1yab,SyI aW1/dpk1y h1b,1`bS q ]\ab*`*pan ]\WdhSbn ]\ aW1/dpk1Yd ]`1/Y1bdB

ı .......................................................................................................................... b\+m ]\/bqZdbnaq ]\ ob\Yd ]`1/Y1bdE qDDD .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................


\4/*y a1+1 Y1ab\ /Wq 4*ZqbSyD +1O `S ,a1E hb\ \b,W1V*1bD ˚aWS ,\4Y\3Z\E aS/S 4* ]SanY1ZZmY ab\W\YD 1 ,VWph*y b1W1,S4\`D Z*h*W* -W*,Z\1D h1+* P ,*3Z\1 /1W\E ]\ob\Yd b,1`/\ `1jSE hb\ Z1 +dO /1jn aY\b`1bn b1W1,S4\`E ]\V* Z1 a/1O W*1jn d`\VSD 1 bqZS `14SZdD \ab*,n h1bV\1 `*a]SO a*ZS1 /Wq /\Y*jZSf 4*/*ZSy S ]`S/1`O 3S,*yaq 1-\D \ab*,n ]W*ZD \/dY*yE a V*V\-\ ]`1/O Y1b* Z*h*bnE V*V\y +d/1b ,b\`mYE b`1bnO SY S b*V /*W11D \ab*,n a]Sa\V S \b,1/S Z* V*3/my ]`1/Y1b \]`1/1W1ZZ\1 ,`1O YqD mh1`VS,*y b\E hb\ a/1W*Z\D ˙1W*y ]1`1`m,mD ˚aWS hd,ab,d1jnE hb\ dab*WE a/1W*y Z1+\Wnj\y ]1`1`m,D \ V*V Y\3Z\ aV\`11 ,\4,`*k*yaq V d`\V*YD 1`n , a,\S aSWmD \`\jSy dh1ZSV \bWSh*1baq \b ]W\f\-\ Z1 dY\YE * b`d/\O Wp+S1YD m Y\31jn /\+Sbnaq da]1f*I \ab*`*yaq P S d+1/Sjnaq , ob\Y a*YD

*V /\abShn da]1f* , dh1+1H 119


5;OW1bZ1y *Z/`SZB w *3/my ,1h1` Z* /\Y*jZS1 4*O /*ZSq d Y1Zq df\/Sb 6P7 h*a*D 'b\ /*31 Z1 ahSb*q ,mf\/ZmfxD *V a]`*,Sbnaq a b*V\y Z*-`d4V\yH \aO ]\Wn4dyaq a\,1b*YS Z* ab`*ZSg1 55=D

`\`d+S a1+1 ]dbn

b\YE hb\ a]\a\+ab,d1b /df\,Z\Yd `\abdE *,1W ]Sa*W SY\e1pB w a1`/Z\ 4*ZSY*yaq ,a1Y obSYE +d/n ]`SW131ZE S b\-/* ,a1 d,S/qb b,\S da]1fSx L5 SY\O e1p 8B59E */\abZ*q 1abnMD *VSY \+`*4\YE ]`SW*O -*q daSWSqE bm /\+n1jnaq da]1f\, , dh1+1D \YZSjn ]`SY1`E ]`S,1/1ZZmy , Z*h*W1 -W*,mH Z1]`\f\/SYmf /3dZ-Wqf Z1 \+\y/1jnaq +14 Y*O h1b1 P SZab`dY1Zb*E ]\Y\-*pk1-\ ]`\`d+Sbn ]dbnD \-/* V*31baqE hb\ b1+q ]\ `dV*Y S Z\-*Y aV\,*O WS b`1+\,*ZSq `\/Sb1W1y S dhSb1W1yE Sa]\Wn4dy b`S SZab`dY1Zb*E \ V\b\`mf -\,\`Sbaq , ob\y -W*,1D \-O /* bm ]\,maSjn da]1,*1Y\abn , dh1+1 S d,S/SjnE hb\ b`d/SWaq Z1 4`qI ˚˙ (#˚• ˚ jV\W1 S b*V Z1W1-V\E * bdb 1k1 S4/1,*b1Wnab,* S ]`Sab*,*ZSqI b\ /1W*bnH

O ˚ H

˘ ˛*h1Y ]`SW*-*bn ab*`*ZSqE dh*an , jV\W1H ˘ *V\y -`*eSV 4*ZqbSy S ]\/-\b\,VS /\Y*jZSf 4*/*ZSy ]\/f\/Sb b1+1H ˘ /1 d b1+q /\Y* a*Y\1 ]\/f\/qk11 Y1ab\ /Wq 4*ZqbSyH ˘ *V a/1W*bnE hb\+m f\++S S \b/mf Z1 Y1j*WS dh1+1H

120 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


14

*V 4*kSbSbnaq \b S4/1,*b1Wnab,H

bY1bnE ,1`Z\ SWS Z1,1`Z\H

Äą

5D -`1aaSq P ob\ b\WnV\ WSjn O 1`Z\ eS4Sh1aV\1 Z*aSWS1D O 1,1`Z\ 6D 1Vad*WnZm1 /\Y\-*b1Wnab,* ]`\O O 1`Z\ q,Wqpbaq WSjn , ]`SV\aZ\,1ZSqfD O 1,1`Z\ 7D ˙1,djVS b\31 Y\-db ]`S+1-*bn O 1`Z\ V *-`1aaSS S /\Y\-*b1Wnab,*YD O 1,1`Z\ 8D ˚aWS Z*/ b\+\y ]\ab\qZZ\ S4/1,*O pbaq SWS ]`Sab*pb a ]\jW\abqYSE O 1`Z\ a obSY ZSh1-\ Z1 ]\/1W*1jnD O 1,1`Z\


D SWWS\Zm ]\/`\abV\, V*3/my /1Zn Sa]mbmO ,*pb , jV\W1 ob\ hd,ab,\D \b hb\ `*aaV*4*W *y*ZB w59 YSZdb , jV\WnZ\Y *,b\+da1 V*4*WSan YZ1 ,1hZ\O abnpD *hSZ*W\an a\ aW\,1aZmf S4/1,*b1Wnab, P 4*O V*ZhS,*W\an eS4Sh1aVSYSD `\ab\ ]mbV* V*V*qOb\Ix 1V\b\`m1 ab`*/*pb \b a1Vad*WnZmf /\Y\-*b1Wnab,D ZSb* ]\/1WSW*anB w jV\W1 \/SZ ]*`1ZnE ]`S,mVO jSy V\ ,a1\+k1Yd ,ZSY*ZSpE ]`S3*W Y1Zq , d-\W S Z*h*W b`\-*bnD ) ]\Of\`\j1Yd ]`\aSW* 1-\ d+`*bn `dO VSE Z\ ob\ Z1 ]\Y\-W\D Z /dY*WE hb\ q jdhdxD 1V\b\`m1 ]\/`\abVS b1``\`S4S`dpb a,\Sf \/O Z\VW*aaZSV\, /*31 a ]\Y\knp Zb1`Z1b*D Vbd*WnO Z\ WS /Wq b1+q ,mj1aV*4*ZZ\1H ˚aWS /*E b\ V*V ]`1O a1hn S4/1,*b1Wnab,* S b`*,WpH ˚abn YZ\-\ a]\a\+\,I \ aZ*h*W* /*,*y ,1`Z1Yaq V db,1`3/1ZSqYE ]`S,1O /1ZZmY , Z*h*W1 -W*,mE S ]\aY\b`SYE V*VS1 S4 ZSf ,1`ZmE * V*VS1 Z1bD 5D 1,1`Z\D \WnjSZab,\ YdhSb1W1y ]`S+1-*pb Z1 V ]`qY\Yd Z*aSWSpE * V ]aSf\b1``\`dD 'b\ Y\O -db +mbn d-`\4mE \aV\`+W1ZSqE 1fS/ab,\E Z*aY1jVS S ]`\h11D 6D 1,1`Z\D ˙*31 /,daYmaW1ZZm1 V\Y]WSY1ZbmE ]\jWm1 jdbVS SWS +1ag1`1O Y\ZZm1 ,4-Wq/m Y\-db +mbn ˛ ˚"& %DDD /\Y\-*b1Wnab,\YD b\+m Z1 Z*,W1hn Z1O 7D 1`Z\D *-`1aaSS S ]`SqbZ\ab1yE Z*/\ +mbn /\Y\-*b1Wnab,*Y ]`S+1-*pb \ab\`\3ZmY a ,m+\`\Y S ]*`ZSE S /1,djVSD \/13/mD 1V\b\`m1 8D 1,1`Z\D m Y\31jn g,1b* S abSWS *aa\gSSO ]\W\3Sbn V\Z1g ]\/\+Z\Yd `dpbaq a +*Z/*YS S -`d]]S`\,V*YSD m,O \+`*k1ZSp a a\+\yD \ V*VH jSy hW1Z +*Z/m aV*4*WB *V /*bn \b]\` w˚aWS bm \/1,*1jnaq fdWS-*Z*YE Z1 ]daV*q V*V YmE b\ WS+\ ]`Sa\O 1/SZqyaqE WS+\ b1+1 , f\/ VdW*VS Z1a/\+`\,*bnxD 1V\b\`m1 ]`\ab\ b1+q ]`\,\gS`dpb P SY f\h1baq

?

122 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am

' ' ˚ ˚ ˝˚ ˝˚ ˚# ˚ ) ˚# ˚ ) ˚ ˚ 5E 5E ˚ ˚ 5< 5<


‘‘

˚aWS ,S/SjnE hb\ Z*4`1,*1b /`*V*E Z1 ,Y1jS,*yaq S S/S /\Y\yD 1V\b\`mY Wp+\]mbZ\E Z\E \ab*,jSanE Y\3Z\ *y`\ Z*,W1hn Z* a1+q Z1]`SqbZ\abS

’’

]\aY\b`1bnE V*V bm \b`1*-S`d1jnD S+WSq /*1b Yd/O `my a\,1bB w 1 ,]*/*y +mab`\ ,\ -Z1,x L'VVW14S*ab ;B=E \,`1Y1ZZmy ]1`1,\/MD ˚aWS ,\4/*,*bn w4W\Y 4* 4W\xE ob\ WSjn ]\/\Wn1b Y*aW* , \-\Zn S dad-d+Sb ]\O W\31ZS1 L SYWqZ*Y 56B5;MD *V 31 /*bn \b]\` fdWS-*O Z*YE Z1 ]daV*q , f\/ VdW*VSH 1 `1*-S`dy aWSjV\Y \ab`\D ˚aWS hnqOb\ V\WO V\abn P ,a1-\ WSjn Z1d/*hZ*q jdbV*E Z1 4WSanE * ]`\ab\ ]\aY1yaqD \b V V*V\Yd 4*VWph1ZSp ]`Sj1W WnqB w Z\-/* Z* ]`\,\V*gSS ]`\ab\ Z1 ab\Sb \+`*O k*bn ,ZSY*ZSqxD ˛*/S`* d,S/SbE hb\ bm Z1 `1*-S`dO 1jnE S da]\V\SbaqD

b,1h*y a V`\b\abnpD S+WSS -\,\`SbaqB w `\bVSy \b,1b \b,`*k*1b q`\abnx L `SbhS 59B5MD 1Znj1 ,a1-\ *-`1aa\` \3S/*1bE hb\ bm \ab*Z1jnO aq a]\V\yZmYD /1`3*,jSanE bm `*4`q/Sjn \+ab*O Z\,VdD \Z1hZ\E b*V\1 fW*/Z\V`\,S1 b`1+d1b a*Y\O \+W*/*ZSqD \ \Z\ ab\Sb b\-\D `Sbh*f 6=B55 aV*4*Z\B w Wd]my ,1an a,\y ˚ /df ,m]W1aVS,*1bE * Yd/O `my f`*ZSb 1-\ a]\V\yZmY ˚aWS Z*/ b\+\y S4/1,*O /\ V\Zg*xD ]\V\yab,S1 P pbaqE /1yab,dy b,1`/\E ]`S4Z*V ,Zdb`1ZZ1y aSWmD Z\ Z1 *-`1aaS,Z\D \O `\bV\-\ h1W\,1V* Z1]`\O b`1+dy ]`1V`*bSbn ab\ ,m,1abS S4 a1+qD *O fdWS-*Zab,\D ]\V\yZ\ ]*/*pkSy 31E Z*]`\bS,E dy/SD ˚aWS ob\ Z1 ]\Y\O -*1bE a\\+kSE V\Yd Z1 d,1`1Z , a1+1E hd,ab,d1b aW1/d1bD aYqb1ZS1 S /*31 +14maf\/O Z\abnD 1/*`\Y , S+WSS

*V 4*kSbSbnaq \b S4/1,*b1Wnab,H 123


aV*4*Z\B w 1/W1ZZmy Z* -Z1, Wdhj1 aSWnZ\-\x L `SbO hS 5:B76MD ˛*kSk*y a1+qD ˚aWS aSbd*gSq ,mf\/Sb S4O]\/ V\Zb`\WqE ab\Sb SaV*bn ]dbn V \babd]W1ZSpD `SbO h*f 5;B58 \ aa\`1 aV*4*Z\B w y/S ]`13/1E h1Y \Z* `*4O `*4SbaqxD ˚aWS bm hd,ab,d1jnE hb\ \+ab*Z\,V* Z*V*O Wq1baqE dy/S SWS d+1-SD ˚aWS ob\ Z1,\4Y\3Z\E b1+1 ]`S/1baq 4*kSk*bn a1+qE V*V aY\31jnD *aaV*3S \ ]`\+W1Y1D ,\S `\/Sb1WS SY1pb ]`*O ,\ 4Z*bnE hb\ ]`\Saf\/SbD ZS aY\-db /*bn b1+1 ]`*VO bSh1aVSy a\,1bE Z*]`SY1` \+`*bSbnaq V jV\WnZ\y */O YSZSab`*gSSD 1 ,\WZdyaqE `\/Sb1WS S dhSb1Wq Y\O -db /1yab,\,*bn +W*-\`*4dYZ\E Z1 Z*,W1V*q Z* b1+q ‹ 1k1 +\WnjSf ]`\+W1YD \YZS a*Y\1 -W*,Z\1B *-`1aa\` +1aaSW1ZE 1aWS bm \bV*4m,*1jnaq S-`*bn ]\ 1-\ ]`*,SW*YD \ob\Yd Z1 d]\/\+Wqyaq 1Yd S Z1 ]\//*,*yaq Z* ]`\,\V*gSSD \Zb`\WS`dy aSbd*gSpE ]`SY1Zqq /*ZZm1 ,mj1 a\O ,1bmD

*V 4*kSbSbnaq \b a1Vad*WnZmf /\Y\-*b1Wnab, ˚aWS bm ab*WVS,*1jnaq a a1Vad*WnO ZmYS /\Y\-*b1Wnab,*YSE b\ bm ,]`*,1

˛Wqan S4O4* Z*aY1j1VE bm b\WnV\ ]\/WS,*1jn Y*aW* , \-\Zn


V*V ]`1a1hn a1Vad*WnZm1 /\Y\-*b1Wnab,* 1 V\V1bZSh*yD WS`b ]`\,\gS`d1b /\Y\-*b1Wnab,*D S+WSS 4*/*1baq ,\]`\aB w \31b WS h1W\,1V ,4qbn a1+1 4* ]*4dfd \-\Zn S Z1 ]`\31hn \/13/dHx L `SbhS :B6;MD \V1bZSh*qE bm S-`*1jn a \-Z1YD Y\b`SE a V1Y \+k*1jnaqD \ b,\SY /`d4nqY SWS ]\/`d-*Y +d/db ad/Sbn \ b1+1 S b,\Sf Z`*,*fD ˙1,djV* ]\ SY1ZS W*`* ]\/1WSW*anB w˚aWS bm , V\Y]*ZSS b1fE V\Yd Z`*,Sbaq ,ZSY*ZS1 S 4*S-`m,*ZS1E b\ V b1+1 b\31 +d/db ]`Sab*,*bnx L5 \`SZeqZ*Y 59B77MD W1/S 4* b1YE V*V \/1,*1jnaqD 1aV`\YZ*q \/13O /* P q,Zmy aS-Z*WE hb\ bm 3*3/1jn ,ZSY*ZSq ]`\bS,\O ]\W\3Z\-\ ]\W*D bm Z1]`1Y1ZZ\ 1-\ ]\WdhSjn L *W*b*Y :B;MD 1 aV`m,*yE hb\ bm f`SabS*ZSZD Z*h1 V*V /`d-S1 d4Z*pbE hb\ d b1+q f`SabS*ZaVS1 Z\`Ym Y\`*WSH L *be1q 9B59E 5:MD

,\4YdbSbnaqD \ ,\b ,\]`\aB V*V a1+q 4*kSbSbnH ˚abn Z1Y*W\ a]\a\+\,I *]`SY1`D ,1`/\ \b,1`-*y 4*S-`m,*ZSqD ,\y ]`1aW1/\,*O b1Wn Y\31b ]\ahSb*bnE hb\ Z1`1jSb1WnZ\1 wZ1bx \4Z*O h*1b w/*x SWSE ]\ V`*yZ1y Y1`1E wY\31b +mbnxEP 1aWS b\WnV\ bm Z1 d+1/Sjn 1-\ , \+`*bZ\YD \ob\Yd ]dabn b,\1 wZ1bx \4Z*h*1b wZ1bx L *be1q 9B7;MD ˚aWS bm fSfSO V*1jn SWS ,1/1jn a1+q `\+V\E ]dabn /*31 \b Z1\3SO /*ZZ\abS S aYdk1ZSqE b\ b,\1 ]\,1/1ZS1 Y\31b +mbn Z1,1`Z\ Sab\WV\,*Z\D ˙1yab,dy b,1`/\ S `1jSb1WnO Z\D 'b\ b,\q Wdhj*q 4*kSb*I \/ZSYS jdYD ZSb* `*aaV*4*W*B w Z1 ]`SjW\an ]\ab*,Sbn , Z1W\,V\1 ]\W\31ZS1 b\-\E Vb\ V\ YZ1 ]`SO ab*,*WD ]`Sadbab,SS 1-\ /`d41y q -`\YV\ 1Yd aV*4*O W* ˚ & ) V\ YZ1Ix b\ S4 ob\-\ ,mjW\H *V 4*kSbSbnaq \b S4/1,*b1Wnab,H 125


=

r *aV\WnV\ ,\4Y\3Z\ a ,*j1y ab\`\ZmE +d/nb1 , YS`1 a\ ,a1YS Wp/nYSsD SYWqZ*Y 56B5< ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

w a1 Z*/ ZSY aY1qWSanD *V\1Ob\ ,`1Yq \Z a\ YZ\y Z1 `*4-\,*`S,*WE Z\ h1`14 Z1aV\WnV\ /Z1y ]\]`\aSW ]`\O k1ZSqE * ]\b\Y /*31 ,abd]SWaq 4* Y1ZqE V\-/* V\ YZ1 ]`Sab*,*W /`d-\y ]*`1ZnxD ˚aWS aW\,* Z1 ]\Y\-*pbE dy/SD WS /*31 d+1-SD 1aWS ob\ Z1,\4Y\3Z\E bm ,]`*,1 4*kSbSbn a1+q \b ]`Sab*,*ZSy L b\`\4*V\ZS1 66B69P6;MD /Z* Y\W\O /*q f`SabS*ZV* `*aaV*4*W*B w \-/* ]*`1Zn S4 jV\Wm ]\]mb*Waq af,*bSbn Y1ZqE q a\ ,a1y aSWm d/*`SW* 1-\ S d+13*W*Ix *aaV*3S V\YdOZS+d/nD 5:OW1bZqq /`S1ZZ* ]\O /1WSW*anB w Z1 b*V S ]`SjW\an ]\abd]SbnD ) `*aaV*O 4*W* `\/Sb1WqYE hb\ ]*`1ZnE V\b\`\-\ q ahSb*W* /`dO -\YE Z1 \ab*,Wq1b Y1Zq , ]\V\1D 1Y +\Wnj1 q ]`\b1O ab\,*W*E b1Y Z*ab\yhS,11 \Z ab*Z\,SWaqD d/b\ ob\ S-`* V*V*qOb\I ) a]`\aSW*E hb\ YZ1 /1W*bnxD \/Sb1WS

]W*Z /1yab,SyI ˚aWS Vb\Ob\ ]\]mb*1baq Y1Zq \aV\`+Sbn SWS a]`\,\gS`\,*bnE qDDD

ı .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

b\+m Z1 Z*,W1V*bn Z* a1+q Z1]`SqbZ\abSE qDDD .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................


w ab*,n Y1Zq , ]\V\1Ix

]\/aV*4*WS /1,djO V1E V*V S4+*,Sbnaq \b Z*4\yWS,\-\ df*O 31`*D 1a\YZ1ZZ\E b,\S `\/Sb1WS b\31 b1+1 ]\Y\-dbD ˙*bn \b]\` S4/1O ,*b1Wnab,*Y Z1]`\O ab\D \ ,a1-/* ]\YO ZSB pZmY f`SabS*Z*Y Z1 V h1Yd ab*Z\,Sbnaq +14O `\]\bZmYS 31`b,*YS *-`1aaSSE b1`]1bn a1Vad*WnZm1 /\Y\-*b1Wnab,* SWS ]`1Wnk*bnaq 4*S-`m,*ZSqYSD `SZq, ,mj1d]\YqZdbm1 Y1`mE Y\3Z\ a]`*,Sbnaq a obSYS ]`\+W1Y*YSD ˚˙ (#˚• ˚ \`*WnZ\1 /*,W1ZS1 a\ ab\`\Zm

a,1`abZSV\, P \/Z* S4 a*Ymf aW\3Zmf ]`\+W1YD *V ]`\bS,\ab\qbn /d`Z\Yd ,WSqZSpE Z1 b1`qq ]`Sadbab,Sq /df*H

O Ëš H

˘ b\ ]\Y\31b b1+1 /1`3*bnaq a]\V\yZ\ S d,1`1ZZ\E hb\+m fdWS-*Zm \b b1+q \bab*WSH ˘ b\ bm +d/1jn /1W*bn , aWdh*1 a1Vad*WnZ\-\ /\Y\-*b1Wnab,*H L `\/dY*y bS]ShZm1 aSbd*gSS S a,\S /1yab,Sq , ZSfDM ˘ \h1Yd V a1Vad*WnZmY /\Y\-*b1Wnab,*Y Z1Wn4q \bZ\aSbnaq W1-V\YmaW1ZZ\H

*V 4*kSbSbnaq \b S4/1,*b1Wnab,H 127


15

*V Z1 ]\]*abn ]\/ /d`Z\1 ,WSqZS1H jV\W1 ]\WZ\ ,aqVSf -Wd]\ab1yB aS-*`1bmE Z*`V\bSVSE a1VaD m ,a1 ]`1V`*aZ\ ]\ZSY*1jnE Z\ Z*abd]*1b V*V\yOb\ Y\Y1Zb P S bm d31 Z1 , aSW*f dab\qbnD ',*

˝˚ ˚ w+mbn a,\SYx , \+k1ab,1 ,]\WZ1 1ab1abO ,1ZZ\D \+k1ab,\ obSY ]\Wn4d1baqD *]`SY1`E 1aO WS bm ,m`\a , a1Yn1 f`SabS*ZE b\ 4Z*1jnE V*V \bZ\aSbnaq V a1Vad*WnZmY \bZ\j1ZSqY /\ +`*V* S 4W\d]\b`1+W1ZSp a]S`bZmY L *W*b*Y 9B5=P65MD /O Z*V\ /`d4nqO]`Sqb1WS f\bqb ,\,W1hn b1+q , Z1hb\ ]\/\+Z\1D *V bm /dY*1jnE ]\h1Yd \ZS a*YS ,a1Y obSY 4*ZSY*pbaqH \b\Yd hb\ ,a1 ,4,1aSWS S a/1O 128 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


=

r b\ f\/Sb a Yd/`mYSE ab*Z1b Yd/`mYE * Vb\ SY11b /1W\ a -Wd]mYSE ]\ab`*/*1bsD `SbhS 57B6> ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

W*WS a\4Z*b1WnZmy ,m+\`H V\`11 ,a1-\E Z1bD ZS ]\//*WSan ab*/Z\Yd hd,ab,dD ˝1W*q w+mbn a,\SYSxE \ZS ]\4,\Wqpb a,1`abZSV*Y e\`YS`\,*bn Sf ,4-WqO /mD bmH ,*b*1b WS b1+1 aY1W\abS b,1`/\ /1`3*bnO aq a,\Sf d+13/1ZSyH *`\ZE `\/Z\y +`*b \Sa1qE V*V YSZSYdY \/SZ `*4 ]\//*Waq /d`Z\Yd ,WSqZSpD \-/* 1-\ \V`d3SO WS S4`*SWnbqZ1 S ab*WS b`1+\,*bnE hb\+m \Z a/1W*W /Wq ZSf S/\W*E \Z a/*WaqI L af\/ 76B5P 8MD Y13O /d b1Y ]\YZSjnE V*V *`\Z ]`1/ab*W ]1`1/ 1-S]1bO aVSY g*`1Y S Yd31ab,1ZZ\ \+lq,WqW 1Yd ,1abS \b \-*H L af\/ ;B5E 6E 5:MD \ V\-/* Z* Z1-\ ab*WS /*O ,Sbn S4`*SWnbqZ1E \Z ]`\q,SW aW*+\abnD V*4*W\anE hb\ 1Yd +mW\ W1-h1 ]`\bS,\ab\qbn e*`*\ZdE h1Y a,\O SY 31 a\]W1Y1ZZSV*YI V*V \+ab\qb /1W* a b\O ˛ ˚"& %DDD +\yH 1-V\ WS b1+1 \bab*SO *W\ Vb\ S4 \/Z\O ,*bn b\E hb\ ]`*,SWnZ\ S VW*aaZSV\, +d/1b , h1Y bm d+13/1ZH \b1W ]\//1`3S,*bn a b\+\y +m bm d,1`1ZZ\ ]`\bSO a,q4n d31 h1`14 -\/ ,\ab\qbn /*,W1ZSp a,1`O ]\aW1 \V\Zh*ZSq jV\O abZSV\,E Z1 Sa]mbm,*q ]`S WmD Z\-S1 /*31 Z1 ob\Y ab`*f* S /SaV\Ye\`O ,a]\YZqbE V*V b1+q b*H 'b\ ,]\WZ1 `1*WnZ\ I 4\,dbD \ b,\S `\/Zm1E `\ab\ Zd3Z\ ]`1/,S/1bn * -W*,Z\1E \- 1-\,* b*V\1 /*,W1ZS1 S 4*`*Z11 ,a1-/* +d/db 4*SZb1O \+/dYm,*bn a,\S /1yab,SqD `1a\,*Zm , b,\1Y \b h1bm`1 \aZ\,Zmf j*-*B +W*-\]\WdhSS L a*O W\Y 7;B67P69MD 5D `1/d-*/*y L `SbhS 66B7MD 1]`SqbZ\abn h*ab\

?

*V Z1 ]\]*abn ]\/ /d`Z\1 ,WSqZS1H 129


Y\3Z\ ]`1/,S/1bnD *]`SY1`E ,]1`1/S ab\Sb -`d]]* \/Z\VW*aaZSV\,D a1 Vd`qbD *V\,m j*ZamE hb\ \ZS Z*hZdb ]`1/W*-*bn b1+1 aS-*`1bdH b*VE ,S/q ]`\O +W1Yd Z*]1`1/E bm WS+\ \+\y/1jn 11E WS+\ ]\/-\b\O ,Sjnaq 11 ]`1\/\W1bnD 6D +/dY*y L˚,`1qY 9B58MD ]`\aS a1+qB w˚aWS q ]\aW1/dp 4* +\WnjSZab,\Y a1yh*aE V*V\,\ YZ1 +dO /1b ]\b\YHx \Z1hZ\E `1+qb* `*4\VO/`d-\y \/\+`SO b1WnZ\ ]\fW\]*pb b1+q ]\ ]W1hdE Z\ V*V bm +d/1jn ,]\aW1/ab,SS \+k*bnaq a `\/Sb1WqYS SWS +`*bnqO YS S a1ab`*YS S4 a\+`*ZSqH \b\, WS bm ]\31`b,\O ,*bn `*a]\W\31ZS1Y \-* `*/S ]`S4Z*ZSq a,1`abO ZSV\,H 7D 1jSan L b\`\4*V\ZS1 7>B5=MD *Z\ SWS ]\4O /Z\ ,a1Y aWd3Sb1WqY \-* ]`S/1baq ,m+S`*bn Y13O /d ,1`Z\abnp 1-\,1 LS +W*-\aW\,1ZSqYSM S Z1,1`Z\O abnp LS 11 -\`nVSYS ]W\/*YSMD \aSeE \, S Sada `Sab\a a/1W*WS ]`*,SWnZmy ,m+\`C *SZE a*, S d/* aV*`S\b P Z1]`*,SWnZmyD 1]1`n /1W\ 4* b\O +\yD *V\y ,m+\` a/1W*1jn bm H 8D ˙1yab,dyD *,1`Z\1E bm /dY*1jnE hb\ ob\ a*O Y\1 b`d/Z\1D \,a1Y Z1bI ˚aWS bm d31 \+/dY*W ]\aO W1/ab,Sq S `1jSWaqE b\ ,maV*4*bn b\hVd 4`1ZSq ab*O Z\,Sbaq Z* d/S,W1ZS1 W1-V\D aW1/ 4* obSY ]`Sf\/Sb hd,ab,\ b\`31ab,* L `SbhS 59B67MD 1 Zd3Z\ hSb*bn a,1`abZSV*Y Y\`*WnD *ab\ /\ab*b\hZ\ ]`\ab\E Z\ b,1`/\ aV*4*bn wZ1bxD WS /Wq +\Wnj1y d+1/Sb1WnZ\O abS bm Y\- +m /\+*,SbnB ˚ w'b\ d31 +14 Y1ZqIx w'b\ /*31 Z1 \+ad3/*O Sb*y ab*bnS \ ,S/1O 1baqIx b1Wqf 1-\,mE V\b\`m1 w S3dE ,m Y1Zq ]W\f\ Yd31ab,1ZZ\ \bab*SO 4Z*1b1Ix ,*WS a,\S d+13/1ZSqD 'b\ ]`S/*ab Yd31ab,*

W*,Z\1 P Z1 Y1/WSbn S b1+1D a \b,1b\Y S -\,\`Sbn d+13O /1ZZ\D m d/S,SjnaqE V*V

130 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am

' ' ˚ ˚ ˝˚ ˝˚ ˚# ˚ ) ˚# ˚ ) ˚ ˚ 5E 5E ˚ ˚ ==


‘‘

1+qb* 4Z*pbE hb\ q ,S/1b1WnE SE V\-/* a\+S`*pbaq \+ad/Sbn hb\Ob\ ]\jW\1E -\,\`qbB t dE *VaE V*31baqE b1+1 ]\`*rD ZS d,*3*pb Y\S *VaSY ,4-Wq/m

’’

+mab`\ \b b1+q \bab*ZdbI \ hb\E 1aWS \ZS Z*hO Zdb Z*aY1f*bnaqB w˙* \Z aW*+*VIx SWS w m b`daSjnIx \YZSB ob\ S 1abn -W*,Zmy Y1f*ZS4Y \V*4m,*1Y\-\ Z* b1+q /*,W1ZSqD *V 1Yd ]`\bS,\ab\qbnH b1+q ]\ V`*yZ1 Y1`1 b`S ,*`S*Zb*B ˘ `\ab\ ]`SZqbn Z*aY1jVSD Lw˙*E q +\panI ) Z1 f\hdDDDxM ˘ b`*4Sbn Z*]*/1ZS1D +lqaZS a,\p b\hVd 4`1O ZSqE Z\ Z1 ,abd]*y , a]\`D ˘ b*V\,*bn , \b,1bD +lqaZS ]`ShSZd a,\1-\ \bO V*4*E * 4*b1Y \+`*bSan V Sf `*4dYdD Lw YZm1 Wp/SE * 4*ZSY*1b1an -Wd]\abqYSIxM L `\/\W31ZS1 Z* ab`*ZSg1 579DM

]W*Z /1yab,SyI b\+m ]`\bS,\ab\qbn /d`Z\Yd ,WSqZSpE q d31 a1yh*a Y\-dDDD

ı ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

˚aWS Y1Zq +d/db aVW\Zqbn V ]W\fSY ]\abd]V*YE qDDD ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................


Y\S /1yab,Sq , daW\,Sqf ]`1aaSZ-* 1

+` *41 g

]`1/d-*/*y

h1Yd Y1Zq +d/db aVW\ZqbnH ˛*Vd`SbnD /1 ob\ Y\31b ]`\S4\ybSH jV\WnZ\Y /,\`1D

2 ) \-\`hd 1-\,d S `\/Sb1W1yD 1Zq +d/1b YdhSbn a\,1abnD aW1/dpkSy `*4 \bV*4*bnaq +d/1b b`d/Z11D

\+/dY*y

b\E 1aWS q ]\//*YaqH

3 q ]W\f\ ]\/-\b\,SWaq V b\O YdE hb\+m ]`\bS,\ab\qbn /d`Z\Yd ,WSqZSpD Z1ZS1 a,1`abZSV\, /Wq Y1Zq /\`\31E h1Y YZ1ZS1 1-\,mD

`1jSan

˚aWS q ]\//*YaqE 4Z*hSbE

b\E 1aWS q \bV*3danH \4Y\3Z\E Y1Zq +d/db /`*4ZSbn S \+4m,*bnD 1V\b\`m1 \/Z\VW*aaZSVS ]1`1ab*Zdb a\ YZ\y /`d3SbnD ˛*b\ YZ\y +d/1b /\,\W1Z 1-\,* S q ab*Zd Y\`*WnZ\ aSWnZ11D

) \bV*3danE ]\b\Yd hb\ Vd`1ZS1 Z1d-\/Z\ 1-\,1 S \]*aZ\ /Wq 4/\`\,nqD

4 /1yab,dy

) \bV*3dan S dy/dD

Z*aY1jVS

˚aWS YZ1 -\,\`qbB w *E 4*bqZSanD WS bm +\SjnaqHx \b,1b Z* Z*aY1jVS q Y\-d

]`SZqbn Sf

\b`*4Sbn Sf

*b*V\,*bn

w˙*E q +\panI 1 f\hd dY1`1bn \b `*V* W1-VSfxD

w \31jn Z1 ]1`1,\/Sbn Z* Y1Zq aS-*`1bdxD

w 1bE a]*aS+\D

YZm1 Wp/SE * 4*ZSY*1b1an -Wd]\abqYSIx

˚ ˚D 1Y1/W1ZZ\ df\/SE 1aWS Z* b1+q ]`\/\W3*pb /*,SbnD 1Y /\Wnj1 bm bqZ1jnE b1Y ,1`\qbZ11 ab*Z1jn Y*`S\Z1bV\y , `dV*f d /`d-SfD b1]1`n a*Y 4*]\WZS af1Yd Z* aW1/dpk1y ab`*ZSg1D


Y\S /1yab,Sq , daW\,Sqf ]`1aaSZ-* 1

/1 V\] W*y SpI

]`1/d-*/*y

h1Yd Y1Zq +d/db aVW\ZqbnH

ı ....................................................

/1 ob\ Y\31b ]`\S4\ybSH ..............................................................

2 ............................................. .............................................

\+/dY*y

b\E 1aWS q ]\//*YaqH

.............................................

b\E 1aWS q \bV*3danH ............................................. ............................................. .............................................

3 ............................................. ............................................. .............................................

.............................................

4 /1yab,dy

.............................................

`1jSan

˚aWS q ]\//*YaqE 4Z*hSbDDD

) \bV*3danE ]\b\Yd hb\DDD ............................................. ............................................. .............................................

)DDD ............................................. .............................................

Z*aY1jVS

˚aWS YZ1 -\,\`qbB ı ................................................................... \b,1b Z* Z*aY1jVS q Y\-d

]`SZqbn Sf

\b`*4Sbn Sf

*b*V\,*bn

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ b`1]1bS`dy a,\S \b,1bm a `\/Sb1W1Y SWS 4`1WmY /`d-\YD

133


Ëš Ë› "

Z*ZSqE Sa*SWE 4*`Sq Z\31ab,\ Wp/1y ]*WS ZSg ]1`1/ \-`\YZ\y ab*bd1y Z* `*,ZSZ1 ˙1S`E Z1]\/*W1Vd \b *,SW\Z*D

ab*WSan ab\qbn WSjn Z*ZSqE Sa*SW S 4*`SqD 1aY\b`q Z* /*,W1ZS1 \V`d3*pkSf S d-`\4m g*O `qE obS Y\W\/m1 S4`*SWnbqZ1 \ab*WSan b,1`/mYSD d,*31ZS1YE Z\ , b\ 31 ,`1Yq ]`qY\ \ZS a\\+kSWS *,df\/\Z\a\`dE hb\ Sf `1j1ZS1 aWd3Sbn 1-\,1 Z1S4Y1ZZ\ LË™*ZSSW 5B:C 7B5;E 5<MD 'bS Y\W\/m1 Wp/S +mWS 1k1 ]\/`\abV*YSE V\-/* Sf ]`S,1WS , ,*,SW\ZaVSy ]W1ZD \ \ZS ]`\q,SWS ,1`Z\abn d31 , pZ\Y ,\4`*ab1E \bV*4*,jSan 1abn ]SkdE 4*]`1k1ZZdp Ë›*V\Z\Y \-*D 'b\ ]\/-\b\,SW\ Sf V Sa]mb*ZSqYE a V\b\`mYS \ZS ab\WVZdWSan ]\4O 31 LË™*ZSSW 5B:P6>MD ZS Z* a\+ab,1ZZ\Y \]mb1 d+1O /SWSanE hb\ aWdj*bnaq 1-\,d Yd/`\D bmH *ab`\1Z WS S bm b,1`/\ ]`S/1`3S,*bnaq \3nSf ]`SZgS]\,E Z1,4S`*q Z* /*,W1ZS1 a\ ab\`\Zm a,1`abZSV\,H ËšaO WS d31 , pZ\Y ,\4`*ab1 bm Z*dhSjnaq aWdj*bnaq

1-\,d /*31E V*4*W\an +mE , Y*W\YE b\ ob\ ]\Y\31b b1+1 +mbn ,1`ZmY 1Yd , a1`n14Zmf Sa]mb*ZSqf ]\b\Y L `SbhS 7B9E :C dVS 5:B5>MD


\//*,*qan ,WSqZSp a,1`abZSV\,E bm ab*Z\,Sjnaq Y*`S\Z1bV\y , Sf `dV*f L *h*W\ Z* ab`*ZSg1 575DM

˚aWS a,1`abZSVS ]`\/\W3*pb Z*/ b\+\y aY1qbnaqE df\/S I 1Y /\Wnj1 3/1jnE b1Y aSWnZ11 /*,W1O ZS1D ˙*31 1aWS bm dj1WE b\ dj1W ]\O +1/Sb1W1YD m Z1 ab*W ]Wqa*bn ]\/ Sf /d/VdI 1V\b\`m1 Y\-db ]\/b`dZS,*bn Z*/ b\+\yE -\,\`qE hb\ d b1+q Z1b a,\O 1y -\W\,mD \ ob\ a\,a1Y Z1 b*VI 1-\,* V*V `*4 f\h1bE hb\+m bm WShZ\ d+1/SWaq , b\YE hb\ a*Y\1 Wdhj11 P Sa]\WZqbn 1-\ ,\Wp L SYWqZ*Y 56B6MD ˛*h1Y 31 b1+1 ab*Z\,Sbnaq Y*`S\Z1bV\y , `dO V*f a,1`abZSV\,H L SYWqZ*Y :B5:MD bO ab*S,*y b\E hb\ ]`*,SWnZ\ S , h1Y bm d+13/1ZI \WZ\abnp S4+13*bn ,WSqZSq a,1`abO ZSV\, Z1,\4Y\3Z\D \ bm Y\31jn /1`3*bnaq a,\Sf d+13/1ZSyE -\,\`Sbn \ ZSf S V\Zb`\WS`\,*bn aSbd*O gSpD m+\` 4* b\+\yI L Sada *,SZ 68B59MD ˚˙ (#˚• ˚ ˚aWS bm ,1/1jn /,\yZdp 3S4ZnE

b\ ]\h1Yd ab\Sb ]`S4Z*bnaq `\/Sb1WqYH

O ˚ H

˘ V*VSf aSbd*gSqf b1+1 ]\Y\-db h1bm`1 j*-*E \]Sa*ZZm1 , ob\y -W*,1H ˘ b\ +d/1bE 1aWS bm ]\//*jnaq /d`Z\Yd ,WSqZSpH ˘ b\ bm Y\31jn a/1W*bnE V\-/* a,1`abZSVS aVW\Zqpb b1+q V h1YdOb\ ]W\f\YdH

*V Z1 ]\]*abn ]\/ /d`Z\1 ,WSqZS1H 135


16

d3Z\ WS ]\V\ZhSbn a /,\yZ\y 3S4ZnpH ˇ ]\b`1+W1ZS1 a]S`bZ\-\ ˇ +k1ZS1 a b1YSE ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ 136 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am

V\-\ `\/Sb1WS ahSb*pb ]W\f\y V\Y]*ZS1y S4V\]`\+Z*q Yd4mV* dyZm1 ,1h1`SZVS *yZm1 a,S/*ZSq SWnYm a Z*aSWS1Y S +14Z`*,ab,1ZZ\abnp ˝1ab\VS1 ,S/1\S-`m V,1`Z\aW\,S1


˛ ) Z* ab`*ZSgd aW1,*D ˛*ZSY*1jnaq WS bm ,b*yZ1 \b `\/Sb1W1y h1YOb\ S4 ]1`1hSaW1ZZ\O -\H ˚aWS /*E b\E aV\`11 ,a1-\E ]\ZSY*1jnE hb\ ob\ Z1f\`\j\D \4Y\3Z\E b1+q YdhSb a\,1abn L SYO WqZ*Y 6B59MD /Z*V\ ,\ ,a1Y ]`S4Z*,*bnaq Z1 f\O h1baqD b\Sb \+ ob\Y ]\/dY*bnE V*V , -\W\,1 a`*O 4d 31 ,\4ZSV*1b w`*4dYZ1yjSyx /\,\/B w \/Sb1WqY Wdhj1 Z1 4Z*bnE hb\+m Z1 ]1`13S,*WSxD \ ]\/dO Y*yB Z1 \4Z*h*pb WS b,\S ]\abd]VSE hb\ bm ,1/1jn /,\yZdp 3S4ZnH b\ ]\+d/SW\ b1+q aV`m,*bn a,\S /1W*H ˝1W*ZS1 +mbn Z14*,SaSYmY S+WSS -\,\`SbaqE hb\ a\ ,`1Y1Z1Y h1W\,1V w\ab*,Sb \bg* S Y*bnx L mbS1 6B68MD \ob\Yd ,]\WO Z1 1ab1ab,1ZZ\E hb\ bm f\h1jn +mbn a*Y\ab\qb1WnO ZmYE 3Sbn a,\SY dY\Y S a*Y ]`SZSY*bn `1j1ZSqD V\-/* `\/Sb1WS hb\Ob\ b1+1 4*]`1k*pbE ahSb*q ob\ Z1`*4dYZmY SWS ]W\fSYE bmE ,\4Y\3Z\E ,\aO ab*1jn ]`\bS, ]`*,SWD \Z1hZ\E Y\31b V*4*bnaqE hb\ `\/Sb1WS h1`1aO hd` ab`\-SD ˙1,djV* ]\ SY1ZS SY ]\3*W\,*O W*anB w *Y 4*]`1k*pb aY\b`1bn ]`*VbSh1aVS ,a1 eSWnYmD ˚k1 \b1g Z1 `*4`1j*1b Z*Y aWdj*bn ]\hO bS ZSV*Vdp Yd4mVdIx \-/* ]`*,SW* V*3dbaq Z1O a]`*,1/WS,mYSE ,\4ZSV*1b 4*,Sabn V a,1`abZSV*YE d V\b\`mf +\Wnj1 a,\+\/mD ˚abn 1k1 \/Z* ]`ShSZ*E ]\h1Yd Z1V\b\`m1 ,1O /db /,\yZdp 3S4ZnB \ZS f\bqb 4*,\1,*bn `*a]\W\O 31ZS1 a,1`abZSV\,D \b hb\ `*aaV*4*W* *ZqB w Z*h*W* q ab*W* aV,1`Z\aW\,SbnD Z1 Z1 f\b1O W\an \bWSh*bnaq \b /`d-Sf `1+qb , jV\W1D \b\Y q ab*W* ]\Vd`S,*bnD \b\Y ]`\+\,*bn a]S`bZ\1 S Z*]S,*bnaq /\]nqZ*D Y1Zq ab*WS ]\q,Wqbnaq Y*WnhSVSD ) ,ab`1h*W*an a ZSYS b*yZ\E ]\b\Yd hb\

d3Z\ WS ]\V\ZhSbn a /,\yZ\y 3S4ZnpH 137


`\/Sb1WS d Y1Zq ab`\-S1E \ZS Z1 `*4`1j*WS YZ1 /`d3Sbn a ]*`ZqYSxD 1hb\ ]\/\+Z\1 ]`\S4\jW\ a Sb\YB w) `\a , a1O Yn1 ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,mD \ q \h1Zn +\qWaq Z*O aY1j1VD b\+m Z*/\ YZ\y Z1 ]\/jdhS,*WSE q ab*O `*Waq +mbn a,\SY a`1/S a,1`abZSV\,D 1-\ b\WnV\ q Z1 a\hSZqWE hb\+m \+lqaZSbnE ]\h1Yd Z1 ]\WdO h*p ]\/*`V\, Z* `1WS-S\4Zm1 ]`*4/ZSVSIx *h*, a Y*W\-\E ,aV\`1 Sb d31 a\,1`j*W +\W11 a1`n14Zm1 ]`\abd]VSD Sh1-\ Z1 aV`mb\ ˙,\yZ*q 3S4Zn P q,W1ZS1 Z1 Z\,\1D /`1,Z1Y 4`*SW1 Z1V\b\`m1 ,m/*,*WS a1+q 4* ]`*,1/ZSV\,E /dY*qE hb\ 4Wm1 /1W* a\y/db SY a `dVD /Z*V\ ]`\O `\V a*Sq ]`1/d]`1/SW SfB w \`1 b1YE Vb\ a]daV*1bO aq Z* -Wd+SZdE hb\+m aV`mbn a,\y 4*Yma1W \b 1-\O ,mE S /1W*1b a,\S /1W* ,\ bnY1E -\,\`qB t b\ d,S/Sb Z*a S Vb\ d4Z*1b \ Z*aHrx L a*Sq 6=B59MD 4`*SWnbqO Z1 4*+mWSE hb\ \- ,S/Sb ,a1D a,\1 ,`1Yq \Z ]`SO 4,*W Sf V \b,1bdD \/\+Z\1 ]`\Saf\/Sb S a1-\/ZqB /*31 1aWS b1O +1 d/*1baq hb\Ob\ aV`m,*bn \b a,\Sf `\/Sb1W1yE \b ,4\`* 1-\,m \-* Z1 dV`\O ˛ ˚"& %DDD 1baq ZSh1-\D ˚,`1qY 8B57 aV*4*Z\B w 1b b,\`1O -`m41ZSq a\,1abS ZSqE Z1/\abd]Z\-\ 1-\ ,4\O Y\-db ]\+d/Sbn h1W\O `dE Z\ ,a1 \+Z*31Z\ S \bO ,1V* Sa]`*,SbnaqD \ 1aWS \Z S-Z\`S`d1b V`mb\ ]1`1/ -W*4*YS b\-\E a,\p a\,1abnE \Z* h1`O V\Yd Ym /*/SY \bh1bxD ab,11b S ab*Z\,Sbaq \-/* V*V\y aYmaW aV`mO ]\/\+Z\y +1ahd,ab,1ZO ,*bn a,\S /1W*H \-* Z1 Z\Yd `d+gd \b \3\-* \+Y*Z1jn ]\V*4ZmY +W*O L5 SY\e1p 8B6MD -\h1abS1Y Z* f`SabS*ZO aVSf ,ab`1h*fD 1-\,* 4Z*O

?

138 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


=

r V`m,*pkSy a,\S ]`1abd]W1ZSq Z1 +d/1b SY1bn da]1f*E * V b\YdE Vb\ ]`S4Z*1baq S \ab*,Wq1b SfE +d/1b ]`\q,W1Z\ YSW\a1`/S1sD `SbhS 6<B57 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

1bE V\-/* 1-\ hbdb Z* aW\,*fE Z\ Z1 , a1`/g1 L *`V* ;B:MD \4Z*1jn WS bmE hb\ ,1abS /,\yZdp 3S4Zn P 4Z*hSb ]`ShSZqbn 1-\,1 +\WnH 1d31WS ob\ ,\4O Y\3Z\H ˙*I S+WSS aV*4*Z\E hb\E Z*`dj*q 4*V\Z \-*E S4`*SWnbqZ1 w]`ShSZqWS +\Wnx a,\1Yd \4/*O b1Wp L a*W\Y ;<B85MD 1-\,1 b*V31 +\WnZ\E V\-/* /1bSE V\b\`mf ,\a]Sbm,*pbE wZ*ab*,Wqq S ,`*4dYO Wqq b*VE V*V Z ,1WSbxE b*yZ\ a\,1`j*pb Z1+W*-\O ,S/Zm1 /1W* L'e1aqZ*Y :B8MD

a]`*,n ]\W\31ZS1 ˚aWS bm d,*3*1jn \-*E `\/Sb1W1y S a*Y\-\ a1O +qE b\ /\W31Z ]`S4Z*bnaq , a,\Sf b*yZmf ]\aO bd]V*fD \Z1hZ\E +d/1b abm/Z\D \4Y\3Z\E b1+q 3/db Z1]`SqbZm1 ]\aW1/ab,Sq L˚,`1qY 56B55MD *O ]`SY1`E 1aWS bm ]\ab\qZZ\ \+Y*Zm,*W `\/Sb1O W1yE b\ Zd3Z\ ,`1YqE hb\+m ,Z\,n 4*aWd3Sbn Sf /\,1`S1D \ob\Yd Z1 d/S,WqyaqE 1aWS ]\V* hb\ \ZS +d/db \-`*ZShS,*bn b1+q +\Wnj1E h1Y ]`13/1D ,a1 ˚ 31 ]`S4Z*bnaq ab\SbD \O 1 ]`1dY1Znj*y a,\S h1YdH \jS+VSE Z\ S Z1 4*ZSO `1/ab*,nE hb\ ,m ,a1y Y*yaq a*Y\+Sh1,*ZS1YD a1Yn1y ]\jWS , ]\f\/D \O \YZSE hb\ 1-\,* -\b\, /Sb1WS ,1W1WS /1`3*bnaq ]`\k*bn L a*W\Y <:B9M. `q/\YE Z\ V*V b\WnV\ \ZS \b,1`ZdWSanE bm Z*`djSW

d3Z\ WS ]\V\ZhSbn a /,\yZ\y 3S4ZnpH 139


‘‘

\OY\1YdE Z*/\ V*V Y\3Z\ `*Znj1 aV*4*bn \/Z\VW*aaZSV*YE hb\ bm f`SO abS*ZSZ S hb\ d b1+q ,ma\VS1 Z\`Ym Y\`*WSD 1Y /\Wnj1 bm bqZ1jnE b1Y SZ/* b`d/Z11 b1+1 ]\b\Y +d/1b

’’

Sf 4*]`1bE a\j1W a b`\]m SDDD 4*+Wd/SWaqD /`d- bm ]\hd,ab,\,*WE hb\ ]`\,*WS,*1jnaq , b`qaSZdD mO W\ +m b1+1 abm/Z\ 4,*bn Z* ]\Y\knH \+\qWO aq +m bmE hb\ `\/Sb1WS ab*Zdb b1+q `d-*bn 4* Z1O ]\aWdj*ZS1H \Z1hZ\ Z1bI m +m V`Sh*W S4\ ,a1f aSWD ˚aWS bm ,1/1jn /,\yZdp 3S4ZnE b1+1 b*V 31 a`\hZ\ Zd3Z* ]\Y\knD \Z1hZ\E ]`\jW\-\ Z1 S4O Y1ZSbnE 4*b\ Y\3Z\ S4Y1ZSbn +d/dk11D *V +m ZS +mW\ b`d/Z\ S +\WnZ\E Z*/\ +Sbn b`1,\-dE ]\V* bm Z1 ]`ShSZSW 1k1 +\Wnj11 -\`1 a1+1 S a,\SY +WS4O VSYD ˚aWS bm ]\OZ*ab\qk1Yd a\3*W11jn \ b\YE

]W*Z /1yab,SyI ˚aWS q aV`m,*p a,\S Z1f\`\jS1 /1W*E b\ ]\-\,\`p aDDD

ı.......................................................................................................................... ) aY\-d ,m/1`3*bn Wp+\1 Z*V*4*ZS1E 1aWS +d/d /dY*bn \DDD .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................


˚aWS b1+q 4*bq-S,*1b b`qaSZ* /,\yZ\y 3S4ZSE 4\,S Z* ]\Y\kn

hb\ a/1W*WE 1-\,* +d/1b V b1+1 YSW\a1`/1Z L a*Sq 5B5<C dVS :B7:MD \ob\Yd `*aaV*3S `\/Sb1WqY ]`*,/dD `S4Z*yE hb\ ]`ShSZSW SY +\WnD `SYS Sf Sa]`*,Sb1WnZm1 Y1`mD V\Z1hZ\Y ah1b1 S \ZSE S \- 1-\,* +d/db 4* b1+q `*/mD bm a*Y ]\hd,ab,d1jn \+W1-h1ZS1E \bb\-\ hb\ d b1+q aZ\,* hSab*q a\,1abnI L `SbhS 6;B55C 6 \`SZeqZ*Y 8B6MD ˚˙ (#˚• ˚ b,\SYS \/Z\VW*aaZSV*YS b1+q YZ\-\1 \+l1/SZq1bD *aV\WnV\ +WS4V\ ab\Sb a ZSYS \+k*bnaqH

O ˚ H

˘ b\ ]\+d3/*1b Z1V\b\`mf ]\/`\abV\, ,1abS /,\yZdp 3S4ZnH ˘ h1Yd Y\31b ]`S,1abS /,\yZ*q 3S4ZnH ˘ \h1Yd ab\Sb ]\W\3Sbn V\Z1g b*V\Yd \+`*4d 3S4ZSH

d3Z\ WS ]\V\ZhSbn a /,\yZ\y 3S4ZnpH 141


17

b\Sb WS SaV*bn /`d41y , jV\W1H ) aY\b`pE V*V \+k*1baq Y\W\/13n , V\Y]*ZSSE S /dY*pB w˙*E ob\ Z*ab\qkS1 /`d4nqDDD \b +m YZ1 b\31 b*VIx ˙3\ ˙Wq Y1Zq Z1 +mW\ ]`\+W1Y\y 4*,1abS /`d41yD \ V*V `*4 ob\ S +mW\ Y\1y ]`\+W1Y\yD *`Sq


˙ ˛&) Zd3Zm ,a1YD ZSYS hd,ab,d1jn a1+q W1-V\ S a,\+\/Z\D * ZSf Y\3Z\ ]\W\3Sbnaq , b`d/Zdp YSZdbdD Sada* `Sab* b\31 +mWS /`dO 4nqE S \Z a d/\,\Wnab,S1Y ]`\,\/SW a ZSYS ,`1O Yq L \*ZZ* 59B59MD \-/* \Z dYS`*W Z* ab\W+1 Ydh1ZSyE `q/\Y +mW 1-\ +WS4VSy /`d- \*ZZ P wdh1ZSVE V\b\`\-\ \Z Wp+SWx L \*ZZ* 5=B69P6;C 65B6>MD a1Y Z*Y Zd3Zm /`d4nqE V\b\`m1 +d/db `q/\Y S , -\`1 S , `*/\abSD mbn Y\31bE a V1YOb\ S4 \/Z\VW*aaZSV\, d b1+q a*Y* a\+\y 4*,q4*W*an /`d3+*D ,*a \+kS1 SZO b1`1amE 1abn \ h1Y ]\-\,\`SbnE S b1+1 Z1 V*31bO aqE hb\ /Wq b1+q ob\b h1W\,1V P w]W\f\1 \+k1ZS1x L5 \`SZeqZ*Y 59B77MD w `1+qb*YS bm ,S/Sjnaq ]\hbS V*3/my /1Zn S hd,ab,d1jn a1+q `*aV\,*ZO Z\EP 4*Y1bSW* ZZ*DP 1 b\ hb\ a +`*bnqYS S a1O ab`*YS , a\+`*ZSSB b*Y Z*/\ 4* a\+\y aW1/SbnE * , jV\W1 Y\3Z\ `*aaW*+SbnaqxD Y\31bE bm /dO Y*1jn b*V 31E V*V S/*B w) f\b1W*E hb\+m `1+qb* ]\ZqWSB ,S/1b1WS 1-\,m ZSV*VS1 Z1 ab`*ZZm1E \ZS Z\`Y*WnZm1 Wp/SxD ]`*,/m,*pb WS ]\/\+O Zm1 /\,\/m +WS4Vdp /`d3+d a \/Z\VW*aaZSV*YSH \h1Yd Zd3Z* \ab\`\3Z\abnH \b hb\ ]`\S4\jW\ a *`S1yE d]\YqZdb\y ,Z*h*W1D 1-VSy S \+kSb1WnZmy f*`*Vb1` ]`SO ,W1V*W V Z1y Wp/1yD \ 1y +mW\ b`d/Z\ \]`1O /1WSbnE Z*aV\WnV\ b1aZ\ ab\Sb a ZSYS \+k*bnaqD

‘‘

jV\W1 q ab*`*Waq +mbn V*V ,a1 S +mab`\ Z*j1W a1+1 /`d41yD \ q YZ\-\O Yd Z*dhSWaq Z* a,\1Y -\`nV\Y \]mb1D 1]1`n d Y1Zq /`d4nq , a\+`*ZSSD ˙*ZSSW Y q Y\-d /\,1`qbn

’’

b\Sb WS SaV*bn /`d41y , jV\W1H 143


=

r a1 ob\ /1W*p `*/S +W*-\y ,1abSE hb\+m /1WSbnaq 1p a /`d-SYSsD 5 \`SZeqZ*Y =B67 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

Z* ]`S4Z*W*anB w Z1 f\b1W\an Z`*,Sbnaq /`dO -SY P S /1,\hV*YE S Y*WnhSV*YD Sb\-1 Y1Zq ,a1 -Wd+31 4*a*am,*W\ , b`qaSZd ob\-\ YS`*xD SO /\y aWdhSW\an b\ 31 a*Y\1B w *ab`\y Y\Sf /`d41y +mW Z*ab\WnV\ 4*`*4Sb1W1ZE hb\ q ab*W* ]\f\31y Z* ZSfxD Sh1-\ d/S,Sb1WnZ\-\B hb\+m /`d3SbnE Zd3O Z\ ]\/ab`*S,*bnaq ]\/ /`d41y S ]1`1ZSY*bn Sf SZb1`1am S g1ZZ\abSD ˙`d3+* a b1YSE Vb\ Z1 3SO ,1b ]\ +S+W1yaVSY ]`SZgS]*YE \+q4*b1WnZ\ \bO `*4Sbaq S Z* b,\Sf ]\abd]V*f L `SbhS 57B6>MD 1O /*`\Y *]\ab\W *,1W a\,1b\,*WB w 1 ,]`q-*yb1an , Z1`*,Z\1 q`Y\ a Z1,1`dpkSYSx L6 \`SZeqZ*Y :B58MD b\ bm Y\31jn /1W*bn

4Z*h*1b WS a\,1b *,W*E hb\ bm /\W31Z hd3O /*bnaq \/Z\VW*aaZSV\,H 1bI `SabS*Z1 Sa]\WZqO ˚ pb 4*/*ZS1 w,\ ,a1f Z*`\O ˚aWS \/Z\VW*aaZSV /*f ]\/-\b*,WS,*bn dh1O SZb1`1ad1baq b,\SYS ZSV\,xE * 4Z*hSbE /\W3Zm d+13/1ZSqYSE aZ*h*W* Z*f\/Sbn \+kSy q4mV a ]\]mb*yaq ]\Zqbn 1-\ Wp/nYS `*4Zmf Z*`\/\,E ,4-Wq/mD maWdjS,*y 1-\ a\ ,a1Y ,ZSY*ZS1Y S `1WS-Sy S VdWnbd` L *bO a*Y -\,\`S wa V`\b\abnp e1q 6<B5=MD S -Wd+\VSY d,*31ZSO

bWShZmy ]`SY1` , 1Yx L5 1b`* 7B59MD ob\Y ]\/*W a*Y *,1WD Z 4Z*WE V*V `*4-\,*`S,*bn

144 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


?

a wWp/nYS ,aqV\-\ `\/*xE ˛ ˚"& %DDD /*31 1aWS \ZS Z1 `*4/1O Z\-S1 aWd3Sb1WS \-* WqWS 1-\ d+13/1ZSy L5 \O ,]1`,m1 daWmj*WS SaO `SZeqZ*Y =B66E 67MD \O bSZd \b \/Z\VW*aaZSV*E abd]*y V*V *,1WD d/n V\b\`my Z*+`*Waq f`*O /`d31Wp+ZmYD hSan \+O +`\abS `*aaV*4*bn k*bnaq a\ a,1`abZSV*YSE \ a,\1y ,1`1D Z\ b\WnV\ Z1 d]\/\+WqyO aq SY , `1hS S ]\abd]O V*fD ]\V\yZ\ S a d,*31ZS1Y \+lqaZS SYE ]\h1O Yd bm `1jSW 3Sbn ]\ Z\`Y*Y S+WSS L6 SY\e1p 6B69MD 1 \bVW*/m,*y ob\b `*4-\,\` , /\W-Sy qkSVD `*,/*E bm +d/1jn Z1 b*VSYE V*V ,a1E * ob\ Z1O W1-V\ L \*ZZ* 59B5=MD \ ]\aY\b`S Z* aSbd*O gSp a /`d-\y ab\`\ZmD `1/ab*,nE hb\ bm aS/Sjn , a]*a*b1WnZ\y jWp]V1E * , ,\/1 Wp/SE V\b\`m1

]W*Z /1yab,SyI ˚aWS YZ1 V*31baqE hb\ q aWSjV\Y b1aZ\ \+k*pan a \/Z\VW*aaZSV\YE qDDD

ı ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

˚aWS \/Z\VW*aaZSV Z*aY1f*1baq Z*/\ YZ\y S4O4* Y\1y ,1`mE qDDD ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................


*V Wdhj1 ,a1-\ ]\Y\hn db\]*pk1YdH `m-Zdbn , ,\/d SWS +`\aSbn 1Yd a]*a*b1WnZmy V`d-H

,\bO,\b db\ZdbD *V SY ]\Y\hnH *Y\Yd ]`m-Zdbn , ,\/dH \Z1hZ\ Z1bI b1fE a V1Y bm dhSjnaq , jV\W1E Z1b 4*kSO bmE V\b\`dp 1-\,* /*1b a,\SY /`d4nqY L a*W\Y 565B6P <MD ˚aWS bm ]`\Y1Zq1jn \3nS ]`SZO gS]m Z* /`d3+d a \/Z\VW*aaZSV*YSE b\ ]\/,1`O -Z1jn \]*aZ\abS a,\1 /df\,Z\1 +W*-\]\WdhS1 S 3S4Zn L'e1aqZ*Y 8B58E 59C *V\,* 8B8MD dhj1 ]\O Y\-S SY 4*+`*bnaq , a]*a*b1WnZdp jWp]VdB \+lO qaZSE V*V Sa]\WZqbn ,\Wp 1-\,mD *V ]\abd]*pb Z*ab\qkS1 /`d4nqI

O ˚ H

˘ \h1Yd SZ\-/* W1-h1 Z*ybS /`d41y , jV\W1E h1Y , f`SabS*ZaV\Y a\+`*ZSSH ˘ ˚aWS ]\aW1 jV\Wm \+k*bnaq a \/Z\VW*aaZSV\YE V\b\`my Z1 `*4/1Wq1b b,\Sf d+13/1ZSyE b\ V h1Yd ob\ Y\31b ]`S,1abSH ˘ \h1Yd Wdhj1 aV*4*bn `1+qb*YE hb\ bm

,S/1b1Wn 1-\,mH

146 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


4

" ˚

Y\y /Z1,ZSV

V*V\y ]`\+W1Y\y , jV\W1 b1+1 b`d/Z11 ,a1-\ a]`*,WqbnaqH

ı

*]SjSE V*V bm a\+S`*1jnaq `1jSbn obd ]`\+W1YdH

147



˙˚ & ı

5

*aV\WnV\ /1Zn-S O 1 ,*3Zm ,*3Zm /Wq b,\1-\ O ˙\,\WnZ\ ,*3Zm ah*abnqH O 1\+f\/SYm *V h*ab\ bm -\,\`Sjn \ /1Zn-*f O 1/V\ SWS \ b\YE hb\ Z* O Z\-/* ZSf Y\3Z\ Vd]SbnH O *ab\

*,1`ZqV* `\/Sb1WS Z1 `*4 b1+1 -\,\`SWSE hb\ /1Zn-S Z1 am]Wpbaq a Z1+*D d hb\ 3E b*V \Z\ S 1abnD \b ]\h1Yd /1Zn-*YS Z*/\ `*a]\O `q3*bnaq \b,1bab,1ZZ\D \bq +14 /1Z1- ZSO Vd/*E S4O4* ZSf Y\3Z\ ]\b1`qbn /dj1,Zmy ]\V\yE +WS4VSf /`d41y S /*31 `*a]\W\31ZS1 \-*D b b,\1-\ \bZ\j1ZSq V /1Zn-*Y 4*,SO aSb YZ\-\1D W*,m 5<P6> ]\Y\-db b1+1 \b,\O /Sbn SY /\W3Z\1 Y1ab\ , 3S4ZSD 149


18

*V Z1YZ\-\ 4*`*+\b*bnH \hd Z*V\]Sbn a1+1 Z* Y*jSZdD

1`/3\

+\3*p f\/Sbn ]\ Y*-*4SZ*YI

\`SO'ZZ

1yh*a ab\WnV\ VW*aaZmf ,1k1yI ) f\b1W +m S b\E S ob\E Z\ `\/Sb1WqY Z1 ]\ V*`Y*ZdD *yV

˛ ˝ E bm b\31 f\h1jn hb\Ob\ ]`S\+`1abS S /dY*1jnE -/1 +m `*4/\+mbn /1Z1-D WS 31 bm f\h1jn ]\Y\hn a,\1y a1Yn1D \ /*31 1aWS bm Z1 +d/1jn Z*O ]`qYdp ,Z\aSbn ,VW*/ , a1Y1yZmy +p/31bE bm \+W1-O hSjn eSZ*Za\,\1 +`1Yq a,\Sf `\/Sb1W1yE a*Y\ab\qO b1WnZ\ \]W*hS,*q a,\p \/13/d S WShZm1 ,1kSD Wp+\Y aWdh*1 Z* ]\Vd]VS Zd3Zm a`1/ab,*D \O Z1hZ\E Sada `Sab\a \+1k*W \3np ]\//1`3Vd /Wq b1fE Vb\ ]`13/1 ,a1-\ Sk1b *`ab,*E Z\ f`SabS*Z*Y 150 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


=

r 1Zbqy 31W*1b S ZSh1-\ Z1 ]\Wdh*1bE * 31W*ZSq da1`/Z\-\ Sa]\WZqpbaq /\ V\Zg*sD `SbhS 57B8E YmaW\,\y ]1`1,\/ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

,a1 31 Z1Wn4q aS/1bn aW\3* `dVS L *be1q :B77C ˙1qO ZSq 5<B5P7C 6 1aa*W\ZSVSyg*Y 7B5>MD /1 31 b\-/* ,4qbn /1Z1-H E hb\ ,*3Z11E V*V a\f`*Zqbn `*,Z\,1O aS1 , ob\Y ,\]`\a1H

*V Z*ybS `*+\bd ˚aWS b1+1 hb\Ob\ \h1Zn Zd3Z\E * `\/Sb1WS Z1 , a\ab\qZSS ob\ Vd]SbnE b\E Y\31bE bm ]\/4*`*+\b*O 1jn a*YH V*3S \+ ob\Y `\/Sb1WqYD \4Y\3Z\E SY ]\Z`*,SbaqE hb\ bm ]`\q,Wq1jn SZSgS*bS,dD `1/O ]\W\3SYE `\/Sb1WS a\-W*aZm S `*+\b*bn , b,\1Y ,\4O `*ab1 Z1 ]`\bS,\4*V\ZZ\D *V Z*ybS `*+\bdH \b h1O bm`1 a\,1b*D V*3S ,a1YD \\+kS a\a1/qYE dhSb1WqY S `\/O ab,1ZZSV*YE hb\ bm Sk1jn `*+\bdD ˚aWS bm ab1aZqO 1jnaq a]`\aSbn Sf Z*]`qYdpE ]\SZb1`1adyaqE V*V \ZS ]\/`*+*bm,*WS , b,\S -\/mD 1Y +\Wnj1 WpO /1y +d/1b , Vd`a1 /1W*E b1Y +\Wnj1 ]\q,Sbaq ,*`S*ZO b\, S b1Y ,1`\qbZ11E hb\ 4* b1+q -/1OZS+d/n 4*Y\W,qb aW\,\D ˛*/1yab,dy ,a1 ,\4Y\3Z\abSD bVWSV*yaq Z* \+lq,W1ZSq , -*41b*f SWS , Zb1`Z1b1E ]`\aY*bO `S,*y ,m,1aVS , Y*-*4SZ*fE d a1+q , jV\W1 S , /`d-Sf \+k1ab,1ZZmf Y1O ab*fD w *V q S Z*j1W `*+\O ˛ ˚"& %DDD bdEP `*aaV*4*W pZ\j*E V\O b\`\-\ 4\,db ˙*,S/DP Z1 Z1V\b\`mf ]\]*W\an \+lq,W1ZS1 , -*41O Y1abZ\abqf \bV`mb\ b1E q \b]`*,SW a,\1 `14pY1E \+lq,Wq1baq WSjn \ 59 ]`\g1Zb*f ,*V*ZaSyD * ]\b\Y 1k1 ]\4,\ZSWxD mO ,*1bE `*+\b\/*b1Wn S Z1 /*1b

?

*V Z1YZ\-\ 4*`*+\b*bnH 151


ZSV*VSf \+lq,W1ZSyE \/Z*V\ d b1+qE ,\4Y\3Z\E ]\WdO hSbaq d+1/Sbn 1-\E hb\ b,\S daWd-S +mWS +m 1Yd \h1Zn /*31 ]\W14ZmD \ab*,n S `*4\jWS `14pY1D * WSab1 +dY*-S Z*O ]SjSE Vb\ bm S V*V a b\+\y a,q4*bnaqD 1`1hSaWS a,\S Z*,mVS S dY1ZSqD 1h1-\ Z*]Sa*bnH \/dY*y f\`\j1ZnV\D ˚abn WS d b1+q YW*/jSy +`*b SWS a1O ab`*H `Sf\/SW\an WS b1+1 a ZSYS ZqZhSbnaqE V\-/* `\/Sb1W1y Z1 +mW\ /\Y*H Y\31bE Vb\Ob\ 1k1 ]`\O aSW b1+q ]\aS/1bn a `1+1ZV\YH ˚aWS /*E 4Z*hSbE b1+1 Y\3Z\ /\,1`qbnD WS bm ]\Y\-*W \bgd hSZSbn Y*jSO ZdH W1/\,*b1WnZ\E bm `*4+S`*1jnaq , b1fZSV1D Y1O 1jn WS bm ]\Wn4\,*bnaq V\Y]npb1`\YH \31jn ]1O h*b*bnH \Wdh*W WS bm , jV\W1 ]qb1`VS ]\ b`d/dH ˙Wq `*+\b\/*b1W1y b*VS1 a,1/1ZSq SY1pb 4Z*h1ZS1D *V hb\ ,VWphS Sf , a,\1 `14pY1 S \b]`*,n 1-\ , `*4O Zm1 eS`YmE `*4/*y b*V31 /`d4nqY S `\/ab,1ZZSV*YD \4Y\3Z\E \Z\ ]\]*/1b , `dVS V b\YdE Vb\ Sk1b `*O +\bZSV\,D `S/dY*y a\+ab,1ZZmy +S4Z1aD -WqZSan ,\O V`d-D \4Y\3Z\E b,\S a\a1/S Zd3/*pbaq , daWd-*fE V\b\`m1 ]\V* hb\ ZSVb\ Z1 ]`1/\ab*,Wq1bD `1/]\O W\3SYE bm Wp+Sjn 3S,\bZmfD \31bE Vb\Ob\ 4*O ]W*bSb 4* b\E hb\ bm +d/1jn ,m-dWS,*bn SWS Vd]*bn 1-\ ]Sb\Yg1,D WS bm dY11jn S-`*bn Z* Yd4mV*WnO Z\Y SZab`dY1Zb1 S Y\- +m /*,*bn h*abZm1 d`\VSD *V31 bm Y\- +m ,m]\WZqbn `*+\bdE V\b\`dp /`dO -S1 Z1 \h1Zn Wp+qbE Z*]`SY1` Ymbn \VZ* SWS /1O W*bn d+\`VdD `SabS*ZSZd Z1 abm/Z\ +`*bnaq /*31 4* a*Ydp Z1]`1abS3Zdp `*+\bd L'e1aqZ*Y 8B6<MD ˚ \Z1hZ\E hb\+m `*+\b*bn b*VSY \+`*4\YE Zd3Z* 4*O \amW*y `14pY1 /*31 SZb1`1a\,*ZZ\abnE a*Y\O , b1 V\Y]*ZSSE -/1 ]\V* Z1b ,*V*ZaSyD /SagS]WSZ* S ]`1/]`SSYO hS,\abnD

152 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am

' ' ˚ ˚ ˝˚ ˝˚ ˚# ˚ ) ˚# ˚ ) ˚ ˚ 5E 5E ˚ ˚ 65 65


‘‘

˚aWS b,\1 ah*abn1 4*,SaSb b\WnV\ \b SYdk1ab,*E bm Z1 +d/1jn ah*abWS, ZSV\-/*D +q4*b1WnZ\ 4*f\h1baq h1-\Ob\ 1k1D */\ dhSbnaq +mbn ah*abWS,mY ˙3\Z*b*Z a b1YE hb\ d b1+q 1abn

’’

/Z\ ]`1/d]`13/1ZS1B ]`13/1 h1Y Z*h*bn /1W\E ,mqaZSE ,\ hb\ ob\ \+\y/1baqE S ,4,1an ,a1 4* S ]`\O bS, L dVS 58B6<P7>MD ˙Wq Z*h*W* ]\-\,\`S a `\/SO b1WqYSE * b*V31 a b1YSE d V\-\ 1abn \]mb ]\/\+Z\y `*+\bmD `S/1baq WS b1+1 ]W*bSbn Z*W\-SH \Z*/\O +Sbaq WS `*4`1j1ZS1E WSg1Z4SqH +\ ,a1f ]\/`\+Z\O abqf Y\3Z\ d4Z*bn , Y1abZmf \`-*Z*f ,W*abS L SYWqO Z*Y 57B5MD

\f`*Zqy `*,Z\,1aS1 `1/ab*,nE hb\ bm 1/1jn Z* ,1W\aSO ]1/1 S d b1+q , `dV*f YZ\-\ ,a1-\B ]\`bO e1WnE YqhE a,1`bVS S ]*V1bm a ]`\O /dVb*YSD 1Y +\Wnj1 bm Z*+`*WE b1Y b`d/Z11 +d/1b d/1`3*bn `*,Z\,1aS1I \ 31 a*Y\1 +d/1bE 1aWS bm aWSjV\Y 4*-`d4Sjnaq `*+\b\yD *hZ1jn d/1Wqbn aWSjV\Y YZ\-\ ,ZSY*O ZSqE ,`1Y1ZS S aSW `*+\b1 P S ]\ab`*/*1b b,\1 4/\`\,n1E * b*VO 31 da]1,*1Y\abn , jV\W1D d31 b\-\E S4O4* Z*]`q31ZZ\-\ `*+\O h1-\ -`*eSV* b1+1 +d/1b b`d/Z\ `1O -dWq`Z\ ]\a1k*bn f`SabS*ZaVS1 ,ab`1hSE S4dh*bn S+WSp S dh*O ab,\,*bn , aWd31ZSSD w db`* jV\W*E ]\b\Y `*+\b*D ) b*V \-/* aWSjV\Y YZ\-\ Z* a1+q +1`1jnE b`d/Z\ a\f`*Zqbn `*,Z\,1aS1


dab*,*W*E hb\ S/bS Z* a\+`*ZS1 ]\`\y Z1 +mW\ aSWxEP ,a]\YSZ*1b /1WnD 1 ]\b1`qy `*,Z\,1aS1 , a,\1Y \bZ\j1ZSS V /1ZnO -*YI Sada aV*4*WE hb\ ]\OZ*ab\qk1Yd ah*abWS,m b1E Vb\ \a\4Z*1b wa,\S /df\,Zm1 ]\b`1+Z\abSx L *bO e1q 9B7MD ˚k1 \Z aV*4*WB w˙*31 ]`S S4\+SWSS ,a1-\ 3S4Zn h1W\,1V* Z1 4*,SaSb \b b\-\E hb\ \Z SY11bx L dO VS 56B59MD (Z*q f`SabS*ZV* ]\ SY1ZS *`SZ* \bZ1aO W*an V ob\Yd ]`1/d]`13/1ZSp a\ ,a1y a1`n14Z\abnpB w 1 f\hdE hb\+m YZ\y \,W*/1W\ ab`1YW1ZS1 V Y*b1O `S*WnZ\YdD ˛Z*pE hb\ 1aWS a -\W\,\y dy/d , 4*`*+*O bm,*ZS1 /1Z1-E b\ ]\]W*hdan a,\1y /df\,Z\abnpxD \Z1hZ\E , Z1V\b\`mf ab`*Z*f /1bS ]`\ab\ ,mO Zd3/1Zm YZ\-\ b`d/SbnaqE hb\+m Sf a1YnS Y\-WS a,\/Sbn V\Zgm a V\Zg*YSD \ 1aWS ob\ V b1+1 Z1 \bZ\O aSbaqE b\-/* ab\Sb WS b1`qbn +W*-\`*4dYS1H \ YZ1O ZSp +\WnjSZab,* SaaW1/\,*b1W1yE `*+\b*bn +\Wnj1 6> h*a\, , Z1/1Wp /Wq dh*kSfaq aWSjV\Y +\Wnj*q Z*-`d4V*D b ob\-\ +\Wnj1 ,`1/*E h1Y ]\Wn4mD \O ,1bd1baq ]\a,qk*bn `*+\b1 Z1 +\W11 <P5> h*a\, , Z1/1WpD d/`my g*`n \W\Y\Z aV*4*WB w dhj1 \/Z* -\`abn ]\V\qE h1Y /,1 -\`abS bq31W\-\ b`d/* S ]\-\O ZS 4* ,1b`\Yx L'VVW14S*ab 8B:MD

]W*Z /1yab,SyI \S j*Zam Z*ybS `*+\bd d,1WSh*baqE 1aWS qDDD

ı .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

) +d/d `*+\b*bn Z1 +\Wnj1 ..................h*a\, , Z1/1WpD \]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................


d,*31ZS1E Z\ Z1 Wp+\,nI `dV*f j1eO]\,*`* \ab`my Z\3 P ]\W14Zmy SZO ab`dY1ZbD \ Z1\]mbZmy SWS `*aa1qZZmy h1W\,1V Y\31b SY a1`n14Z\ ]\`*ZSbnaqD *V 31 S a /1Zn-*YSD ˚aWS -`*O Y\bZ\ SYS ]\Wn4\,*bnaqE \ZS ]\aWd3*b Z* +W*-\D \ +14 /\W3Z\y \ab\`\3Z\abS Y\3Z\ a1+1 Z*,`1/SbnI *]`SO Y1`E *]\ab\W *,1W ]`1/\ab1`1-*W \b Wp+,S V /1Zn-*YD ]\-\Z1 4* +\-*bab,\Y Z1V\b\`m1 ]\31`b,\,*WS /`d3O +\yE a1Y1yZmY ah*abn1Y S /*31 +W*-\aVW\ZZ\abnp \-*D Sb\-1 \ZS w]`\Z4SWS a1+q YZ\-SYS ab`*/*ZSqYSx L5 SO Y\e1p :B=E 5>MD \ob\Yd dhSan ]\Wn4\,*bnaq /1Zn-*YS ]`*,SWnZ\D bZ\aSan V ZSY a d,*31ZS1YE Z\ Z1 Wp+S SfI

\YZSE w\+Y*ZhS,\1 +\-*bab,\x Y\31b 4*-WdjSbn , b1+1 SZb1`1a V /df\,Z\Yd L *`V* 8B5=MD \ob\YdE 1aO WS ]\aW1 jV\Wm bm +d/1jn ]\/`*+*bm,*bnE \`-*ZSO 4dy a,\S /1W* b*VE hb\+m -W*,ZmY , b,\1y 3S4ZS +mO WS /df\,Zm1 4*ZqbSqD \WSan \+ ob\Y \-d 1-\,1D

Z /*ab b1+1 aSW a\f`*Zqbn `*,Z\,1aS1 , ob\y Z1]`\O ab\y aSbd*gSSD ˚˙ (#˚• ˚ ˙1Zn-S P ob\ b,\y aWd-* SWS -\a]\/SZH *V , ob\Y ,\]`\a1 bm Y\31jn \ab*,*bnaq d `dWqH

O ˚ H

˘ * hb\ bm f\h1jn 4*`*+\b*bnH ˘ V*VSYS b`d/Z\abqYS bm ab\WVZ1jnaqE Z*h*, `*+\b*bnH ˘ *V a\f`*Zqbn `*,Z\,1aS1 , a,\1Y \bZ\j1ZSS V /1Zn-*YH

*V Z1YZ\-\ 4*`*+\b*bnH 155


19

*V `*a]\`q3*bnaq /1Zn-*YS -`*Y\bZ\H *V h*ab\ bm +m,*1jn wZ* Y1WSxH

ı

O SV\-/* O Z\-/* O *ab\

*V h*ab\ bm /1W*1jn ]\Vd]VSE V\b\`m1 b1+1 Z1 ]\ V*`Y*ZdH

O SV\-/* O Z\-/* O *ab\

*V h*ab\ Z* `*a]`\/*3*f bm ]\Vd]*1jn Z1Zd3Zm1 b1+1 ,1kSH

O SV\-/* O Z\-/* O *ab\

˚"& WS bmE hb\ b1+1 ,1hZ\ Z1 f,*b*1b /1Z1-H mWS +m /1Zn-SE bm +m Vd]SW Z\,dp V\Y]npb1`Zdp S-`dD d/n 4*`]W*b* ]\+\Wnj1E bm Vd]SW* +m bdeWSE V\b\O `m1 b1+1 w]`\ab\ Z1\+O

156


=

r d/`\abnE V*V S /1Zn-SE /*1b 4*kSbdE Z\ ]`1SYdk1ab,\ 4Z*ZSq S Yd/`\abS , b\YE hb\ \ZS \+1`1-*pb 3S4Zn b1fE Vb\ SYS ,W*/11bsD 'VVW14S*ab ;B56 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

f\/SYmxD \31bE bm ab*WVS,*1jnaq a b\y 31 ]`\+O W1Y\yE hb\ S ˙3\*ZB w Z\-/* /`d4nq Vd/*OZS+d/n 4\,dbE Z\ Z* ob\ Zd3Zm /1Zn-SD \b1W\an +m a ZSYS ]\,1a1WSbnaqE Z\ ]`Sf\/Sbaq aYdk1ZZ\ YqYWSbnB t 1 Y\-dE d Y1Zq Z* ob\ Z1b /1Z1-rxD 1Y `*aab`*S,*bnaq S4O4* /1Z1-E V\b\`mf d b1+q Z1bE Wdhj1 Z*dhSan ]`*,SWnZ\ `*a]\`q3*bnaq b1YSE V\b\`m1 d b1+q 1abnD \Z1hZ\E Y\3Z\ \bW\3Sbn ob\ Z* ]\b\YE V\-/* bm +d/1jn 3Sbn \b/1WnZ\ \b `\/Sb1O W1yD \ ab*W +m bm ]`m-*bn a ]*`*jpb\YE Z1 d4Z*, 4*`*Z11E V*V SY ]\Wn4\,*bnaqH \Z1hZ\E W1bq ,ZS4E Y\31b +mbnE bm S /\-*/*1jnaqE hb\ /1W*bnD \ Z1 Wdhj1 WS \4Z*V\YSbnaq a \aZ\,ZmYS ]`*,SW*YS /\ ]`m3V*H \hZ\ b*V 31 dhSbnaq -`*Y\bZ\ `*af\/\,*bn /1Zn-S Z*/\ 1k1 /\ b\-\E V*V b1+1 ]`S/1baq a*Y\Yd `1j*bn eSZ*Za\,m1 ,\]`\amD w˙*pb 4*kSbd /1ZnO -SxEP ]Sa*W g*`n \W\Y\Z L'VVW14S*ab ;B56E \,`1O Y1ZZmy ]1`1,\/MD \ \ZS +d/db 4*kSb\y ]`S \/Z\Y daW\,SSB 1aWS bm Z*dhSjnaq ]\Wn4\,*bnaq SYS +W*O -\`*4dYZ\D \-/* bm ab*Z1jn hd,ab,\,*bn a1+q d,1O `1ZZ\E S `\/Sb1WS +d/db +\Wnj1 b1+1 /\,1O `qbnD

a,*S,*y *4m ]`*jS,*W WS bm d a,\Sf `\O /Sb1W1yE V*V \ZS `*a]\`q3*pbaq /1Zn-*YSH ]`SY1`dE aV\WnV\ \ZS 131Y1aqhZ\ ]W*bqb 4* V,*`O bS`d P 4* oW1Vb`Sh1ab,\E ,\/dE 157


\ h1Y `*aaV*3db /1Zn-SH * hb\ bm b`*bSjn /1Zn-SH ˚aWS bm Z1`1/V\ `*af\/dO 1jn a`1/ab,*E ]\Y\-*q /`d-SYE b\-/* /1Zn-S -`\Yh1 aW\, aV*3db \ b,\1y /\+`\b1 S k1/`\abS L *V\,* 6B58P5;MD ˚aWS bm ]`S,mV /1W*bn ]\31`b,\,*ZSq , ]\//1`3Vd ]\O VW\Z1ZSq SabSZZ\Yd \-dE b\-/* bm whbSjn 1-\,d b1Y g1ZZmYE hb\ d b1+q 1abnx L `SbhS 7B=MD \ 1aWS bm b`*O bSjn /1Zn-S b\WnV\ Z* a1+qE \ h1Y ob\ -\,\`SbH *V\y bm h1W\,1VH

\b\]W1ZS1H V\WnV\ S/1b Z* ]`\/dVbmE Z* a\/1`3*O ZS1 S `1Y\Zb Y*jSZm SWS Z* ,m]W*bd V`1/Sb*H 1 4*+d/nE hb\ h*abn a`1/ab, df\/Sb S Z* b1+qD 1aWS bm +d/1jn 3Sbn \b/1WnZ\E b\ 4* ,a1 ]`S/1baq ]W*bSbn a*Y\YdD *V hb\ +mW\ +m Z1]W\f\ 4Z*bn \+\ ,a1f `*aO f\/*f 4*`*Z11D \]`\aS `\/Sb1W1y ]\V*4*bn b1+1 Z1O V\b\`m1 ah1b* S \+lqaZSbnE V*V `*a]`1/1Wqbn a`1/O ab,*D w \aWdj*1b Yd/`my S Wdhj1 da,\Sb Z*ab*,W1O ZSqE S ]\ZSY*pkSy Z*y/1b dY1W\1 `dV\,\/ab,\xEP aV*4*Z\ `Sbh*f 5B9D ZZ* \+`*bSW*an 4* b*VSY `dV\,\/ab,\Y V `\/Sb1WqYD Z* `*aaV*4*W*B w *]* dhSW Y1Zq a\ab*,Wqbn a1Y1yZmy +p/31bD Z ]\V*O 4m,*WE Z*aV\WnV\ ,*3Z* \`-*ZS4\,*ZZ\abn ]`S `*aO f\/\,*ZSS a`1/ab,xD *Y* b\31 YZ\-\Yd 11 Z*dhSW*D w `13/1 h1Y a/1W*bn ]\Vd]VdE Y*Y* a`*,ZS,*W* g1ZmD * Z1+\WnO jdp adYYd \Z* dYd/`qW*an ab\WnV\ ,a1-\ Vd]SbnIx b\ ob\ ZZ1 /*W\H w 1]1`n q Y\-d a*Y* -`*Y\bZ\ `*a]\`q3*bnaq a,\SYS /1Zn-*YSD ) V\Zb`\WS`dp `*af\/m S Z1 4*W14*p , Z1Zd3Zm1 /\W-SE ]\ob\Yd Z* /dj1 d Y1Zq YS` S ]\V\yxD 158 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


`d/Z11E h1Y V*31baq 14daW\,Z\E 1aWS bm 3S,1jn a `\/Sb1WqYSE 1aO WS \ZS /*pb b1+1 /1Z1- SWS 1aWS bm a*Y ]\/`*+*O bm,*1jnE b\ V*31baqE hb\ /1Zn-*YS `*a]\`q3*bnaq ‹ W1-V\D \h1YdH \b\Yd hb\ +\Wnjdp h*abn `*af\/\, ]\V`m,*pbE aV\`11 ,a1-\E `\/Sb1WSD bm ]\hbS ,a1 a,\S a`1/ab,* Z*,1`ZqV* b`*bSjn Z* hb\ 4*f\h1jnD \Z1hZ\E ob\ ]`SqbZ\D `*,/*E S bdb Y\-db ,\4ZSVZdbn ]`\+W1YmD *O ]`SY1`E 1aWS /`d4nq ]\/b*WVS,*pb b1+q V Z1`*4dYO ZmY b`*b*YD ˚W1Z*E V\b\`\y 65 -\/E -\,\`SbB w `1/S Y\Sf 4Z*V\Ymf j\]SZ- P Wp+SY\1 4*ZqbS1D \O h1jn a ZSYS ]`\,\/Sbn ,`1Yq P -\b\,n /1Zn-SE hb\O +m f\/Sbn ]\ Y*-*4SZ*Y S Y\/ZmY +dbSV*YxD \Z1hZ\E b1+1 Z1 f\h1baq \bab*,*bn \b /`d41yD \ a]`\aS a1+qB w \-d q a1+1 ob\ ]\4,\WSbn SWS ]\O Vd]*p b\WnV\ ]\b\YdE hb\ Z1 f\hd d/*`Sbn WSg\Y , -`q4nHx Z\-S1 b`*bqb /1Zn-SE hb\+m ]`\S4,1abS Z* /`d-Sf ,]1h*bW1ZS1E Z*/1qan ]`S,W1hn V a1+1 /`dO 41y b1YE hb\ \ZS SY1pbE * Z1 b1YE Vb\ \ZS 1abnD 'b\ Y\31b ]`S,1abS V a1`n14ZmY eSZ*Za\,mY b`d/O Z\abqYE \a\+1ZZ\ 1aWS bm ]\Wn4d1jnaq V`1/SbZ\y V*`b\yD *V ]`1/\b,`*bSbn b*VS1 b`d/Z\abSH ˙1Zn-S Wp+qb ah1b b\Sb WS 4* \/SZ ,1h1` `*af\/\,*bn ,a1 ,\4Y\3O Z\abS V`1/SbZ\y V*`bm SWS ,ap 4*`]W*bdH dhj1 ]\aW1/dy ]`SY1`d ˚W1ZmB ˛ ˚"& %DDD w \+S`*qan ]`\,1abS ,`1O Yq a /`d4nqYSE q ]W*ZS`dpE 4q, Z* 5> W1b V`1/Sb aV\WnV\ ]\b`*hdE S `\,Z\ , 9> >>> `d+W1y ]\/ ab\WnV\ aZSY*p a\ ah1b*E 59 ]`\g1Zb\, -\/\,mfE Vd/* ]\abd]*1b Y\q 4*`]W*O bm , V\Z1hZ\Y ah1b1 b*D ˚k1 q ]`1/]\hSb*p f\O ]1`1]W*bSjn 7; <57 /Sbn ]\ Y*-*4SZ*Y b\WnV\ `d+W1yD a b1YS /`d4nqYSE V\b\`m1

?

*V `*a]\`q3*bnaq /1Zn-*YS -`*Y\bZ\H 159


oV\Z\YZ\ b`*bqb /1Zn-S S a\,1bdpb ]`SaY*b`S,*bnO aq V g1Z*YE * Z1 ]\Vd]*bn ]1`,\1E hb\ ]\]*/1baqxD ˚aWS bm ]\Wn4d1jnaq V`1/SbZ\y V*`b\yE b1+1 ]`S-\/qbaq aW1/dpkS1 a\,1bmB ˘ 1/S dh1b ]\Vd]\V S bk*b1WnZ\ ]`\,1`qy 131Y1O aqhZm1 ah1b*E hb\+m d+1/SbnaqE hb\ Z1 ]W*bSjn 4* ,1kSE V\b\`m1 Z1 ]\Vd]*WD ˘ ]W*hS,*y ah1b* a`*4d SE 1aWS ,\4Y\3Z\E ]\WZ\O abnpD ˘ d/n \ab\`\31ZE a\\+k*q ]\ b1W1e\Zd SWS Zb1`Z1bd Z\Y1` S a`\V /1yab,Sq a,\1y V`1/SbZ\y V*`bmD ˘ 1 ]\Wn4dyaq V`1/SbZ\y V*`b\yE hb\+m ]\WdO h*bn Z*WShZm1 P 4* /1Z13Zmy *,*Za \+mhZ\ ,4SY*1baq +\WnjSy ]`\g1ZbD ˘ SV\-/* ZSV\Yd Z1 \/*W3S,*y a,\p V`1O /SbZdp V*`bdE /*31 /`d-dD d/n d b1+q +\Wnj1 /1Z1-E `1O jSW\ +m ob\ a*Y\ ]\ a1+1 ,a1 b,\S eSZ*Za\,m1 ]`\+W1YmH `q/ WSI `1/ab*,nE hb\ bm ,1/1jn Y*O jSZdD ˚aWS +m bm Z1 dY1W 1p d]`*,Wqbn SWS 1f*W +m a 4*V`mbmYS -W*O 4*YSE b\ /\+`*Waq +m bm /\ Zd3Z\-\ Y1ab* b\WnV\ ]\b\O YdE hb\ d b1+q ]\WO Zmy +*V +1Z4SZ*H \hZ\ b*V 31 1aWS 14/dYZ\ b`*bSbn /1Zn-S P ob\ V*V ,1abS Y*jSZd ,aW1]dp 160


bm Z1 Z*dhSjnaq -`*Y\bZ\ ˚ `*a]\`q3*bnaq /1Zn-*YSE b\E aV\WnV\ ZS VW*/S /1Z1 b]`*,Wqqan , Y*-*4SZE a\ab*,n a]Sa\V ]\Vd]\VD , V\j1W1VE ]`\+W1Y Y1ZnO \4nYS a a\+\y `\,Z\ j1 Z1 ab*Z1bD ab\WnV\ /1Z1-E aV\WnV\ \31bE b1+1 V*31baqE Zd3Z\E S Z1 ,mf\/S hb\ bm dY11jn ,1abS eSO 4* `*YVS a]SaV*D Z*Za\,m1 /1W*D \ , a\O ab\qZSS WS bm ,a]\YZSbnE aV\WnV\ bm ]\b`*bSW , ]`\jW\Y Y1aqg1 S Z* hb\H 1bH \-/* dhSan `*a]\O `q3*bnaq /1Zn-*YSE SZ*h1 \ZS +d/db `*a]\`q3*bnO aq b\+\yD \b Z1aV\WnV\ a\,1b\,D 5D 1/S 4*]SaSD \ Y1Znj1y Y1`1 , b1h1ZS1 \/Z\-\ Y1aqg* dhSbm,*yE V\-/* S aV\WnV\ bm ]\WdO hSW /1Z1-D ˛*]Sam,*y b*V31 V*3/dp ]\Vd]Vd S 11 ab\SY\abnD V\Zg1 Y1aqg* a`*,ZS /\f\/m S `*aO f\/mD 6D \ab*,n +p/31bD \a]\Wn4dyaq af1Y\y Z* ab`*ZSg1 5:7D ]1`,\y V\W\ZV1 ]1`1hSaWS ,a1

]W*Z /1yab,SyI b\+m V\Zb`\WS`\,*bn a,\S `*af\/mE qDDD

ı ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

`13/1 h1Y ,\a]\Wn4\,*bnaq V`1/SbZ\y V*`b\yE qDDD ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................


‘‘

\3S/*1Ym1 , b1h1ZS1 Y1O aqg* /\f\/mD \ ,b\`\y 4*]SjSE Z* hb\ S aV\WnV\ bm a\+S`*1jnaq ]\b`*O bSbn /1Z1-E S ]\b\Y aW1O /dy a,\1Yd ]W*ZdD b`1O bnp V\W\ZVd ,]Sam,*y a,\S `1*WnZm1 `*af\/m ]\ V*3/\Yd ]dZVbdE * b*V31 ,1/S dh1b Z1]`1/,S/1ZZmf `*af\/\,D 7D d/n -S+VSYD ˚aWS bm 4*Y1h*1jnE hb\ b`*O bSjn +\Wnj1E h1Y ]W*ZS`\,*WE S d b1+q ]\q,Wqpbaq /\W-SE +d/n -\b\, ]`1/]`SZqbn S4Y1Z1ZSqD *aahSO b*yaq a /\W-*YS S \ab*,*yaq , eSZ*Za\,mf ,\]`\O a*f d `dWqD ˚aWS ]`*,SWnZ\ `*af\/\,*bn /1Zn-SE \ZS ab*Zdb b1+1 f\`\jSY aWd-\yD ˛*`*+*bm,*ZS1 S `*af\/\,*O ZS1 /1Z1- ,\ YZ\-Sf ab`*Z*f ,*3Z*q a\ab*,Wqpk*q 3S4ZSD /Z*V\ Z*/\ a\f`*Zqbn ]`*,SWnZmy ,4-Wq/E V*V ob\ /1W*1b Zb\ZD 'b\b pZ\j* aV*4*WB w˙1Zn-SE V\Z1hZ\E SY1pb a,\1 Z*4Z*h1ZS1E Z\ \ZS Z1 -W*,Z\1 , 3S4ZSD ZS ZSV\-/* Z1 /\W3Zm +mbn ,*3Z11E h1Y a1YnqE * b*V31 1-\,*xD \-/* q a\ab*,Wqp +p/31bE q oV\Z\YO Wp +\Wnj1 S Z1 ]\Vd]*p b\E hb\ YZ1 Z* a*Y\Y /1W1 Sq Z1 Zd3Z\

’’

˚˙ (#˚• ˚ *V +mbnE 1aWS bm S4 Z1+\-*b\y a1YnSH

O ˚ H

˘ ˛*h1Y dhSbnaq -`*Y\bZ\ b`*bSbn /1Zn-SE ]\V* bm 3S,1jn a `\/Sb1WqYSH ˘ \h1Yd `*a]\`q3*bnaq /1Zn-*YS Z1W1-V\H ˘ *V Y\3Z\ Sa]\Wn4\,*bn a,\S /1Zn-SE hb\+m ]\Y\-*bn /`d-SYH

162 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


/1W*y V\]SpI

+p/31b Z* Y1aqg ]W*ZS`d1Ym1 `*af\/m

e*VbSh1aVS1 `*af\/m ˚˙

ı ...........................

ı ...........................

˙ ˚˝˙

...............................

...............................

˚ ˚

...............................

...............................

˛ ˚ ˚ )

/\f\/m ...............................

ı .............................

...............................

...............................

˚ ˚˝˚ )

˛ (

.................................

...............................

˝˚ )

˙ ˙ ˙ ˚

...............................

˙ ˚

...............................

˙ ˚

.................................

.................................

.................................

.................................

.................................

.................................

.................................

.................................

.................................

Sb\-\

Sb\-\

Sb\-\

0 .................................

0 .................................

0 .................................

*V `*a]\`q3*bnaq /1Zn-*YS -`*Y\bZ\H 163


Y\31bE ]1`11f*bn 4* -`*ZSgdH \`\y Y\W\/13n `,1baq 4* -`*ZSgdE hb\+m 4*`*+\b*bn /1Z1- /Wq a1+q SWS hb\+m ]\Y\hn `\/Sb1WqYD 1V\b\`m1 1/dbE hb\+m \a,\Sbn SZ\O ab`*ZZmy q4mVE ]`\/\W3Sbn \+`*4\,*ZS1 SWS hb\+m dybS \b ]`\+W1Y , a1Yn1D \W\/m1 f`SabS*Z1 SZ\-/* ]1`1143*pb , ab`*ZmE -/1 YZ\-S1 1k1 Z1 aWmj*WS +W*-dp ,1abnD 1`114/ 4* -`*ZSgd P a1`n14Z\1 /1W\E ]\ob\Yd Zd3Z\ ,a1 f\`\j1ZnV\ ,4,1aSbnD ˚aWS d b1+q 1abn 31W*ZS1 ]1`11f*bnE b\-/* ]\`*4YmjWqy Z*/ ]`S,1/1ZZmYS ZS31 ,\]`\a*YS S +S+W1yaVSYS abSf*YSD * WSab1 +dY*-S Z*]SjS \b,1bmD ˛*b1Y ]\Y\WSan S ]`SYS `1j1ZS1D ˚ *VS1 p`S/Sh1aVS1 e\`Y*WnZ\abS ]`S/1baq a\+WpabSH L SYWqZ*Y 57B5MD ˚ \ hb\ \+\y/1baq ]1`114/H L dVS 58B6<MD ˚ 4 h1-\ d31 a1yh*a ,S/Z\E hb\ q aY\-d \ a1+1 ]\4*+\bSbnaq 4* -`*ZSg1yH L `SbhS 57B8MD ˚ b\ YZ1 a\,1bdpb ,4`\aWm1 Wp/SE V\b\`m1 3SWS 4* -`*ZSg1yH L `SbhS 5B9MD ˚ *V V Y\SY ]W*Z*Y \bZ\aqbaq `\/Sb1WSH L `SbhS 67B66MD

˚ *VS1 d Y1Zq Y\bS,mH L *W*b*Y :B;E <MD ˚ ˚aWS YZ1 ]`S/1baq a V1YOb\ 3Sbn , \/Z\y V\YZ*b1E b\ V*V ob\ \b`*4Sbaq Z* Y\1Y \bZ\j1ZSS V /df\,Z\YdH L `SbhS 57B6>MD ˚ V*VSYS \]*aZ\abqYS , Y\`*WnZ\YE eS4Sh1O aV\Y S /df\,Z\Y ]W*Z1 q Y\-d ab\WVZdbnaqH L `SbhS 9B7E 8C 6;B56C 5 SY\e1p :B=E 5>MD

˚ *Vdp , /1yab,Sb1WnZ\abS ]\Wn4d q ,S3d , Y\1Y ]1`114/1 4* -`*ZSgdH L `SbhS 58B59MD


20

b\E 1aWS q S4 +1/Z\y a1YnSH `1-\` 3S,1b , \ab\hZ\y ˚,`\]1D ˚Yd Z1 ]\ V*`Y*Zd \/13/* S oW1Vb`\O ZSV*E ]`S,mhZm1 /Wq 1-\ a,1`abZSV\, Z* ˛*]*/1D `\,1Zn 3S4ZS Z*ab\WnV\ 1-\ d-Z1b*1bE hb\ \Z a\+S`*1baq ]1`1O 1f*bn , ,ab`SpD *V ]\Ob,\1YdE `1-\` +1/1ZH

ı O ˙* O 1b

* /`d-\Y V\Zg1 a,1b* , p3Z\O *e`SV*ZaV\y /1`1,djV1 3S,1b \S4\D ˚-\ a1Ynq pbSbaq , Z1O +\Wnj\y W*hd-1D \S4\ 4*,S/d1b -\`\/aVSY `1+qb*YE d V\b\`mf 1abn b*V*q w`\aV\jnxE V*V ,\/\O ]`\,\/ S oW1Vb`Sh1ab,\D *V Z*ah1b \S4\H Z +1/1ZH

O ˙*

O 1b

E +1/Z\abn P ]\ZqbS1 \bZ\aSb1WnZ\1D a1 4*,SO aSb \b b\-\E -/1 bm 3S,1jnD \31bE `1-\` S /dY*1bE hb\ \Z +1/1ZE Z\ ]\ a`*,Z1ZSp a \S4\ \Z +\-*hD ˚aWS S bm ahSb*1jn a1+q +1/ZmYE YmaWn \ b\YE hb\ /`d-S1 3S,db 1k1 fd31E ]`S,\/Sb , hd,ab,\D \Z1hZ\E 1aWS d b1+q Z1b ]`SWShZ\y \/13/mE hb\+m f\/Sbn , jV\WdE S b*VSf oW1Y1Zb*`Zmf d/\+ab,E V*V ,\/\]`\,\/E /Wq b1+q aW*+mY db1j1ZS1Y +d/1b b\E hb\ V\YdOb\ ]`Sf\O /Sbaq 1k1 bq31W11D \`\y Y\W\/m1 Wp/SE ,m`\ajS1 , +1/Z\abSE hd,O ab,dpb a1+q dk1YW1ZZmYS S Z1Zd3ZmYSD ,\S hd,O ab,* \ZS ab*`*pbaq 4*-WdjSbn *WV\-\W1Y S Z*`V\O bSV*YSD /Z*V\ ]\]mbV* dybS \b `1*WnZ\abS WSjn b\E 1aWS q S4 +1/Z\y a1YnSH 165


˚ ˛ "

1/Z*q ,/\,*

/Z*3/m Sada Z*+Wp/*WE V*V +\-*bm1 Wp/S \]daV*pb ]\31`b,\,*ZSq , a\ad/m a\V`\,SkZSgm f`*Y*D b\W]1 \Z 4*Y1bSW +1/Zdp ,/\,dE V\b\`*q +`\aSW* bd/* w/,1 Y1WVS1 Y\Z1bVSx L dVS 65B6MD Sada ]\f,*WSW 11 k1/`\abnD \h1YdH ˙`d-S1 w\]dO aV*WS ]\b\YdE hb\ d ZSf +mW S4WSj1VE * \Z*E f\bq S +mW* , Zd3/1E \]dabSW* ,a1E hb\ SY1W*E ,a1E hb\ d Z11 +mW\ Z* 3S4Znx L *`V* 56B88MD *V 31 WS bm g1ZSjn aWd31ZS1 \-dE V*V ob* 31ZkSZ*H f\bZ\ WS bm b`*bSjn Z* ob\ a,\1 ,`1Yq S /1Zn-SH \/\+Z\ +1/Z\y ,/\,1E bm Y\31jn 31`b,\,*bn Z* a\/1`3*ZS1 4/*ZSyE , V\b\`mf ]\O VW\Zqpbaq 1-\,1D *V31 Y\3Z\ `*af\/\,*bn ,`1Yq S /1Zn-SE hb\+m ]\Y\-*bn /`d-SY d4Z*,*bn SabSO Zd \ \-1D 1-\,* ,ma\V\ \g1ZSW b\ Y*W\1E hb\ ,/\,* \b/*W* Z* aWd31ZS1 1YdD ˚aWS Sa]\WO Z1ZS1 ,\WS \-* P -W*,Z\1 , b,\1y 3S4ZSE \Z \g1ZSb ob\ S +W*-\aW\,Sb b1+q L *be1q :B77MD


dad-d+Wq1b ]\W\31ZS1D \ ,`1Y1Z1Y a]S`bZ\1 wdVdaSbE V*V 4Y1qE S ]dabSb q/E V*V -*/pV*x L `SbhS 67B76MD (3Z\*e`SO V*ZV* *`SqE ,m`\aj*q , +1/Z\y Z1]\WO Z\y a1Yn1E 4*Y1bSW*B w \+1- \b `1*WnZ\O abS Z1 `1j*1b ]`\+W1YmE * WSjn a\4/*1b Z\,m1xD `1/]\W\3SYE bm Z1 ]`S+1-*O 1jn V *WV\-\Wp S Z*`V\bSV*YE Z\ ,a1 31 +\SjnaqE hb\ b*V ZSO V\-/* S Z1 ,m`,1jnaq S4 ZSk1O bmD b\ 31 /1W*bnH d/`m1 a\O ,1bm S+WSS ]\/\+Zm VWphdE \a,\+\3/*pk1Yd \b \V\, \bh*O qZSqD Sf ]\Y\knp Y\3Z\

\,1bm S+WSS P Z*dhSbnaq 4/`*,\ aY\b`1bn Z* ob\ VWphE \a,\O 3S4ZnD Ë™*,*y d4Z*1Y V*VD +\3/*pkSy \b \V\, \bh*qZSq 1ZSE hb\ SY11jn `13/1 ,a1-\ a\a`1/\b\hS,*yaq Z1 Z* b\YE h1-\ d b1+q Z1bE * Z* b\YE hb\ 1abnD *]`SY1`E d b1+q 1abn V`mj* Z*/ -\W\,\y S a1YnqE V\b\`*q b1+q Wp+SbE * ob\ /\`\31 Wp+mf /1Z1-I S+W1yaV*q Yd/O `\abn -W*aSbB w dhj1 \,\kZ\1 +Wp/\ S ]`S Z1Y WpO +\,nE h1Y \bV\`YW1ZZmy +mV S ]`S Z1Y Z1Z*,Sabnx L `SbhS 59B5;MD f`SabS*ZaV\y Y\W\/13S b*V31 1abn Z1hb\ \a\+1ZZ\1 P ]\//1`3V* ,a1YS`Z\-\ +`*bab,* L5 1b`* 6B5;MD \4Y\3Z\E ab\Sb b*V31 +\W11 ]\W\3Sb1WnZ\ aY\bO `1bn Z* b\E hb\ SY11baq , b,\1Y `*a]\`q31ZSSD Ë™\]dO abSYE d b1+q ]`\ab\1E Z1+W*-\dab`\1ZZ\1 3SWn1D Ë™\O ]dabSYE bm Z\aSjn ab*`dpE 4*W*b*ZZdp \/13/dD \31bE bm Y1hb*1jn \ +\W11 ,VdaZ\y 1/1D /Z*V\ Z1O \+f\/SY* WS abSWnZ*q \/13/* S jSV*`Zmy /\YE hb\O +m \- ahSb*W b1+q a,\SY /`d-\YH d3Z* WS S4maV*ZO Z*q 1/*E hb\+m 3Sbn S +mbn 4/\`\,mYH \Z1hZ\ Z1bI ]\ab\W *,1W V\1Oh1Yd Z*dhSWaq , ob\Y \bZ\j1ZSSD b\E 1aWS q S4 +1/Z\y a1YnSH 167


‘‘

\bq q dab*W \b ,1hZ\y +1/Z\abSE Z\ ,a1 31 ]\ZSY*WE hb\ ]`1abd]Zmy ]dbn P ,\,a1 Z1 ,mf\/D Z\-S1 Y\S a,1`abZSVSE Vb\ ]\//*Waq ob\Yd SaVdj1ZSpE WS+\ \]dabSWSan P ]npb S V\WpbaqE WS+\ 1\`-Sy aS/qb 4* `1j1bV\y

’’

Z 4Z*WE V*V\,\ +mbn S +\-*bmYE S +1/ZmY L SWS]O ]Syg*Y 8B56MD \Z ]`Sj1W V b*V\Yd ,m,\/dB w Y1q ]`\]Sb*ZS1E \/13/d S V`\,E Ym +d/1Y obSY /\,\WnZmx L5 SY\e1p :B<MD (3Z\*e`SV*Z1g 'W/`1/E ,m`\ajSy , Z1+\-*b\y a1Yn1E ,a]\YSZ*1bB w m ]`\ab\ aYS`SWSanE hb\ Z*/\ ]\bd31 4*bqZdbn ]\qa S 4*+mbn ]`\ a,\S tf\hdrxD \-O /* 1-\ jV\WnZm1 +`pVS SabS`*WSan /\ /m`E Y*Y* Sf jb\]*W* P ,Z\,nE ,Z\,n S ,Z\,nI w `Sf\/SW\anE V\O Z1hZ\E b1`]1bn Z*aY1jVSEP aV*4*W 'W/`1/DP \ ,\ ,aqV\Y aWdh*1 \/13/* +mW* hSab\y S 11 Y\3Z\ +mW\ Z\aSbnxD

*4,S,*y a*Y\d,*31ZS1 55OW1bZSy ˙31yYa a\ a,\1y Y*b1`np S a1ab`1ZV\y 3SW ]\/ •\f*ZZ1a+d`-\Y L( M ,\ ,`1Y1ZZ\Y W*-1`1E -/1 a1WSWSan +1/ZqVSD Y*b1`S*WnZ\Y ]W*Z1 d ZSf ]`*VbSh1aVS ZSh1-\ Z1 +mW\D ]`\h1YE d ˙31yYa* +mW\ Z1hb\ g1ZZ\1 P ,`1Yq ˛ ˚"& %DDD S aSWmE S \Z a `*/\abnp SaO ]\Wn4\,*W ob\E ]\Y\-*q /`dO `SY1Zqq +S+W1yaVS1 -SYD *3/dp Z1/1Wp Z* ]`SZgS]mE bm +d/1jn ,mf\/Zmf \Z +14,\4Y14/Z\ hd,ab,\,*bn /\,\WnO ]\Y\-*W Z* ab`\Sb1Wnab,1 ab,\E Z1aY\b`q Z* a,\S ˛*W* *`ab,* ,S/1b1W1y \+ab\qb1Wnab,* L SO WS]]Syg*Y 8B56E 57C 1-\,mD Y1ab\ b\-\ hb\+m 5 SY\e1p :B<C Y*qbnaq \b +14/1WnqE \Z 4*O ˚,`1qY 57B9MD ZSY*Waq ]\W14ZmY /1W\YE V\b\`\1 /*,*W\ 1Yd hd,ab,\

?

168 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


a*Y\d,*31ZSqD Z aV*4*WB Ëš w \b`d/S,jSan Z* aW*,dE ,1O 4+1-*y *4*`bZmf S-`E h1`\Y hd,ab,d1jn \-`\YZ\1 Vd`1ZSq S 4W\d]\b`1O d/\,W1b,\`1ZS1Ix +W1ZSq a]S`bZmYD ËšaWS \/q \b /\Y* V /\Yd a d b1+q , a1Yn1 Vb\Ob\ +W*-\y ,1abnpE bm a\,1`j*O ]`1/*1baq ]\/\+ZmY 1jn 1k1 \/Z\ /\+`\1 /1W\ 4*ZqbSqYE ]dabn b,\1 ]\,1/1ZS1 +d/1b /Wq L *be1q 68B58MD \/`*ab*pO ZSf ]`SY1`\YD k11 ]\V\W1ZS1 ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,m dh*ab,d1b , ob\Y /1O W1 S4 Y1aqg* , Y1aqgD ZS Z1adb Z*/13/d Z* Wdhjdp 3S4ZnE S ob\ `*4,S,*1b , ZSf hd,ab,\ a\+ab,1ZZ\-\ /\ab\SZab,*D `*,/*E 4* obd `*+\bd \ZS Z1 ]\Wdh*pb /1Z1-D \ ,a]\YZS aW\,* Sada*E \+`*k1ZZm1 V f`SabS*Z*Y , /`1,Z1Y -\`\/1 YS`Z1D ZS Z1 +mWS +\-*bm Y*b1`S*WnZ\E Z\ d ZSf +mWS ]`1V`*aZm1 /df\,Zm1 V*h1ab,*D \ob\Yd Sada SY aV*4*WB w) 4Z*p b,\S +1/m S ZSk1bd P ,]`\h1YE bm +\-*bxD V\Z1hZ\Y ah1b1E +W*-\/*`q b\Yd hb\ \ZS Z* /1W1 ]`\q,WqWS ,1`d , ]`\WSbdp V`\,n Sada*E \ZS

]W*Z /1yab,SyI b\ d Y1Zq 1abnB

Äą ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

*V q Y\-d Sa]\Wn4\,*bn ob\ Z* +W*-\ /`d-SfB ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................


=

r˙*31 ]`S S4\+SWSS ,a1-\ 3S4Zn h1W\,1V* Z1 4*,SaSb \b b\-\E hb\ \Z SY11bsD

dVS 56B59 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

\+`1WS ]`1,\af\/Z1yj11 +\-*bab,\ P ,1Z1g +1aaY1`O bSq L bV`\,1ZS1 6B=E 5>MD

Y\b`S /*Wnj1 \-*b bm SWS +1/1ZE \- 1-\,* -\b\, a b\+\y /`dO 3SbnD S+WSS aV*4*Z\B w \-*bmy S +1/Zmy ,ab`1bSO WSan /`d- a /`d-\YD \4/*,jSy Sf \+\Sf P 1-\,*x L `SbhS 66B6MD \ZSY*q ob\E bmaqhS pZmf ,S/1b1O W1y 1-\,m ]`1\/\W1,*pb oV\Z\YSh1aVS1 b`d/Z\abSD

ZS \a\4Z*pbE hb\ Z1 , +\-*bab,1 ah*abn1D h*abn1 ,\4Y\3Z\ b\WnV\ b\-/*E V\-/* h1W\,1V ab*Z\,Sbaq /`d-\Y 1-\,mE * \Z a `*/\abnp ]`SZSY*1b ,a1fE Vb\ f\h1b 1Yd aWd3SbnD \- /*1b Z*/13/d Z* 3S4Zn , +d/dO k1Y Z\,\Y YS`1E , V\b\`\Y d31 Z1 +d/1b -Z1bdk1y +1/Z\abS L6 1b`* 7B57C bV`\,1ZS1 65B7E 8MD ]\V* Yd/`\ ]\Wn4dyaq b1YE hb\ d b1+q 1abnD Y\bO `S , +d/dk11 a Z*/13/\yD \]S /df\,Zm1 a\V`\,Sk* L *be1q :B5=P65MD Z1 4*+m,*yE hb\ +1/Z\abn P Z1 b* ]`\+W1Y*E a V\b\`\y Z1,\4Y\3Z\ a]`*,SbnaqI

O ˚ H

˘ \h1Yd +1/Z\abn P ob\ ]\ZqbS1 \bZ\aSb1WnZ\1H ˘ \h1Yd Z1 ab\Sb df\/Sbn \b `1*WnZ\abSE ]`S+1-*q V *WV\-\WpE Z*`V\bSV*Y SWS h1YdOb\ /`d-\YdH ˘ b\ ]\Y\31b b1+1 a]`*,Wqbnaq a +1/Z\abnpH

170 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


5

˙˚ &

Y\y /Z1,ZSV

*]SjSE a V*V\y ]`\+W1Y\y , eSZ*Za\,mf ,\]`\a*f b1+1 b`d/Z11 ,a1-\ a]`*,WqbnaqD

ı

*V ]`\hSb*ZZ\1 , ob\Y `*4/1W1 ]\Y\31b b1+1 a]`*,Sbnaq a ob\y ]`\+W1Y\yH

171



˙ ˚

6

b,\Sf `\/Sb1W1y +\-*bmy 3S4Z1ZO Zmy \]mbD ZS ]`1\/\W1WS b`d/Z\abS ]1`1f\/Z\-\ ,\4`*ab*E ]1`13SWS ,a1 oY\gS\Z*WnZm1 S eS4S\W\-Sh1aVS1 ]1O `1Y1ZmD \ S/11E \ZS /\W3Zm ]\Y\hn , ob\Y S b1+1D /Z*V\ ]\/h*a `\/Sb1WS Z1 b\WnV\ Z1 ]\Y\-*pb `*4`1j*bn ]`\O +W1YmE Z\ S a*YS ]`1/ab*,Wqpb a\+\y ]`\+W1YdI \4Y\3Z\E bm ab*WVS,*1jnO aq a b1YE hb\ `\/Sb1WSDDD

ı O \ab\qZZ\ ]`S/S`*pbaq

O npb SWS d]\b`1+Wqpb Z*`V\bSVS O a1 ,`1Yq aa\`qbaq O *aab*WSan W*,m 65P69 ]\Y\-db b1+1 a]`*,Sbnaq a obSYS S /`d-SYS b`d/O Z\abqYSD

173


21

\/Sb1WS ]\ab\qZZ\ ]`S/S`*pbaqD *V +mbnH Z1 V*4*W\anE hb\ Y\q Y*Y* P ]`S`\3O /1ZZmy amkSVD Z* b\WnV\ S ,mSaVS,*W*E -/1 q /*W Y*fdD ˚k1 Z1 da]1p q ,m]\WZSbn ]\`dh1ZZdp YZ1 `*+\bd ]\ /\YdE V*V \Z* d31 aY\b`SbE -/1 hb\ Z1 b*VD W1+ \/Sb1WS ]\ab\qZZ\ b,1`/qbE hb\ q `*afWq+*ZZmyD \ dh1+1 P ]SWqbE ]\ /\Yd P ]SWqbE ]\ a\+`*ZSp P ]SWqbD 1 /*/db a,\+\/Z\ ,4/\fZdbn P ,1hZm1 Z\b*gSSI )V\,


˚"& WS bmE hb\E V*V ZS ab*`*yaqE `\/Sb1O WqY Z1 d-\/SbnH *31baq WS b1+1E +d/b\ \ZS ,a1 ]`\,1`qpb ]\/ Wd]\yB ,a1-/* aW1/qbE ]`S/S`*pbaq ‹ ]\ Y1W\h*Y S \+q4*b1WnZ\ Z*f\/qbE hb\ d b1+q Z1 , ]\`q/V1H b\ S4 ob\-\ b1+1 ]`Sf\/Sbaq aWmj*bn h*k1 ,a1-\H

ı O `S+1`San , V\YZ*b1I O mVWphS b1W1,S4\`I

O \3San a]*bnI O m ZSV\-/* Z1 ,ab*1jn ,\,`1YqI

*]SjSE V h1Yd b,\S `\/Sb1WS ]`S/S`*pbaq +\Wnj1 ,a1-\D

ı .................................................................................................. */\ ]`S4Z*bnE hb\E V\-/* b1+q /\ZSY*pb ]`SO /S`V*YSE ob\ /1yab,d1b Z* Z1`,mD \ ]\aY\b`S Z* aSbd*gSp , /`d-\Y a,1b1B 1aWS +m `\/Sb1WS ZSV\-O /* b1+q Z1 Sa]`*,WqWSE `*4,1 Y\3Z\ +mW\ +m aV*O 4*bnE hb\ \ZS \ b1+1 4*+\bqbaqH L˚,`1qY 56B<MD * a*Y\Y /1W1 4*Y1h*ZSq P ]`S4Z*V b\-\E hb\ `\/Sb1O WS b1+q Wp+qbD S+WSS -\,\`SbaqE hb\ w\b1g SaO ]`*,Wq1b Wp+SY\-\ amZ*x L `SbhS 7B56MD */dyaqE hb\ `\/Sb1WS V b1+1 Z1`*,Z\/djZmI a1Ob*VS bm Y\W\/ S \bZ\aSb1WnZ\ Z1\]mb1ZD *Z\ SWS ]\4/Z\ hb\Ob\ , b1+1 ]\Z*/\+Sbaq Sa]`*,SbnD 14 Z*ab*,W1ZSy b\+\y Y\-db W1-V\ \,W*/1bn w31W*O ZSqE a,\yab,1ZZm1 pZ\abSx L6 SY\e1p 6B66MD \ ob\ b*V Z1]`SqbZ\I \Z1hZ\E wWp+\1 Z*V*4*ZS1 , Z*ab\qk11 ,`1Yq V*31baq Z1 `*/\abnpE * ]1h*Wnpx L˚,`1qY 56B55MD 'b\ \a\+1ZZ\ ,1`Z\ , pZ\abSD \h1YdH ,\q WShO Z\abn 1k1 , ]`\g1aa1 e\`YS`\,*ZSqE bm b\WnV\ ]\4Z*1jn a1+qE ]\ob\Yd Wp+*q V`SbSV* , b,\y */`1a P ]dabn /*31 \+\aZ\,*ZZ*q S ,maV*4*ZZ*q b*VbShZ\ P b1+q a`*4d 31 4*/1,*1bD \/Sb1WS ]\ab\qZZ\ ]`S/S`*pbaqD *V +mbnH 175


'b\ ]\ZqbZ\D *Y\\g1ZV* \+mhZ\ ab`\Sbaq Z* b\YE hb\ \ b1+1 -\,\`qb /`d-S1E \a\+1ZZ\ `\/Sb1WSD ]`1VS S Z1/\,\Wnab,\ /1yab,dpb Z* b1+q d-Z1b*O pk1D ˚aWS `\/Sb1WS dV*4*WS b1+1 Z* ]*`d Z1/\ab*bO V\,E ab\Sb WS /dY*bnE hb\ \ZS ,a1-/* b\+\y Z1O /\,\WnZm S hb\ bm Z1dY1f*H 1bD /1*WnZmf WpO /1y Z1 +m,*1b L'VVW14S*ab ;B6>MD Ym ,a1 dhSYaq Z* a,\Sf \jS+V*f L \, :B68MD *V31 +m,*1bE hb\ `\/Sb1WS k1/`\ `*4/*pb ]\/4*bmWnZSVSE Z\ aVdO ]qbaq Z* ]\f,*WdD 'b\ Z1]`SqbZ\E \/Z*V\ S , b*V\Y aWdh*1 Z1 ab\Sb /dY*bnE hb\ bm 4*V\Zh1ZZmy Z1O d/*hZSVD b\ ab\Sb 4* V`SbSV\yH \`\y `\/Sb1WS ]`S/S`*pbaq Z1 ab\WnV\ ]\b\O YdE hb\ bm -/1Ob\ \]W\j*WE * ]\b\YdE hb\ \ZS a1-\/O Zq Z1 , Z*ab`\1ZSSD \31bE d Y*Ym +mW bq31Wmy /1ZnH WS 11 S4Y*bm,*1b +\W14ZnH \-/*E 1aWS V\YO Z*b* d b1+q Z1 a,1`V*1b hSab\b\yE Y*Y*E ,1`\qbZ\E ,m`*4Sb Z1/\,\Wnab,\D ˚aWS ]*]d -W\31b +1a]\V\yO ab,\ \ eSZ*Za*fE d Z1-\ Y\31b ,m`,*bnaq Z1\+/dO Y*ZZ\1 4*Y1h*ZS1E V\b\`\1 +\WnZ\ `*ZSb L `SbhS 56B5<MD \Z1hZ\E bq31W\E V\-/* V b1+1 Z1\+\aZ\O ,*ZZ\ ]`S/S`*pbaqD /Z*V\E ]\ab\qZZ\ /dY*qE hb\ a b\+\y \+\jWSan Z1O ˛ ˚"& %DDD a]`*,1/WS,\E bm 1k1 +\WnO j1 `*aab`\SjnaqD 1 ]`SO 1V\b\`mY `\/Sb1WqY /*,*y aWSjV\Y +\Wnj\-\ b`d/Z\ ]`\q,Wqbn WpO 4Z*h1ZSq `\/Sb1WnaVSY +\,n V a,\SY /1bqYE ]`\Y*f*YD \YZSB w m ,a1 ]\b\Yd hb\ \ZS a*YS h*ab\ \abd]*1YaqD ˚aWS Z1 ]\Wdh*WS /\ab*b\hZ\ Wp+,S S ]\ZSY*ZSq \b Vb\Ob\ Z1 \abd]*1baq , aW\O a,\Sf `\/Sb1W1yD ,1E b\ \Z h1W\,1V a\,1`j1ZO Zmyx L *V\,* 7B6MD

?

176 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


‘‘

V\WnV\ a1+q ]\YZpE Y*Y* Z* Y1Zq V`Sh*O W*E * q \-`m4*W*anD \ a1yh*a q ab*`*pan ]`SY1Zqbn a\,1bm S4 \3n1-\ W\,*D ZS 4/\`\,\ ]\Y\-*pbD *Y* ab*W* V\ YZ1 \bZ\aSbnaq ]\O/`d-\YdD ) b\31 ab*W* 11 Wdhj1 ]\ZSY*bnD *jS \bZ\j1ZSq *`WSZ b1]1`n -\`*4/\ +WS31

’’

*V Z1a\,1`j1ZZm1 Wp/SE b,\S `\/Sb1WSE ,\4O Y\3Z\E b\31 +\`pbaq a hd,ab,\Y Z1]\WZ\g1ZZ\O abSD ,\p Z1d/*hd \ZS Y\-db ,\a]`SZSY*bn V*V a,\pD m,*1bE Y*Y* `d-*1baq S4O4* ]W\fSf \bY1O b\VE Z\ ]`S ob\Y /dY*1bB w *,1`Z\E q ]W\f*q Y*bnE ]\b\Yd hb\ Z1 Y\-d ]`S,Sbn a,\1y /\h1`S SZb1`1a V dh1+1xD 1,\4YdbSY\abn ]\/ ]1`1V`1abZmY \-Z1Y b\ +m ZS ab\qW\ 4* V`SbSV\yE Z* Z11 Zd3Z\ ]`*,SWnZ\ `1*-S`\,*bnD `13/1 ,a1-\E Z1 /*,*y ,\O WS a,\1Yd ,\4Ydk1ZSpD `Sbh*f 5;B6; -\,\`SbO aqB w b\ a/1`3*Z , aW\,*fE b\b \+W*/*1b 4Z*ZS1YE S ]`\ZSg*b1WnZmy h1W\,1V Z1,\4YdbSY /df\YxD \ V*V a\f`*Zqbn Z1,\4YdbSY\abn ]\/ ]1`1V`1abZmY \-Z1Y `\/Sb1WnaVSf 4*Y1h*ZSyH \b Z1aV\WnV\ a\O ,1b\,D maWdj*yD 1 Z*hSZ*y a`*4d 31 \]`*,/m,*bnO aq SWS /\V*4m,*bn a,\p Z1,SZ\,Z\abnD `\q,S a*Y\\+W*/*ZS1 S ,maWdj*yE hb\ -\,\`qb b1+1 `\O /Sb1WSD *V\,E dh1ZSV `Sab*E ]\a\,1b\,*W f`SO abS*Z*Y +mbn waV\`mYS Z* aWmj*ZS1E Y1/W1ZZmO YS Z* aW\,*E Y1/W1ZZmYS Z* -Z1,x L *V\,* 5B5=MD ˚aWS bm Z*hZ1jn ]`1`1V*bnaqE \ZS ]\/dY*pbE hb\ bm Sf Z1 aWdj*1jnE S b1+1 ,W1bSb 1k1 +\Wnj1D `\*Z*WS4S`dyD Z\-/* Y\31b V*4*bnaqE hb\ 4*Y1h*ZS1 a/1W*Z\ Z1 \h1ZnOb\ Wp+14Z\D /Z*V\ \/Sb1WS ]\ab\qZZ\ ]`S/S`*pbaqD *V +mbnH 177


=

r \aWdj*1b Yd/`my S Wdhj1 da,\Sb Z*ab*,W1ZSqsD `SbhS 5B9 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

Wdhj1 a\a`1/\b\hnaq Z1 Z* b\YE V*V b1+1 aV*4*WSE * Z* b\YE hb\ aV*4*WSD ]`\aS a1+qB w b\ , obSf ]`SO /S`V*f /1yab,Sb1WnZ\ \+\aZ\,*ZZ\H \Wdh*W WS q ]\/\+Z\1 4*Y1h*ZS1 `*Znj1H b\ YZ1 ab\Sb ,mO ]\WZSbn Sf ]`\an+mHx 1 4*+m,*yE hb\ Sf +1a]\O V\yab,\ ]`\/SVb\,*Z\ Wp+\,npE /*31 1aWS , /*ZO Zmy Y\Y1Zb b1+1 b*V Z1 V*31baqD 1/n 1aWS +m \ZS b1+q Z1 Wp+SWSE b\ ,\\+k1 +m Z1 Z*V*4m,*WS L `SbhS 57B68MD 1`1e`*4S`dyD *V `\/Sb1WS ]\yYdbE hb\ /\ b1+q /\f\/qb Sf aW\,*H ,*3Sb1WnZ\ ]1`1aV*3S adbn Sf 4*Y1h*ZSqD *]`SY1`E Y*Y* -\,\`SbB w b,\1y V\YZ*b1 ,a1-/* +1a]\`q/\VD ˚aWS Z1 ]`SO +1`1jnaqE +d/1jn aS/1bn /\Y*Ix `1/]\W\3SYE bm Z1 a\-W*a1ZE hb\ , V\YZ*b1 ,a1-/* +1a]\`q/\VD

/Z*V\ ]1`1hSbn ,`q/ WS SY11b aYmaWD \ab*O `*yaq ,4-WqZdbn Z* aSbdO ˚ *gSp 11 -W*4*YSD 4+1-*q S`\ZSSE Y\3Z\ \b,1bSbnB b\+m a\,1bm \b `\/SO w \-W*a1ZE a1yh*a b*Y +1aO b1W1y ]`SZSY*bn +mW\ ]\`q/\VD \-/* YZ1 ]`SO W1-h1DDD +`*bnaq P a`*4d SWS ]\aW1 ˘ g1ZS ]\f,*WdE \+1/*Hx \-W*j*qan a +1aO V\b\`dp `\/Sb1WS ]\V\yab,\Y `\/Sb1W1yE bm ,maV*4m,*pb Z*`q/d aZSY1jn Z*]`q31ZS1D \O a 4*Y1h*ZSqYSC Z1hZ\E Z1 4*+d/n b*V31 ˘ ]1`1a]`*jS,*yE 1aWS a/1W*bn b\E hb\ b1+1 aV*4*O b1+1 Z1]\ZqbZ\E , h1Y WS L'e1aqZ*Y :B5MD SY1ZZ\ ]`\+W1Y* S V*V 11 Sa]`*,SbnD \/\3/SD `13/1 h1Y hb\Ob\ -\,\`Sbn , a,\1 \]O

178 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


`*,/*ZS1E Wdhj1 aZ*h*W* ,m]\WZSbn ]`\an+d `\O /Sb1W1yD w b\ a/1`3S,*1b a,\S dab*E ]\abd]*1b +W*-\`*4dYZ\xEP aV*4*Z\ , S+WSS L `SbhS 5>B5=MD ˚aWS `\/Sb1WS ,S/qbE hb\ bm aWdj*1jn SfE \ZSE aV\`11 ,a1-\E ,ZSY*b1WnZ11 \bZ1adbaq S V b,\SY aW\,*YD *]SjSE V*V\y S4 obSf h1bm`1f a\,1b\, \a\+1ZO Z\ *Vbd*W1Z , b,\1Y aWdh*1D ı ........................................ \+S`*y V`d]Sgm Yd/`\abS ˚aWS +m bm 4Z*WE hb\ , +\Wnj\y -`d/1 ]1aV* 1abn YZ\-\ V`d]Sg 4\W\b*E b\ +mW +m bm -\b\, ]`1b1`O ]1bn Z1d/\+ab,* S b`d/Z\abSE hb\+m Sf /\+mbnH \E a\-W*aZ\ S+WSSE 1abn b\E hb\ g1ZZ11 Wp+\-\ a\V`\O ,Sk*D 'b\ Yd/`\abn L `SbhS 7B57E 58MD *V 11 ]`SO \+`1abSH `Sbh*f 5=B6> -\,\`SbaqB w Wdj*y a\O ,1b S ]`SZSY*y Z*ab*,W1ZS1E hb\+m , +d/dk1Y bm ab*W Yd/`mYxD */\ ]`S4Z*bnE hb\ ]\Wdh*bn a\,1b S Z*ab*,W1ZS1 Z1 \h1Zn ]`SqbZ\D \ 1aWS , ]`S/S`O V*f S 4*Y1h*ZSqf Z*f\/Sbn V`d]Sgm Yd/`\abS S

]W*Z /1yab,SyI aW1/dpkSy `*4E V\-/* `\/Sb1WS +d/db Y1Zq `d-*bnE qDDD

ı ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

˚aWS YZ1 V*31baqE hb\ `\/Sb1WS Z1a]`*,1/WS,\ V\ YZ1 ]`S/S`*pbaqE qDDD ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................


bmaVS,*y , ]`S/S`V*f V`d]Sgm Yd/`\abSE S ]\WdhSjn b\E hb\ g1ZZ11 4\W\b*

]\b\Y ]`SY1Zqbn SfE b\ bm `*4/\+d/1jn Z*YZ\-\ +\W11 g1ZZ\1 a\V`\,Sk1E h1Y 4\W\b\D ˛Z*yE hb\ , b,\1y 3S4O ZS +d/1b 1k1 YZ\-\ a\,1b\,E 4*Y1h*ZSy S ]`S/S`\VD 1yh*a bm Sf aWmjSjn \b `\/Sb1W1y S dhSb1O W1yD \b\Y P \b `*+\b\/*b1W1y S /`dO -Sf Wp/1yD h*an ]`*,SWnZ\ Z* ZSf `1*-S`\,*bnE bm ]`1da]11jn , dh1+1E ab*Z1jn +\W11 g1ZZmY `*O +\bZSV\Y S ,\\+k1 +\W11 4`1W\y WShZ\abnpD ob\ ab\Sb Wp+mf 31`b, S Z1d/\+ab,I ˚˙ (#˚• ˚ */\1WS `\/Sb1WnaVS1 \-`*ZSh1ZSqH

*V a\f`*ZSbn `*/\abn S /*31 ]\WdhSbn +\Wnj1 a,\+\/mH

O ˚ H

˘ \h1Yd +m,*1b b`d/Z\ ]`SZSY*bn V`SbSVdH ˘ \h1Yd `\/Sb1WS Y\-db +mbn ]`S/S`hS,mYSH ˘ *V bm Y\31jn S4,W1hn ]\Wn4d S4 Sf a\,1b\,H

180 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


22

\h1Yd ab\WnV\ ]`*,SWH

*]SjS Z1V\b\`m1 ]`*,SW*E dab*Z\,W1ZZm1 b,\SYS `\/Sb1WqYSD a1-/* WS bm ahSb*1jn Sf ]`*,SW* a]`*,1/WS,mYSH *V\1 ]`*,SW\ b1+1 b`d/Z11 ,a1-\ a\+Wp/*bnH

ı ........................................ ............................................

O ˙*

O 1b

............................................


' Y\3Z\E ob\ Z1Wn4qE ob\ Zd3Z\DDD \/Sb1WnO aVS1 ]`*,SW* Y\-db V*a*bnaq ,m]\WZ1ZSq /\Y*jO ZSf 4*/*ZSy S `*+\bm ]\ /\YdD \/Sb1WS -\,\`qb b1+1E ,\ aV\WnV\ ,\4,`*k*bnaq /\Y\yE aV\WnV\ `*4O -\,*`S,*bn ]\ b1W1e\ZdE aV\WnV\ aS/1bn 4* V\Y]npO b1`\Y SWS aY\b`1bn b1W1,S4\`D `*,SW* Y\-db `*aO ]`\ab`*Zqbnaq Z* b,\1 ]\,1/1ZS1 Z1 b\WnV\ /\Y*E Z\ S , jV\W1D ZS Y\-db b*V31 V*a*bnaq ,m+\`* /`d41yD Ë™*,qb WS Z* b1+q `\/Sb1WnaVS1 4*]`1bmH \O aY\b`SE hb\ \+ ob\Y -\,\`qb /`d-S1 ]\/`\abVSD w 1Zq ]`\ab\ +1aSW\E hb\ `\/Sb1WS /SVb\,*WS YZ1E V\-/* ]`Sf\/Sbn /\Y\yI d31 ,a1-\ b\E hb\ /`d-SY Y\3Z\ -dWqbn /\]\4/Z*x L WW1ZMD w 3*aZ\E V\-/* ]`\aY*b`S,*pb b,\S 4,\ZVS Z* Y\+SWnZSVD \ YZ\y \+`*k*pbaqE V*V a `1+1ZV\YIx L'WS4*+1bMD w Z1 V*4*W\anE hb\ `\/Sb1WS ]mb*pbaq Sa]\`O bSbn Y\S \bZ\j1ZSq a `1+qb*YSD d/b\ \ZS Z1 f\O bqbE hb\+m d Y1Zq +mWS /`d4nqIx L SV\WnMD \bq ]\/`\abVS h*ab\ Z*`dj*pb `\/Sb1WnaVS1 4*]`1bmE Z\ ,a1 31 \+mhZ\ \ZS ]`S4Z*pbE hb\ a\O ,a1Y +14 ZSf P ZSV*VE SZ*h1 +d/1b ]\WZmy f*\aD \-/* ]\h1Yd Z1V\b\`m1 ]`*,SW* ,m4m,*pb b*V\1 \bb\`31ZS1H w) d31 Z1 `1+1Z\VIx \4Y\3Z\E bm ,\aab*1jn ]`\bS, ]`*,SWE ]\O aV\WnVd b1+1 V*31baqE hb\ a b\+\y \+`*k*pbaq V*V a Y*W1ZnVSYD \h1baq 4*q,SbnB w) d31 Z1 `1+1Z\VIx \ `\/Sb1WSE aV\`11 ,a1-\E ahSb*pbE hb\ ]`*,SW* aWd3*b b1+1 4*kSb\y S ]\Y\-*pb ]\/-\b\,Sbnaq V ,4`\aW\y 3S4ZSD mbn Y\31bE bm /dY*1jnE hb\ d31 w,m`\ax S4 obSf ]`*,SW S \ZS b1+1 w3YdbxD \b hb\ ]`\ a,\Sf 182 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


‘‘

Y\W\/\abS bm /dY*1jnE hb\ a*Ymy dYZmyD \ob\Yd ,mf\/Sjn S4 a1+qE V\-/* `\/Sb1WS b1+q , h1YOb\ \-`*ZShS,*pbD \ Z* a*Y\Y /1W1 Sf ]`*,SW* b\WnV\ 1-SZ* Z* ]\Wn4d

’’

`\/Sb1W1y aV*4*W* /1,djV* ]\ SY1ZS 1`b*B w ZS +d/b\ Z1 +mWS , Y\1Y ,\4`*ab1D Y1Zq Z1b ]`*,* -\O W\a*E ]`*,* ,m+\`*D ZS Z1 f\bqbE hb\+m q ,4`\aW1O W*xD *V 31 /dY*1b S WSa*B w \OY\1YdE `\/Sb1WS Z1 ]\ZSY*pbE hb\ YZ1 d31 ,\a1YZ*/g*bnE * Z1 /1aqbnD Z1 d31 Y\3Z\ /\,1`qbnIx

a\+1ZZ\ b`d/Z\ +m,*1b aYS`Sbnaq a b1YE hb\ b,\1Yd +`*bd SWS a1ab`1 /*pb +\Wnj1 a,\+\/mD a]\YSZ*q ]\/`\abV\,m1 -\/mE obnp -\,\`Sb \ a,\Sf YW*/jSf a1ab`*fB w˙1,h\ZV*Y ,a1 af\/SW\ a `dVIx \WZ*q a,\+\/*H \ZqbZ\E hb\ b1+1 Z1 b1`]Sbaq ab*bn a*Y\ab\O qb1WnZmY S +\Wnj1 Z1 \bhSbm,*bnaq ]1`1/ `\/SO b1WqYSD \ V h1Yd +m ]`S,1W* ]`13/1,`1Y1ZZ*q a,\+\/*H *,1`Z\E bm 4Z*1jn ]\/`\abV\,E V\b\O `mY ,a1 ]\4,\W1Z\B S/S VdO /* f\h1jnE -dWqy aV\WnV\ ˛ ˚"& %DDD f\h1jnE \+k*yaq a V1Y f\O

\-W*aZ\ SaaW1/\O h1jn S \/1,*yaq V*V f\O ,*ZSqYE V\-/* /1bS h1jnD V\`11 ,a1-\E Sf hd,ab,dpb 4*+\bWS,dpE `\/Sb1WqY wZ1V\-/*x 4*ZSO Z\ b,1`/dp `\/Sb1WnO Y*bnaq a,\SYS /1bnYSD aVdp `dVdE \ZS \+mhZ\ *V +m b\ ZS +mW\E a\O Wdhj1 dh*baqE +\W11 -W*aZ\ S+WSSE b*V\y ]\/O V\YYdZSV*+1WnZm S , g1W\Y +\W11 ah*abWS,mD f\/ V ,\a]Sb*ZSp Z1 ]`SO ,1/1b ZS V h1Yd f\`\j1Yd

?

\h1Yd ab\WnV\ ]`*,SWH 183


L `SbhS 6=B59MD Z\-S1 Wp/S , /1bab,1 +mWS ]`1O /\ab*,W1Zm a*YSY a1+1 SE ab*, ,4`\aWmYSE ]\O ]`13Z1Yd /dY*pb b\WnV\ \ a1+1D \ob\YdOb\ Ym S 3S,1Y , b*V\Y +14/djZ\Y YS`1 L6 SY\e1p 7B5P9MD Y1ab\ b\-\ hb\+m 4*,S/\,*bn a,1`abZSV*YE V\O b\`mY ,a1 Y\3Z\E aY\b`S Z* ]`*,SW* V*V Z* /\V*O 4*b1Wnab,\ Wp+,S S 4*+\bm a,\Sf `\/Sb1W1yD ab*O Z*,WS,*q `*4dYZm1 \-`*ZSh1ZSqE \ZS ]\/`*3*pb \-d 1-\,1D Z aV*4*W a,\1Yd Z*`\/dB w */1Wp b1O +q ]\ZSY*ZS1YE Z*ab*,Wp Z* ]dbnE ]\ V\b\`\Yd b1O +1 S/bSD ˙*Y a\,1b S +d/d Z*+Wp/*bn 4* b\+\yx L a*O W\Y 76B<MD \ V*V +mbnE 1aWS V*31baqE hb\ ]`*,SW h1`1ahd` YZ\-\H *V \+W1-hSbn a1+1 3S4ZnH Wph V a1`/gd `\/Sb1W1y ˚aWS f\h1jn ]`\k1 aY\b`1bn Z* 4*]`1bm SWS /*31 ]\WdhSbn +\Wnj1 a,\+\/mE Z*dhSan \+k*bnaq a `\/Sb1WqYSD \E ,\4Y\3Z\E bm aV*31jnB w) ]mO b*Waq ]\-\,\`SbnE Z\ ,a1 +14 b\WVdIx \-/* ]\/dO Y*yB Y\31bE Z*/\ Z*ybS V ZSY ]\/f\/H +k1O ZS1 P ob\ VWph V b\YdE hb\+mB 5M `\/Sb1WS ]\ZqWS b,\S +1a]\V\yab,* S 6M bm ]\ZqWE ]\h1Yd `\/Sb1O WS b1+1 , h1YOb\ \bV*4m,*O pbD \h1jnE hb\+m `\/Sb1O ˚ WS \bZ\aSWSan V b1+1 V*V V ˚aWS f\h1jnE hb\+m ,4`\aW\YdE b\-/* dhSan ,1O `\/Sb1WS /*WS b1+1 abS a ZSYS /S*W\-D *VH +\Wnj1 a,\+\/mE a\+WpO hSan a/1`3S,*bn hd,O /*y Sf ]`*,SW*D *V bm ab,*D \Zab`dVbS,Z\1 \+O 4*,\p1jn f\`\jdp `1O ]db*gSp SE aV\`11 ,a1-\E k1ZS1 b`1+d1b a*Y\\+W*O \ZS +\Wnj1 +d/db b1+1 /*ZSqD S+WSS -\,\`SbO ]\4,\WqbnD aqB w Wd]my ,1an a,\y /df ,m]W1aVS,*1bE * Yd/`my

184 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


\+Wp/*bn `\/SO b1WnaVS1 ]`*,SW* P V*V ,m]W*hS,*bn V`1/SbD ˚aWS w]W*bSjnx Sa]`*,Z\E /\,1`Sq +\Wnj1

f`*ZSb 1-\ a]\V\yZmY /\ V\Zg*x L `SbhS 6=B55MD \ob\Yd Z1 fZmhn S Z1 ,1/S a1+q V*V V*]`S4Zmy `1+1Z\VD *V +m b1+1 ZS f\b1W\an fW\]Zdbn /,1`np S Z*/dbnaqE a/1`3S a1+qD Z*h1 bm Z1 /\+n1jnaq a,\+\/mE ob\ WSjn ]`S,1/1b V 1k1 +\WnjSY \-`*O ZSh1ZSqYD \ab*,n a1+q Z* Y1ab\ `\/Sb1W1yD (Z*q f`SabS*ZV* `1yaS ,m`\aW* , Z1]\WZ\y a1Yn1D

Z* ]\/1WSW*anB w \-/* Y*Y* hb\Ob\ 4*]`1k*1bE q a]`*jS,*p a1+q ]\h1YdH YZ1 ab*Z\,Sbaq ]\ZqbZ\E hb\ \Z* f\h1b ,m`*abSbn S4 Y1Zq f\O `\j1-\ h1W\,1V*x L `SbhS 7B5E 6MD *V\1 \bZ\j1O ZS1 ]\Y\-*1b /\abShn ,4*SY\]\ZSY*ZSq a `\/Sb1O WqYSD `1/]\W\3SYE \ZS Z1 `*4`1j*pb b1+1 Vd/*Ob\ af\/Sbn a /`d4nqYSD Y1ab\ b\-\ hb\+m a]\`SbnE a]`\aSB w 1aWS Ym ]\4\,1Y a a\+\y b\-\E V\Yd ,m /\,1`q1b1Hx \ /*31 , ob\Y aWdh*1 `\/Sb1WS Y\-db b1+q Z1 \b]dabSbnD /Z*V\E ]\ZSY*q ]`ShSZd Sf \h1Yd ab\WnV\ ]`*,SWH 185


/1yab,Sb1WnZ\ WS ob\ Z1a]`*,1/WS,\H w \h1Yd 1Yd Y\3Z\E * YZ1 Z1Wn4qHx Z\-/* V*31baqE hb\ b`1+\,*ZSq `\/Sb1W1y Z1 ,a1-/* \/SZ*V\,m ]\ \bZ\j1O ZSp V b1+1 S b,\SY +`*bnqY S a1ab`*YD \ 4Z*1jnE \/SZ*V\O ,\abn Z1 ,a1-/* \4Z*h*1b a]`*,1/WS,\abn S a]`*,1/WS,\abn P \/SZ*V\,\abnD ˛*/dY*yaqB `*4,1 \ b,\Sf Zd3/*f Z1 4*+\bqbO aqH *]`SY1`E Z1d31WS `\/Sb1WS Z1 ]`S/db b1+1 Z* ]\Y\knE 1aWS ]\Z*/\+Sbaq Sf a\,1b SWS ]\//1`3V*H \-/* h1abZ\ WS +d/1b -\,\`SbnE hb\ a b\+\y \+`*k*pbaq Z1a]`*,1/WS,\H b1+q S d b,\Sf +`*bn1, S a1ab1` `*4Zm1 ]\b`1+Z\abSE ]\ob\O Yd ]`\ab\ Z1,\4Y\3Z\E hb\+m `\/Sb1WS ,a1-/* 4*+\bSWSan \ ,*a \/SZ*V\,\D 5<OW1bZqq 1b ]\ZqW* ob\D Z* aV*4*W*B w m a +`*b\Y a\,1`j1ZZ\ `*4Zm1E S V Z*Y Zd31Z +mW `*4O Zmy ]\/f\/D b`*ZZ\E hb\ q ob\-\ Z1 ]\ZSY*W* `*Znj1xD

+1a]\V\yab,*E bm aY\31jn ]`1/W\3Sbn ,*`S*ZbE V\b\`myE ,\4Y\3Z\E Sf dab`\SbD ˛*,\1,m,*y /\,1`S1 `\/Sb1W1yD `1/ab*,nE hb\ , +*ZV1 bm ,4qW /1Zn-S , /\W-D ˚aWS bm ,\,`1Yq /1W*1jn ,m]W*bmE b\ ,\y/1jn , /\,1`S1 S , aW1/dO ‹ pkSy `*4 aY\31jn ]\WdhSbn 1k1 +\Wnjdp adYYdD *V 31 S /\Y*D ,\y /\W- P aWdj*bnaq `\/Sb1W1yD ˚aWS ,S/Z\E hb\ Z* b1+q Y\3Z\ ]\W\3Sbnaq P /*O 31 , Y*W\YEP b\ /\,1`S1 V b1+1 ,\4`*ab1bD \ 1aWS bm ]\ab\qZZ\ ]\/,\/Sjn `\/Sb1W1yE b\ b1Y a*YmY `*ab`*hS,*1jn V`1/Sb Sf /\,1`SqD \-/* bm Z*`djSW ]`*,SW\ *Z\ SWS ]\4/Z\ bm Z*`djSjn V*V\yOb\ 4*]`1bB WS+\ ]`S/1jn /\Y\y Z1 ,\,`1YqE WS+\ hb\Ob\ Z1 a/1W*1jn ]\ /\YdE WS+\ aWSjV\Y /\W-\ +d/1jn -\O 186 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am

' ' ˚ ˚ ˝˚ ˝˚ ˚# ˚ ) ˚# ˚ ) ˚ ˚ 5E 5E ˚ ˚ 77


,\`Sbn ]\ b1W1e\Zd L a*W\Y 57>B7MD `S/1baq \+lO qaZqbnaqD *V Z1 a\4/*bn a1+1 1k1 +\Wnj1 Z1]`SqbO Z\ab1yH *aaV*3S ]`*,/dD 1yh*a Z1 ,`1Yq ]dO aV*bn , f\/ ,\\+`*31ZS1 P SZ*h1 b\WnV\ dZShb\3Sjn \ab*bVS Sf /\,1`SqD d/n h1abZmY S `*aaV*3SE hb\ SY1ZZ\ aWdhSW\an L `SbhS 6<B57MD 1 \]`*,/m,*yaq S Z1 ]`1dY1ZnO j*y a,\p ,SZdD a1-/* ]\YZSE hb\ wV`\bVSy \b,1b \b,`*k*1b q`\abnx L `SbhS 59B5MD ‹

4,SZSanD ˚aWS bm ]`S4Z*1jnE hb\ `*aab`\SW `\/Sb1W1yE /\ab*,SW SY +1aO ]\V\yab,\ SWS ]`S+*,SW fW\]\bE b\E ,\4Y\3Z\E ob\ aYq-hSb Z*V*4*ZS1D

/Z*V\ b,\1 a\3*W1ZS1 /\W3Z\ +mbn SaV`1ZZSYD YS`San a ]\aW1/ab,SqYS L *O W*b*Y :B;MD Z*h*W1 ,a1-/* f\h1baq

]W*Z /1yab,SyI ˚aWS q Z*`djd `\/Sb1WnaV\1 ]`*,SW\E b\ aV*3dDDD

ı ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

b\+m 4*,\1,*bn /\,1`S1 `\/Sb1W1yE qDDD ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................


=

r bS \bg* S Y*bnDDD b\+m b1+1 +mW\ f\`\j\sD 'e1aqZ*Y :B6E 7 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

\a]\`Sbn Z*V*4*ZS1E \a\+1ZZ\ 1aWS \Z\ V*31baq Z1a]`*,1/WS,mYD /Z*V\ dY1ZS1 \b,1h*bn 4* a,\S /1yab,Sq P ]`S4Z*V 4`1W\abSD *Y\1 Wdhj11E hb\ bm Y\31jn a/1W*bnE ob\ ]\]mb*bnaq ,Z\,n 4*,\1O ,*bn /\,1`S1 `\/Sb1W1yD *]SjSE V*V\y S4 ,mj1d]\YqZdbmf b`1f ]dZO Vb\, /*1baq b1+1 b`d/Z11 ,a1-\D ı ................................. \YZSE hb\ `\/Sb1WS b1+q V\Zb`\WS`dpb ]\b\O YdE hb\ ob\ Sf \+q4*ZZ\abnD 1 4`q , S+WSS d]\O YSZ*1baq 4*]\,1/n \bg* S 4*V\Z Y*b1`S L `SbhS :B6>MD /Z*V\ Z1 /dY*yE hb\ `\/Sb1WnaVS1 ]`*,SW* Sa]\`bqb b1+1 3S4ZnD *]`\bS,E 1-\,* f\h1bE hb\O +m bm ]\/hSZqWaq `\/Sb1WqY S , V\Z1hZ\Y ah1b1 wb1+1 +mW\ f\`\j\xI L'e1aqZ*Y :B5P7MD ˚˙ (#˚• ˚ b\ /1W*bnE 1aWS Vb\Ob\ S4 `\/Sb1W1y

]n1b SWS ]`SZSY*1b Z*`V\bSVSH

O ˚ H

˘ \h1Yd `\/Sb1WS ]\`\y h`14Y1`Z\ b1+q \]1V*pbH ˘ \h1Yd bm SZ\-/* aWSjV\Y \ab`\ `1*-S`d1jn Z* `\/Sb1WnaVS1 4*]`1bmH ˘ *V b1+1 Z*W*/Sbn \+k1ZS1 a `\/Sb1WqYSH

188 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


]\-\,\`S a `\/Sb1WqYSI /,df ]`1/m/dkSf -W*,*f Ym \+ad/SWSE V*V `1*-S`\,*bn Z* `\/Sb1WnaVS1 ]`S/S`VS S 4*]`1bmD ˚aWS b1+1 V*31baqE hb\ b,\S `\/Sb1WS , obSf ,\]`\a*f ]1`1-S+*pb ]*WVdE V*V a ZSYS \+ ob\Y ]\-\,\`SbnH ˘ m+1`S ]\/f\/qkSy Y\Y1ZbE V\-/* bm , Z*ab`\1ZSS S `\/Sb1WS Z1 4*ZqbmD ˘ maV*3San a]\V\yZ\E a1`/1hZ\ S a /\W3ZmY d,*31ZS1YD

˚aWS V*31baqE hb\ `\/Sb1WS V b1+1 ]`S/S`*pbaqE Y\3Z\ aV*4*bnB w) f\b1W +m ]\-\,\`Sbn \+ \/Z\y ]`\+W1Y1D \ZSY*1b1E q ab*`*pan ]\abd]*bn ]`*,SWnZ\E Z\ ob\ b`d/Z\E V\-/* b1+q ,a1 ,`1Yq \/1`-S,*pbDDDx *]SjSE V*V bm Z*h*W +m `*4-\,\` a `\/Sb1WqYS Z* obd b1YdD

ı ........................................................................................... ˚ B b\+m Z*h*bn `*4-\,\`E ,\a]\Wn4dyaq 65Oy -W*,\y ob\y VZS-SD \31bE `\/Sb1WS a\-W*aqbaq \+ad/Sbn 11 ,Y1ab1 a b\+\yD

˚aWS V*31baqE hb\ `\/Sb1WS h1`1ahd` b1+q \-`*ZShSO ,*pbE Y\3Z\ aV*4*bnB w) f\hdE hb\+m YZ1 Y\3Z\ +mW\ /\,1`qbn S /*,*bn +\Wnj1 a,\+\/mD b\ YZ1 /Wq ob\-\ a/1W*bnHx *]SjSE V*V bm Z*h*W +m `*4-\,\` a `\/Sb1WqYS Z* obd b1YdD

ı ........................................................................................... ˚ B *y/S , ]1`,\Y b\Y1 -W*,d 7D ˛*]SjS ,\]`\amE V\b\`m1 d b1+q ,\4ZSVZdb ,\ ,`1Yq hb1ZSqD


23

˚aWS `\/Sb1WS ]npb SWS ]`SZSY*pb Z*`V\bSVSH *]* aV*4*WE hb\ +d/1b `1Y\ZbS`\,*bn Y*jSZdE S ]`\]*W Z* ,1an /1ZnD *Y* ]mO b*W*an /\ Z1-\ /\4,\ZSbnaqE Z\ \Z Z1 +`*W b`d+VdD ) 4*Y1bSW*E hb\ Y*Y* ]1`13S,*1b S Vd/*Ob\ a\+S`*1baqD w m Vd/*Hx P w \y/d ]\Skd ]*]dxD

Z* ,1`ZdW*an \/Z*D w d hb\ P \Z b*YHx P w 1bxD \-/* q ]\ZqW*E hb\ ]*]* ,4qWaq 4* ab*`\1D

]qbn ,a1 b\ 31 a*Y\1D ˙1W\ , b\YE hb\ d Y\1-\ \bg* ]`Sab`*abS1 V Z*`V\bSV*YD \-/* \Z Z*V\Z1g ]`Sj1W /\Y\yE d Z*a a Y*O Y\y Z1`,m +mWS Z* ]`1/1W1D 1an aW1/dpkSy /1Zn q a ZSY Z1 `*4-\,*`S,*W*E Z\ b1]1`n `d-*p a1+q 4* ob\D *`SZ*E 58 W1b


% ]\/`\abV\, 3S,db , ]\ab\qZZ\Y V\jO Y*`1 S4O4* b\-\E hb\ \/SZ S4 `\/Sb1W1y ]n1b SWS ]`SZSY*1b Z*`V\bSVSD ˚aWS ]\/\+Z\1 ]`\Saf\/Sb , b,\1y a1Yn1E bmE ,\4Y\3Z\E abm/Sjnaq `\/Sb1W1y S /*31 Z* ZSf 4WSjnaqD *]`SY1`E \b1g *`SS Z* Wp/qf +mW YSW1yO jSY h1W\,1V\YE Z\ ZSVb\ Z1 4Z*WE hb\ \Z ]n1bD ˙\O Y* \Z \aV\`+WqW 31Zd S /1b1y S ,aqh1aVS Z*/ ZSYS S4/1,*WaqD w *Y ,a1-/* -\,\`SWSB t fE V*V\y d ,*a 4*Y1h*b1WnZmy ]*]*I *Y b*V ]\,14W\IrxEP a -\`1O hnp ,a]\YSZ*1b *`Sq1D b\ /1W*bnE 1aWS Vb\Ob\ S4 b,\Sf `\/Sb1W1y b\31 ]`Sab`*abSWaq V Z*`V\bSV*Y SWS a]S`bZ\YdH

\Zqbn ]`\+W1Yd ˙Wq Z*h*W* ]\ab*`*yaq ]\Zqbn ]`\+W1Yd a,\1-\ `\/Sb1WqD w \ZSY*pkSy Z*y/1b dY1W\1 `dV\,\/O ab,\xEP -\,\`Sbaq , `Sbh*f 5B9D mW\ +m Z1]W\f\ d4Z*bnE hb\ b*V\1 *WV\-\WnZ*q SWS Z*`V\bSh1aV*q 4*,SaSY\abnE d V\-\ \Z* ,\4ZSV*1b S ]\h1YdD b\Sb 4*Y1bSbnE hb\ *WV\-\WSV P ob\ Z1 b\bE Vb\ ]`\ab\ SZ\-/* Z*]S,*1baq2D WV\-\WS4Y P ob\ +\O W14Z1ZZ\1 ]`Sab`*abS1 V a]S`bZ\YdD b`*/*pkSy obSY 4*+\W1,*ZS1Y h1W\,1V Z1 Y\31b /dY*bn ZS \ h1Y /`d-\Y SE 1aWS Z*hZ1b ]SbnE Z1 , aSW*f \ab*Z\O ,SbnaqD Sb\-1 ab`*/*1b 1-\ 4/\`\,n1E a1Ynq S `*O +\b*D \bq Z1V\b\`m1 ]`1/`*a]\W\31Zm V *WV\-\WnO Z\y 4*,SaSY\abSE Z1Y*W\,*3Zdp `\Wn S-`*1b oY\O gS\Z*WnZ\1 a\ab\qZS1 h1W\,1V*D *VE d YZ\-Sf *WV\-\WSV\, ZS4V*q a*Y\\g1ZV* L `SbhS 58B57MD 1 ˚aWS bm ab`*/*1jn S4O4* ]npk1-\ `\/Sb1WqE ab\Sb SaV*bn ]\Y\kSD \-\,\`S a\ ,4`\aWmYE V\b\`\Yd Y\3Z\ /\,1`SbnaqD ˚aWS bm ,S/1O b1Wn 1-\,mE \+`*bSan V ab*`1yjSZ1 SWS /`d-\Yd 4`1W\Yd f`SabS*O ZSZdD 2 \bq \+ *WV\-\WSV*f S Z*`V\Y*Z*f Ym -\,\`SY , Yd3aV\Y `\/1E ]`SZgS]m S4 ob\y -W*,m ]`SY1ZSYm S V 31ZkSZ*YD

˚aWS `\/Sb1WS ]npb SWS ]`SZSY*pb Z*`V\bSVSH 191


‘‘

Z1 1k1 Z1 `*4 ]`S/1baq V`*aZ1bn 4* a,\Sf `\/Sb1W1yD \ q b\hZ\ 4Z*pB 1aWS ]\W*-*bnaq Z* 1-\,dE \Z YZ1 *V*` ]\Y\31b ,a1 ]1`1Z1abS

’’

1V\b\`m1 a*YS ,m`\aWS , a1Yn1 *WV\-\WSV\,D mO ]S,V\y \ZS ]mb*pbaq \+W1-hSbn +\Wn \b ]\Wdh1ZO Zmf , /1bab,1 /dj1,Zmf b`*,YD \ 31 a*Y\1 Y\3Z\ aV*4*bn S \ ]`Sab`*abSS V Z*`V\bSV*YD \ *WV\-\Wn S Z*`V\bSVS WSjn dad-d+Wqpb ]`\O +W1Ym P b`*,YS`\,*ZZ*q ]aSfSV* h1W\,1V* ab`*O /*1b 1k1 +\Wnj1D \b ]\h1YdE hb\+m ]\`,*bn a 4*,SaSY\abnpE b,\1Yd \bgd SWS Y*b1`S Y\31b ]\O Z*/\+Sbnaq ]\Y\kn a]1gS*WSab\, S ]`\/\W3SO b1WnZ\1 W1h1ZS1D

1 \3S/*bn Z1,\4Y\3Z\-\

b b\-\E hb\ bm ]\ZqW ]`\+W1YdE \Z* Z1 Sah14O Z1bD ,a1 31E 1aWS bm Wdhj1 ]\yY1jn Z1/d- a,\1-\ ‹ `\/Sb1WqE bm aY\31jn \bZ\aSbnaq V Z1Yd a +\WnO jSY a\hd,ab,S1YD `1/ab*,nE hb\ b,\y \b1g aW\Y*W Z\-dD b*W +m bm \3S/*bnE hb\ \Z ]\y/1b S-`*bn a b\+\y , edb+\WH 1aWS \Z ]\WdhSW obd b`*,O Yd ]\ a\+ab,1ZZ\y -Wd]\O ˛ ˚"& %DDD abSH \Z1hZ\E \+S/Z\D \ S+WSS aW\,\ whbSbnx ]\V* ]1`1W\Y Z1 a`*ab1bO h*ab\ \4Z*h*1b ]`S4Z*O aqE \b1g ,`q/ WS aY\31b S-O ,*bn 4*V\ZZdp ,W*abn `*bn a b\+\y , YqhD \Zq, L'e1aqZ*Y :B5E 6MD \O ob\E bm Z1 +d/1jn \3S/*bn hb1ZS1 V `\/Sb1WqY Z1 Z1,\4Y\3Z\-\D \4Z*h*1bE hb\ bm /\WO 31Z ,a1-/* \/\+`qbn \hZ\ b*V 31E 1aWS b,\y Sf ]\abd]VSD ]*]* SWS Y*Y* ]`Sab`*O abSWSan V *WV\-\Wp SWS

?

192 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


˚ ˛ "

˚41VSq ˚41VSq ab\qW Z* `*a]dbn1D ˚Yd b\WnO V\ 69 W1bE * \Z d31 ,4\j1W Z* Sd/1yaVSy ]`1ab\WD *VSY +d/1b 1-\ ]`*,W1ZS1H \y/1b WS \Z ]\ ab\]*Y a,\1-\ \bg*E Z1h1abS,\-\ g*`q f*4*H \b +mW ,1`\O \babd]ZSV\Y ,]W\bn /\ a*Y\y aY1`bS S `*a]`\O ab`*ZqW ]\VW\Z1ZS1 W31+\-*YD Z \aV,1`ZSW f`*Y 1-\,m S /*31 dY1`b,SW ]\ Y1Znj1y Y1`1 \/Z\-\ S4 +`*bn1, ˚41VSSE ]`1/*, \-Zp Z* q4mh1aV\Y 31`bO ,1ZZSV1 L6 1b\]San 6<B5P 8MD \ Z1h1abS1 f*4* Z1 \bb\WVZdW\ pZ\-\ ˚41VSp \b ]\VW\Z1ZSq 1-\,1D

Z Z1 ahSb*WE hb\ 1Yd ad3/1Z\ ]\,b\`qbn \jS+VS \bg*D Z w/1`3*Waq 1-\,mx L6 *`1y 5<B:MD ˚aWS b,\y \b1g SWS Y*bn ,maY1S,*1b SabSZdE S4O /1,*1baq Z*/ hW1Z*YS a1YnSE ]n1b SWS ]`SZSY*1b Z*`V\bSVSE b\ Z1 /dY*yE hb\ bm \+q4*Z ]\,b\`qbn Sf \jS+VSD ˚41VSq Z1 ]\4,\WSWE hb\+m bW1b,\`Z\1 ,WSqZS1 a1YnS `*4`djSW\ 1-\ 3S4ZnD \W11 b\-\E \ ˚41VSS aV*4*Z\E hb\ wZ1 +mW\ b*V\-\E V*V \ZE a`1/S ,a1f g*`1y d/m ZS /\ Z1-\E ZS ]\aW1 Z1-\x L6 *`1y 5<B9MD ˚aWS S bm +d/1jn w/1`3*bnaq 1-\,mxE b\ \+`1b1jn ah*abn1E Z1aY\b`q Z* Z14/\`\,my VWSY*b , a1Yn1D


hSb*yE hb\ 4*,SaSY\abn P ob\ b`*,Y*E S bm Z1 +d/1jn \3S/*bn \b a,\1-\ `\/Sb1Wq Z1,\4Y\3Z\-\

Z*`V\bSV*YE Y\3Z\ aV*O 4*bnE hb\ \ZS Y\`*WnZ\ S oY\gS\Z*WnZ\ b`*,YSO `\,*ZmD ]\`d Z1bE ob\ Sf a\+ab,1ZZ*q ,SZ*D m ,]\WZ1 a]`*,1/WS,\ Z1-\O /d1jn S4O4* Sf -Wd]\-\ ]\,1/1O ZSqD /Z*V\E Z1 ,mW1hS, a,\y w]1`1O W\YxE \ZS ,`q/ WS +d/db /Wq b1+q f\`\jSYS S 4*+\bWS,mYS `\/Sb1WqO YSD hSb*yE hb\ Sf ]`Sab`*abS1 P ob\ b`*,Y*E \-`*ZShS,*pk*q /11a]\a\+O Z\abnD \-/* bm +d/1jn +\W11 `1*WSabShO ZmY , a,\Sf \3S/*ZSqfD

b\ 4*,SaSb \b b1+q \V* `\/Sb1WS Z1 ]`S,1/db a,\p 3S4Zn , ]\`qO /\VE b1+1 ]`S/1baq a obSY V*VOb\ YS`SbnaqD b\ b1O +1 ]\Y\31bH 1 ,4,*WS,*y \b,1bab,1ZZ\abn Z* a1+qD ,\y `\/Sb1Wn P S b\WnV\ \ZI P , \b,1b1 4* a,\1 ]`SO ab`*abS1D w *3/my ]\Z1a1b a,\p Z\jdxEP aV*4*O Z\ , *W*b*Y :B9D m Z1 \+q4*Z W1hSbn 1-\ S S4O +*,Wqbn \b ]\aW1/ab,Sy d]\b`1+W1ZSq *WV\-\Wq SWS Z*`V\bSV\,D *]`SY1`E bm Z1 \+q4*ZE ,m-\`*O 3S,*q `\/Sb1WqE W-*bn 1-\ Z*h*WnZSVd SWS dVW*/mO ,*bn 1-\ , V`\,*bnE 1aWS \Z , +1a]*Yqbab,1 W13Sb Z* ]\WdD 194 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


=

r \ZSY*ZS1 a/1`3S,*1b -Z1, h1W\,1V*sD `SbhS 5=B55 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

\+d/S 1-\ \+`*bSbnaq 4* ]\Y\knpD \`\y a*Y*q +\Wnj*q ]`\+W1Y* *WV\-\WSV* SWS Z*`V\Y*O Z* P b\E hb\ \Z Z1 ahSb*1b a1+q b*V\,mYD ˙`d-\y `\/Sb1Wn S ab*`jS1 /1bS Y\-dbE V\-/* b\b b`14, S a]\V\1ZE ]\/\ybS V Z1Yd S aV*4*bnE V*V ab`*/*1b ‹ S4O4* Z1-\ ,aq a1Ynq S hb\ 1Yd Z1\+f\/SY\ /1W*bnD ˚k1 Y\3Z\ ]\]`\aSbn 1-\ Z*]Sa*bn \b,1bm Z* aW1/dpkS1 ,\]`\amB w b\ +d/1b a\ YZ\y S Y\1y a1Yn1yE 1aWS q Z1 +`\jd ]Sbn SWS ]`SZSY*bn Z*`O V\bSVSH hb\E 1aWS q ]`1\/\W1p obd ]`S,mhVdH b\ YZ1 Z1\+f\/SY\ /1W*bnE hb\+m ]\WdhSbn ]\Y\knHx ˚aWS aSbd*gSq Z*V*Wq1baqE df\/SD w y/S ]`1O 3/1E h1YDDD `*4`*4Sbaq aa\`* xEP -\,\`Sbaq , `Sbh*f 5;B58D 1 W14n Z* `\3\ZD ˚aWS ,\4Y\3Z\E dy/S V a1+1 , V\YZ*bd SWS V /`d4nqYD ˚aWS /\Y* \ab*,*bnaq Z1+14\]*aZ\E Y\31b ]\Z*/\+Sbnaq ]\O Y\kn a\ ab\`\ZmD 1 V\`S a1+qD 1V\b\`m1 ]\/`\abVS 3S,db a ]\ab\qZZmY hd,ab,\Y ,SZm S4O4* b\-\E hb\ 4Wqbaq Z* `\/Sb1WqO*WV\-\WSV* SWS Z*`V\Y*Z*D \ b*V\1 a]`*,1/WS,\1 Z1-\/\,*ZS1 ,]\WZ1 ]\O ZqbZ\E \a\+1ZZ\ V\-/* S4O ˚ 4* a]S`bZ\-\ SWS Z*`V\O bSV\, `\/Sb1WS WSj*pb Y1ab\ b\-\ hb\+m /1b1y ,ZSY*ZSq S Wp+O Z1Z*,S/1bn Z1]db1,\-\ ,SD \Z1hZ\E S+WSq ]\O `\/Sb1WqE `*4,S,*y Z1O ,1W1,*1b hbSbn `\/Sb1W1y Z*,Sabn V 1-\ ]\abd]V*Y L'e1aqZ*Y :B6E 7MD /Z*V\ L `SbhS <B57C d/m 67MD whbSbnx \4Z*h*1b d,*3*bn Sf ,W*abn P V*V d,*3*bn

˚aWS `\/Sb1WS ]npb SWS ]`SZSY*pb Z*`V\bSVSH 195


,W*abn YSWSgS\Z1`* SWS ad/nSD m Z1 \+q4*Z \]O `*,/m,*bn ]\abd]VS `\/Sb1Wq L SYWqZ*Y 56B=MD *V31 Z1 /dY*yE hb\ 1aWS bm Sa]mbm,*1jn \/Z\ \bO ,`*k1ZS1E ,S/q 1-\ , b*V\Y a\ab\qZSSE b\ d b1+q h1`ab,\1 a1`/g1D *`V\Y*ZSq S ]nqZab,\ Z* a*Y\Y /1W1 \b,`*bSb1WnZm L `SbhS 67B6=P79MD

kS a\4S/*pk1-\ \+k1ZSqD \-/* , a1Yn1 ]\WZmy f*\aE ]`1/ab*,W1ZS1 \ Z\`Y*WnZ\y a1Y1yO Z\y 3S4ZS d b1+q Y\31b SaV*4SbnaqD \ob\Yd \h1Zn ,*3Z\ Z*ybS /df\,Zmf S oY\gS\Z*WnZ\ 4`1O Wmf /`d41yE V\b\`m1 /*/db b1+1 Z1\+f\/SYdp ]\/O /1`3Vd S ]\/4*`q/VdD +k1ZS1 , f`SabS*ZaV\Y a\O +`*ZSS ab*Z1b /Wq b1+q \b/djSZ\y S ]\4,\WSb f\bn Z1Z*/\W-\ 4*+mbn \ a1Y1yZmf Z1d`q/Sg*f L `SbO hS 5;B5;MD S/qE V*V \bZ\aqbaq /`d- V /`d-d hW1Zm f`SabS*ZaVSf a1Y1yE bm ]\yY1jnE V*V\y Z* a*Y\Y /1W1 /\W3Z* +mbn a1YnqD 'b\ ,mb1aZSb SaV*31ZO Zmy ab1`1\bS]E V\b\`my e\`YS`d1baq , b,\1Y a\O 4Z*ZSSD

]W*Z /1yab,SyI ˚aWS `\/Sb1Wn Z*hZ1b Z*/\ YZ\y aW\,1aZ\ SWS eS4Sh1aVS S4/1,*bnaqE qDDD

ı .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

b\+m ]\+d/Sbn 1-\ \+`*bSbnaq 4* ]\Y\knpE qDDD .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................


+`*k*yaq 4* ]\Y\knpD *y/SE a V1Y Y\3Z\ ]\/1WSbnaq a,\SYS ]1`13S,*ZSqYSD 1+q ,a1-/* -\b\,m ]\//1`3*bn ab*`1yjSZm a\+`*ZSqD S+O WSS -\,\`SbaqE hb\ \ZS wV*V dV`mbS1 \b ,1b`* S d+13Sk1 \b WS,ZqE V*V ]\b\VS ,\/m , +14,\/Zmf Y1ab*fE V*V b1Zn \b \-`\YZ\y aV*Wm , Saadj1ZZ\y 41YW1x L a*Sq 76B6MD 1 ab1aZqyaq S Z1 +\yaq \+`*O bSbnaq V ZSY 4* a\,1b\Y S db1j1ZS1YD *V\y S4 ,mj1]1`1hSaW1ZZmf j1abS a\,1b\, bm a\+S`*1jnaq ]`SY1ZSbn , ]1`,dp \h1`1/nH *O ]SjSDı ................................................................................. ˙*31 1aWS d b1+q Z1 ]\WdhSbaq S4Y1ZSbn a*Yd aSbd*gSpE bm Y\31jn S4Y1ZSbn b\E V*V \Z* Z* b1+q ,WSq1bD 1 4*gSVWS,*yaq Z* b\YE hb\+m ]1`1O ,\a]Sb*bn `\/Sb1WqD \-\ bm Y\31jn S4Y1ZSbn P b*V ob\ a1+qD ]\ab\W *,1W a\,1b\,*W b*V S ]\abdO ]*bnE w/\+S,*qan a,\1-\ a]*a1ZSqx L SWS]]Syg*Y 6B56MD *V bm a\f`*ZSjn ]\W\3Sb1WnZmy Z*ab`\yE SE Vb\ 4Z*1bE Y\31bE ob\ ]\+d/Sb b,\1-\ \bg* SWS Y*bn Z*h*bn W1h1ZS1 S \a,\+\/Sbnaq \b a,\1y 4*,SO aSY\abSD ˚˙ (#˚• ˚ `d/Z\ Z1 ]1`13S,*bnE V\-/* `\/Sb1WS +14 V\Zg* aa\`qbaqD *V a]`*,Sbnaq a\ a,\SYS hd,ab,*YSH

O ˚ H

˘ \h1Yd Z1V\b\`m1 ab*Z\,qbaq *WV\-\WSV*YS SWS Z*`V\Y*Z*YSH ˘ \h1Yd bm Z1 , \b,1b1 4* b\E hb\ `\/Sb1WS ]npb SWS ]`SZSY*pb Z*`V\bSVSH ˘ b\ bm , aSW*f S4Y1ZSbnH *V bm Y\31jn ob\ a/1W*bnH

˚aWS `\/Sb1WS ]npb SWS ]`SZSY*pb Z*`V\bSVSH 197


1aWS ]*]* SWS Y*Y* \ab*,Wq1b SabSZd *V +mbnE 1aWS Vb\Ob\ S4 `\/Sb1W1y +\Wnj1 Z1 3S,1b ]\ +S+W1yaVSY Z\`Y*Y SWS /*31 4*q,Wq1bE hb\ Z1 f\h1b +mbn f`SabS*ZSZ\YH ˘ `13/1 ,a1-\ bm /\W31Z ]\ZqbnB 1-\,* Z1 ahSb*1bE hb\ ob\ b,\q ,SZ*D S+WSS -\,\`SbaqE hb\ wV*3/my S4 Z*a 4* a1+q /*ab \bh1b \-dx L SYWqZ*Y 58B56MD ˘ 1 aY\b`S Z* /`d-Sf ]\/`\abV\, S Z1 a`*,ZS,*y Sf \+O ab\qb1Wnab,* a\ a,\SYS L *W*b*Y 9B6:MD \b hb\ aV*4*W \/SZ Y\W\/\y h1W\,1VE \b1g V\b\`\-\ +`\aSW a1YnpB w 1 ]\O -`d3*yaq , Y`*hZm1 YmaWSD dhj1 /dY*y \ b\YE hb\ Y\3Z\ ]`1/]`SZqbnxD ˘ ˙*31 V\-/* Vb\Ob\ S4 `\/Sb1W1y ]1`1ab*1b aWd3Sbn 1-\,1E ab*`*yaq ,a1 31 \bZ\aSbnaq V Z1Yd a d,*31ZS1YD `\q,Wqy ]\aWdj*ZS1E 1aWS 1-\ b`1+\,*ZSq Z1 ]`\bS,\`1O h*b \3nSY ]`SZgS]*YD \,1W1ZS1 \-* hbSbn `\/Sb1O W1y Z1 4*,SaSb \b b\-\E ,1`dpkS1 \ZS SWS Z1b L'e1aqZ*Y :B5P7MD `\q,Wqq d,*31ZS1 V `\/Sb1WqY S aWdj*qan SfE /*31 1aWS \ZS a\,1`j*pb \jS+VSE bm ]\V*31jnE hb\ Wp+Sjn 1-\,d L5 \*ZZ* 9B7MD ˘ 1 ]`1V`*k*y ]\a1k*bn ,ab`1hS f`SabS*ZaV\-\ a\+`*O ZSqD *Y bm Z*y/1jn \a,131ZS1 S ]\//1`3d +\Wnj\y /dO f\,Z\y a1YnS L *`V* 5>B7>MD (Z\j* ]\ SY1ZS ˙o,S/ ]1`13S,*WE hb\ a\,1`dpkS1 +d/db \+f\/Sbn Sf a1Ynp ab\`\Z\yE b*V V*V 1-\ \b1g \b,1`ZdWaq \b SabSZmD \ ]\b\Y ˙o,S/ ]\ZqWE hb\ \jS+aqB w m Z1 hd,ab,\,*WS a1+q S4-\qO YSD ) d+1/SWaqE hb\ +`*bnq S a1ab`m ]`\q,Wqpb SaV`1ZZ11 dh*abS1xD

198 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


24

b\ /1W*bnE 1aWS `\/Sb1WS aa\`qbaqH a\`qbaq WS `\/Sb1WS , b,\1Y ]`Sadbab,SSH b\ h*k1 ,a1-\ aWd3Sb ]\,\/\Y V aa\`1H

ı

O ˙1Zn-S O ˙\Y*jZS1 /1W* O \/ab,1ZZSVS O m

b\ +m bm f\b1W aV*4*bn `\/Sb1WqY \ b\YE V*V ob\ Z* b1+q ,WSq1bH *]SjSD .................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................

199


˚ ˛ ˝ \ab*,*bnaq `*,Z\/djZmYE V\-/* `\/Sb1WS aa\`qbaqD 1/n bm Sf Wp+Sjn S `*aahSO bm,*1jn Z* Sf ]\Y\kn S ]\//1`3VdD \ob\Yd aWdO j*bn Sf ]`1`1V*ZSq ]\`\y +m,*1b ]`\ab\ Z1O ,mZ\aSY\D \4Y\3Z\E bm Sa]mbm,*1jn b\ 31E hb\ S /1,djV* ]\ SY1ZS *`SqB w 1W1-V\ d,*3*bn `\/Sb1W1yE V\-/* Z1 ,S/Z\E hb\ \ZS d,*3*pb /`d/`d-*xD 1Y1yZm1 aa\`m ,mZd3/*pb ]`S4Z*bn -\`nVdp ]`*,/dB b,\S `\/Sb1WS Z1 b*V d3 S/1*WnZmE V*V bm /dY*WD a\4Z*ZS1 ob\-\ Y\31b ]\a1qbn , b,\O 1Y a1`/g1 ab`*fD ˚aWS aa\`m ,a]mfS,*pb ,a1 h*k1 S ab*Z\,qbaq a1`n14Z11E d b1+q Y\31b ,\4ZSVZdbn YmaWnE hb\ , V\Zg1 V\Zg\, /1W\ V\ZhSbaq `*4,\/\YD w \-/* q aWmjdE V*V \ZS `d-*pbaqEP aV*4*W* *O `SqEP q a`*4d 31 ]`1/ab*,WqpE hb\ \ZS `*4,1/dbaq S YZ1 Zd3Z\ +d/1b ,m+S`*bnE a V1Y 3SbnD b`*jZ\ ]\/dY*bnE hb\ ]`S/1baq `*aab*bnaq a +`*bnqYS S a1O ab`*YSxD \ ]\h1Yd `\/Sb1WS aa\`qbaq S V*V ,1abS a1+q , b*VSf aWdh*qfH

\h1Yd \ZS aa\`qbaq \\+k1Ob\ `\/Sb1WS ab*`*pbaq wa Wp+\,np ]`\O q,Wqbn /`d- V /`d-d b1`]SY\abnx L'e1aqZ*Y 8B6MD

/Z*V\ , S+WSS -\,\`SbaqB w a1 a\-`1jSWS S WSO j1Zm aW*,m \-*x L SYWqZ*Y 7B67MD ,\S `\/Sb1WS Z1a\,1`j1ZZmD \ob\Yd Z1 d/S,WqyaqE hb\ \ZS ]\O `\y `*4/`*3*pb /`d- /`d-* S aa\`qbaqD \YZS b*V31E hb\ Ym ˛ ˚"& %DDD 3S,1Y , wZ1\+mh*yZ\ b`d/Zm1 ,`1Y1Z*x L6 SY\O ˙*31 Wp+qkS1 /`de1p 7B5MD d3Z\ /dY*bn \ /`d-* Wp/S SZ\-/* b\YE V*V 4*`*+*bm,*bn Z* `*af\/qbaq ,\ YZ1ZSqfD 3S4ZnE \]W*hS,*bn ah1b*E

?

200 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


‘‘

\S `\/Sb1WS Z1a\,1`j1ZZmE S d ZSf b\31 +m,*pb ]`\+W1YmD ) ob\ 4Z*pE ]\ob\Yd ]`\k1 *bq \bZ\jdan V Sf `*4Y\W,V*Y

’’

dW*3S,*bn ]`\+W1Ym Z* `*+\b1D a1 ob\ Z*VW*/mO ,*1b a,\y \b]1h*b\V Z* +`*VD 1aWS `*+\b*pb \+* `\/Sb1WqE b\ q+W\V\Y `*4/\`* Y\31b ab*bn `*a]`1O /1W1ZS1 /\Y*jZSf \+q4*ZZ\ab1yD 1 /dY*yE hb\ 1aWS d `\/Sb1W1y +m,*pb `*4Y\WO ,VSE b\ Sf +`*V /*W b`1kSZdD \bq Sf YZ1ZSq , h1YO b\ `*af\/qbaqE aV\`11 ,a1-\E \ZS ]\O]`13Z1Yd WpO +qb /`d- /`d-*D `1/]\W\3SYE bm a /`d4nqYS ]\aY\b`1W eSWnYE * ]\b\Y \V*4*W\anE hb\ b1+1 \Z ]\Z`*,SWaqE * SY Z1bD *V\1 +m,*1bD Ë™*31 d +WS4VSf /`d41y YZ1ZSq Z1 ,a1-/* a\,]*/*pbD \ 31 a*Y\1 Y\3Z\ aV*4*bn S \ b,\Sf `\/Sb1WqfD \4Y\3Z\E \+* +1a]\V\qbaqE V*V ]`\V\`YSbn a1YnpE Z\ d V*3/\-\ a,\y ,4-Wq/ Z* b\E V*V `*a]\`q3*bnaq /1Zn-*YSC \+* /dY*pbE V*V \bO /\fZdbn ,\ ,`1Yq \b]daV*E Z\ Z1 af\/qbaq ,\ YZ1ZSO qfE V*V SY1ZZ\C \+* f\bqbE hb\+m bm f\`\j\ dhSWaqE Z\ ]\O`*4Z\Yd aY\b`qb Z* b\E V*V b1+1 , ob\Y ]\O Y\hnD \ adbSE a\-W*aS1 , a1Yn1 Z1 \4Z*h*1b a\-W*aSq ,\ ,4-Wq/*fD Ë™,* Wp+qkSf /`d- /`d-* h1W\,1V* Y\O -db ]\O`*4Z\Yd aY\b`1bn Z* ,1kSD \ aWdj*bnE V*V `\/Sb1WS aa\`qbaqE \h1Zn bq31W\D b\ Y\3Z\ aV*O 4*bn SWS a/1W*bnE hb\+m a]`*,Sbnaq a\ a,\SYS hd,O ab,*YSH

b\ bm Y\31jn /1W*bn `\q,Wqy d,*31ZS1D \-/* `\/Sb1WS b\ S /1W\ aa\`qbaqE Z1W1-V\ a/1`3S,*bn a,\S hd,ab,*D b\ /1W*bnE 1aWS `\/Sb1WS aa\`qbaqH 201


V\Zg1 V\Zg\,E Z1 bmE * \ZS /\W3Zm ]\/*,*bn ]`SO ˚aWS aa\`m Y13/d `\/SO Y1`D \ 1aWS bm +d/1jn b1WqYS ab*Z\,qbaq h*k1 ,mV*4m,*bn SY Z1d,*31O S ]1`1f\/qb , aV*Z/*WmE ZS1E ob\ b\WnV\ ]\/\Wn1b b*VbShZ\ ]\a\,1bdy SY Y*aW* , \-\ZnD `\Y1 b\-\E SaV*bn ]\Y\kSD a*Y \- 1-\,* ,1WSb d,*O 3*bn S aWdj*bnaq `\/Sb1O W1yE /*31 1aWS b1+1 ob\ Z1W1-V\ L af\/ 6>B56C `SbO hS 7>B5;MD 1aWS bm Z1 Y\31jn \ab*,*bnaq +14dh*abZmY V ,\]`\adE ]\ V\b\`\Yd a]\`qb `\/Sb1WSH *]`SY1`E \/SZ S4 ZSf f`SabS*ZSZE * /`d-\y Z1bD ˛*ZSY*q ab\`\Zd SabSZm S ]\//1`3S,*q ,1`dpk1-\ `\/SO b1WqE bm Y\31jn ab\WVZdbnaq a b`d/Z\abqYS L *bO e1q 5>B78P7;MD b*V\Y aWdh*1 Z1 4*+m,*y \ wV`\O b\abS S -Wd+\V\Y d,*31ZSSxD Vb\ 4Z*1bE Y\31bE b,\y ]`SY1` ]\+d/Sb Z1,1`dpk1-\ `\/Sb1Wq S4Y1O ZSbn a,\1 YZ1ZS1 L5 1b`* 7B5E 59MD

ab*,*yaq Z1yb`*WnZmYD hb\E 1aWS `\/Sb1WS ,mZd3/*pb b1+q 4*Zqbn bd SWS SZdp ab\`\Zd , ,\O ]`\a1E V\b\`my b1+q Z1 V*a*1baqH 1 a\-W*j*yaqD \3Z\ b*VbShZ\ aV*4*bn `\/Sb1WqY hb\Ob\ ,`\/1B w) Wp+Wp ,*a \+\SfD \WnV\ Z1 4*ab*,Wqyb1 Y1Zq /1W*bn ,m+\`D 1jSb1 ob\ Y13/d a\+\yxD *aaV*3S \ a,\Sf hd,ab,*fD dabn `\/Sb1WS 4Z*pbE V*V Z* b1+q ,WSqpb Sf `*4Y\W,VSD ˙\3/San ]\/f\/qk1-\ Y\Y1Zb* SE Z1 4*/1,*q Sf hd,ab,E \+lO qaZSE hb\ bm `*aab`*S,*1jnaqE 4WSjnaq S /*31 ]dO ˚

202


-*1jnaqE V\-/* \ZS aa\`qbaq L `SbhS 59B67C \W\aO aqZ*Y 8B:MD

1-\ Wdhj1 Z1 /1W*bn 1 +1`S Z* a1+q `\Wn a1Y1yZ\-\ ]aSf\W\-*D m Y\W\/E S `1j*bn ]`\+W1Ym `\/Sb1W1y Z1 , b,\1y V\Y]1b1ZgSSD `1/ab*,nE hb\ bm W1bSjn Z* a*Y\O W1b1 S ,/`d- aWmjSjnE V*V ]SW\b S 1-\ ]\Y\kZSV \ h1YOb\ a1`n14Z\ a]\`qbD m Z*,1`ZqV* 4*+1a]\V\O SjnaqD \ hb\ +d/1bE 1aWS bm ,Y1j*1jnaq S Z*hO Z1jn SY dV*4m,*bnE V*V ,1abS a*Y\W1bE * b\ S ,\\+O k1 af,*bSjnaq 4* jbd`,*WH \/\+ZmY \+`*4\YE ]mb*qan dW*3S,*bn `\/SO b1WnaVS1 aa\`mE bm a/1W*1jn WSjn fd31D S+O WSS aV*4*Z\B w *Y\Z*/1qZZ\abn ]`S,\/Sb b\WnV\

Y1jS,*bnaq , `\/Sb1WnaVS1 aa\`m P ,a1 `*,Z\ hb\ dV*4m,*bn ]SW\b*YE V*V ,1abS a*Y\W1b


V `*4/\`*YE * d a\,1bdpkSfaq P Yd/`\abnx L `SbhS 57B5>MD ,\S `\/Sb1WS a*YS `*4+1`dbaq Y13/d a\O +\y L `SbhS 69B=MD 1 ]\/VWph*yaq V aa\`1D 1]`SqbZ\ aWdj*bnE V\-/* /,\1 aa\`qbaqD 1Y +\W11 P V\-/* V ZSY ]`SO a\1/SZq1baq 1k1 S b`1bSyD ˙*31 1aWS b1+1 \h1Zn f\h1baq ,Y1j*bnaqE ]\YZSB `1j*bn ]`\+W1Yd /\WO 31Z Z1 bmE * b,\S `\/Sb1WSD W1/dy a\,1bd S+WSS Z1 ,Y1jS,*bnaq , hd3S1E b1Y +\W11 , ad-d+\ WShO Zm1E /1W* L5 1b`* 8B59MD 1 Z*ab`*S,*y `\/Sb1W1y /`d- ]`\bS, /`d-*D 1V\b\`m1 ]\/`\abVS a*YS ,+S,*pb VWSZ Y13/d `\/Sb1WqYSD \-/* Y*Y* -\,\`Sb wZ1bxE \ZS S/db V \bgd S ]mb*pbaq ,mbqZdbn S4 Z1-\ w/*xD \31bE bm S /\+n1jnaq a,\1-\E Z\ , V\Z1hZ\Y Sb\-1 b\WnV\ daSO WSjn `*4/\`mD 1 +1`S a ZSf ]`SY1`D \W\/\y h1W\,1V ]\ SY1O ZS Sb1` 4*Y1bSWE hb\E ]mb*qan /\a*/Sbn \bgd 4* 1-\ -`d+\abnE \Z ,1/1b a1+q Z1 ]\Of`SabS*ZaVSD w b1g \aV\`+WqW Z*a a Y*Y\y S a1ab`\yEP `*aaV*O

]W*Z /1yab,SyI

\-/* `\/Sb1WS Z*hZdb aa\`SbnaqE qDDD

ı .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

˚aWS `\/Sb1WS ]\]`\aqb Y1Zq 4*Zqbn , a]\`1 hnpOb\ ab\`\ZdE q aV*3dDDD .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................


=

r dabn ,*j* `1hn ,a1-/* +d/1b Wp+14Z\ysD \W\aaqZ*Y 8B: ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

4m,*1b Sb1`DP ) Z* Z1-\ \h1Zn 4WSWaq S f\b1W a/1O W*bn 1Yd +\WnZ\xD /Z*V\ ,aV\`1 ab*W\ 1k1 fd31D W\f\1 ]\,1/1ZS1 WSjn dad-d+Wq1b a1Y1yZm1 ]`\O +W1Ym L *W*b*Y :B;MD *]SjSE Z*/ V*VSY S4 ]1`1hSaW1ZZmf ,mj1 ]dZVb\, b1+1 Zd3Z\ `*+\b*bn , ]1`,dp \h1`1/nD

ı ................................................................................................. \Z1hZ\E bm Z1 Y\31jn ]\W\3Sbn V\Z1g aa\`*Y , a1Yn1D \ +d/n d,1`1ZB 1-\,* ]\Y\31b b1+1 a]`*O ,Sbnaq a ]1`13S,*ZSqYS L SWS]]Syg*Y 8B:E ;C 5 1b`* 9B;MD b*`*yaq ]`SY1Zqbn a\,1bm S4 ob\y -W*,mD \4O Y\3Z\E a\ ,`1Y1Z1Y b,\S `\/Sb1WS a1`n14Z\ 4*/dO Y*pbaq Z*/ b1YE V*V \ZS `1j*pb a,\S ]`\+W1YmD Y\31b +mbnE Z*abd]Sb ,`1YqE V\-/* , ,*j1Y /\Y1 ,\g*`Sbaq YS`D ˚˙ (#˚• ˚ Z1]\WZmf a1Ynqf b`d/Z\abS

Z1S4+13ZmD *V Sf ]`1\/\W1bnH

O ˚ H

˘ \h1Yd Z1V\b\`m1 `\/Sb1WS aa\`qbaqH ˘ \h1Yd bm Z1 /\W31Z ,SZSbn a1+q , `\/Sb1WnaVSf aa\`*fH ˘ 1Yd bm Y\31jn Z*dhSbnaq Z* Sf \jS+V*fH

b\ /1W*bnE 1aWS `\/Sb1WS aa\`qbaqH 205


hb\E 1aWS `\/Sb1WS `*aab*WSanH Z1aY\b`q Z* aYqb1O ˚aWS b,\S `\/Sb1WS `*aab*WSanE V*VE \b Z1aV\WnV\ a\O `\H Yd/ n d]*b ZS1 hd,ab,E bm Y\31jn ]\ab ,1b\,B Y ]1`,mY ]\`m,\Y Y\O ˘ 1 ]Sb*y ]dabmf Z*/13/D ,\S * ,a]\YSZ*1bB w *jS ZZ nD S`Sb 31b +mbn 31W*ZS1 Sf ]\Y ,Y1ab1 f\/SWS VdO `\/Sb1WS `*4\jWSanE Z\ SZ\-/* Ym ,a1 a a1ab`\y j1]b*WS Ym /*OZS+d/n Z* ,mf\/ZmfD \YZpE V*V m \ZS \ab*WSan hb\+ 1E Wnj ]\/* /`d- /`d-dB t˙*,*y \b+13SY Z*W*/SWS \bO Z1 S b*V ZS D *aZ\ Z*]` \ \/ZSrD \ ,a1 ob\ +mW Z\j1ZSqxD 1-\aq \3S/*ZSq `Sbh*f 57B56 aV*4*Z\B w b 4*bqZd,j `*aab`\yab,E f 3Zm +\WSb a1`/g1xD b\+m S4+13*bn Z1Zd 4* a,\Sf 1ZSq `1j bn SY* ]\YZSE hb\ bm Z1 Y\31jn ]`SZ anE ]\ob\Yd b*WS `*aa \ZS hb\ E b\Y , ,*b `\/Sb1W1yD 1 bm ,SZ\ L `SbhS bS ,W*a y b,\1 , ,\aab*Z\,Sbn Sf \bZ\j1ZSq b\31 Z1 6:B5;MD Y a1`/g1 ]\a1WSbaq 4W\O ˘ 1 ]Sb*y Z1Z*,SabSD ˚aWS , b,\1 Sb1WqYE b1+q 3/db `\/ +* S Z1Z*,Sabn V \/Z\Yd SWS \+\SY 1 hd,ab,* \/\W1,*O V*VS qE WSWa ]\/1 -\`nVS1 ]\aW1/ab,SqD \Y \bg*D ) ]`1/]\hSb*p Z1 WS 1-\ , 56 W1bB w) 4WSWaq Z* a,\1-\ ob\ +mW\ ]\f\31 Z* b\D Sa]\Wn4\,*bn aW\,\ tZ1Z*,SabnrE Z\ V*V\y bm b\-/* \b1gHx npE ) ahSb*WE hb\ 1aWS bm +`\aSW a1Y WSjn V b\YdE hb\ /Z*V\ ]`ShSZm `*4,\/\, Z1 a,\/qbaq yD V\`11 ,a1-\E \jS f\` -\y /`d * \/SZ S4 `\/Sb1W1y ]W\f\yE f \bZ\j1ZSqfD \O `\/Sb1WS Z1 ,a1 b1+1 `*aaV*4*WS \ a,\S , b\YE hb\ ]`\S4\jO San 31bE \ZS S a*YS b\WV\Y Z1 `*4\+`*W b\`\]San /1W*bn Z1 ,E Wnab \qb1 W\D *V hb\E Z1 4Z*q ,a1f \+ab -V\ ]\+\`\bn hd,ab,\ ,m,\/m L `SbhS 5<B57MD \Z1hZ\E Z1W1 \y b1+1 \h1Zn b\aVWS,\D -Z1,*E S ,]\WZ1 1ab1ab,1ZZ\E hb\ ]\` db /1yab,\,*bn Z* +d/ n abSb /Z*V\ 4W\+* S 31W*ZS1 \b\Y S+WSq Z*a ]`S4mO 1Y ,*ZS \aZ\ mY ]\WZ b1+q ]\/\+Z\ q/dD

W\Y 7;B<MD L a* ,*1bB w ab*,n -Z1, S \b,1`-ZS q`\abnx 206 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


˘ Y\b`S Z* ,1kS `1 *WnZ\D m,*1bE ]\/`\abV S ,]*/*pb , /`d-dp V`*yZ\abnD Z S Z*hSZ*pb aW1]\ \+\3*bn `\/Sb1WqE V\b\`my +`\aSW a1YnpD \/Z\-\ ]\/`\abV* \b1 g YZ\-\ ]SWE h*ab\ +`\a*W Y*bn S df\/S W V /`d-SY 31ZkSZ*YD V\Zg1 V\Zg\, \Z ]\/*W Z* `*4,\ /D ,a1 31E V*V ,a]\YSZ* 1b ob\b pZ\j*E ]\ V*V\yOb\ ]`ShS Z1 \Z hdbn WS Z1 ]`1VW\Zq Waq ]1O `1/ a,\SY \bg\YI *V\1 Z1Z\`Y*WnZ\1 \+ *VE , \/Z\y ab`*Z1 ]\aW1 \3*ZS1 ,]\WZ1 \+lqaZSY\D `*4,\/* `\/Sb1W1y ]`SY 1`Z\ => ]`\g1Zb\, /1b1y 3S ,db a Y*b1`np S ,`1Yq \b ,`1Y1ZS ,S/qbaq a \bg\YD b,1bab, 1ZZ\abn 4* ]\]1h1ZS1 P b*ZS1 P W13Sb Z* Y*b1` S SD \bq \b1gE +mbn Y\31 ,\a]SO bE ]W*bSb *WSY1ZbmE , Y*b1`S*WnZ\ Y \bZ\j1ZSS 1y 4*h*abdp `*,Z\ ]`Sf\/Sbaq bd-\D \bg* 31 /1W*E ,\4Y\3Z ,a1 \E S/db , -\`dD Sb\-1 ,ab`1hS a \bg \Y P ob\ ]\/*`VS S `*4 ,W1h1ZSqD d Y*Ym V*3/*q V\]1 yV* Z* ah1bdD Z* ,1hZ\ hb\Ob\ 4*O ab*,Wq1b /1W*bn S , h1Y Ob\ b1+q \-`*ZShS,*1bD a\3 W1ZSpE Z1V\b\`m1 ]\/`\ abVS /*31 ]`1/]\hWS dy *O bS \b `\/Sb1WqOf`SabS*ZSZ* V +\W11 \+1aO ]1h1ZZ\Yd S w/\+`1ZnV \Ydx Z1,1`dpk1Yd `\/Sb1Wp L `SbhS 5=B8MD ˚aWS S b1+q ]\a1k*pb ]\ /\+Zm1 YmaWSE ]`\,1`nE ‹ O hb\ , b,\1y 3S4ZS -W*,Z\1D 4 b\-\E hb\ b1+1 ,\\+k1 Y\-db /*bn /Sb1WSE ZShb\ b*V Z1 ]\,WS `\O q1b Z* ab*Z\,W1ZS1 b,\1y WSh Z\abS S b,\1 +d/dk11E V*V Z`*,O ab,1ZZ\1 `dV\,\/ab,\ S Z*ab*,W1ZS1 L `SbhS 8B57MD


25

\3Z\ WS +mbn ah*abWS,mY , Z1]\WZ\y a1Yn1H ˚aWS d b1+q 1abn S ]*]*E S Y*Y*E 4Z*hSbE d b1+q 1abn S a\+ab,1ZZ*q V\YZ*b*E S Z\,*q \/13/*D d Y1Zq Z1b a,\1y V\YZ*bmE S YZ1 `1/V\ ]\Vd]*pb b\E hb\ YZ1 Z`*,SbaqD *Y* -\,\`SbE hb\ 1y ob\ Z1 ]\ V*`Y*ZdD Y1Zq ab\WnV\ \+q4*ZZ\ab1y ]\ /\YdE hb\ q hd,ab,dp a1+q /\Y`*+\bZSg1yD *V\1 \kdk1ZS1E hb\ d Y1Zq Z1b /1bab,*D "*W\Z/*E 57 W1b

WS -\,\`SbnE hb\ S/1*WnZ*q a1Ynq P ob\ V\-/* Wp+qkSf `\/Sb1W1y /,\1D ZS Y\-db /*bn /1bqY Wdhj11 Z*ab*,W1ZS1E 4*kSbd S ]\//1`3VdD 208 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


S+WSS -\,\`SbaqB w˙,\SY Wdhj1E h1Y \/Z\YdE V\-/* `*+\b*pb /,\1 ,Y1ab1E \ZS ]\Wdh*pb +\Wnj1 \b a,\1-\ b`d/*x L'VVW14S*ab 8B=E \,`1Y1ZZmy ]1O `1,\/MD

/Z*V\ a1YnS a \+\SYS `\/Sb1WqYS ab*Z\,qbaq b*V\y `1/V\abnpE hb\ Sf ,]\`d 4*Z\aSbn , wV`*aZdp VZS-dxI *VE +\W11 ]\W\,SZm /1b1y , " V 5< -\O /*Y da]1,*pb \kdbSbnE V*V\,\ 3Sbn , Z1]\WZ\y a1O Yn1D ,a1 31 Z1V\b\`m1 ]\/`\abVS ab1aZqpbaq b\O -\E hb\ d ZSf b\WnV\ \/SZ `\/Sb1WnD Z1V\b\`m1 aSWnZ\ d-Z1b1Zm a,\SY ]\W\31ZS1Y S a,q4*ZO ZmYS a ZSY b`d/Z\abqYSD ˚aWS bm `*ab1jn , Z1]\WZ\y a1Yn1E hb\ /Wq b1+q a*Y\1 b`d/Z\1H *O ]SjSD

ı .................................................................................................. ˚aWS bm Z1/\]\Wdh*1jn `\/Sb1WnaV\y Wp+,S S ,ZSY*ZSqE \4Z*h*1b WS ob\E hb\ bm b1]1`n Z1O ah*abZmy h1W\,1VH \,a1Y Z1bI Z\-\1 4*,SaSb \b b,\1-\ \bZ\j1ZSq V aSbd*gSSD `Sbh*f 59B59 aV*4*Z\B w a1 /ZS d-Z1b1ZZ\-\ -\`1abZmE * d V\-\ a1`/g1 `*/\abZ\E d b\-\ ,a1-/* ]S`xD b*VE ah*abO WS, h1W\,1V SWS Z1b P 4*,SaSbE aV\`11E \b Z*abO `\qE h1Y \b \+ab\qb1Wnab,D b\ ]\Y\31b b1+1 a\O f`*Zqbn `*/\abnE Z1aY\b`q Z* b\ hb\ bm `*ab1jn , Z1]\WZ\y a1Yn1H

`\bS,\ab\y \b`Sg*b1WnZmY oY\gSqY `13/1 ,a1-\E Z1 `*aab`*S,*yaq ]\ ]\,\/d hnSfO b\ +1ab*VbZmf `1]WSVD ˚aWS dh1ZSVd Z1/\ab*1b ]`SW13*ZSq SWS daS/hS,\abSE Z1V\b\`m1 dhSb1WqE 4Z*q \ 1-\ a1Yn1E \]`\Y1bhS,\ ,1j*pb Z* Z1-\ q`WmV w4*]dk1ZZ\-\ ]\/`\abV*x SWS w+14\bg\,kSO ZmxD \ ]\/dY*yB w * a*Y\Y WS /1W1 h1W\,1VE V\b\O `my b*V -\,\`SbE 4Z*1bE hb\ ]`\Saf\/Sb , Z*j1y \3Z\ WS +mbn ah*abWS,mY , Z1]\WZ\y a1Yn1H 209


a1Yn1H WS 31 \Z ]`\ab\ aW1/d1b `*af\31Yd YZ1O ZSp \ Z1]\WZmf a1YnqfHx b\Sb \bY1bSbnE hb\ , 1,`1yaV\Y b1Vab1 S+WSS YZ\-\ `*4 ,ab`1h*1baq ,m`*31ZS1 wY*WnhSVE \ab*,O jSyaq +14 \bg*xD \ \Z\ ZS `*4d Z1 Sa]\Wn4d1baq a ]`1Z1+`13Sb1WnZmY \bb1ZV\YD *]`\bS,E ]`*VbSO h1aVS , V*3/\Y aWdh*1 ,S/Z\E V*V \- 1-\,* 4*+\O bSbaq \ /1bqfE `*abdkSf , Z1]\WZmf a1Ynqf1D Y\31bE bm SZ\-/* 4*Y1h*1jnE hb\ \V`d3*pkS1 /1WSV*bZ\ S4+1-*pb ]`S b1+1 b*VSf aW\,E V*V w]*]* S Y*Y*xE w]*]*xE w`*4,\/x SWS waY1`bnxD ZS +\qbaqE hb\ Y\-db 4*/1bn b,\S hd,ab,*D ˚aWS b1+1 ob\ Z1 Z`*O ,SbaqE b*VbShZ\ \+lqaZS SYE hb\ Sf \]*a1ZSq S4O WSjZSD 58OW1bZSy Zb\Z ZSV\-/* Z1 4Z*W a,\1-\ Z*O ab\qk1-\ \bg*D 1-\ ]`Sadbab,SS Z1V\b\`m1 Wp/S ,Z14*]Z\ \a1V*pbaqE Z*h*, hb\Ob\ -\,\`SbnD \ ZO b\Z a,\+\/Z\ ]`\/\W3*1b `*4-\,\`E /\-\,*`S,*q 4* ZSf b\E hb\ \ZS Z1 `1j*pbaq ]`\S4Z1abSD Z -\,\O `SbB w dabn 4Z*pbE hb\ q ZShdbn Z1 abm3danxD

1 3S,S Y1hb*YS \ b\YE hb\ Y\-W\ +m +mbn \Z1hZ\E 1aWS `\/Sb1WS `*4,1WSan SWS \/SZ S4 ZSf dY1`E -\`1hn S hd,ab,\ db`*bm ,]\WZ1 1ab1O ab,1ZZmD /Z*V\ `*Z\ SWS ]\4/Z\ b1+1 ]`S/1baq aYS`Sbnaq a\ a,\SY ]\W\O 31ZS1YD S+WSS /*1baq ˛ ˚"& %DDD b*V\y a\,1bB w 1 -\,\`SB 1`q Z* a1+q \+q4*ZO t \h1Yd ]`13ZS1 /ZS +mO Z\abS ]\ /\YdE bm WS Wdhj1 ZmZ1jZSfHrx +mab`11 ab*Z1jn 4`1O L'VVW14S*ab ;B5>MD \/Sb1O WmY h1W\,1V\YE h1Y WS \enS `*4,1WSanE V\-O b,\S a,1`abZSVS S4 ]\WO Zmf a1Y1yE d V\b\`mf /* 1y +mW\ 5> W1bD 1`14 7 \+mhZ\ Y1Znj1 \b,1bO -\/* \Z* aV*4*W*B w˚aWS bm

?

ab,1ZZ\abSD 1 Y\b`SE Z*]`SY1`E af\/ 66B66 S a*SS 5B5;E * b*V31 aZ\aVSD

210 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


‘‘

\/Sb1WS `*4,1WSanE 4*b\ Ym a Y*Y\y a+WS4SWSan V*V ZSV\-/*D m Z*dhSWSan \+k*bnaq S 1W*ZS ]\ZSY*bn /`d- /`d-*

’’

3S,1jn +1a]W\/ZmYS Y1hb*YS \ b\YE hb\ Y\-W\ +m +mbnE SWS ,a1 a,\S -\`1abS a,q4m,*1jn a b1YE hb\ ]*]* dj1WE SWS 31 4*,S/d1jn b1YE d V\-\ \+* `\/SO b1Wq S Vb\ ZS , h1Y Z1 Zd3/*1baqEP b\ /1W*1jn a1O +1 b\WnV\ fd31xD 'b\ \h1Zn 4/`*,*q YmaWnD 1/n /*O 31 , wS/1*WnZmfx a1Ynqf ]`\+W1Y f,*b*1bD `1/ab*,nE hb\ b,\q a1Ynq P ob\ W\/V*E , V\b\O `\y Z1/\ab*1b -`1+g*D \Z1hZ\E a*Y\1 Wdhj11E V\-O /* ,a1 Z* Y1ab1D \ b*V +m,*1b Z1 ,a1-/*D b*V\Y ‹ aWdh*1 \b \ab*WnZmf b`1+d1baq +\Wnj*q a*Y\\b/*O h*D b\Sb WS ]1`13S,*bnH *4,1 ,*j* W\/V* S/1b V\ /ZdH 1bI \,Y1abZmYS daSWSqYS ,m /\abS-Z1b1 a,\1y g1WSD

1`1jn WS bm a,\p h*abn Z*-`d4VSH b\ V\ZV`1bZ\ bm Y\31jn /1W*bnE hb\+m Z1abS a,\y -`d4 \+q4*ZZ\ab1yH \b b`S a\,1b*D 1]\WZ*q a1Ynq ]\f\3* Z* W\/VdE , V\b\`\y Z1/\ab*1b \/Z\-\ -`1+g*D ab*WnZmY ]`Sf\/Sbaq Z1YZ\-\ bq31W11E Z\ a\,Y1abZmYS daSWSqYS Y\3Z\ /\abShn da]1f*


hSan oV\Z\YSbnD Z1]\WZmf a1Ynqf h*ab\ ˚aWS bm hd,ab,d1jnE hb\ +m,*pb ]`\+W1Ym a /1ZnO ]1`1-`d31Z /1W*YS ]\ -*YSD b\ Y\- +m /1W*bn /\YdE b*VbShZ\ ]`1/W\O bmH Zb\ZE \ V\b\`\Y 3S Y*Y1 SWS ]*]1DDD Ym d31 -\,\`SWSE `*aaV*O ˘ a\ab*,Sbn a]Sa\VE d 4*WB w Z\-S1 ab*,qb `\/SO V\-\ V*VS1 \+q4*ZZ\abSC b1WqY daW\,S1B t 14 eS`O ˘ ]`S Z1\+f\/SY\abSE Y1ZZmf V`\aa\,\V S ]1`1`*a]`1/1WSbn \/13/m , jV\Wd Z1 ]\yO \+q4*ZZ\abSD /dIr ) \/1,*pan Z1 ]\ ]\aO W1/Z1y Y\/1D ˛*b\ \/13O /* d Y1Zq ,a1-/* , ]\`q/V1D ) +1`1-d b\E hb\ d Y1Zq 1abnD *Y1 S b*V Z1W1-V\E 4*h1Y 1k1 daW\3Zqbn 1y 3S4ZnHx 1YZ\-\ daSWSy P S bm Z* a1+1 Sa]mO b*1jn b\E hb\ aV*4*W *]\ab\W *,1WB w)DDD Z*dhSWO aq /\,\Wnab,\,*bnaq b1YE hb\ d Y1Zq 1abnDDD Z*dhSWO aq +mbn /\,\WnZmY , Wp+\1 ,`1Yq S ]`S Wp+mf \+ab\qb1Wnab,*fx L SWS]]Syg*Y 8B55E 56E \,`1O Y1ZZmy ]1`1,\/DM ˚k1 \/SZ a]\a\+ oV\Z\YSbn P S4+1-*bn `*ab\O hSb1Wnab,* L \*ZZ* :B56MD (Z\j* ]\ SY1ZS \/SO \Z -\,\`SbB w) ab*`*pan /\Y* ZSh1-\ Z1 W\Y*bn S Z1 b1`qbnE hb\+m Z1 Z*/\ +mW\ b`*bSbn /1Zn-S Z* `1O Y\Zb SWS Z\,m1 ]\Vd]VSD ) ,mVWph*p a,1b S +mb\O ,dp b1fZSVdE V\-/* \ZS YZ1 Z1 Zd3ZmD *V q Y\-d oV\Z\YSbn Z* oW1Vb`Sh1ab,1xD 1`S Z* a1+q SZSgS*bS,dD \/Sb1WSE ,\a]SbmO ,*pkS1 /1b1y , \/SZ\hVdE ]\`\y ab*`*pbaq Z1 \+`1Y1Zqbn Sf ]`*,SW*YS S Z1 Z*-`d3*bn \+q4*ZO Z\abqYS ]\ /\YdD \h1YdH +,SZqq , `*4,\/1 a1O +qE ,a1 Z*,*WS,jS1aq bq-\bm \ZS ,4,*WS,*pb Z* a,\S ]W1hSB w 1 f\hdE hb\+m Y\y `1+1Z\V YmW ]\adO /dE V\-/* /`d-S1 /1bS S-`*pbxD ˚

212 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am

' ' ˚ ˚ ˝˚ ˝˚ ˚# ˚ ) ˚# ˚ ) ˚ ˚ 5E 5E ˚ ˚ 88


=

r dabn V*3/my S4 ,*a /dY*1b Z1 \ a\+ab,1ZZ\Y +W*-1E * \ +W*-1 /`d-SfIs SWS]]Syg*Y 6B8E */\abZ*q 1abn ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

\Z1hZ\E 1abn SaVdj1ZS1 ,\a]\Wn4\,*bnaq obSY hd,ab,\Y ,SZmE V\b\`\1 Z1 /*1b Y*Y1 SWS ]*]1 ]\O V\qD \ b*V bm Z1 \+W1-hSjn Sf +`1YqE * b\WnV\ d,1O WShSjn 1-\D `\q,S SZSgS*bS,d S ]`1/W\3S a,\p ]\Y\knD \b hb\ -\,\`Sb Zb\ZB w *Y* `*+\b*1b , +\WnZSg1E S 11 f*W*b ,a1-/* /\W31Z +mbn ,m-W*31ZD q 1-\ -W*3dxD \ `*4,1 ob\ Z1 31ZaV*q `*+\b*H w˙*E 1abn b*V\1 YZ1ZS1EP ]`\/\W3*1b Zb\ZDP \ b*V q ]\Y\-*p Y*Y1xD d/n hdbVSYD \Y\kn ,m`*3*1baq Z1 b\WnV\ , /1W*fD ZSY*b1WnZ\1 \bZ\j1ZS1 Y\31b +dV,*WnO Z\ \V`mWSbn b,\p Y*YdD \b hb\ aV*4*W* \/Z* 31ZO kSZ*E ,\a]Sbm,*pk*q /1b1y , \/SZ\hVdB w m,*1bE hb\ ]\aW1 b`d/\,\-\ /Zq bm V*V ,m3*bmy WSY\ZD

]W*Z /1yab,SyI b\+m ]`\bS,\ab\qbn \b`Sg*b1WnZmY oY\gSqYE qDDD

ı ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

˚aWS \V`d3*pkS1 +\qbaq 4*/1bn Y\S hd,ab,*E q aV*3dDDD ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................


/Z*V\ ]`Sf\/Sjn /\Y\yE S b*Y ap`]`S4 P /\hV* ad1bSbaq ,\4W1 ]WSbmE -\b\,Sb d3SZE * amZ a]1jSb \+Zqbn b1+qxD *V \Z* a1+q ]\aW1 ob\-\ hd,ab,d1bH w ap dab*W\abn S Z*]`q31ZS1 V*V `dV\y aZSY*1bIx *]SjS 4/1anE V*V\Yd S4 obSf b`1f a\,1b\, b1+1 Z*/\ ]\aW1/\,*bn , ]1`,dp \h1`1/nD Äą ........................ Ë?S,q , Z1]\WZ\y a1Yn1E bm Y\31jn Z*dhSbnaq a\hd,ab,SpE +1aV\`mabSp S \b,1bab,1ZZ\abSD Ëšk1 bm d+1/Sjnaq , SabSZZ\abS aW\, Sada*B w \Wnj11 ah*abn1 P /*,*bnE h1Y ]\Wdh*bnx LË™1qZSq 6>B79MD

b/*,*q a,\S aSWmE hb\+m ]\//1`3S,*bn a1YnpE bm \+`1b1jn ]\/WSZZ\1 ah*abn1D 14daW\,Z\E ,`1Y1Z*YS b1+1 +d/1b aSWnZ\ Z1 f,*b*bn ,b\`\-\ `\/Sb1WqD \ Z*dhSbnaq S4,W1O V*bn Wdhj11 S4 a,\Sf \+ab\qb1Wnab, Y\3Z\D ob\Y d+1/SW*an /1,djV*E V\b\`dp 4\,db qD Z* ,a]\O YSZ*1bB w \-/* dY1` Y\y ]*]*E Y1Zq ,a1 db1j*WS S Vb\Ob\ ]`\S4Z1a aW\,*E V\b\`m1 4*]*WS YZ1 , /djdB t ,\q 3S4Zn +d/1b b*V\yE V*V\y bm 11 a/1W*1jn a*O Y*rD ) ]\ZqW*E hb\ YZ1 Z1\+q4*b1WnZ\ +mbn +1a]\O Y\kZ\y 31`b,\y a,\Sf \+ab\qb1Wnab,xD *ab`\yaq Z* ob\ S bmD \YZSB ah*abWS, bm SWS Z1bE \]`1/1WqO pb Z1 \+ab\qb1Wnab,*E * \bZ\j1ZS1 V ZSY S dY1ZS1 V ZSY ]`Sa]\a\+SbnaqD

O Ëš H

˘ \h1Yd Z1V\b\`m1 ]`1/,4qb\ \bZ\aqbaq V /1bqY S4 Z1]\WZmf a1Y1yH ˘ \h1Yd Y*Y* SWS ]*]*E ,\4Y\3Z\E Z1 f\bqb 4*-`d3*bn b1+q `*+\b\y ]\ /\YdH ˘ *V bm Y\- +m ]`\q,Wqbn hdbV\abn V Y*Y1 SWS ]*]1H 214 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


6

˙ ˚

Y\y /Z1,ZSV

*]SjSE hb\ S4 ]`\Saf\/qk1-\ , b,\1y a1Yn1 +1a]\V\Sb b1+q +\Wnj1 ,a1-\ S ]\h1YdH

ı

*V bm a\+S`*1jnaq Sa]\Wn4\,*bn ]`\hSb*ZZ\1E hb\+m a]`*,Sbnaq a ob\y ]`\+W1Y\yH

215


7

*VS1 S4 obSf ,maV*4m,*ZSy +\Wnj1 ,a1-\ ]\/f\/qb V b1+1H

Äą O Y1Zq ,a]mWnhS,my f*`*Vb1` O Z1 V*31baqE q Z1d/*hZSVD ) ,a1 /1W*p Z1 b*V

O Z1 ,a1-/* -`dabZ\ S b\aVWS,\ Z* /dj1

O Z1 h*ab\ W14db , -\W\,d YmaWS \ a1Va1

O 1Zq ,W1h1b V Wp/qY Y\1-\ ]\W*

ËšaWS V b1+1 ]`SY1ZSY\ hb\Ob\ S4 ]1`1hSaW1ZZ\-\E Z1 \bh*S,*yaqI W*,m 6: P6= ]\Y\-db b1+1 a]`*,O Wqbnaq a\ a,\SYS hd,ab,*YS S Z1 /\]daV*bnE hb\+m \ZS +`*WS Z*/ b\O +\y ,1`fD

216



26

*V a/1`3S,*bn a,\S hd,ab,*H


bm /dY*1jnE \-\Zn P ob\ f\`\j\ SWS ]W\f\H a1 4*,SaSb \b \+ab\qb1Wnab,E ,1`Z\H \-/* 4* \VZ*YS ,np-*E * , V*YSZ1 ]\b`1aVS,*1b \-\Zn P b1+1 b1]W\ S dpbZ\D 'b\ f\`\j\D \ 1aWS \-\Zn ,m`m,*1baq S4O]\/ V\Zb`\WqE \Z Y\31b \f,*bSbn ,1an /\YD 'b\ ]W\f\D \ 31 a*Y\1 Y\3Z\ aV*4*bn ]`\ Z*jS oY\gSS S hd,O ab,*D 14 ZSf Z1,\4Y\3Zm b1]Wm1 /`d31aVS1 \bZ\j1O ZSqD \ 1aWS Sf Z1 a/1`3S,*bnE \ZS Y\-db Z*,`1/Sbn S b1+1E S b1YE Vb\ b1+q \V`d3*1bD ]1`1f\/Z\Y ,\4`*ab1 b1+q ,`1Y1Z*YS Y\31b \fO ,*bm,*bn -Z1, SWS dZmZS1D *V a]`*,Wqbnaq a obSYS hd,ab,*YSH ˙*,*y aZ*h*W* ]\-\,\`SY \ -Z1,1E * ]\b\Y \+ dZmZSSD

Y1`qy a,\y -Z1, 1W1-V\ dZqbn hd,ab,\ \+S/m \b Z1a]`*,1/WS,\-\ \+`*k1ZSqD b*VS1 Y\Y1Zbm Z1V\b\`m1 ,mf\/qb S4 a1+qD S+WSq Z1\/\+`Sb1WnZ\ -\,\`Sb \ h1W\,1V1E w]`1/*pk1Yaq -Z1,dx S waVW\ZZ\Y -\`qhSbnaqx L `SbO hS 66B68C 6=B66MD ˙1W\ , b\YE hb\ Z1d]`*,Wq1Ymy -Z1, ]\`\y ]`S,\/Sb V ]\abd]V*YE \ V\b\`mf ,]\aW1/ab,SS bm Y\31jn -\`nV\ ]\3*W1bnD \ V*V a/1`3S,*bn hd,O ab,*E 1aWS a b\+\y \+\jWSan Z1a]`*,1/WS,\H ]1`,dp \h1`1/nE b`14,\ ]\aY\b`S Z* b\E hb\ aWdO hSW\anD \31jn WS bm `*ab\]Sbn \+S/d , a,\1Y a1`/O g1H1 L a*W\Y 8B8MD \YZSB 1aWS w,\4/*,*bn 4W\Y 4* 4W\xE ab*Z1b b\WnV\ fd31 L5 1aa*W\ZSVSyg*Y 9B59MD k*b1WnZ\ ,a1 \+/dY*yE ]\Y\WSanE S bmE ,\4Y\3Z\E d,S/SjnE hb\ , a\ab\qZSS ]`\abSbn \+S/hSV*D b\-O /* \+S/* ]\b1`q1b Z*/ b\+\y ,W*abn L a*W\Y 7;B<MD ˛ ˚"& %DDD hb\E 1aWS -\`1hn \+SO ˚aWS bm Z1/\am]*1jn /m Z1 ]`\f\/SbH S+WSS S ]W\f\ ]Sb*1jnaqE -\,\`SbaqE hb\ 1abn w,`1Yq a \b`Sg*b1WnZmYS oY\gSqYS a]`*,Wqbnaq 1 ˚aWS bm ab*WVS,*1jnaq a S4/1,*O b1Wnab,*YSE aY\b`S -W*,d 58 ob\y b`d/Z11D

?

VZS-SD 1aWS b1+q \+S/1W /`d-E \+`*O bSan V -W*,1 5>D

*V a/1`3S,*bn a,\S hd,ab,*H 219


1W\,1VE \+d`1,*1Ymy -Z1,\YE ]\f\3 Z* `m+dE ]\yY*ZZdp Z* V`ph\VD Z d31 Z1 ,W*ab1Z Z*/ a\+\y

Y\Wh*bn S ,`1Yq -\O ,\`Sbnx L'VVW14S*ab 7B;MD \31bE ab\Sb ]\-\,\`Sbn a \+S/hSO V\YH ˚aWS ob\ Z1`*O 4dYZ\E ]\/1WSan hd,abO ,*YS a `\/Sb1WqYS SWS a V1YOb\ S4 a1`n14ZmfE 4/`*,\YmaWqkSf /`d41yD ˚aWS b1+q Vb\Ob\ Z*Y1`1ZO Z\ 4*/S`*1bE ]`SW*-*y \a\O +m1 daSWSqE hb\+m ]`\q,Wqbn V Z1Yd /\+`\bdD \a]\Wn4dyaq af1O Y\y Z* ab`*ZSg1 665 S ]\/dY*yE , V*VSf aSbd*gSqf bm ,mf\/Sjn S4 a1+q S V*V +mW\ +m ]`*,SWnZ11 a1+q ,1abSD `13/1 ,a1-\E ]`\aS d 1-\,m ]\Y\kSE hb\+m Z1 V\]Sbn 4W\+d V \+S/hSVdD ˙*31 1aWS bm Z1 , aSW*f S4O Y1ZSbn ]`\Saj1/j11E bm , aSW*f S4Y1ZSbn a,\1 \bZ\O j1ZS1 V ob\YdD \4,\Wqq -Z1,d \,W*/1bn b\+\yE bm ab*O Z\,Sjnaq +1a]\Y\kZmYE V*V ]\yY*ZZ*q Z* V`ph\V `m+*D ,\S YmaWS S hd,ab,* \V*4m,*pbaq ,\ ,W*abS /`d-\-\ h1W\,1V*D \ `*4,1 bm Z1 f\h1jn a*Y d]`*,O Wqbn a,\SYS oY\gSqYSH L SYWqZ*Y 56B5=MD

\`San a dZmZS1Y w Z1/*,ZSf ]\` Y1Zq \/\W1,*pb Y`*hZm1 YmaWSD 1]1`n q ,1hZ\ Z1/\,\WnZ* a\+\yEP 3*Wd1baq 5:OW1bO Zqq \`*DP ) ]\b1`qW* ,aqVSy SZb1`1a V 3S4ZSD \/djV* d Y1Zq ,a1-/* Y\V`*q \b aW14xD *V S \`*E 220 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


a/1`3S,*y -Z1, aSbd*gSq

Z1]`*,SWnZ\

Ë›*]\WZS af1Yd

]`*,SWnZ\

*V a/1`3S,*bn a,\S hd,ab,*H 221

1Zq \+4m,*1b \/Z\VW*aaZSV

+\4,*bn 1-\ , \b,1b

`\S-Z\`S`\,*bnD dabn ]\yY1bE hb\ q Z1 ]\//*pan Z* ]`\,\V*gSS

\q a1ab`* ,4qW* d Y1Zq +14 a]`\a* Wp+SYm1 bdeWS

4qbn hb\OZS+d/n S4 11 ,1k1yD dabn 4Z*1b

ı .................................................

\/Sb1WS -\,\`qbB w S/Sjn /\Y*D m Z*V*4*Zx

................................................

....................................................

................................................

....................................................

.......................................

................................................

....................................................

.......................................

................................................

....................................................

.......................................

................................................

....................................................

.......................................

................................................

....................................................

....................................................


YZ\-S1 ]\/`\abVS \kdk*pb a1+q ]\/*,W1ZZmYS S4O4* ,aqVSf Z1]`SqbZ\ab1y S ]`\+W1YD ˛Z*V\Y\1 hd,ab,\H \/Sb1WSE /`d4nq S dhSb1Wq ]\ab\qZZ\ \b b1+q h1-\Ob\ f\bqbC b1+q +1a]\V\qb ]`\Saf\/qkS1 a b\+\y ]1`1Y1O Zm P ,Zdb`1ZZS1 S ,Z1jZS1C S4O4* ]dabqV\,mf \jSO +\V bm ahSb*1jn a1+q Z1d/*hZSV\YD a1 ob\ Y\31b ]\O ,1`-*bn b1+q , dZmZS1D 1V\b\`m1 Y\W\/m1 Wp/SE hb\+m ]`Sbd]Sbn /dO j1,Zdp +\WnE ]`S+1-*pb V hW1Z\,`1/Sb1Wnab,d1D ˚aO WS d b1+q `*4,SW*an b*V*q aVW\ZZ\abnE ,mq,S ]`ShSZdD *V ]`*,SW\E Z*Z\aq a1+1 `*ZmE h1W\,1V ]mb*1baq 4*O -WdjSbn ab`1aaD b\ ,m4m,*1b ab`1aa d b1+qH +ab*O Z\,V* , a1Yn1H bZ\j1ZSq a `\,1aZSV*YSH b\+m a]`*,Sbnaq a ]1`13S,*ZSqYSE ]\`\y a*Ymy WdhjSy ,mf\/ P ]\-\,\`Sbn a V1YOb\ S4 `\/Sb1O W1yD WS ]\]`\+dy ]\/\ybS V 4`1W\Yd f`SabS*ZSZdD \4Y\3Z\E \Z \V*31baq /Wq b1+q w+`*b\YE `\3/1ZO ZmY Z* ,`1Yq +1/ab,Sqx L `SbhS 5;B5;MD \b hb\ aV*O 4*W* 5:OW1bZqq SWS*Z*E V\b\`*q \+`*k*W*an 4* ]\O Y\knp V Z1V\b\`mY f`SabS*ZV*Y , a\+`*ZSSB w ZS ab*`j1 S \]mbZ11E ]\ob\Yd Y\-db /*bn 4/`*,my a\,1bD 'bS a1ab`m ab*WS /Wq Y1Zq Z*ab\qkSYS /`d4nqYSx2D 59OW1bZqq ˙*Z* Z*jW* /Wq a1+q 1k1 \/Z\ wW1V*`ab,\xD

Z* ab*W* +\Wnj1 dh*ab,\O ,*bn , f`SabS*ZaV\Y aWdO ˚ 31ZSSD \b 11 ,]1h*bW1ZSqB \4nYS 4* ]`*,SW\ `*aO w \W11 ]`*,SWnZ\-\ `1j1O aV*4m,*bn `\/Sb1WqYE ZSq S +mbn Z1 Y\-W\D 'b\ +mO hb\ f\`\j1-\ ]`\S4\jO W\ ah*abWS,1yj11 ,`1Yq , W\ d b1+q , b1h1ZS1 /ZqE Y\1y 3S4ZSIx /*31 1aWS ob\ Y1W\hnD V\-/* ,\4ZSVZ1b 1 W1Z\,`1/Sb1Wnab,\ P ob\ dYmO jW1ZZ\1 Z*Z1a1ZS1 a*Y\Yd a1+1 b1O a1`n14Z*q ]`\+W1Y*E W1aZmf ]\,`13/1ZSyB ]\`14\,E \3\O b1+1 +d/1b W1-h1 1p -\,E djS+\, S -Wd+\VSf g*`*]SZD ]\/1WSbnaqE S `\/Sb1O 2 ˚aWS bm Z1 `1j*1jnaq Z*h*bn WS‹ \bZ1adbaq V b1+1 a `*4-\,\` WShZ\E Z*]SjS ]SanY\ SWS ]\4,\ZS ]\ b1W1e\ZdD ˙\,1`Sb1WnO +\WnjSY ]\ZSY*ZS1YD

Zmy `*4-\,\` P ]1`,my j*- Z* ]dbS V ,m4/\`\,W1ZSpD

222 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


‘‘

*Y\1 ,*3Z\1 P V\-/* d b1+q 1abn h1W\,1VE a V\b\`mY Y\3Z\ ]\-\,\`SbnE Z13*Z* 1aWS ,a1 ]W\f\

’’

\ a*Y\1 -W*,Z\1B 1aWS b1+1 ]W\f\E 1aWS dZmZS1 Z1 ]`\f\/Sb P Y\WSanD a*WY\]1,1g ˙*,S/E Z* /\Wp V\O b\`\-\ ,m]*W\ Z1Y*W\ -\`1ab1yE aV*4*WB w \4W\3S a,\1 +`1Yq Z* 1-\,dE S \Z ]\//1`3Sb b1+qx L a*W\Y 99B66MD 1-\,* 4Z*1bE V*V b1+1 Z1W1-V\E S +1a]\V\SbO aq \ b1+1 L5 1b`* 9B;MD ˚aWS , a1`/g1 bm a1+q \ad3/*O 1jnE ]\YZSE hb\ w \- +\Wnj1 Z*j1-\ a1`/g* S 4Z*1b ,a1x L5 \*ZZ* 7B6>MD Z ]\ZSY*1b b,\S hd,ab,* /*31 Wdhj1E h1Y bm a*YE S 4Z*1bE ]\h1Yd bm ]\/*,W1ZD Z Y\31b /*bn b1+1 \+W1-h1ZS1D ˚aWS ZSh1-\ Z1 ]\Y\-*1bE b\-/*E ,\4Y\3Z\E d b1O +q oY\gS\Z*WnZ\1 `*aab`\yab,\E Z*]`SY1` /1]`1aO aSq1D +`*bSan V ,`*hd S ]`\y/S \+aW1/\,*ZS1D 1Wn4q 1 ˙\]\WZSb1WnZm1 a\,1bm \ b\YE V*V +\`\bnaq a /1]`1aaS1yE Y\3Z\ Z*ybS , b\Y1 5E -W*,1 57D

]W*Z /1yab,SyI `d/Z11 ,a1-\ YZ1 +\`\bnaq a hd,ab,\YDDD

ı ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

b\+m a]`*,Sbnaq a obSY hd,ab,\YE qDDD ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................


=

r 1 ]\4,\Wqy 4Wd \/\W1,*bn b1+qE Z\ ]\+13/*y 4W\ /\+`\YsD SYWqZ*Y 56B65E YmaW\,\y ]1`1,\/ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

4*V`m,*bn Z* ob\ -W*4*D b\E 1aWS +m bmE daWmj*, ]\/ V*]\b\Y a,\1y Y*jSZm ]\/\4`Sb1WnZmy abdVE ]`\O ab\ a/1W*W ]\-`\Yh1 Yd4mVdH `*,/* 31E +mW\ +m `*O 4dYZ11 \ab*Z\,Sbnaq S d4Z*bn , h1Y /1W\H 1 abm/San a,\1-\ a\ab\qZSqD Z\-S1 ]\/`\abVSE Vb\ ab`*/*1b /1O ]`1aaS1y SWS ]\/\+ZmYS `*aab`\yab,*YSE hd,ab,dpb a1+q -\`*4/\ Wdhj1 +W*-\/*`q ]`*,SWnZ\Yd W1h1ZSpD b*VE Z*jS oY\gSS S hd,ab,* ]\/\+Zm \-ZpD ˚aWS \ZS ]\/ V\Zb`\W1YE Z*j* 3S4Zn SZb1`1aZ* S `*/\abO Z*D ˚aWS 31 hd,ab,* ,m`m,*pbaq S4O]\/ V\Zb`\WqE b\E ]\/\+Z\ \-ZpE \ZS `*4`dj*pb ,a1 Z* a,\1Y ]dbSD b*O `*yaq Sf a/1`3S,*bnD \Z1hZ\E Z1 ]\/dY*,E Ym Y\31Y hb\Ob\ aV*4*bn SWS a/1W*bnE \ h1Y ]\b\Y ]\3*W11YD \ Z*+1`San b1`]1ZSqD `S/1b ,`1YqE S bm Z*dhSjnaq d]`*,Wqbn a,\SYS hd,ab,*YSE Z1 ]\4,\Wqq SY d]`*,O Wqbn b\+\yD

m Y*VaSY*WSabH *V Z*dhSbnaq ]`\k1 aY\b`1bn Z* a,\S Z1d/*hSH

˚˙ (#˚• ˚

O ˚ H

˘ \h1Yd \- \ad3/*1b Z1\+d4/*ZZmy -Z1,H ˘ *V ,a]mWnhS,\abn Y\31b b1+1 Z*,`1/SbnH ˘ *V a]`*,Wqbnaq a dZmZS1YH

224 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


27

\h1Yd q b*V\y Y*VaSY*WSabH *aab`*S,*1jnaq WS bmE ı V\-/* Z1 ]\Wdh*1jn O ˙* w\bWShZ\xH O 1b d,ab,d1jn WS bm a1+q ]\WZmY Z1d/*hZSV\YE O ˙* V\-/* b1+q V`SbSVdpbH O 1b `d/Z\ WS b1+1 Z*f\/Sbn /`d41y SWS a\f`*Zqbn /`d3+dE ]\b\Yd hb\ ,a1 ,\V`d- w/*W1VS \b O ˙* a\,1`j1Zab,*xH O 1b

˚ Z* V*V\yOb\ S4 obSf ,\]`\a\, bm \b,1bSW w/*xE b\E ,\4Y\3Z\E d b1+q ]`\+W1Y*E V\b\`dp Z*4mO ,*pb Y*VaSY*WS4Y\YD \O -\ Y\3Z\ Z*4,*bn Y*VaSO ˛ ˚"& %DDD Y*WSab\YH 'b\ h1W\,1VE d \bq 1-\,* a\,1`O V\b\`\-\ 4*,mj1ZZm1 b`1O j1Z1ZE \Z Z1 ]`\q,Wq1b +\,*ZSq V a1+1 S /`d-SYD Y*VaSY*WS4Y* , \bZ\O m a]`\aSjnB w hb\ ]W\f\O j1ZSqf a Z1a\,1`j1ZO -\ , b\YE hb\+m ab`1YSbnaq ZmYS Wp/nYSD ˚-\ V a\,1`j1Zab,dHx `\/1 +m b`1+\,*ZSq `*4dYZm ZSh1-\D S+WSS a \/\+`1O S ,m]\WZSYmD ZS1Y -\,\`Sbaq \ h1W\,1O V1E wSaVdaZ\Y , a,\1Y /1W1x

?

\h1Yd q b*V\y Y*VaSY*WSabH 225


‘‘

˙1W*bn ,a1 ,\4Y\3Z\1 P Z1 b\ 31 a*Y\1E hb\ ]mb*bnaq /\,1abS ,a1 /\ a\,1`j1Zab,*D 1`,\1 `*4dYZ\E SW* * ,b\`\1 Z1b

’’

L `SbhS 66B6=MD *VaSY*WSabmE \/Z*V\E ,]*/*pb , V`*yZ\abnD \b hb\ `*aaV*4*W 5=OW1bZSy 1`Y*ZB w \-/* q 4*O V*ZhS,*W jV\WdE YZ1 V*4*W\anE hb\E 1aWS ]\ V\Zb`\WnO ZmY d Y1Zq Z1 a]W\jZm1 ]qb1`VSE 4Z*hSbE q ]\WZmy Z1d/*hZSVD ˚k1 q dhSWaq S-`1 Z* e\`b1]S*Z\ S ahSO b*WE hb\ /\W31Z S-`*bn V*V ,S`bd\4E Z1 Y1Znj1xD *VaSY*WS4Y /*31 Y1j*1b h1W\,1Vd aWd3Sbn \O -dD `1/ab*,nE hb\ b1+q ,a1-/* ab*,qb , ]`SY1`D m hd,ab,d1jnE hb\ Z* b1+q ,a1 aY\b`qbE ]\ob\Yd Zd3Z\ +mbn +14d]`1hZmYD \Z1hZ\E f\`\j\E V\-/* , a\+`*O ZSS 1abn f`SabS*Z1E Z* V\b\`mf Y\-db `*,Zqbnaq S Y\W\/m1E S ]\3SWm1D /Z*V\E ab*`*qan w\ab*,*bnaq Z* ,ma\b1xE bm Y\31jn ]\b1`qbn `*/\abn , aWd31ZSS \-dE S b1+1 ]\Z*/\+Sbaq ]\Y\knD \ bmE ,\4Y\3O Z\E ]\+\Sjnaq 4* Z1y \+`*bSbnaqE hb\+m Z1 `*4\h*O `\,*bn b1fE Vb\ \ b1+1 ,ma\V\-\ YZ1ZSqD b1+q /*31 Y\-db ,\4ZSVZdbn b*VS1 YmaWSB w˚aWS q Z1 Y\-d +mbn S/1*WnZmYE b\-/* Z1 +d/d ,\\+k1 ZSV*VSYIx

\`San a Y*VaSY*WS4Y\Y *VaSY*WSabd a,\yab,1ZZ\ /dY*bnE hb\ \jS+VS Z1/\]dabSYmD ob\ d31 ˚ \jS+V*D S+WSS qaZ\ aV*4*Z\B w a1 a\-`1jSWS S ˚abn WS b*V\1 /1W\E V\O WSj1Zm aW*,m \-*x L SYO b\`\1 bm \bVW*/m,*1jnE WqZ*Y 7B67MD ˛Z*hSbE ZS +\qan a/1W*bn 1-\ Z1O \/SZ h1W\,1V Z1 Y\31b +14d]`1hZ\H \-/* +mbn a\,1`j1ZZmY , ]\WO ]`\ab\ Z*4Z*hn a`\V 1-\ ,m]\WZ1ZSqD Z\Y aYmaW1 ob\-\ aW\,*D

3S/*bn \b a1+q a\,1`O

226 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


˚ ˛ "

*,1W ]\ab\W *,1W ]\ZSY*WE hb\ \Z Z1a\,1`j1ZZmy h1W\,1VD Z a*Y ]`S4Z*WB w \-/* f\hd /1W*bn ]`*O ,SWnZ\1E \+Z*`d3S,*1baq ,\ YZ1 4W\1xD /Z*V\ , g1W\Y *,1W +mW f\`\jSY h1W\,1V\YD Z ]Sa*WB w \ ,Zdb`1ZZ1Yd h1W\,1Vd q Z*f\3d d/\,\Wnab,S1 , 4*V\Z1 \-*xD \-/* , h1Y 31 /1W\H w S3d /`d-\y 4*V\ZE ]`\bS,\+\`ab,dpkSy 4*V\Zd Y\1-\ dY* S /1W*pkSy Y1Zq ]W1ZZSV\Y 4*V\Z* -`1f*E V\b\O `my Z*f\/Sbaq , Y\Sf hW1Z*fxD a1 ob\ aSWnZ\ +1aO ]\V\SW\ *,W*D Z a\V`dj*WaqB w 1ah*abZmy q h1W\,1VIx L SYWqZ*Y ;B65P68MD d,ab,d1jn WS bm a1+q b\31 Z1ah*abZmY h1W\,1O V\Y S4O4* a,\Sf Z1d/*hH *V a obSY +\`\Waq *,1WH

Z Z1 4*+m,*WE hb\ `Sab\a dY1` 4* b*VSf Wp/1yE V*V \ZB w W*-\/*`Z\abn \-d h1`14 Sada* `Sab*E Z*j1-\ \a]\/*Ix L SYWqZ*Y ;B69MD *,1W Z*]\YSZ*W a1+1E hb\ `Sab\a ]`SZ1a a1+q , 31`b,d WShZ\ 4* Z1O -\D Z ]Sa*WB w mZ \-*DDD]`\q,SW V\ YZ1 Wp+\,n S \b/*W a1+q 4* Y1Zq x L *W*b*Y 6B6>MD YSZdbm dZmZSq /dY*y \+ ob\y SaVd]Sb1WnZ\y 31`b,1D V\-/* bm `d-*1jn a1+q 4* ]`\O Y*fSE ,a]\YSZ*yE hb\ `Sab\a dY1` 4* -`1jZmfE * Z1 4* a\,1`j1ZZmf Wp/1yD


Y*VaSY*WS4Y S /`d3+* m,*W\ WS b*V\1E hb\ bm \b/*WSW \b a1+q h1W\,1V* b\WnV\ ]\b\YdE hb\ \Z Z1 a\\b,1bab,\,*W b,\SY b`1+\,*ZSqYH Y\O 31bE ]\ b\y 31 ]`ShSZ1 ,]\WZ1 Z1]W\fS1 Wp/S a*YS /1`3*bO aq \b b1+q ]\/*Wnj1H S+WSq a\,1bd1bB w 1 +d/n aWSjV\Y ]`*,1/ZmY S Z1 ,mab*,Wqy a1+q aWSjV\Y Yd/`mYD ˛*h1Y b1+1 -d+Sbn a1+qHx L'VVW14S*ab ;B5:MD *VaSY*WSab w-d+Sb a1+qx b1YE hb\ \bb*WVS,*1b Wp/1yE V\b\`m1 Y\-WS +m ab*bn 1Yd /`d4nqYSD w \Yd \f\b* /`d3Sbn a Wp/nYSE `q/\Y a V\O b\`mYS hd,ab,d1jn a1+q Z1dpbZ\H P aV*4*W* /1,djV* ]\ SY1ZS 'YY*DP ) 4Z*p `1+qbE V\b\`m1 ]\b1`qWS f\`\jSf /`d41y S4O4* V*V\yOb\ 1`dZ/mxD

j1Zab,* b*V 31 +1aaYmaW1ZZ\E V*V /dY*bnE hb\ ab\O Sb ,4Y*fZdbn `dV*YS P S bm ]\W1bSjnD V\WnV\ ZS ab*`*yaqE ob\-\ ZSV\-/* Z1 ]`\S4\y/1bI *V ]\+\`\bn Y*VaSY*WS4YH \b Z1aV\WnV\ a\,1O b\,D 1`1\g1ZS 4Z*h1ZS1 aW\,* wda]1fxD mb*qan ,a1f ]`1,4\ybSE h1W\,1V b\WnV\ S4Y*bm,*1b a1+qD \-W*aZ\ S+WSSE ob\ w]\-\Zq 4* ,1b`\Yx L'VVW14SO *ab 8B8MD /1yab,Sb1WnZ\abS Y*W\ V\Yd d/*1baq a\O 4/*,*bn j1/1,`m , a,\1Y /1W1D 1aWS S d/*1baqE ]`\O f\/Sb ,`1Yq P S Vb\Ob\ /1W*1b ob\ Wdhj1D a]1f P ob\ V\-/* bm /1W*1jn ,a1E hb\ , b,\Sf aSW*fE * Z1 ]mO b*1jnaq ]`1,4\ybS /`d-Sf L *W*b*Y :B8MD d/n `1*WSabShZmYD b`1Yqan V h1YdOWS+\E dhSbm,*y Z1 b\WnV\ a,\S a]\a\+Z\abSE Z\ S a,\S \-`*ZSh1ZSqD WSjV\Y ,ma\V*q ]W*ZV* P ]`S4Z*V Z1aV`\YZ\abSE /*31 a*Y\YZ1ZSqD ]\ab\W *,1W 228 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


mb*bnaq +mbn a\,1`j1ZZmY b*V 31 +1aaYmaW1ZZ\E V*V ]mb*bnaq ,4W1b1bn

/*W 4/`*,my a\,1bB w *3/\O Yd S4 ,*a -\,\`pB Z1 /dY*yb1 \ a1+1 +\Wnj1E h1Y Z1\+f\/SY\ /dY*bnx L SYWqZ*Y 56B7MD b*VE Z1 \3S/*y Z1,\4Y\3Z\-\D `SW*-*y ,a1 aSWmE Z\ Z1 Z*g1WS,*yaq Z* a\,1`j1Zab,\D Y\b`S ]`\k1I \4nYSan 4* b\E , h1Y bm ]\V* Z1 ]`1da]1WE Z*]`SY1` Z*dhSan S-`*bn Z* Yd4mO V*WnZ\Y SZab`dY1Zb1D \Z1hZ\E bm +d/1jn h*ab\ /\]daV*bn \jS+VSD /Z*V\ Z* ob\b `*4 ]\]mb*yaq

]W*Z /1yab,SyI ˚aWS q Z*hZd V a1+1 ]`S/S`*bnaqE qDDD

ı ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

˚aWS q Z*hZd ]`S/S`*bnaq V /`d-SYE qDDD ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................


=

r 1b Z* 41YW1 ]`*,1/Z\-\ h1W\,1V*E V\b\`my +m /1W*W b\WnV\ /\+`\ S Z1 -`1jSWsD 'VVW14S*ab ;B6> ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

,4-WqZdbn Z* a,\S Z1d/*hS ]\O/`d-\YdD S+WSS aV*4*Z\E hb\ 1abn w,`1Yq aY1qbnaqx L'VVW14S*ab 7B8MD `\ab\ `*aaW*+naqD m d,S/SjnE hb\ \jS+VS P ob\ Z1\bl1YW1Y*q h*abn ]`\g1aa* \+dh1ZSqD \Z1hO Z\E Z1 \h1Zn ]`SqbZ\ /1W*bn b\E hb\ d b1+q ]W\f\ ]\O Wdh*1baqD \ob\Yd a\4Z*b1WnZ\ -\ZS \b a1+q \b`Sg*O b1WnZm1 YmaWSD ,1`/\ ]\YZSB 1-\,* Z1 \3S/*1b \b Z*a a\,1`O j1Zab,*E \Z f\h1bE hb\+m Ym +mWS 1Yd ,1`ZmYS L5 \`SZeqZ*Y 8B6MD ˚aWS bm ab*`*1jnaq +mbn ]`1O /*ZZmY \-dE b\ ]`S ,a1Y a,\1Y Z1a\,1`j1Zab,1 bm +d/1jn a\+\y /\,\WnZmYD ˚˙ (#˚• ˚ \Y\a1Vad*WnZ\abn ahSb*1baq a1-\/Zq hdbn WS Z1 Z\`Y\yD *V Z1 ]\//*bnaq ]`\]*-*Z/1H b\E 1aWS d b1+q ]`\+W1Ym a a1Vad*WnZ\y \`S1Zb*gS1yH

O ˚ H

˘ ˚aWS bm ab*,Sjn ]1`1/ a\+\y 4*,mj1ZZm1 g1WSE b\ , V*VSf \+W*abqfH ˘ *VS1 bm 4Z*1jn ]`SY1`m S4 S+WSSE ]\V*4m,*pkS1E hb\ \- 1-\,* Z1 \3S/*1b a\,1`j1Zab,* \b a,\Sf aWd3Sb1W1yH ˘ ˚aWS bm Y*VaSY*WSabE ]\h1Yd ob\ Y\31b \bb\WVZdbn \b b1+q /`d-Sf Wp/1yH ˘ *V bm b1]1`n +d/1jn \bZ\aSbnaq V a,\SY ]`\Y*f*YH

230 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


28

*V Z1 ]\//*bnaq ,WSqZSp -\Y\a1Vad*WS4Y*H ]\/`\abV\,m1 -\/m Y1Zq aSWnZ\ ,W1VW\ V Yd3hSZ*YD -Wd+SZ1 /djS q 4Z*WE hb\ ob\ Z1Z\`Y*WnZ\D W1e m a ]\/`d3V\y ]\g1W\,*WSanD /SZ `*4D \31bE /,*D \ YZ1 ,a1 31 Z`*,SWSan Y*WnhSVSE S q ab*W* /dY*bnE hb\E Z*,1`Z\1E q +Sa1Vad*WV*D *`*

]\a]\`SbE hb\ a1-\/Zq \ -\Y\a1Vad*WnZ\abS -\,\O `qb +\W11 \bV`mb\E h1Y ]*`d /1aqbSW1bSy Z*4*/D \O ]`\+dy hb\Ob\ ,\4`*4Sbn P S Z* b1+q bdb 31 Z*VSZdbO aqD 5:OW1bZqq 'YY* ]\/1WSW*anB w /Z* /1,\hV* aV*O 4*W* YZ1E hb\ `*4 q b*V \bZ\jdan V -\Y\a1Vad*WS4YdE 4Z*hSb q ,a1 `*,Z\ hb\ `*aSabV*D \ 11 YZ1ZSpE ob\ b*O V\1 31 ]`1/d+13/1ZS1xD WSjV\Y a,\+\/Zm1 Z`*,m a\,`1Y1ZZ\-\ \+k1O ab,* ]\+d3/*pb Y\W\/13n oVa]1`SY1ZbS`\,*bnE ,abdO ]*q , \/Z\]\Wm1 a,q4SD w Z\-S1 /1,\hVS , Z*j1y jV\W1 Z*4m,*pb a1+q W1a+SqZV*YSE +Sa1Vad*WV*YS SWS t1k1 Z1 \]`1/1WS,jSYSaqrxEP `*aaV*4*W* 59OW1bO Zqq 1VVSD ]\f\31y ]`\+W1Y\y ab\WVZdW*an , jV\W1 5<OW1bZqq `Sab*D Z* ]\/1WSW*anB wË™,1 \/Z\VW*aaZSO gm ]`1/W*-*WS YZ1 4*Zqbnaq a1Va\YD /Z* S4 ZSf Z*O ]Sa*W* YZ1 4*]SaVdE , V\b\`\y a]`\aSW*E Z1 f\hd WS q t]\]`\+\,*bn a /1,\hV\yrxD 1-\/Zq \/Z\]\Wm1 a,q4S Z1 ahSb*pbaq ]\abm/ZmO YSD \ob\Yd d b1+q Y\-db ,\4ZSVZdbn ,\]`\amB /1yO ab,Sb1WnZ\ WS -\Y\a1Vad*WS4Y P ob\ ]W\f\H 1aWS b1O +q ,W1h1b V h1W\,1Vd \/Z\-\ a b\+\y ]\W*E 4Z*hSb WS ob\E hb\ bm -\Y\a1Vad*WSabH *V Z1 ]\//*bnaq ,WSqZSp -\Y\a1Vad*WS4Y*H 231


*V \- \bZ\aSbaq V -\Y\a1Vad*WS4YdH 1-\/Zq YZ\-S1 Wp/SE , b\Y hSaW1 a,qk1ZZ\aWdO 3Sb1WSE 4*V`m,*pb -W*4* Z* -\Y\a1Vad*WS4Y S /*31 ]\b,\`ab,dpb 1YdD /Z*V\ W\,\ \-*E S+WSqE 4*ZSO Y*1b b,1`/dp ]\4SgSp , ob\Y ,\]`\a1D Z1y -\O ,\`SbaqE hb\ \- 1-\,* Z*Y1`1ZZ\ a\4/*W Wp/1y `*4Z\]\WmYSD Z dab*Z\,SWE hb\ ]\W\,m1 \bZ\j1O ZSq /\]dabSYm b\WnV\ Y13/d Yd31Y S 31Z\y L mbS1 5B6;E 6<C 6B68MD \ob\Yd Z1d/S,Sb1WnZ\E hb\ , S+WSS \ad3/*pbaq Wp+m1 -\Y\a1Vad*WnZm1 a,q4S L SYWqZ*Y 5B6:E 6;MD \Z1hZ\E Vb\Ob\ Y\31b aV*4*bnE hb\ S+WSq dab*O `1W*D \ ]\h1Yd Z1V\b\`m1 /1W*pb b*V\y ]\a]1jZmy ,m,\/H \31b +mbnE ]`ShSZ* , b\YE hb\ b\hV* 4`1ZSq S+WSS `*af\/Sbaq a Sf a\+ab,1ZZmY YZ1ZS1YH 1O `1/V\ Wp/S \b,1`-*pb W\,\ \-* b\WnV\ ]\b\YdE hb\ +S+W1yaVS1 ]`SZgS]m SY Z1 ]\ /dj1D /Z*V\ Z1\+f\O /SY\ +mbn ,mj1 b*VSf ]`1/,4qbmf ,4-Wq/\,D \ hb\E 1aWS b1+q ,W1h1b V h1W\,1Vd b,\1-\ ]\O W*H +q4*b1WnZ\ WS ob\ \4Z*h*1bE hb\ bm -\Y\a1Vad*O WSabH 1bD `\ab\ a1yh*a d b1+q w`*ag,1b pZ\abSxE V\-O /* Z1]`\S4,\WnZ\ ,\4ZSV*1b ]\W\,\1 ,W1h1ZS1 L5 \O `SZeqZ*Y ;B7:MD ˚aWS ,`1Y1Z*YS , b1+1 Z1\3S/*ZZ\ ]`\am]*1baq SZb1`1a V \/Z\]\W\y Wp+,SE ob\ 1k1 ZSO h1-\ Z1 4Z*hSbD \/\+Zm1 hd,ab,* \+mhZ\ ]`\f\/qbD ]\V* hb\ Z1 S/S d ZSf Z* ]\,\/dD \ V*V SY Y\3Z\ ]`\bS,\ab\qbnH \WSan \+ ob\YD \/O ˛ ˚"& %DDD `*3*y ˙*,S/dE V\b\`my ]`\O aSW 1-\,dB w a]mb*y Y1ZqE \bqE ,\4Y\3Z\E d b1+q Z1 ]\WdhSbaq ]\WZ\abnp \ \31E S d4Z*y Y\1 a1`/g1D V\Zb`\WS`\,*bn a,\S aaW1/dy Y1Zq S d4Z*y +1aO 31W*ZSqE bm Y\31jn ]\V\qkS1 Y1Zq YmaWSD `\O V\Zb`\WS`\,*bn a,\S ,1`nE Z1b WS ,\ YZ1 h1-\OWSO /1yab,SqD W*,Z\1 P +\E hb\ b\WV*1b Y1Zq Z* Z1 ]\//*,*bnaq Z1]`*O \]*aZmy ]dbnE S ,1/S Y1O ,SWnZmY 31W*ZSqYD Zq ]\ ]dbS ,1hZ\Ydx L a*W\Y 57=B67E 68MD 1-\,* dV`1]Sb

?

232 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


a1 ]\/`\abVS ab\qb ]1`1/ ,m+\`\YB WS+\ S4,`*k1ZZ*q ]\W\,*q Y\`*Wn ob\-\ YS`*E WS+\ ,ma\VS1 Z`*,ab,1ZZm1 Z\`Ym S+WSS

b1+q S /*ab b1O +1 YS`E V\b\`my w]`1,\af\/Sb ,aqO Vdp YmaWnxD 'b\ a\O f`*ZSb b,\1 a1`/g1 S dY S /*ab waSWdE ]`1,mO j*pkdp \+mhZdpxE hb\O +m Z1 ]\//*,*bnaq Z1]`*O ,SWnZmY 31W*ZSqY L SWS]O ]Syg*Y 8B:E ;C 6 \`SZeqZ*Y 8B;MD *]\WZqy a,\y dY a\4S/*pkSYS YmaWqYS L SWS]]Syg*Y 8B<MD ˚31/Z1,Z\ hSb*y S+WSpD \O 3n1 W\,\ \+W*/*1b \-`\YZ\y aSW\yE a]\a\+Z\y ]\O ,WSqbn Z* b,\y dY S a1`/g1 L˚,`1qY 8B56MD \W\/\y h1W\,1V ]\ SY1ZS ˙31ya\Z aV*4*WB w S+WSq YZ1 \h1Zn aSWnZ\ ]\Y\-W*D *V b\WnV\ , Y\1 a1`/g1 4*V`*/m,*O WSan Z1]`*,SWnZm1 31W*ZSqE q \bV`m,*W b*VS1 abSO fSE V*V 5 \`SZeqZ*Y :B=E 5> S 'e1aqZ*Y 9B7E S hSO b*W SfxD

4+1-*y ]\`Z\-`*eSS S -1yO]`\]*-*Z/m L \W\aO aqZ*Y 7B9MD ab1`1-*yaq ,a1-\E hb\ ,m4m,*1b Z1hSO abm1 YmaWSD ob\Yd \bZ\aSbaq ]\`Z\-`*eSqE Z1V\b\O `m1 b1W1j\dE eSWnYm S /*31E ,\4Y\3Z\E 3d`Z*Wm ]\ +\/S+SW/SZ-d S Y\/1E -/1 ]1h*b*pbaq e\b\-`*eSS ]\O Wd\+Z*31ZZmf Y\/1W1yD mb1aZqy Z1f\`\jS1 YmaWS h1YOb\ ]\W\3Sb1WnZmYD w \-/* q \kdk*p -\Y\a1VadO *WnZ\1 ,W1h1ZS1EP `*aaV*4m,*1b \/SZ ]\/`\ab\VEP q bdb 31 4*ab*,Wqp a1+q ,a]\YZSbn a,\y Wp+SYmy abSf S4 S+WSSxD *V Z1 ]\//*bnaq ,WSqZSp -\Y\a1Vad*WS4Y*H 233


=

r aaW1/dy Y1Zq S d4Z*y +1a]\V\qkS1 Y1Zq YmaWSD `\,1`nE Z1b WS ,\ YZ1 h1-\OWS+\E hb\ b\WV*1b Y1Zq Z* \]*aZmy ]dbnsD a*W\Y 57=B67E 68 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

\Z1hZ\E Vb\Ob\ aV*31bE hb\ Z1 Zd3Z\ a obSY +\O `\bnaqB Wdhj1 aYS`Sbnaq S ,\a]`SZSY*bn a1+q b*VSYE V*V\y bm 1abnD /Z*V\E a\-W*aZ\ S+WSSE b1+1 Z1 \+qO 4*b1WnZ\ ]Wmbn ]\ b1h1ZSpD Z1y aV*4*Z\E hb\ Z1V\O b\`m1 f`SabS*Z1 ]1`,\-\ ,1V* `*Znj1 +mWS -\Y\a1VO ad*WSab*YSE Z\ S4Y1ZSWSan L5 \`SZeqZ*Y :B=P55MD m b\31 Y\31jn ]\+1/SbnE /*31 1aWS ob* +\`n+* ]`\O Saf\/Sb WSjn , b,\1Y a1`/g1D hb\E 1aWS Z1]`*,SWnZm1 31W*ZSq Z1 ]`\f\/qbH 1 ]\//*,*yaq SYI 1-\,* \ad3/*1b -\Y\a1Vad*WnZm1 /1yab,SqD \ob\Yd d h1W\,1V*E V\b\`my +\`1baq a ,W1O h1ZS1Y V Wp/qY a,\1-\ ]\W*E 1abn ,]\WZ1 /\abS3SY*q g1Wn P Z1 /\]daV*bn -\Y\O a1Vad*WnZmf /1yab,SyD ˚ `1/ab*,n a1+1 h1W\,1O m ]*`1ZnE Z\ b1+q V*E waVW\ZZ\-\ -\`qhSbnaqx ,W1h1b V b\YdE d V\-\ L `SbhS 6=B66MD \4Y\3Z\E 1abn Yd3aVS1 V*h1ab,*E `*Znj1E /\ S4dh1ZSq S+O V\b\`mfE ]\Ob,\1YdE WSSE \Z W1-V\ a`m,*WaqD /O b1+1 Z1 f,*b*1bH WS bm Z*V\ b1]1`n \Z \a\4Z*WE Z*O /1,djV*E Z\ , b1+1 3SO aV\WnV\ ,*3Z\ ]`\q,Wqbn ,1b ab`*f ]1`1/ Yd3hSO a*Y\\+W*/*ZS1D ˛Z*hSb WS Z*YSH \-/* SaaW1/dy ob\E hb\ , Z1Y d31 Z1 +dO ]`SY1` `Sab*D 'b\ ]\O /1b 4*VS]*bn `*4/`*31ZS1 Y\31b b1+1 `*4,Sbn ]`*O S -Z1,H 1bD /Z*V\E d4Z*, ,SWnZ\1 ]`1/ab*,W1ZS1 S4 S+WSS \ b\YE V h1Yd \ b\YE V*VSY /\W31Z ]`S,\/Sb Z1V\Zb`\WS`d1O +mbn Z*ab\qkSy Yd3O Ymy -Z1,E \Z +d/1b ab*`*bnO hSZ* L5 1b`* 6B65MD aq a/1`3S,*bn a,\S hd,O Sada1 a\h1b*W*an S Yd3aV*q aSW*E ab,*D S Z13Z\abnD \ 31 a*Y\1 Y\3Z\ aV*O 4*bn \ h1W\,1V1E V\b\`my

234 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


Sa]mbm,*1b \/Z\]\W\1 ,W1h1ZS1E Z\ ,/`d- d4Z*1bE hb\ S+WSq \ad3/*1b -\Y\a1Vad*WS4YD 1]`*,SWnZm1 31W*ZSq ]\`\y Y\-db 1Yd Z*]\YSZ*bn \ a1+1D /Z*V\E ]`SZSY*q b\hVd 4`1ZSq 1-\,mE \Z aY\31b obSY 31W*O ZSqY ]`\bS,\ab\qbnD

1 a/*,*yaqI

/SZ Y\W\/\y h1W\,1V ]\3*W\,*WaqB w) ]mb*Waq ]\+\`\bn a,\S hd,ab,*D ) Y\WSWaq 1-\,1 \ ]\Y\O kSD Sb*W S+WSpD Wdj*W `1hS Z* obd b1YdD 31 Z1 4Z*pE hb\ YZ1 1k1 /1W*bnDDDx \4Y\3Z\E ]\/\+Zm1 hd,O ab,* 4Z*V\Ym S b1+1D ËšaWS ob\ b*VE ]`S-\b\,naq V bq31W\y +\`n+1E , V\O b\`\y Z1 +m,*1b W1-VSf ]\+1/D 1/n b\bE Vb\ f\h1b d-\3/*bn \-dE /\W31Z a\\b,1bab,\,*bn 1-\ ,ma\VSY Z\`Y*Y Y\`*WS S V*V Y\3Z\ /*Wnj1 /1`3*bnaq \b +14Z`*,ab,1ZZ\abSE /*31 1aWS ob\ YdhSb1WnZ\ b`d/Z\D ,1`/\ 4Z*yE hb\ \- ]\ZSY*1bE V*Vdp Z1W1-Vdp +\`nO +d bm ,1/1jn , a,\1Y a1`/g1D Z a\hd,ab,d1b b1YE

]W*Z /1yab,SyI ËšaWS Y1Zq a]`\aqbE ]\h1Yd S+WSq \ad3/*1b -\Y\a1Vad*WS4YE q aV*3dDDD

Äą ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

ËšaWS Vb\Ob\ aV*31bE hb\ b\hV* 4`1ZSq S+WSS ]`1/,4qb*E q aV*3dDDD ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................


‘‘

4,`*k1ZZ\1 YmjW1ZS1 ob\-\ YS`* a\,1`j1ZZ\ 4*]db*W\ Y1Zq , \bZ\j1ZSS Y\1y \`S1Zb*gSSD /Z*V\ q \+f\3d ab\`\Z\y ,a1f S ,a1E hb\ `*4,S,*1b ZZ* SZb1`1a V -\Y\a1Vad*WS4Yd

’’

Vb\ 1Yd aWd3Sb1 L5 \*ZZ* 7B5=E 6>MD \,SZdqan 4*]\O ,1/qY \-*E bm /*1jn 1Yd ,\4Y\3Z\abn S4WSbn Z* b1O +q +W*-\aW\,1ZSqD a\+Wp/1ZSS 1-\ 4*]\,1/1y w,1WSO V*q Z*-`*/*x L a*W\Y 5=B55MD 31 a1yh*a b,\y 3S4Z1ZO Zmy ]dbn +d/1b a*YmY WdhjSY S4 b\-\E hb\ ,\4Y\3Z\ , ob\Y adY*aj1/j1Y YS`1D b*VE d]\,*y Z* \-* S ]`\bS,\ab\y -`1jZmY 31O W*ZSqY L *W*b*Y :B=MD S+WSS aV*4*Z\B w dabn Z1O h1abS1 ,m4m,*1b d ,*a \b,`*k1ZS1E /1`3Sb1an /\+`*x L SYWqZ*Y 56B=MD `SW*-*y daSWSqD `\y/1b ,`1YqE S -`1jZm1 31W*ZSqE aV\`11 ,a1-\E \aW*+ZdbD a*Y\1 -W*,Z\1E S4+1-*q -\Y\a1Vad*WnZmf /1yab,SyE bm +dO /1jn SY1bn Z*/13/d Z* ,1hZdp 3S4Zn , \3n1Y ]`*O ,1/Z\Y Z\,\Y YS`1D 1 ËšaWS f`SabS*ZSZ /\]dabSW a1Vad*WnZdp +14Z`*,ab,1ZZ\abnE 1Yd Zd3Z\ \+`*bSbnaq 4* ]\Y\knp V ab*`1yjSZ*Y L *V\,* 9B58E 59MD

*V Y\3Z\ V\Zb`\WS`\,*bn ,W1h1ZS1 V ]`\bS,\]\W\3Z\Yd ]\WdH

˚˙ (#˚• ˚

O Ëš H

˘ \h1Yd \- \ad3/*1b -\Y\a1Vad*WS4YH ˘ *V ]\+\`\bn ,W1h1ZS1 V WSg*Y a,\1-\ ]\W*H ˘ ˚aWS bm ]`SZSY*1jn b\hVd 4`1ZSq \-* Z* -\Y\a1Vad*WS4YE \4Z*h*1b WS ob\E hb\ bm -\Y\e\+ Lh1W\,1VE Z1Z*,S/qkSy -\Y\a1Vad*WSab\,MH

236 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


29

*V YZ1 S4+*,Sbnaq \b Z*,q4hS,mf YmaW1y \ a1Va1H


w) ) /dY*p \ /1,h\ZV*fE /*31 V\-/* Sf Z1b `q/\YEP ]`S4Z*1baq pZ\j* ]\ SY1ZS *yVWDP 'b\ b*V -Wd]\D ˙*31 Z1 Y\-d ]\`\y a\a`1O /\b\hSbnaqIx m,*1b WSE hb\ bm b\31 g1WmYS /ZqYS /dY*1jn b\WnV\ \+ \/Z\YH 'b\ ]\f\31 Z* ,\yZd a a*YSY a\O +\yD maWS \ a1Va1 *b*Vdpb b1+qE aW\,Z\ \b`q/m ,`*31aVSf ,\yaVD w *VS1 YmaWS +dV,*WnZ\ d]`*,O Wqpb b\+\yEP ]`\/\W3*1b *yVWDP m ,S/Sjn ,/*W1V1 V`*aS,dp /1,djVd P S d31 -\b\, a/1W*bn V`pV SWS 4*ybS , Z1Zd3Zmy b1+1 Y*-*4SZE hb\+m b\WnV\ ]\+WS31 Z* Z11 ,4-WqZdbnxD a*YSf ]\ a1+1 a1Vad*WnZmf 31W*ZSqf Z1b ZSO h1-\ ]W\f\-\D *Y \- ,W\3SW , Yd3hSZd S 31ZkSO Zd aSWnZ\1 ,W1h1ZS1 /`d- V /`d-dC \ZS Y\-db ,abdO ]*bn , +`*V S d/\,W1b,\`qbn obS 31W*ZSqD \bq bm 1k1 Z1 , +`*V1E , b1+1 ,`1Y1Z*YS Y\31b ]`\am]*bnO aq ]\W\,\1 ,W1h1ZS1D \ ob\ 1k1 Z1 4Z*hSbE hb\ bm ]\`\hZmy h1W\,1VD bm Y\31jn a\f`*ZSbn a,\p Z`*,ab,1ZZdp hSab\bdE 1aWS b\WnV\ 4*f\h1jnD ˙Wq ob\-\ Z1\+f\/SY\ V\Zb`\WS`\,*bn a,\S YmaWSD \ V*VH W1/S 4* \+k1ZS1YD \-/* \/Z\VW*aaZSVS 4*O ,\/qb `*4-\,\` \ a1Va1E Z1,\WnZ\ f\h1baq ]`Sa\O 1/SZSbnaq P ]`\ab\ hb\+m Z1 ,m-Wq/1bn +1W\y ,\O `\Z\yD \ , b*V\Y aWdO h*1 V\Zb`\WS`\,*bn a,\S ˛ ˚"& %DDD YmaWS +d/1b b`d/Z11D b\ \E \ h1Y bm ]\4,\O 31 b\-/* /1W*bnH `\ab\ Wq1jn a1+1 /dY*bnE ,ab*bn S dybSH Y1ZZ\D Y\31b e\`YS`\,*bn 1 Zd3Z\ ob\-\ abm/SbnaqD b,\p WShZ\abn S \bO Z1 \+q4*b1WnZ\ /1W*bn `*3*bnaq Z* b,\Sf ob\ /1Y\Zab`*bS,Z\E Z*`mO /1yab,Sqf L *V\,* 5B58E 59MD ,*qan b1Y a*YmY Z* Z*O aY1jVSD

?

238 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


4+1-*y +14Z`*,ab,1ZZmf `*4,W1h1ZSyD \O Z1hZ\E Z1 ,\ ,a1f eSWnY*f S ]1aZqf 1abn hb\Ob\ +14O Z`*,ab,1ZZ\1D 1Y Z1 Y1Z11 YZ\-\1 S4 ob\-\ Z*g1O W1Z\ Z* `*43S-*ZS1 Z1dY1abZmf a1Vad*WnZmf 31O W*ZSyD b\ a\,1bd1b S+WSqH wË™*,*yb1 \hSabSY a1+q \b ,a1-\E hb\ \aV,1`Zq1b ]W\bn S /dfE a\,1`O j1Zab,dq a,qb\abn , ab`*f1 \3n1Yx L6 \`SZeqO Z*Y ;B5MD 4+1-*y Wp+mf `*4,W1h1ZSyE V\b\`m1 Y\O -db ]`\+d/Sbn , b1+1 Z1hSabm1 a1Vad*WnZm1 31W*O ZSq1D

`\+W1Y* Y*abd`+*gSS b*`*qan aZqbn a1Vad*WnZ\1 ,\4+d3/1ZS1E Z1V\O b\`m1 ]\/`\abVS ]`S+1-*pb V Y*abd`+*gSSD \ \b ob\-\ +m,*1b b\WnV\ fd31D S+WSq ]`S4m,*1b f`SO abS*ZB w Y1`b,Sb1 ,*jS 41YZm1 hW1Zm , \bZ\j1O ZSS +Wd/*E Z1hSab\bmE ]\f\bSE ]*-d+Zmf 31W*ZSy S 3*/Z\abSx L \W\aaqZ*Y 7B9MD *abd`+*gSq 31 Z1 b\WnV\ Z1 dY1`k,Wq1b ]\f\bnE *E Z*\+\O `\bE `*43S-*1b 11I \//*,*qan ob\y ]`S,mO hV1E bm ab*Z\,Sjnaq `*O +\Y a,\Sf ]\f\b1y L Sbd 7B7MD b\+m 11 ]\+\`\bnE Z*/\ ]`13/1 ,a1-\ V\O YdOb\ /\,1`SbnaqD /SZ f`SabS*ZSZE V\b\`my 1 \Wnj1 SZe\`Y*gSS \+ \bO /mf1 S `*4,W1h1ZSqf Y\3Z\ Z*ybS , <OY `*4/1W1 ob\y VZS-SD

]dabSW +m bm ,S`dam , a,\y V\Y]npb1`H \-/* 4*h1Y ,]daV*bn +14Z`*,ab,1ZZm1 YmaWS , a,\y dYH


‘‘

b\+m S4+*,Sbnaq \b ,\4+d3/*pkSf YmaW1yE q ab*`*pan ]1`1VWph*bnaq Z* hb\Ob\ /`d-\1D ) Z*]\YSZ*p a1+1E V\bb hb\ a\ ,`1Y1Z1Y ob\ ]`\y/1b

’’

Z1aV\WnV\ W1b +\`\Waq a 31W*ZS1Y Y*abd`+S`\O ,*bnE aV*4*WB w *V 3*WnE hb\ q Z1 Z*+`*Waq f`*+`\O abS ]\-\,\`Sbn a V1YOZS+d/nE V\-/* +mW ]\/`\abO V\YI ˙\W-S1 -\/m Y1Zq YdhSW* a\,1abnD 'b\ `*4`dO j*W\ Y\S \bZ\j1ZSq a /`d-SYS SE a*Y\1 -W*,Z\1E a 1-\,\yxD V\Yd Y\3Z\ ]\/\ybSH \`\y `*4dYZ11 ,a1-\ ]\-\,\`Sbn a \/ZSY S4 `\/Sb1W1yD \Y\hn b1+1 Y\+m b*V31 4`1Wmy f`SabS*ZSZD \3Z\ Z*h*bn `*4O -\,\` b*VB w) f\b1W +m ]\-\,\`Sbn a b\+\y \+ \/Z\y ]`\+W1Y1E V\b\`*q Y1Zq \h1Zn +1a]\V\SbxD Z/`1 \h1Zn `*/E hb\ ]\/\j1W V ab*`1yjSZ1D Z ,a]\YSZ*1bB w \-/* ob\b +`*b aWdj*W Y1ZqE Z* 1-\ -W*4* Z*,1`ZdWSan aW14mD Z aV*4*WE hb\ 1-\O ,* Y1Zq Wp+Sb S hb\ ob* ]`\+W1Y* 1abn d YZ\-SfD

Z ]\\+1k*WE hb\ +d/1b a]`*,Wqbnaq \ Y\Sf da]1O f*f S ]\/+1`1b ]\W14Zdp SZe\`Y*gSp Z* obd b1Yd , \aZ\,*ZZmf Z* S+WSS ]d+WSV*gSqfD \aW1 `*4O -\,\`* a ZSY q `1jSb1WnO ˚ Z\ Z*ab`\SWaq ]`\/\WO 3*bn +\`n+d P /*31 1aWS 1 ]`1V`*k*y +\`n+d +d/d \]qbn a`m,*bnaqxD a Y*abd`+*gS1yE 1aWS *`S\ `1jSW ]\-\,\O d b1+q ]`\S4\j1W a`m,D `\*Z*WS4S`dyE ]\h1Yd `Sbn a\ a,\SY \bg\YD ob\ aWdhSW\anE S a/1W*y \b ,ZSY*b1WnZ\ S a a\O /Wq a1+q ,m,\/mD hd,ab,S1Y 1-\ ,maWdj*WD

b1g /*31 ]`S4Z*WaqE hb\

240 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


a*Y , Y\W\/\abS +\`\Waq a ob\y ]`S,mhV\yD *O `S\ `*aaV*4m,*1bB w bV`\,1ZZ\abn S SaV`1ZZ\abn \bg* \h1Zn Y1Zq \+\/`SW*D ) ]\/dY*WE hb\E 1aWS \Z aY\- a obSY a]`*,SbnaqE d Y1Zq b\31 ,a1 ]\WdhSbaqD ) +mW Z*ab\WnV\ b`\Zdb 1-\ \bZ\j1ZS1YE hb\ Z1 ,mO /1`3*W S 4*]W*V*WxD `SW*-*q daSWSqE hb\+m ]\+\`\bn obd ]`S,mhVdE bm b\31E V*V *`S\ S Z/`1E aY\31jn Z*ybS ]\O Y\kn S ]\//1`3VdD ˙*31 1aWS Z1 a`*4d ]\WdhSbaq \/1`3*bn ]\+1/dE Z1 a/*,*yaqD d/n d,1`1ZB bm aY\O 31jn ]\+1/SbnI1

\Zb`\WS`dy a,\S YmaWS ]\ab\W *,1W aV*4*WB w Shdp a,\1 b1W\ S ]\`*O +\k*p 1-\x L5 \`SZeqZ*Y =B6;MD \4Y\3Z\E hb\ S bm /\W31Z +mbn V a1+1 +1a]\k*/ZmYE V\-/* , -\W\O ,d W14db YmaWS \ ]`\bS,\]\W\3Z\Y ]\W1D ˚aWS \ZS 1 ˙`d-S1 a\,1bm \ b\YE V*V +\`\bnaq a Y*abd`+*gS1yE Y\3Z\ Z*ybS , b\Y1 5E -W*,1 69D

]W*Z /1yab,SyI b\+m \b,W1hnaq \b YmaW1y \ a1Va1E qDDD

ı................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

˚aWS `*4-\,\` a \/Z\VW*aaZSV*YS ab*Z1b Z1]`Sab\yZmYE qDDD ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................


=

r b\ /\+`\/1b1WnZ\ S hb\ ]\f,*WnZ\EP \ b\Y ]\ab\qZZ\ `*4YmjWqyb1sD SWS]]Syg*Y 8B< ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

Z1 \babd]*pbE ]\]`\+dy 4*Zqbnaq a]\`b\YD S+O WSS aV*4*Z\B w ]`*3Z1ZSq /Wq b1W* ]`SZ\aqb Z1O +\Wnjdp ]\Wn4dx L5 SY\e1p 8B<MD `\-dWV* +mO ab`mY j*-\Y SWS Z1aV\WnV\ YSZdb eS4Sh1aVSf d]`*3Z1ZSyE aV\`11 ,a1-\E ]\Y\-db \b\-Z*bn \b,W1O V*pkS1 b1+q YmaWSD \ a*Y\1 -W*,Z\1 P Z1 4*+m,*y \ ]\Y\kSE V\O b\`dp bm Y\31jn ]\WdhSbn \b a,\1-\ Z1+1aZ\-\

bg*D w \-/* ,\ YZ1 4*`\3/*pbaq hd,ab,1ZZm1 31O W*ZSqEP -\,\`Sb \/SZ f`SabS*ZSZEP q 4*ab*,Wqp a1+q Y\WSbnaqxD 'b\E V\Z1hZ\E Z1 4Z*hSbE hb\ \- hdO /\Y d-*aSb b,\y SZb1`1a V ]`\bS,\]\W\3Z\Yd ]\WdD \ \Z ]\Y\31b b1+1 d,S/1bnE hb\ 1abn YZ\-\1 /`dO -\1E h1Y Y\3Z\ 4*Zqbn a,\y dYD

O ˚ H

˘ \h1Yd , a1Vad*WnZmf 31W*ZSqf a*YSf ]\ a1+1 Z1b ZSh1-\ ]W\f\-\H ˘ \h1Yd ,*3Z\ /1`3*bn a1Vad*WnZm1 31W*ZSq ]\/ V\Zb`\W1YH ˘ *VS1 ,S/m `*4,W1h1ZSy 4*ab*,Wqpb b1+q /dY*bn \ ]`\bS,\]\W\3Z\Y ]\W1H ˘ \h1Yd ,*3Z\ dybSE V\-/* `*4-\,\` ab*Z\,Sbaq Z1]`Sab\yZmY SWS /,daYmaW1ZZmYH

242 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


7

Y\y /Z1,ZSV

V*VSY hd,ab,\Y b1+1 b`d/Z11 ,a1-\ a]`*,Wqbnaq S V*V \Z\ Z* b1+q ,WSq1bH

ı

*V ]`\hSb*ZZ\1 , ob\Y `*4/1W1 ]\Y\31b b1+1 a]`*,Wqbnaq a obSY hd,ab,\YH

243



˛ ˚ ˚ )

8

*ab\ WS bm \b,\/Sjn ı ,`1Yq Z* a]\`bE Yd4mVdE O 1/V\ eSWnYmE b1W1]1`1/*hSE O *3/my /1Zn oW1Vb`\ZZm1 S-`mH O 1aV\WnV\ `*4 , /1Zn

b\ SWS hb\ +\Wnj1 ,a1-\ ,WSq1b Z* b,\y ,m+\` `*4,W1h1ZSyH

O ,1`abZSVS O \/Sb1WS O 1VW*Y*

˚k1 ZSV\-/* , Sab\`SS Z1 +mW\ b*V\-\ `*4Z\\+`*4Sq , ,m+\`1 `*4,W1h1ZSyE V*V a1-\/ZqD \ , adbV*f ]\O]`13Z1Yd WSjn 68 h*a*D `\Y1 b\-\E `*4,W1h1ZSq ,WSO qpb Z* YmjW1ZS1 S WShZ\abn h1W\,1V*D V\WnV\ 31 ,`1Y1ZS \b,\/Sbn Z* \b/mf S d,1a1W1ZSqH * h1Y \ab*Z\,Sbn a,\y ,mO +\`H W*,m 7>P77 ]\Y\-db b1+1 a1`n14O Z\ \+ ob\Y ]\/dY*bnD

245


30

b\Sb WS YZ1 S-`*bn , oW1Vb`\ZZm1 S-`mH


w &( ˚ %˚ S-`m P ob\ VW*aaZ\D S-`1 bm /1O W*1jn b\E hb\ ZSV\-/* +m Z1 a/1W*W , 3S4ZSE * 1aWS +m S a/1W*WE b\ ]\]*W +m , a1`n14Zm1 Z1]`SqbZ\abSxD *V ,maV*4*Waq Y\W\/\y h1W\,1V ]\ SY1ZS `*y*ZD 'W1VO b`\ZZmYS S-`*YS d,W1V*1baq S ˙1+\`*D /Z*V\ \Z* ]`1/d]`13/*1bB w -`m \bZSY*pb dyYd ,`1Y1ZSE S V ZSY Y\3Z\ ]`Sab`*abSbnaqxD 1a\YZ1ZZ\E V\Y]npb1`Zm1 S-`m P ob\ Z1 ]`\ab\ V`*aS,*q S-`djV* Z\,\-\ ]\V\W1ZSqD 'bS S-`m `*4,S,*pb a]\a\+Z\abS S Z1 /*pb aVdh*bnD 1V\b\`m1 S4 ZSf a\,1`j1Zab,dpb `1*VgSp S ,ZSY*b1WnZ\abnE dWdhj*pb Z*,mVS hb1ZSq S ,mhSaW1ZSqD \YSY\ ]`\O h1-\ S-`\,m1 Z\,SZVS /*pb b1Yd /Wq `*4-\,\`\, a \/O Z\VW*aaZSV*YSD ˚aWS bm S-`*1jn , oW1Vb`\ZZm1 S-O `mE b\ ,a1-/* aY\31jn ]\//1`3*bn `*4-\,\`D \Z1hZ\E 1aWS Z1 b\`\]Sbnaq ]`S ,m+\`1E Y\3Z\ Z*ybS b*Vdp S-`dE V\b\`*q +mW* +m S 4*ZSY*b1WnZ\yE S ]`S1YW1Y\y a b\hVS 4`1ZSq Z`*,ab,1ZZ\abSD \ 4*O h1Y ]`\q,Wqbn \ab\`\3Z\abnH

1YZ*q ab\`\Z* a\3*W1ZSpE /*W1V\ Z1 ,a1 oW1Vb`\ZZm1 S-`m ]\O W14ZmD *ab\ \ZS ]`\]*-*Z/S`dpb b\E hb\ S+WSq Z*O 4m,*1b w/1W*YS ]W\bSxEP Z1hSabm1 /1W*E V\b\`m1 \\ad3/*1b L *W*b*Y 9B5=P65MD \b V*V 5<OW1bZSy 'y/`S1Z \]Sa*W \/Zd ]\]dWq`O Zdp S-`dB w *Z/SbaVS1 `*4O ˛ ˚"& %DDD +\`VSE Z*`V\bSVSE Z1]`SO ab\yZm1 ag1ZmE aV,1`Z\aW\O 6>>: -\/d , Yab1`O ,S1E 4,1`SZ*q 31ab\V\abn S /*Y1 L S/1`W*Z/mM \bO Y\`1 V`\,SxD 1V\b\`m1 S-O V`mW*an ]1`,*q , YS`1 `m ]`\]Sb*Zm \VVdWnbS4O `1*+SWSb*gS\ZZ*q Y\YD ,mf\/\Y V*3/\y Z\O VWSZSV*E -/1 W1h*b ,\y ,1`aSS S-`m ]`1/mO SaVWphSb1WnZ\ \b ]`Sab`*abSq V S-`*Y /dk*q V*31baq Z1,SZZ\y , Zb1`Z1b1D 4*+*,\yD a*Ym1 ]\]dWq`O Zm1 S-`m Y\3Z\ S-`*bn ,

?

b\Sb WS YZ1 S-`*bn , oW1Vb`\ZZm1 S-`mH 247


`1*WnZ\Y ,`1Y1ZS , Zb1`Z1b1D 'b\ Z\,j1ab,\ ,m,\O /Sb S-`m Z* Z\,my d`\,1ZnD w S/q 4* V\Y]npb1`\Y d a1+q /\Y*EP -\,\`Sb 5=OW1bZSy ˙31yYaEP bm Y\O 31jn ,abd]Sbn , S-`d a b1YSE Vb\ 3S,1b Z* /`d-\Y V\Zg1 a,1b*xD

-`\YZdp ]\]dWq`Z\abn 4*,\1,*WS `\W1,m1 S-`mD f dh*abZSVS a\4/*pb a1+1 b*V Z*4m,*1Ym1 *,*b*O `m P ,S`bd*WnZmf /1yab,dpkSf WSg , ,S/1 Wp/1yE 3S,\bZmf SWS Y\Zab`\,D S+1`]`\ab`*Zab,\ 4*a1WqO pb bmaqhS *,*b*`E V\b\`mYS d]`*,Wqpb bmaqhS S-`\O V\, S4 `1*WnZ\-\ YS`*D S-`\,\Y YS`1 1abn dWSgmE Y*-*4SZmE Y*jSZmE Z\hZm1 VWd+mE ]d+WShZm1 /\Y*D \ adbSE ob\ \b`*31ZS1 `1*WnZ\-\ YS`*D \-/* , VS+1`]`\ab`*Zab,1 ,ab`1h*pbaq *,*b*O `m `*4Zmf S-`\V\,E Sf wf\4q1,*x Y\-db \+Y1O ZS,*bnaq /`d- a /`d-\Y Y-Z\,1ZZmYS a\\+k1O ZSqYSD b\ Z*a1Wq1b obS ,S`bd*WnZm1 YS`mH `1abd]ZSVS P Y*eS\4SE adb1Z1`mE ]`\abSbdbVSE ,mY\-*b1WSE Y\j1ZZSVSE VSWW1`mD -`\VSE V\b\`m1 SYS d]`*,O WqpbE 4*ZSY*pbaq b1YE hb\ ZSV\-/* Z1 ]\4,\WSWS +m a1+1 , `1*WnZ\y 3S4ZSD b\Sb Z*3*bn Z1aV\WnV\ VW*,SjE S *,*O b*`m Z*hSZ*pb 4*ZSY*bnaq a1Va\YE * S-O `\VS , ob\ ,`1Yq \+Y1ZS,*pbaq `1]WSV*O YS Z* SZbSYZm1 b1YmD Z1V\b\`mf S-O `*f d S-`\V\, 1abn ,\4Y\3Z\abn ,abd]*bn , ,S`bd*WnZdp ]\W\,dp a,q4n a *,*b*O `*YSO/1bnYSD 1d/S,Sb1WnZ\E hb\ ]aSO f\W\-S \+1a]\V\1Zm b1YE hb\ S4 b*VSf ,\]SpkSf S4,`*k1ZSy Wp/S /1W*pb S-`dD

\aW1/ab,Sq ,m+\`* 1E Vb\ S-`*1b , 31ab\VS1 SWS Z1]`Sab\yZm1 S-`mE Y\-db `*4O YmjWqbn b*VB w) ZSh1-\ ]W\f\-\ 248 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


‘‘

Z\-S1 S-`m ]`Sbd]Wqpb hd,ab,SO b1WnZ\abn V Z*aSWSpE aV,1`Z\aW\,SpE +14Z`*,ab,1ZZ\abSD E V*V aW1/ab,S1E , `1*WnZ\y 3S4ZS bm Z*hSZ*1jn \bZ\aSbnaq V ob\Yd aZSaf\/Sb1WnZ\D m+S`*q S-`dE Z*/\ +mbn V`*yZ1 'YS \ab\`\3ZmY

’’

Z1 /1W*pD 'b\ ,a1 ]\Z*`\jVd P ]`\ab\ S-`*xD \ Z1 /*y a1+q \/d`*hSbn b*VSYS W\3ZmYS `*aad3/1ZSqYSI S+WSS aV*4*Z\B w *WnhSV* Y\3Z\ d4Z*bn S ]\ 1-\ 4*ZqbSqY P hSab\ WS S h1abZ\ WS b\E hb\ \Z /1W*1bx L `SbhS 6>B55MD ˚aWS bm S-`*1jn , 31ab\VS1E +14Z`*,O ab,1ZZm1 S-`mE Y\3Z\ WS aV*4*bnE hb\ b,\S YmaWS hSO abm S h1abZmH aaW1/\,*ZSq Z1 `*4 ]\/b,1`3/*WSE hb\ 1aWS h1W\,1V aY\b`Sb ag1Zm Z*aSWSqE b\ \Z ab*Z\O ,Sbaq *-`1aaS,ZmYD \ aW\,*Y Z1V\b\`mf a]1gS*WSO ab\,E S-`m \V*4m,*pb +\Wnj11 ,WSqZS1E h1Y b1W1,SO 4\`E ]\aV\WnVd ]`1/]\W*-*pb Z1]\a`1/ab,1ZZ\1 dh*O abS1D -`*bn , 31ab\VS1 SWS +14Z`*,ab,1ZZm1 S-`m ,a1 `*,Z\ hb\ S-`*bn a `*/S\*VbS,ZmYS \bf\/*YSB ,`1/O Zm1 ]\aW1/ab,Sq ]`\q,qbaq Z1 a`*4dE Z\ \ZS Z1S4+13ZmD ˚ \/ ,\4/1yab,S1Y `*/S*O

\+S`*qan ]`S\+`1abS gSS ]`\Saf\/Sb `*4`dj1O S-`dE Z* \b/1WnZ\Y WSab1 ZS1 ab1Z\V VSj1hZSV*E S4O V\`\bV\ ]1`1hSaWS 11 4* h1-\ +*Vb1`SS ]`\ZSV*O \a\+1ZZ\abSE g1Wn S Y1O pb , V`\,1Z\aZdp aSab1Yd S b\/m /\abS31ZSq ob\y ,m4m,*pb a1`n14Z\1 4*+\W1O g1WSD \]\ab*,n a,\1 ,*ZS1D \/\+ZmY \+`*4\YE \]Sa*ZS1 a +S+W1yaVSYS ]\/,1`-*q a1+q ,\4/1yab,Sp ]`SZgS]*YSE d]\YqZdO ,S`bd*WnZ\-\ a1Va* SWS 31O bmYS , ob\y -W*,1E * 4*O ab\V\abSE Y\3Z\ `*4`djSbn b1Y \]`1/1WSE ]\/f\/Sb b1+1 ob* S-`* SWS Z1bD a,\y wabm/x P hd,ab,\ Y\O `*WnZ\y \b,1bab,1ZZ\abSD

b\Sb WS YZ1 S-`*bn , oW1Vb`\ZZm1 S-`mH 249


=

r p+qkS1 1-\,dE Z1Z*,S/nb1 4W\sD a*W\Y =;B5> ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

\-/* ]W\baVS1 31W*ZSq ,\4nYdb ,1`f Z*/ b,\SYS YmaWqYS S /1yab,SqYS L'e1aqZ*Y 8B5=C *W*b*Y :B;E <MD

*Vdp ,m+`*bnH ˚aWS `\/Sb1WS `*4`1j*pb b1+1 S-`*bn , oW1Vb`\ZO Zm1 S-`mE V*V \]`1/1WSbnE V*VS1 SY1ZZ\ ,m+`*bn S aV\WnV\ ,`1Y1ZS Z* ZSf b`*bSbnH ˛*/*y a1+1 aW1/dpO kS1 ,\]`\amD \,WSq1b WS Y\y ,m+\` Z* b\E hb\ \+\ YZ1 ]\O /dY*1b \-H w 1-\,* a*Y SaaW1/d1b V*V ]`*,1/Z\O -\E b*V S Z1h1abS,\-\D aqV\-\E Wp+qk1-\ Z*aSWS1E Z1Z*,S/Sb ˚-\ /dj*xEP -\,\`Sbaq , a*WY1 55B9D b1fE Vb\ 4*ZSY*1bO aq \VVdWnbS4Y\YE \3n1 W\O ,\ -\,\`SbB w a1E Vb\ /1W*O 1b ob\E Y1`4VS /Wq 1-\,mx L b\`\4*V\ZS1 5<B5>P56MD ˚aWS bm f\h1jn +mbn /`dO -\Y \-*E b1+1 Zd3Z\ aW1O /\,*bn a\,1bd S4 a*WY* =;B5>B w 1Z*,S/nb1 4W\xD

-`*bn , 31ab\VS1 SWS +14Z`*,ab,1ZZm1 S-`m P ,a1 `*,Z\ hb\ S-`*bn a `*/S\*VbS,ZmYS \bf\/*YSB ]\aW1/ab,Sq ]`\q,qbaq Z1 a`*4dE Z\ \ZS Z1S4+13Zm

250


*V S-`* ]\,WSq1b Z* Y\1 YmjW1ZS1H ]`\aS a1O +qB w˚aWS q ab*Zd , Z11 S-`*bnE YZ1 +d/1b W1-h1 SWSE Z*\+\`\bE b`d/Z11 td+1-*bn \b +Wd/*rHx L5 \`SZeqZ*Y :B5<MD -`mE a\/1`3*kS1 a1Vad*WnZ\ ,\4+d3/*pkS1 ag1Zm SWS `*4-\,\`mE Z1 ]\Y\-db b1+1 a\a`1/\b\hSbnO aq Z* b\YE hb\ ]`*,1/Z\E hSab\ S /\+`\/1b1WnZ\ L SO WS]]Syg*Y 8B<MD V\WnV\ ,`1Y1ZS d Y1Zq +d/1b df\/Sbn Z* S-`dH ˙*31 a*Ym1 +14\+S/Zm1 S-`m Y\-db ]\-W\k*bn YZ\O -\ ,`1Y1ZSD \ob\Yd 4*]Sam,*yE aV\WnV\ ,`1Y1ZS bm b`*bSjn Z* S-`dD ab*1baq WS d b1+q /\ab*b\hZ\ ,`1O Y1ZS Z* +\W11 ,*3Zm1 /1W*H *V bm aY\31jn ]`*O ,SWnZ\ `*aab*,Wqbn ]`S\`Sb1bm L'e1aqZ*Y 9B5:MD S+WSq Z1 b`1+d1bE hb\+m Ym ,ap 3S4Zn b\WnV\ S /1W*WSE hb\ `*+\b*WS S dhSWSanD Z* Z*]\YSZ*1b Z*YE hb\ 1abn w,`1Yq aY1qbnaqDDD S ,`1Yq ]Wqa*bnx L'VO VW14S*ab 7B8MD ˛*Y1bnE Vab*bSE hb\ w]Wqa*bnx ]\/`*4dO Y1,*1b Z1 b\WnV\ aS/qhdp S-`dE Z\ S \]`1/1W1ZZdp

]W*Z /1yab,SyI ˚aWS /`d- ]`1/W\3Sb YZ1 ]\S-`*bn , 31ab\Vdp SWS +14Z`*,ab,1ZZdp oW1Vb`\ZZdp S-`dE q aV*3d 1YdDDD

ı ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

) f\hd \-`*ZShSbn ,`1YqE V\b\`\1 b`*hd Z* oW1Vb`\ZZm1 S-`m /\................. , Z1/1Wp S /Wq ob\-\ qDDD ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................


eS4Sh1aVdp *VbS,Z\abnD \ob\YdE Y\31bE ab\Sb \b,\O /Sbn h*abn a,\+\/Z\-\ ,`1Y1ZS Z* ]\/,S3Zm1 S-`mE ,Y1ab\ b\-\ hb\+m h*a*YS ]`\aS3S,*bn ]1`1/ oV`*O Z\Y V\Y]npb1`*H

m+S`*y a Yd/`\abnp Z1 a\YZ1ZSyE oW1Vb`\ZZm1 S-`m Y\-db +mbn \h1Zn d,W1V*b1WnZmYSE \a\+1ZZ\ 1aWS bm Y*ab1`aVS , ZSf S-`*1jnD Y1ZZ\ ]\ob\Yd Z1\+f\/SY\ ]`\q,Wqbn Yd/`\abn ]`S ,m+\`1 b\y SWS SZ\y S-`mD ]`\aS a1+qB w \ V*VSY ]`1/Y1b*Y d Y1Zq a*Ym1 WdhjS1 \bY1bVSHx *4,1 Z1 ]\ b1YE V\b\`m1 b1+1 +\Wnj1 ,a1-\ Z`*,qbaqH *ab\ b*V S +m,*1bB h1Y +\Wnj1 b1+1 Z`*,Sbaq V*V\yO b\ ]`1/Y1bE b1Y +\Wnj11 ,WSqZS1 \Z Z* b1+q \V*4mO ,*1bD b1]1`n 4*/*y a1+1 b*VS1 ,\]`\amB w *V*q S-`* YZ1 +\Wnj1 ,a1-\ Z`*,SbaqH *VS1 Z`*,ab,1ZZm1 d`\O VS \Z* YZ1 ]`1]\/Z\aSbHx 1 ab\Sb S-`*bn , bd SWS SZdp S-`d b\WnV\ ]\b\YdE hb\ \Z* Z`*,Sbaq \/Z\VW*aaZSV*YD 1 +\yaq ]`SZqbn a\+ab,1ZZ\1E \aYmaW1ZZ\1 `1j1ZS1D a*Y\1 -W*,O Z\1 P ]`SY1Zqy a\,1b S+WSS wZ1]`1ab*ZZ\ d/\ab\,1O `qbnaq , b\YE hb\ d-\/Z\ \a]\/dx L'e1aqZ*Y 9B5>MD

m Wp+Sjn Yd4mVdE S ob\ Z\`Y*WnZ\D \ Z1 ab*W* WS \Z* b,\SY wZ*`V\bSV\YxH

˚˙ (#˚• ˚

O ˚ H

˘ *V oW1Vb`\ZZm1 S-`m Y\-db ]\,WSqbn Z* YmjW1ZS1 S WShZ\abn h1W\,1V*H ˘ \h1Yd ]`S ,m+\`1 S-`m ,*3Z\ dhSbm,*bn Z`*,ab,1ZZm1 Z\`Ym 1-\,mH ˘ *V +m bm ]\Y\- YW*/j1Yd +`*bd SWS a1ab`1E V\b\`m1 a d,W1h1ZS1Y S-`*pb , Z1f\`\jdp oW1Vb`\ZZdp S-`dH

252 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


31

*V ]`*,SWnZ\ \bZ\aSbnaq V Yd4mV1H ı

*aV\WnV\ ,*3Z* O \-d \+f\/Sbnaq +14 Z11 /Wq b1+q Yd4mV*H O 1 ]`\3S,d +14 Z11 S /Zq \-/* bm O /\`\-1 11 aWdj*1jnH O \-/* hSb*p

O a1 ,`1Yq

*V*q Yd4mV* b1+1 +\Wnj1 ,a1-\ Z`*,Sbaq S ]\h1YdH

.............................................

............................................................................


˝˚E hb\ ,a1 Wp/S a]\a\+Zm Z*aW*3/*bnaq ]`SqbZmYSE Y1W\/ShZmYS 4,dV*YSD Z\-S1 pZ\jS S /1,djVS +14 Yd4mVS Z1 ]`1/ab*,Wqpb a1+1 3S4ZSD 'Y+1`E V\b\`\y 65 -\/E aV*4*W*B w 14 Yd4mVS Z1 ]`\O 3S,d S /ZqD ) ]\ab\qZZ\ 11 aWdj*p P V\-/* 4*ZSY*O pan d+\`V\yE -\b\,WpE f\3d ]\ /1W*Y SWS hSb*pxD d4mV*WnZmy `SbY ab`\Sbaq Z* Z1aW\3Z\Y ]\O ,b\`1ZSS 4,dV\,E Z\ a*Y* Yd4mV* P 4* -`*Znp Z*O j1-\ ]\ZSY*ZSqD Z* ]`\ZSV*1b -Wd+\V\ , /djd S 4*b`*-S,*1b a*Ym1 ]\b*1ZZm1 ab`dZm a1`/g*D w *V f\`\j\ aW\,\E aV*4*ZZ\1 , ]\/f\/qk11 ,`1YqIx P -\O ,\`Sbaq , `Sbh*f 59B67D \ 31 a*Y\1 \bZ\aSbaq S V Yd4mV1B , Zd3Zdp YSZdbd \Z* Y\31b da]\V\Sbn S dYS`\b,\`SbnD w Z\-/* V*31baqE hb\ ZSVb\ b1+q Z1 ]\ZSY*1bEP ]`S4Z*W*an 5:OW1bZqq ˙31aaSV*DP \E aWdj*q Wp+SYdp -`d]]dE q hd,ab,dpE hb\ -`dabZ\ S \/SZ\V\ Z1 YZ1 \/Z\yxD

`*3/\,*bn SWS /\-\,*`S,*bnaqH \bq b1+1E +14daW\,Z\E Z`*,Sbaq Yd4mV*E V\b\`dp bm aWdj*1jnE d b,\Sf `\/Sb1W1y Y\31b +mbn SZ\1 YZ1ZS1D /SZ ]\/`\ab\V aV*4*WB w *]* V`ShSbB t mO VWphS obd V*V\e\ZSpI Wdf `131brxD 1+1 Z*/\1WS Sf ]`S/S`VSB V*31baqE hb\ `\/Sb1WS /1W*pb S4 YdfS aW\Z*D w V\-/* \ZS +mWS Y\W\/mYSH *4,1 Sf `\/SO b1WS Z1 -\,\`SWS SY b\ 31 a*Y\1Hx P *`-dY1ZbS`d1b \/Z* /1,djV*D Z-*E V\b\`\y 5: W1bE ]\3*W\,*W*anB w 4`\aWm1 +d/b\ 4*ab`qWS ˛ ˚"& %DDD , ]`\jW\YD mW\ +m Z1]W\O f\E 1aWS +m \ZS ]`S4Z*O ˚aWS bm Z1 f\h1jnE WSE hb\ Z*j1 ]\V\W1ZS1 b\O hb\+m `\/Sb1WS ]\aWdO 31 `*4+S`*1baq , Yd4mV1Ix j*WS b,\S Wp+SYm1 aW\,*f Z-S 1abn `*O ]1aZSE ob\ ]1`,my ]`SO 4Z*V b\-\E hb\ a b,\SY gS\Z*WnZ\1 41`Z\D 4,1hO Yd4mV*WnZmY ,Vda\Y Zmy V\ZeWSVb \bg\, S /1O Z1 ,a1 , ]\`q/V1D b1y 4*h*abdp ab`\SWaq Z* `*af\3/1ZSS ,\ ,Vda*f S

?

254 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


d4mV* ]\/\+Z* ]Sk1D ˛/\`\,*q ]Sk* , dY1`1ZZ\Y V\WSh1ab,1 ]\W14Z*D 14/\`\,*q 31 ,`1/Z* , Wp+\Y V\WSh1ab,1 ]`1/]\hb1ZSqfD \ /\W3Zm WS `*4WShSq , Yd4mV*WnZmf ]`Sab`*abSqf `*4/1Wqbn /\Y Z* /,* ,`*3/dpkSf W*-1`qH 1bD \3Z\ YS`O Z\ /\-\,\`Sbnaq a `\/Sb1O WqYSD ˚aWS \ZS d,*3*pb S+WSpE a/1W*bn ob\ +dO /1b W1-h1D \h1YdH 11 ]\Y\knp Y\3Z\ \]`1O /1WSbnE V*V*q Yd4mV* q,Z\ Z1]`S1YW1Y*E * V*V*q P /1W\ ,Vda*D ˙Wq ob\-\ ]`\*Z*WS4S`dyb1 aW1/dpkS1 /,* Y\Y1Zb*B 5M \ h1Y ]1aZSE V\b\`m1 bm aWdj*1jnE S 6M aV\WnV\ ,`1Y1ZS bm V*3/my /1Zn aWdj*1jn Yd4mVdH b*VDDD

h1Y ]1aZSE V\b\`m1 bm aWdj*1jnH d4mV* ]\/\+Z* ]Sk1D ˛/\`\,*q ]Sk* , dY1`1ZO Z\Y V\WSh1ab,1 ]\W14Z*D 14/\`\,*q 31 ,`1/Z* , WpO +\Y V\WSh1ab,1D a\3*W1ZSpE hb\ V*a*1baq Yd4mO VSE a*Y\1 ]`S,W1V*b1WnZ\1 P \+mhZ\ a*Y\1 ,`1/Z\1D (Z\j*E V\b\`\-\ 4\,db bS,E ]\a1b\,*WB w \b b*V ,a1-/*I W*aaZ*q Y1W\/SqE Z\ Y1`4VS1 aW\,*xD b\Ob\ aV*31bB V*V*q `*4ZSg*E \ h1Y ]\pbE WSjn +m Y1W\/Sq Z`*,SW*anI \ ]\/dY*yB 1aWS +m Vb\O b\ f\b1W b1+q \b`*,SbnE b\ Vd/* +m \Z ]\/am]*W q/H \ hb\Ob\ Z1*]]1bSbZ\1 SWSE Z*\+\`\bE ,\ hb\O b\ ,VdaZ1ZnV\1H /SZ ]`*,1/Zmy h1W\,1VE \,E aV*O 4*WB w 1 df\ WS `*4+S`*1b aW\,*E V*V Z1+\ hd,ab,d1b ,Vda ]SkSHx L \, 56B55MD Y1ab\ b\-\ hb\+m w-W\b*bnx ]1aZp b\WnV\ ]\b\YdE hb\ b1+1 Z`*,Sbaq 11 aW*/V*q *V ]`*,SWnZ\ \bZ\aSbnaq V Yd4mV1H 255


=

r 1 df\ WS `*4+S`*1b aW\,*E V*V Z1+\ hd,ab,d1b ,Vda ]SkSHs \, 56B55 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

\+\W\hV* P Y1W\/Sq SWS `SbYE Zd3Z\E \+`*4Z\ -\,\O `qE `*a]\4Z*,*bn ,Vda 11 Z*hSZVS P w`*4+S`*bn aW\O ,*xD +`*k*y ,ZSY*ZS1 Z* b1Vab S Z*4,*ZS1D \h1Yd ob\ ,*3Z\H W\,*E \+W1h1ZZm1 , Y1W\/SpE Y\-db ]\O ,WSqbn Z* b,\1 YmjW1ZS1 S ]\abd]VSD a\3*W1ZSpE +\WnjSZab,\ ]\]dWq`Zmf fSb\, ]`\]*-*Z/S`dpb Z*aSWS1E Z*`V\bSVS S a1VaD ˚aWS bm ahSb*1jnE hb\ aW\,* ]1a1Z Z* b1+q Z1 ,WSqpbE 4Z*hSbE wq/x d31 Z*h*W /1yab,\,*bnD

`SYS a\+ab,1ZZ\1 `1j1ZS1 ,W1h1ZS1 ]\]dWq`Z\y ZS4V\]`\+Z\y Yd4mV\y b1O +1 Y\-db Z*,q4m,*bn a,1`abZSVSD `\Y1 b\-\E +\WnO j\1 ,WSqZS1 \V*4m,*1b Yd4mV*WnZ*q SZ/dab`SqD W*-\/*`q `*/S\E b1W1,S/1ZSp S Zb1`Z1bd Yd4mO V* ab*W* +S4Z1a\YE ]`SZ\aqkSY YZ\-\YSWWS*`/O Zdp ]`S+mWnD b\+m e\`YS`\,*bn S V\Zb`\WS`\O ,*bn b,\S Yd4mV*WnZm1 ,VdamE , ob\Y +S4Z1a1 4*Zqbm ]`\e1aaS\Z*WnZm1 Y*`V1b\W\-SD /q Z* ]\,\/d d a,1`abZSV\, SWS a`1/ab, Y*aO a\,\y SZe\`Y*gSSE bm WSj*1jn a1+q ]`*,* ,m+\O `* S ab*Z\,Sjnaq +1aaW\O ˚ ,1aZmY `*+\Y L SYWqZ*Y :B5:MD S+WSq ]`S4m,*1b ˚aWS f\h1jnE hb\+m Z1 ]\//*,*bnaq ,WSqZSp `\/Sb1WS ]\ZqWS b,\S YS`* , b*VSf ,\]`\a*f Yd4mV*WnZm1 ]`1/O L SYWqZ*Y 56B6MD 1\+f\O ]\hb1ZSqE ]\ab*`*yaq /SY\ wZ*dhSbn a,\1 ,\aO ]\ZqbnE ]\h1Yd SY Z`*,Sbaq b* Yd4mV*E ]`SqbS1 \bWSh*bn f\`\j11 V\b\`dp \ZS aWdj*pbD \b ]W\f\-\x L˚,`1qY 9B58MD *V ob\ ]`SY1ZSbn ]`S

256 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


˚ ˛ "

˙*,S/ ˙*,S/ Wp+SW Yd4mVdD Z +mW b*W*ZbWS,mY WSO `SV\Y S /*`\,SbmY Yd4mV*Zb\YD Z a*Y Y*ab1O `SW SZab`dY1Zbm L6 1b\]San ;B:MD ˙*31 g*`n 4O `*SWq ]`S-W*aSW 1-\ S-`*bn ]`S /,\`1 L5 *YdSW* 5:B59P67MD ˙*,S/ a\-W*aSWaqD \ \Z Z1 ,\4-\`/SWO aqD Z b*V31 Z1 ]\4,\WSWE hb\+m Yd4mV* ab*W* aYmaW\Y 1-\ 3S4ZSD Z Sa]\Wn4\,*W a,\y b*W*ZbE hb\+m ]`\aW*,Wqbn 1-\,dD p+Sjn WS bm Yd4mVdH \31bE d b1+q S Z1b b*VSf b*W*Zb\,E V*V d ˙*,S/*E Z\ bm Y\31jn +`*bn a Z1-\ ]`SY1`D *VH 1 /\]daV*yE hb\+m Yd4mV* ab*W* aYmaW\Y b,\1y 3S4ZS SWS hb\+m \Z* ]\+d3/*W* b1O +q YmaWSbn SWS ]\abd]*bn ,`*4`14 a \3nSYS ]`SZO gS]*YSD dabn Yd4mV* ,Z\aSb `*/\abn S ,1a1Wn1 , b,\p 3S4ZnD Y1ZS1 a\hSZqbn Yd4mVd S `*/\,*bnO aq 1y P /*` \b \-* L *V\,* 5B5;MD ˙*,S/ Sa]\Wn4\O ,*W ob\b /*`E hb\+m `*/\,*bn 1-\,dD hb\ Y\3Z\ aV*4*bn \ b1+1H 257


`*ajS`qy a,\y Yd4mV*WnZmy V`d-\4\` ˚abn WS d b1+q Wp+SY\1 +Wp/\E V\b\`\1 bm b1`]1bn Z1 Y\- , /1bab,1H V\`11 ,a1-\E bm 1-\ `*a]`\+\,*W S \Z\ b1+1 ]\Z`*,SW\anD *V 31 \+ab\qb /1W* S a Yd4mO V\yD 1 \-`*ZShS,*yaq \/ZSYO1/SZab,1ZZmY abSW1YD *ajS`n V`d-\4\`D \]`\+dy \a,\Sbn S-`d Z* Yd4mV*WnZ\Y SZab`dO Y1Zb1D 'b\ \h1Zn d,W1V*b1WnZ\D m d4Z*1jnE hb\ ]\YSY\ ]\]dWq`Z\y `*4,W1V*b1WnZ\y Yd4mVS 1abn YZ\-\ /`d-Sf 3*Z`\, S abSW1yD \ -/1 ,4qbn ,`1YqH `\ab\ ]\Y1Znj1 aY\b`S b1W1,S4\` SWS a\V`*bS ,`1YqE V\b\`\1 b`*bSjn Z* oW1Vb`\ZZm1 S-`mD \b hb\ -\,\`qb Y\W\/m1 Wp/SD w \-/* bm dY11jn Z* h1YOb\ S-`*bnE ob\ 4/\`\,\I -`*qE Y\3Z\ ,m`*3*bn a,\S hd,ab,*D *4dhS,*q Z\O ,m1 ]1aZSE q ]\Wp+SW Yd4mVd a*Ymf `*4Zmf abSW1yx L `*y*ZE 5< W1bE S-`*1b Z* e\`b1]S*Z\E -Sb*`1 S d/*`O ZmfMD w b\+m f\`\j\ S-`*bnE Zd3Z\ YZ\-\ ]`*VbSV\,*bnO aqD \Z1hZ\E ob\ Z1 ,a1-/* ,1a1W\D ˛*b\E \a,\S, Y1W\O /SpE bm ,Z1 a1+q \b ah*abnqx L˙31y/E 57 W1bE S-`*1b Z* *Wnb1MD w \-/* ,m/*1baq bq31Wmy /1Zn S Z*ab`\1ZS1 Z* ZdW1E q +1`d -Sb*`dD 'b\ ]\Y\-*1b `*aaW*+SbnaqD 1,1O `\qbZ\1 hd,ab,\ P V\-/* ]\/ b,\SYS ]*Wng*YS `\3O /*1baq V`*aS,*q S 4*/dj1,Z*q Yd4mV*Ix L *Z1aa*E 6> W1bE S-`*1b Z* -Sb*`1E e\`b1]S*Z\ S VW*`Z1b1MD w *Znj1 q aY\b`1WE V*V Vb\Ob\ S-`*1bE S /dY*WB t 1E q b*V Z1 aY\-dIr \ q d]\`Z\ 4*ZSY*WaqD 1]1`nE V\-/* YZ1 d/*1baq +14 4*]SZVS am-`*bn V*VdpOb\ Y1O W\/SpE Y1Zq ]1`1]\WZq1b \-`\YZ\1 d/\,W1b,\`1ZS1D ˚k1 q Z*dhSWaq g1ZSbn SaVdaab,\ /`d-Sf Yd4mV*Zb\,x L)ZE 6> W1bE S-`*1b Z* -Sb*`1MD

258 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


‘‘

Z\-/* q ,/`d- 4*Y1h*pE hb\ aWdj*p ]W\fdp ]1aZpD ) a`*4d 31 11 ,mVWph*pD Z*h1 W1-V\ Z*ybS \]`*,/*ZS1E *`SZ* hb\+m /\aWdj*bn /\ V\Zg*

’’

,m+\`1 Yd4mVSH +`*bS ,ZSY*ZS1 Z* aW1/dpkS1 a\O ,1bmD *aaY\b`S \+W\3VdD b\+m \]`1/1WSbn a\O /1`3*ZS1 Yd4mV*WnZ\-\ /SaV*E ]\`\y /\ab*O b\hZ\ \/Z\-\ ,4-Wq/*D ˚aWS Z* \+W\3V1 S4\O +`*31Zm Z1]`Sab\yZm1 ag1ZmE Z*aSWS1 SWS \VVdWnbZ*q aSY,\WSV*E b\ S a\/1`O 3*ZS1E aV\`11 ,a1-\E +d/1b b*VSY 31D `SaWdj*yaq V aW\,*YD *V\O ,\ a\/1`3*ZS1 ]1a1ZH ˙1yab,SO b1WnZ\ WS bm f\h1jn aWdj*bn S ]`\V`dhS,*bn , a,\1Y dY1 obS aW\,*H 1 S/db WS \ZS ,`*4`14 a b,\SYS g1ZZ\O abqYS S f`SabS*ZaVSYS ]`SZgS]*YSH L'e1aqZ*Y 9B7P9MD ˚aWS ob\ ]1aZS Z* SZ\ab`*ZZ\Y q4mV1E b\ Z1\+f\/SYm /\]\WZSO b1WnZm1 daSWSqE hb\+m d+1O /Sbnaq , Sf Y\`*WnZ\y ]`SO 1YW1Y\abSD ˛*Y1h*y ,WSqZS1D \W\O /\y h1W\,1V ]\ SY1ZS SWS]] ]`S4Z*WaqB w Z\-S1 ]1aZS Z*-\O ZqWS Z* Y1Zq /1]`1aaSpxD `*,/*E Z* `*4Zmf Wp/1y Yd4mV* Y\31b ,WSqbn ]\O`*4Z\YdD *V b,\q Yd4mV* ,WSq1b Z* b1+qH ]`\aS a1+qB w \,SW WS q a1+q Z* b\YE hb\E aWdj*q V*VdpOb\ ]1aZp SWS Y1W\/SpE q /dY*p \ h1YOb\ Z1]`Sab\yZ\YH `\aV*VS,*pb WS d Y1Zq *V ]`*,SWnZ\ \bZ\aSbnaq V Yd4mV1H 259


3*`-\ZZm1 aW\,1hVS S4 obSf ]1a1ZHx L5 \`SZeqZ*Y 59B77MD hSbm,*y YZ1ZS1 /`d-SfD b\ \ b,\1y Yd4mV1 /dY*pb `\/Sb1WSH ]`\aS Sf \+ ob\YD \/dY*y b*VO 31 \ +`*bnqf S a1ab`*f S4 a\+`*ZSqD 1 aYdbSW\ +m Sf b\E hb\ bm aWdj*1jnH \b\,Z\abn hb\Ob\ S4Y1ZSbn S4 d,*31ZSq V hd,ab,*Y /`d-Sf P ]`S4Z*V 4`1W\abS L SYWqZ*Y 59B5E 6MD W1/dq obSY a\,1b*YE bm aY\31jn ,m+`*bn Yd4mO VdE V\b\`*q +m b1+1 Z`*,SW*an S , b\ 31 ,`1Yq Z1 ,`1O /SW* b,\1y /df\,Z\abSD \ \+ad/SY ,b\`\y ,\]`\aD

1 aWSjV\Y WS YZ\-\ bm aWdj*1jnH `SqbZ*q Yd4mV*E V*V S 4/\`\,*q ]Sk*E Y\31b ]`S/*,*bn aSWD /Z*V\ , S+WSS 1abn \/Z\ Yd/`\1 S4`1h1ZS1B w *j1W WS bm Y1/H ˚jn aV\WnV\ Zd3Z\E b\WnV\ Z1 \+l1/*yaqE hb\+m b1+q Z1 ab\jZSW\x L `SbhS 69B5:MD 4,1abZ\E hb\ Y1/ \+W*/*1b g1W1+ZmO YS a,\yab,*YSD \ 1aWS Z1 4Z*bn Y1`mE b\ /*31 a*Y\1 ]\W14Z\1 ab*Z\,Sbaq ,`1/ZmYD Z\-/* ]\/`\abVS 4*]\WZqpb Yd4mV\y ,ap a,\p 3S4ZnD *]`SY1`E d]\YqZdb*q ,mj1 ˙31aaSV* ]`SO 4Z*W*B w) ,a1 ,`1Yq aWdj*p Yd4mVdE /*31 V\-/* S4dO h*p S+WSpD ) \+lqaZqp `\/Sb1WqYE hb\ ob\ ]\Y\-*O 1b YZ1 a\a`1/\b\hSbnaqE Z\ \ZS Z1 ,1`qbxD ˛Z*V\Y*q aSbd*gSqH *V bm Y\31jn \]`1/1WSbn Y1`dH ˛*/*y a1+1 aW1O /dpkS1 ,\]`\amB V\WnV\ q aWdj*p Yd4mVd V*3/my /1ZnH

ı .................................................................................................. V\WnV\ /1Z1- q b`*hd Z* Yd4mVd V*3/my Y1aqgH ...........................................

WSq1b WS Yd4mV* Z* Y\S \bZ\j1ZSq a `\/Sb1WqYSH ˚aWS /*E Z*]SjSE V*V bm Y\- +m Sa]`*,Sbn aSbd*O gSpD ....................................................................................... ..................................................................................................

260 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


1`1aY\b`S a,\S ]`S,mhVS ˚aWS Yd4mV* 4*ZSY*1b aWSjV\Y YZ\-\ Y1ab* , b,\1y 3S4ZSE Z*y/S 4\W\bdp a1`1/SZd S dab*Z\,S ]`1/1WD \4Y\3Z\E b1+1 ab\Sb S4+*,Sbnaq \b ]`SO ,mhVS ]\ab\qZZ\ f\/Sbn , Z*djZSV*f SWS f,*b*bnO aq 4* ]dWnb Yd4mV*WnZ\-\ g1Zb`*E V*V b\WnV\ ]1`1O abd]*1jn ]\`\- /\Y*D SZdbm bSjSZm ]\`\y ]`SZ\aqb \-`\YZ\1 Z*O aW*3/1ZS1D `\Y1 b\-\E /1W*bn d`\VS SWS hSb*bn Wdhj1 +14 Yd4mVSD bS,E aW\,* V\b\`\-\ d31 ]`SO ,\/SWSanE -\,\`SbB w \-/* 4*ZSY*1jnaq , bSjSO Z1 P ob\ a\,a1Y /`d-\1 /1W\xD \oVa]1`SY1ZbS`dy S ]\aY\b`SE +d/1b WS b1+1 W1-h1 a\a`1/\b\hSbnaqD b1+q b*V31 ]\q,Sbaq ,`1Yq Z* hb1ZS1 S S4dh1O ZS1 S+WSS S \aZ\,*ZZmf Z* Z1y ]d+WSV*gSyD SO ada `Sab\a SaV*W SZ\-/* bSf\1 Y1ab\E hb\+m ]\O Y\WSbnaq S ]\`*4YmjWqbn L *`V* 5B79MD \3Z\ WS aV*4*bnE hb\ Y1ab\E -/1 bm S4dh*1jnE bSf\1 S a]\O V\yZ\1H ˚aWS Z1bE ob\ Y\31b b\`Y\4Sbn b,\y /df\,O Zmy `\abD

]W*Z /1yab,SyI b\+m d`*,Z\,1j1ZZ\ \bZ\aSbnaq V Yd4mV1E qDDD

ı ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

˚aWS \/Z\VW*aaZSVSE V\b\`m1 d,W1V*pbaq ZS4V\]`\+Z\y Yd4mV\yE ]\]mb*pbaq YZ1 11 Z*,q4*bnE q aV*3dDDD ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................


`*,SWnZmy ,m+\` \SabSZ1E Yd4mV* P ob\ /*` \b \-*D /Z*V\ obSY /*`\Y Z1Wn4q 4W\d]\b`1+WqbnD 1 d]\/\+WqyO aq /1,djV1 ]\ SY1ZS *`WSZD Z* ]`S4Z*W*B w Y1Zq 1abn /SaVSE V\b\`m1 +m Z*/\ ,m+`\aSbnD \ ob* Yd4mV* b*V*q V`*aS,*qDDDx \/dY*yE V*V\y ,`1/ ]`ShSZq1b *`WSZ a,\1Yd a1`/gd S dYdE aWdO j*q ]W\fS1 ]1aZSD ab1`1-*yaq ob\y 4*]*/ZSD 1 /*,*y Yd4mV1 `*4,`*bSbn SWS ]\`*+\bSbn b1+qD mO +S`*q Yd4mVdE ]`S/1`3S,*yaq ,ma\VSf f`SabS*ZO aVSf Z\`Y Z`*,ab,1ZZ\abSD \WSan \ \3n1Y `dV\O ,\/ab,1 S ]\Y\kSD kS /`d41y a`1/S b1fE Vb\ `*4O /1Wq1b b,\S d+13/1ZSqD d4mV* ]\Y\-*1b 4*+mbn \ ]`\+W1Y*f S `*aaW*O +SbnaqD Z* Y\31b `*4,1qbn b\aVdD /Z*V\E V\-/* Yd4mV* dY\WV*1bE bm ]\ZSY*1jnE hb\ b,\S ]`\+W1O Ym Z1 `1jSWSanD 1aZqYS b*V31 Z1 4*Y1ZSjn Z*O ab\qkSf /`d41yD \ob\Yd Z1 ]\4,\WqyE hb\+m YdO 4mV* 4*]\W\ZSW* ,ap b,\p 3S4ZnD dabn \Z* ]`SZ\aSb b1+1 `*/\abnE Z\ Z1 4*+m,*yB ,a1Yd a,\1 ,`1YqI ˚˙ (#˚• ˚ Z\-/* f\h1baq `*4,W1hnaqD *V Y\3Z\ Wdhj1 ,a1-\ Sa]\Wn4\,*bn ,`1Yq /Wq \b/mf*H b\ \+ ob\Y -\,\`Sbaq , S+WSSH

O ˚ H

˘ \h1Yd ,*3Z\ b\E V*Vdp bm aWdj*1jn Yd4mVdH ˘ *V \]`1/1WSbnE ]`S1YW1Y* SWS Z1b V*V*qOWS+\ ]1aZqH ˘ *V Y\3Z\ `*ajS`Sbn a,\y Yd4mV*WnZmy V`d-\4\`H

262 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


32

*V Wdhj1 ,a1-\ ]`\,1abS a,\+\/Z\1 ,`1Yq H

bY1bnE ,1`Z\ SWS Z1,1`Z\H \-W*aZ\ S+WSSDDD DDDZ1Wn4q 4*ZSY*bnaq ZSV*VSY ,S/\Y a]\`b*D

ı

O 1`Z\ O 1,1`Z\

DDD,a1 eSWnYm S ]1`1/*hS ]W\f\ Z* Z*a ,WSqpbD

O 1`Z\ O 1,1`Z\

DDDWp+m1 b*Zgm Z1]`S1YW1Ym S Z1/\]dabSYmD

O 1`Z\ O 1,1`Z\


( Z1/1Wp bm /\+`\a\,1abZ\ dhSWaqD ˙\Y*jO ZS1 /1W* ]1`1/1W*ZmD \ d b1+q 1k1 ]\WZ\ aSW S pZ\j1aV\y oZ1`-SS L `SbhS 6>B6=MD ]1`1/S ,mf\/Zm1E S bm /dY*1jn b\WnV\ \+ \/Z\Y P V*V +m ]\,1a1WSbnaq S \b/\fZdbnD \4Y\3Z\E b,\S `\,1aZSVS ]\W*-*pbE hb\E a\O -W*aZ\ S+WSSE `*4,W1V*bnaq P -`1jZ\D \ b*V WS ob\H ˙*,*y \+ad/SY b`S db,1`3/1ZSqE ]`S,1O /1ZZm1 Z* ]`1/m/dk1y ab`*ZSg1E S d4Z*1YE hb\ -\,\`Sbaq , S+WSS ]\ ]\,\/d `*4,W1h1ZSyD ˘ 1Wn4q 4*ZSY*bnaq ZSV*VSY ,S/\Y a]\`b*D 1,1`Z\D S+WSS aV*4*Z\E hb\ w1abn \]`1O /1W1ZZ*q ]\Wn4* , eS4Sh1aVSf d]`*3Z1ZSqfx L5 SO Y\e1p 8B<E YmaW\,\y ]1`1,\/MD `1h1aV\1 aW\,\E ]1`1,1/1ZZ\1 4/1an V*V wd]`*3Z1ZSqxE \4Z*h*1b b`1O ZS`\,Vd -SYZ*ab*D \4Y\3Z\ab1y ]\/,S-*bnaq S `*4Yqbnaq a1-\/Zq ,S/SY\OZ1,S/SY\D \3Z\ ]\+1O -*bnE ]\V*b*bnaq Z* V\ZnV*fE Z* ,1W\aS]1/1E ]\S-O `*bn , b1ZZSaE , +*aV1b+\WE , edb+\W SWS , ,\W1y+\WD a1 ob\ ]\W14Z\ /Wq 4/\`\,nq S /\ab*,Wq1b \-`\YZ\1 d/\,\Wnab,S1D

4Z*h*1b WS ob\E hb\ , a]\`b Y\3Z\ df\/Sbn a -\O W\,\yH ˙*,*y ]\aY\b`SYE V*V ob\b abSf 4,dhSb g1O WSV\YD +`*k*qan V a,\1Yd pZ\Yd /`d-d SY\e1pE *]\ab\W *,1W aV*4*WB w˚abn \]`1/1W1ZZ*q ]\Wn4* , eS4Sh1aVSf d]`*3Z1ZSqfE Z\ +W*-\h1abS1 ]\W14Z\ ,\ ,a1YE ,1/n \Z\ \+1k*1b 3S4Zn S , Z*ab\qk1YE S , +d/dk1YxD b*VE a*Y\1 -W*,Z\1 /Wq Z*a P +W*-\h1O abS1E SWS ]`1/*ZZ\abn \-dD *V a\f`*ZSbn 1Yd ]`1O /*ZZ\abnE ,m+S`*q ]\/f\/qkSy /Wq a1+q ,S/ a]\`O b*H \b b`S V\Zb`\WnZmf ,\]`\a*D 5D *aV\WnV\ \]*a1Z ob\b ,S/ a]\`b*H 1 ]\W*O -*yaq Z* aWdfS SWS ,\ab\`31ZZm1 `*aaV*4m a,1`O abZSV\,D *4d4Z*y e*VbmD *]`SY1`E V*V\,* ab*O bSabSV* Z1ah*abZmf aWdh*1,H b\ ]`1/]`SZqb\ /Wq 264 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am

' ' ˚ ˚ ˝˚ ˝˚ ˚# ˚ ) ˚# ˚ ) ˚ ˚ 5E 5E ˚ ˚ 7; 7;


+14\]*aZ\abSH d3Z* WS \a\+*q ]\/-\b\,V* SWS aZ*O `q31ZS1E hb\+m a,1abS `SaV V ZdWpH \Z1hZ\E aWdO h*yZdp b`*,Yd Y\3Z\ ]\WdhSbn -/1 d-\/Z\D \ , h1Y aYmaW /*ZZ\-\ ,S/* a]\`b*H 1 , b\Y WSE hb\+m +`\O a*bn ,m4\, \]*aZ\abSH ˝S4Zn P ob\ /*` \b \-*D \ ˛*V\ZdE V\b\`my \/*W S4`*SWnbqZ*YE b\-\E Vb\ Z1h*qZZ\ WSj*W 3S4O ZS h1W\,1V*E \3S/*W\ a1`n14Z\1 Z*V*4*ZS1 L af\/ 65B6=C SaW* 79B66P69MD \ob\Yd Z*`\/ \-* /\WO 31Z +mW a\+Wp/*bn Y1`m ]`1/\ab\`\3Z\abS L b\`\O 4*V\ZS1 66B<MD 1-\/Zq f`SabS*Z1 b\31 /\W3Zm d,*O 3*bn 3S4ZnD 6D V1Y q +d/d \+k*bnaqE 4*ZSY*qan obSY a]\`O b\YH ˚aWS d b1+q Z1]W\fS1 /*ZZm1E dhSb1Wq S \/O Z\VW*aaZSVS +d/db 4,*bn b1+q , jV\WnZdp V\Y*Z/dD \`\y b*VS1 ]`1/W\31ZSq 4,dh*b ,1anY* 4*Y*ZhSO ,\D (Zmy f`SabS*ZSZ ]\ SY1ZS *`V aV*4*WB w \O /Sb1WS Z1 ]daV*pb Y1Zq , V\Y*Z/dD 'b\ Z1a]`*,1/O WS,\Ix \ Z1 b\`\]San d]`*jS,*bn a,\Sf `\/Sb1W1yD \/dY*yB b`1ZS`\,VS S a\`1,Z\,*ZSqE V*V ]`*,SW\E ]`\,\/qbaq ]\aW1 4*ZqbSyD ˚aWS b`1Z1` ,S/Sb , b1O +1 ]\b1ZgS*WE b\ +d/1b ]\+d3/*bn b1+q ,a1 +\Wnj1 ,`1Y1ZS ]\a,qk*bn a]\`bdD ˚aWS da]1fS /*pbaq b1+1 *V Wdhj1 ,a1-\ ]`\,1abS a,\+\/Z\1 ,`1YqH 265


a b`d/\YE b\-/* ,a1 `*,Z\ ]`S/1baq +\Wnj1 b`1ZS`\O ,*bnaqD b\Yd 31 hW1Z\, V\Y*Z/m \+mhZ\ a,q4m,*O 1b b1aZ*q /`d3+*D ZS ,Y1ab1 /1Wqb `*/\abn ]\+1/ S -\`1hn ]\`*31ZSyD b1]1`n a]`\aS a1+qB w *V Z* Y1Zq +d/1b ,WSqbn b\E hb\ a,\+\/Z\1 ,`1Yq q ]\a,qk*p b`1ZS`\,V*YH d/1b WS /Wq Y1Zq ]\W14ZmY b1aZ\1 \+k1ZS1 a b1YSE Vb\ Z1 `*4/1Wq1b Y\Sf `1WS-S\4Zmf ,4-Wq/\,H L5 \O `SZeqZ*Y 59B77MD 1Y q -\b\, ]\31`b,\,*bnE WSjn +m S-`*bn , V\Y*Z/1Hx 7D V\WnV\ /1Z1- S ,`1Y1ZS 4*yY1b ob\b ,S/ a]\`O b*H S+WSq dhSb Z*a wd/\ab\,1`qbnaq , b\YE hb\ +\O W11 ,*3Z\x L SWS]]Syg*Y 5B5>MD \ob\Yd a]`\aS a1O +qB w bZSY1b WS ob\ d Y1Zq ,`1YqE V\b\`\1 q ]\a,qO k*p dh1+1 S /df\,ZmY /1W*YH V\WnV\ , V\Z1hZ\Y ah1b1 ]\Z*/\+Sbaq /1Z1-H \bqZd WS q ob\Hx *VS1 ‹ ,\]`\am ]\Y\-db b1+1 Z1 4*+m,*bnE hb\ d b1+q , 3S4O ZS -W*,Z\1E * hb\ P ,b\`\ab1]1ZZ\1D ˘ a1 eSWnYm S ]1`1/*hS ]W\f\ Z* Z*a ,WSqpbD 1,1`Z\D S+WSq ,1WSb f`SabS*Z*Y wb,1`/\ /1`3*bnaq Wdhj1-\x S w,\4/1`3S,*bnaq \b ,aqV\O 266 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


=

r 1a1WSanE pZ\j*E ]\V* bm pZDDD S/SE Vd/* ,1/1b b1+q a1`/g1 S Vd/* aY\b`qb b,\S -W*4*D \ 4Z*yE hb\ 4* ,a1 ob\ SabSZZmy \- ]`S,1/1b b1+q Z* ad/sD 'VVW14S*ab 55B = ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

-\ `\/* 4W*x L5 1aa*W\ZSVSyg*Y 9B65E 66MD 1 ,a1 eSWnYm S ]1`1/*hS ]`\bS,\`1h*b obSY dV*4*O ZSqY1D 14daW\,Z\E a\,Y1abZmy ]\f\/ , VSZ\ P ]`1O V`*aZ*q ,\4Y\3Z\abn ]`\,1abS ,`1Yq a /`d4nqYSD (3Z\*e`SV*ZV* S `*aaV*4*W*B w˚aWS YZ1 f\h1bO aq af\/Sbn Z* V*V\yOb\ eSWnYE q 4,\Zp ]\/`d-1 S Ym a\+S`*1Y V\Y]*ZSpxD +mhZ\ S S 11 /`d4nq f\/qb Z* /Z1,Zm1 a1*ZamD \b\Y 4* ZSYS 4*143*pb Sf `\/Sb1WSE S ,a1 ,Y1ab1 \ZS -/1OZS+d/n d3SZ*pbD \bq VSZ\ S b1W1,S/1ZS1 S4\+`1b1Zm WSjn Z1O /*,Z\E , Sf \aZ\,1 W13Sb S4,1hZmy SZb1`1a h1W\O ,1V* V 4*f,*bm,*pkSY S b`\-*b1WnZmY `*aaV*4*YD aVdaZmY `*aaV*4hSV\Y +mW SadaD ˚-\ Sab\`SS 4*b`*-S,*WS a1`/g*D *]`SY1`E `*aaV*4 \ /\O +`\Y a*Y*`SbqZSZ1 ]`\+d3/*1b hd,ab,\ a\ab`*/*O ZSq S ]`1]\/*1b ,*3Zm1 Z`*,ab,1ZZm1 d`\VS L dO VS 5>B6=P7;MD \,`1Y1ZZm1 eSWnYm b\31 ]`1]\/*pb Z`*,O ab,1ZZm1 d`\VSD \]`\a b\WnV\ , b\YE hb\ ob\ 4* d`\VSD 13Saa1`m b\ZV\ ]\/,\/qb 4`Sb1Wq V b\YdE hb\ \Z Z*hSZ*1b a\hd,ab,\,*bn ]`1abd]ZSVd SWS \]`*,/m,*bn Z*aSWS1D 14*Y1bZ\ /Wq a1+q Z*hSZ*O 1jn wa ]\ZSY*ZS1Yx \bZ\aSbnaq V b\YdE hb\ *Y\O `*WnZ\ S 31ab\V\D *V S4+13*bn ob\y W\,djVSH 1j*qE aY\b`1bn WS V*V\yOb\ eSWnY SWS ]1`1/*O hdE a]`\aS a1+qB w 1 4*-WdjSb WS ob\ ,\ YZ1 hd,ab,\ 1 \Wnj1 SZe\`Y*gSS Y\3Z\ Z*ybS , b\Y1 5E -W*,1 7:D

*V Wdhj1 ,a1-\ ]`\,1abS a,\+\/Z\1 ,`1YqH 267


-Wd+\V\-\ a\ab`*/*ZSqH L'e1aqZ*Y 8B76MD 1 4*O

]`\aS `\/Sb1W1yE Z1 ab*,Sb WS t`*/\,*bnaq hdO f\bqb WS \ZS `*4 , Y1aqg 3\y +1/1rH L `SbhS 5;B9MD SWS h*k1 g1W1Z*]`*,O d/1b WS YZ1 b`d/Z11 tZ1O W1ZZ\ ,mVWph*bn b1W1O Z*,S/1bn 4W\rH L a*W\Y ,S4\` S dab`*S,*bn =;B5>MD 1 +d/d WS qE ]\ a1Y1yZmy \b/mfD adbSE 4*\/Z\ a\ 4W\/1qYSH L a*W\Y 6:B8E 9MxD \ `1VW*Y*Y S `1g1Z4SqY Y\3Z\ a\ab*,Sbn ]`1/ab*,W1ZS1 \ a\/1`3*ZSS eSWnY*D \ Z1 ab\Sb Z*S,Z\ w,1`Sbn ,aqV\Yd aW\,dx L `SbhS 58B59MD \O h1YdH 1g1Z4SS ,a1-\ WSjn \b`*3*pb hn1Ob\ WShO Z\1 YZ1ZS1E * `1VW*Y\/*b1WS h*ab\ dY*WhS,*pb \+ \bb*WVS,*pkSf ag1Z*fD ˙1,djV* ]\ SY1ZS *YSWO W* 4*Y1bSW*B w \ *Vb1`aV\Yd a\ab*,d 4*h*abdp d31 Y\3Z\ ad/Sbn \ eSWnY1xD \a\,1b\,*bnaq \ b\YE ab\Sb aY\b`1bn eSWnY SWS Z1bE Y\3Z\ b*V31 a /`d4nqYS S4 a\+`*ZSqE -WdO +\V\ d,*3*pkSYS +S+W1yaVS1 ]`SZO gS]mD `*,/*E Wp/qY a,\yab,1ZO Z\ `*aaV*4m,*bn b\WnV\ ˚

* ]`S,*W1 ,\SZ +\W11 dq4,SYE h1Y V\-/* \Z ,\ ,a1\`d3SS Z* ]\W1 +Sb,mD \ ,`1Yq \b/mf* bm +\W11 \bV`mb /Wq Z*]*/1ZSq Z* b,\p Z`*,ab,1ZZ\abn

268 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


‘‘

+\3*p b*Zg1,*bnD \ q ]\ZqW*E hb\ Wdhj1 ]`SaWdjS,*bnaq V YZ1ZSp `\/Sb1W1yD ) Z1 ]\4,\Wqp b*Zg*Y SZ* 4*bYSbn ,a1 \ab*WnZ\1

’’

b\E hb\ ]\Z`*,SW\anD \ob\Yd a]`\aSB * hb\ Z1 ]\O Z`*,SW\anH \ZV`1bZ\B 1abn WS b*Y 31ab\V\abnE ]\O ab1WnZm1 ag1ZmE \VVdWnbS4YH \`\jSy a\,1b Y\-db /*bn `\/Sb1WSD *Z1aa* aV*4*W*B w) a\,1bdpan a `\O /Sb1WqYSD ˚aWS \ZS ahSb*pbE hb\ eSWnY ]`S1YW1YE q 1-\ aY\b`pxD ,m+\`d ]1`1/*h S eSWnY\, Z1Wn4q \bZ\aSbnO aq W1-V\YmaW1ZZ\D \h1YdH \b\Yd hb\ b,\y ,m+\` aWd3Sb wW*VYda\,\y +dY*3V\yxE ]\V*4m,*pk1yE , V*V\Y a\ab\qZSS b,\1 a1`/g1 S V*VSYS g1ZZ\abqYS bm /\`\3Sjn L dVS :B89MD `*4d ,S/Z\E V*VS1 b1+1 Z`*,qbaq Wp/SE V*Vdp `1hn bm ahSb*1jn ]`S1YW1O Y\y S V V*VSY Z\`Y*Y ]\W\,\y Y\`*WS bm \bZ\O aSjnaq b1`]SY\D \ob\Yd +d/n `*4+\`hS,mYI ˘ p+m1 b*Zgm Z1]`S1YW1Ym S Z1/\]dabSYmD 1,1`Z\D S+WSS aV*4*Z\E hb\E V\-/* S4`*SWnO bqZ1 ]1`1jWS `*aZ\1 Y\`1 S a]*aWSan \b 1-S]O bqZE *`S*Y ]\,1W* 31ZkSZ , b\`31ab,1ZZ\Y b*Zg1 L af\/ 59B6>MD a]\YZS b*V31 ]`Sbhd SadO a* \ +Wd/Z\Y amZ1D ˚-\ ,\4,`*k1ZS1 \bY1h*WS a wYd4mV\y S b*Zg*YSx L dVS ˛ ˚"& %DDD 59B69MD Z*jS /ZS b*Zgm b\31 d4mV* S b*Zgm 4*O ]`SZqbm ,\ YZ\-Sf VdWnbdO ZSY*WS d S4`*SWnbqZ `*fD \+S`*qan a /`d4nqYS ,*3Z\1 Y1ab\ , ]\VW\O S `\/ab,1ZZSV*YSE S Y\W\O Z1ZSS SabSZZ\Yd \-d L a*W\Y 59>B8MD /m1E S ,4`\aWm1 Wp+qb ]\O b*Zg1,*bnD /Z*V\ Zd3Z\

?

*V Wdhj1 ,a1-\ ]`\,1abS a,\+\/Z\1 ,`1YqH 269


V\1Ohb\ ]\YZSbnD \bq S+WSq \/\+`q1b b1]Wm1 /`d31aVS1 ,1h1`SZVSE Z\ ]`1/\ab1`1-*1b ]`\bS, w]nqZab,E -dWqZ\Vx L *W*b*Y 9B5=P65E ]\/ab`\hZmy ]1`1,\/ MD `\`\V a*Sq ]Sa*WB w \`1 b1YE Vb\ ,ab*1b `*Z\ db`\YE hb\+m SaV*bn V`1]VSf Z*]SbO V\,E Vb\E 4*aS3S,*qan /\ ]\4/Z1-\ ,1h1`*E `*4-\`qO h*1b a1+q ,SZ\YI * Sf ]S`*f S-`*1b *`e* S ab`dZO Zmy SZab`dY1ZbE +d+1Z S a,S`1Wn S ]\/*1baq ,SO Z\E Z\ Z* /1yab,Sq 1-\,m \ZS Z1 aY\b`qbx L a*Sq 9B55E 56MD * b*VSf ]S`*f `1V\y WSWSan wV`1]VS1 Z*]SbVSx S -`1Y1W* Yd4mV*D 1a1Wn1 Z*hSZ*W\an a db`* S 4*O V*ZhS,*W\an 4* ]\WZ\hnD b\Sb \bY1bSbn Z*ab`\y ]`Sadbab,dpkSfB \ZS ,1WS a1+q b*VE +d/b\ \-* Z1 adk1ab,d1bI 1d/S,Sb1WnZ\E hb\ \4/*b1Wn \ad3O /*W b*VS1 ]S`j1ab,*D ˚aWS b1+q ]`S-W*aSWS Z* ,1h1`SZVdE -/1 +d/db b*ZgmE 4*/*y a1+1 ,\]`\am bS]*B w b\ b*Y +d/1bH

]W*Z /1yab,SyI ˚aWS YZ1 ]`1/W\3*b 4*]Sa*bnaq , a]\`bS,Zdp a1VgSp S ]\aW1 jV\Wm b`1ZS`\,*bnaq , V\Y*Z/1E q aV*3dDDD

ı......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

˚aWS Ym +d/1Y aY\b`1bn a /`d4nqYS eSWnY S \V*31baqE hb\ /Wq f`SabS*Z \Z Z1]`S1YW1YE qDDD .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................


*V*q d ZSf `1]db*gSqH b\ \`-*ZS4*b\`H b\ +dO /1b aW1/Sbn 4* ]\`q/V\YH b\ /dY*pb Y\S `\/Sb1O WSH *VS1 +d/db b*ZgmHx Z\-S1 b*Zgm Z\aqb hd,O ab,1ZZmy f*`*Vb1` S a1Vad*WnZ\ ,\4+d3/*pbD ˚aO WS bm ab*Z1jn Sf b*Zg1,*bn SWS ]`\ab\ aY\b`1bn Z* ZSfE b\ ]\Y\31b WS ob\ b1+1 wd+1-*bn \b +Wd/*xH L5 \`SZeqZ*Y :B5<MD hb\E 1aWS b1+q 4\,db ]\b*Zg1,*bn , Z\hZ\y VWd+H (Z\j* ]\ SY1ZS "\Z /\ b\-\E V*V ab*bn f`SabS*ZSZ\YE +mW 4*,a1-/*b*1Y b*VSf 4*,1/1ZSyD

Z ,a]\YSZ*1bB w *Y ZS4V\]`\+Z*q Yd4mV* S -`q4Zm1 b*ZgmD \/qb bd/* \+mhZ\ a \/Z\yO1/SZO ab,1ZZ\y g1WnpxD V*V\yH \ aW\,*Y "\Z*E Z*yO bSE a V1Y +m ]1`1a]*bnD "\Z Z*h*W S4dh*bn S+O WSp a\ ,S/1b1WqYS 1-\,m S a\ ,`1Y1Z1Y ]`Sj1W V b*V\Yd ,m,\/dB w'bS VWd+m P Z1 Y1ab\ /Wq f`SO abS*ZxD

*3Z\abn +/Sb1WnZ\abS \-/* ,\SZ dq4,SY +\Wnj1 P V\-/* \Z ,\ ,a1O \`d3SS Z* ]\W1 +Sb,m SWS V\-/* `*aaW*+SWaq Z* *V Wdhj1 ,a1-\ ]`\,1abS a,\+\/Z\1 ,`1YqH 271


]`S,*W1H \ZqbZ\ P V\-/* \b/mf*1b a b\,*`Sk*O YSD *V 31 \+ab\qb /1W* S a b\+\yD jV\W1E Z* `*O +\b1 bm ]\ab\qZZ\ aW1/Sjn P Z1 -`\4Sb WS \bVdO /*OZS+d/n /df\,Z*q \]*aZ\abnD \ ,\ ,`1Yq \b/mf* a /`d4nqYS bm Z*S+\W11 \bV`mb /Wq Z*]*/1ZSq Z* b,\p Z`*,ab,1ZZ\abnD \Z1hZ\E 1aWS bm ]`S/1`3S,*1jnaq ,ma\VSf Z\`Y S+WSS , ,\]`\a*f \b/mf* S `*4,W1h1ZSyE b\ a,1`abZSVS Y\-db b1+q ,maY1S,*bnD \/b`dZS,*pb ]\`\y /*31 b1E Vb\ `*ab1b , f`SabS*ZaVSf a1YnqfD f a\,1abn 4*h1`ab,1W* L5 SY\e1p 8B6MD ZS Y\-db ahSb*bn b1+q waWSjV\Y ]`*,SWnZmYxD \ Z1 ]\//*O ,*yaq b*V\Yd /*,W1ZSpD \f`*Zqy a\,1abn hSab\y L5 1b`* 7B5:MD

W*,Z\1 P YZ1ZS1 1-\,mE * Z1 a,1`abZSV\,I ˚aO WS /`d4nq /\ZSY*pb b1+q S4O4* b\-\E hb\ bm ]`SaWdO jS,*1jnaq V a,\1y a\,1abSE 4Z*hSbE ]\`* SaV*bn Z\,mf /`d41y L `SbhS 57B6>MD \YZSE bm P -W*,O Zmy f`*ZSb1Wn a,\1y Z`*,ab,1ZZ\abSD 1`1-S 11 S b\-/*E V\-/* \b/mf*1jn S `*4,W1V*1jnaq L `SbhS 8B67MD ˚˙ (#˚• ˚ \`Z\-`*eSq ZSV\-/* Z1 +mW* b*V `*a]`\ab`*Z1Z* S /\abd]Z*E V*V a1yh*aD *V S4+13*bn ob\y W\,djVSH

O ˚ H

˘ \h1Yd f`SabS*Z1 /\W3Zm S4+1-*bn \]*aZmf ,S/\, a]\`b*H ˘ *V \]`1/1WSbnE ]`S1YW1Y eSWnY SWS Z1bH ˘ *V +m bm \+lqaZSWE V*VS1 ,S/m b*Zg1, /\]dabSYmH

272 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


33

˛*h1Y S4+1-*bn ]\`Z\-`*eSSH ı

*V h*ab\ O SV\-/* bm Z*bmV*1jnaq O 1/V\ Z* ]\`Z\-`*eSpH O *ab\ /1 ob\ h*k1 ,a1-\ O Zb1`Z1b O "V\W* ]`\Saf\/SbH O 1W1,S4\` O ˙`d-\1 b\ bm /1W*1jnE O `*4d \b,\`*hS,*pan Z*bVZd,jSan Z* O 4 Wp+\]mbab,* ]\`Z\-`*eSpH Z1/\W-\ aY\b`p

O `\/\W3*p aY\b`1bn S /*31 \bmaVS,*p 1k1

273


"& ]*`d /1aqbSW1bSy Z*4*/ \bmaV*bn ]\`Z\O -`*eSp +mW\ Z1 b*V ]`\ab\D \ a1-\/Zq ]\`Z\-`*O eSqE ]\f\31E a*Y* Sk1b b1+qD /Z* 5=OW1bZqq /1O ,djV* aV*4*W*B w m,*1bE q Skd SWS ]\Vd]*p hb\Ob\ , Zb1`Z1b1E ]`\,1`qp a,\S +*ZV\,aVS1 ah1b* P S `*4I P ]\q,Wq1baq ]\`Z\a*ybxD *VS1 aWdh*S /*W1O V\ Z1 `1/V\abnD \-W*aZ\ \/Z\Yd SaaW1/\,*ZSpE => ]`\g1Zb\, /1b1y S ]\/`\abV\, \b < /\ 5: W1b aWdO h*yZ\ ab*WVS,*WSan a ]\`Z\-`*eS1y , Zb1`Z1b1E h*k1 ,a1-\ V\-/* -\b\,SWS /\Y*jZS1 4*/*ZSqI ˛Z*qE hb\ ]\`Z\-`*eSp aY\b`qb \h1Zn YZ\-S1E bmE ,\4Y\3Z\E a]`\aSjnB w 1d31WS ob\ b*V ]W\f\Hx

/Z\4Z*hZ\ /* I \`Z\-`*eSq ,1/1b V /1-`*/*gSS S 11 ]`\S4,\/Sb1W1yE S 11 ]\b`1+Sb1W1yD *ab\ ]`\O aY\b` ]\`Z\-`*eSS ,W1h1b 4* a\+\y a1Vad*WnZm1 -`1fSD ˚abn S /`d-S1 ]\aW1/ab,SqD `\aY\b` ]\`Z\-`*eSS Y\31b ,\ybS , ]`S,mhO Vd S ]`S,1abS V /*W1V\S/dkSY -d+Sb1WnZmY ]\O aW1/ab,SqYD \b hb\ ]`S4Z*W ˙31eeB w) S4+*,SWO aq \b ob\y ]`S,mhVS 58 W1b Z*4*/D \ ,a1 `*,Z\ V*3/my /1Zn /Wq Y1Zq P +\`n+*D ab*W\an 31W*O ZS1E f\bq S Z1 b*V\1 aSWnZ\1D ab*W\an Wp+\]mbO ab,\D ab*WSan \+`*4m , ]*YqbSD dhj1 +m q ZSO V\-/* Z1 ,W14*W , obd -`q4nD \Z*h*Wd ,a1 V*4*W\an a\,1`j1ZZ\ +14\+S/ZmYD \ b1]1`nOb\ q 4Z*pE hb\ ob\ Z1 b*VD \`Z\-`*eSq bW1b,\`Z*E \Z* `*4,`*O k*1bE `*4W*-*1b S dZS3*1b ,a1fE Vb\ SY11b a Z1y /1W\D b\ +m ZS -\,\`SWS 11 Wp+Sb1WSE , Z1y Z1b ZSO ˛ ˚"& %DDD h1-\E *+a\WpbZ\ ZSh1-\E `Sab`*abS1 V ]\`Z\O f\`\j1-\xD -`*eSS \b`*3*1b ]\O

g1ZS aSbd*gSp Y1j*b1Wnab,\ Z* a1Va1E ]`\q,W1ZZ\1 4WmYS *V S4+13*bn /*31 aWdO *Z-1W*YS ,\ ,`1Y1Z* h*yZ\-\ V\Zb*Vb* a ]\`O \q L mbS1 :B6MD Z\-`*eS1yH `13/1 ,a1-\E ]`\*Z*WS4S`dy aSbd*gSpD

?

274 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


=

r \ob\Yd dY1`b,Sb1 ,*jS 41YZm1 hW1Zm , \bZ\j1ZSS +Wd/*E Z1hSab\bmE ]\f\bSE ]*-d+Zmf 31W*ZSy S 3*/Z\abSE V\b\`*q 1abn S/\W\]\VW\Zab,\sD \W\aaqZ*Y 7B9 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

1b WS V*V\yOb\ 4*V\Z\Y1`Z\abSH \b Z1aV\WnV\ ]`SY1`\,D ,W1V*pbaq WS b,\S \/Z\VW*aaZSVS `*aamWV\y ]\`Z\-`*eSh1aVSf V*`bSZ\V Z* a\b\,m1 b1W1e\Zm SWS ]\ oW1Vb`\ZZ\y ]\hb1H ˚aWS /*E d/*Wqy b*VS1 e*yWmE Z1 \bV`m,*q SfD maV*VS,*pb WS ]\`Z\-`*eSh1aVS1 S4\+`*31O ZSqE V\-/* bm ,,\/Sjn , ]\SaV\,dp aSab1Yd , Zb1`Z1b1 \]`1/1W1ZZm1 aW\,*H ˚aWS /*E ,m+S`*y VWph1,m1 aW\,* a \a\+\y \ab\`\3Z\abnpD 1`1hSaWS \+ab\qb1Wnab,*E ]`S V\b\`mf bm ab*WVS,*Waq a ]\`Z\-`*eS1yD

ı .................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................

af\/q S4 ob\-\E V*V dY1ZnjSbn SWS /*31 SaO VWphSbn ,1`\qbZ\abn aWdh*yZ\-\ V\Zb*Vb* a ]\`O Z\-`*eS1yH *]SjSE hb\ bm a\+S`*1jnaq ]`1/O ]`SZqbnD .................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................

˚aWS bm d31 Z* V`phV1

/Z\ /1W\ aWdh*yZ\ Z*bVZdbnaq Z* ]\`Z\-`*O eSp S a\,a1Y /`d-\1 P Z*Y1`1ZZ\ 11 aY\b`1bnD 1aWS ob\ d31 ,f\/Sb , ]`S,mhVdH 4+*,Sbnaq \b b*V\y ]`S,mhVS \h1Zn b`d/Z\D `1/ab*,nE hb\ b1O +1 a,q4*WS `dVS ZSbV\yD ˚1 Z1b`d/Z\ ]\`,*bnD \ ˛*h1Y S4+1-*bn ]\`Z\-`*eSSH 275


]\`Z\-`*eSS 1abn \/Z* \a\+1ZZ\abnB h1Y +\Wnj1 11 aY\b`SjnE b1Y b`d/Z11 a Z1y ]\`,*bn

1aWS \+Y\b*bn `dVS Z1aV\WnV\ `*4E \a,\+\/Sbnaq -\`*4/\ b`d/Z11D \hZ\ b*V 31 \+ab\qb /1W* a b1YSE Vb\ ]`Sab`*abSWaq V ]\`Z\-`*eSSD 1Y +\Wnj1 11 aY\b`SjnE b1Y V`1]h1 \Z* \]dbm,*1bD ˚aWS ob\ aWdO hSW\an a b\+\yE V*V ,m`,*bnaqH \yYSE hb\ b*V\1 ]\`Z\-`*eSqD 1`14 ]\`Z\O -`*eSp *b*Z* ]mb*1baq \aV,1`ZSbn b\E hb\ 1-\O ,* a\4/*W V*V hSab\1 S /\ab\yZ\1 d,*31ZSqD \ZSO Y*ZS1 ob\-\ ]\Y\31b b1+1 wZ1Z*,S/1bn 4W\x L a*O W\Y =;B5>MD \/dY*y \ ]\aW1/ab,SqfD \`Z\-`*eSq `*4`dO j*1b +`*VSD Z* dZS3*1b ˚ b1fE Vb\ aZSY*1baq , ]\`O Z\-`*eSh1aVSf Y*b1`S*O +1/SanE hb\ b,\y V\YO W*fD Z* b*V31 `*4W*-*O ]npb1` +W\VS`d1b /\O 1b b1fE Vb\ 11 aY\b`SbD 1 abd] V ]\`Z\a*yb*YD 4`q S+WSq -\,\`SbB w `1O 1 \bV`m,*y b*V31 a\YZSb1WnZm1 ]SanY*E /daY\b`Sb1WnZmy ,S/Sb ]`Sj1/jS1 Z* b,\y +1/ab,S1 S dV`m,*1baqx oW1Vb`\ZZmy */`1aD L `SbhS 66B7MD V*VSY -dO +Sb1WnZmY ]\aW1/ab,SqY

276 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


b1+q Y\31b ]`S,1abS ]`Sab`*abS1 V ]\`Z\-`*eSSH *]SjS \/SZ ]`SY1`D

ı .................................................................................................. ˙*y a1+1 aW\,\D w) 4*VWphSW a\-W*j1ZS1 a\ a,\SYS -W*4*YSD *V ]\aY1W +m q 4*-Wq/m,*bnaq Z* /1,djVdHx P aV*4*W ]`*,1/Zmy \, L \, 75B5MD V*VS1 wa\-W*j1ZSqx Y\- +m 4*VWphSbn bmH \b Z1aV\WnV\ ]`SY1`\,B ) Z1 ab*Zd ,mf\/Sbn , Zb1`Z1bE V\-/* q \/SZ , V\YZ*b1D ) +d/d Z1Y1/W1ZZ\ ]\VS/*bn Z1\3S/*ZZ\ \bO V`m,jS1aq a*ybm o`\bSh1aV\-\ a\/1`3*ZSqD ) ]\-\,\`p a\ 4`1WmY /`d-\YE 1aWS a\`,dan S \]qbn ]\aY\b`p ]\`Z\-`*eSpD \/dY*yE V*VS1 1k1 `1j1ZSq Y\-WS +m b1+1 ]\O Y\hn ]`1\/\W1bn bq-d V ]\`Z\-`*eSSH *]SjS 4/1an \/Z\ SWS /,*D ............................................................. .................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................

\WSan \ ]`\+W1Y1D a*WY\]1,1g Y\WSW 1-\O ,dB w b,1/S Y\S -W*4* \b b\-\E hb\ Z1/\ab\yZ\x L a*O W\Y 55=B7;MD \- 1-\,* f\h1bE hb\+m bm ]\+1/SWD

]W*Z /1yab,SyI b\+m 4*kSbSbn a1+q \b ]\`Z\-`*eSSE qDDD

ı ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................


‘‘

˙\ b\-\ V*V Z*h*bn S4dh1ZS1 S+WSSE q ]1`1]`\+\,*W hdbn WS Z1 ,a1 S4,1abZm1 Z*`V\bSVSD \ S4 ,a1f Y\Sf ]`Sab`*abSy a*Y\1 b`d/Z\1 +mW\ ]\`,*bn a ]\`Z\O -`*eS1yD Z1 ob\ d/*W\an b\WnV\ ˙31ee a ]\Y\knp 1-\,m

’’

Z /*ab b1+1 aSWdE hb\+m bm ]\abd]*W ]`*,1/Z\I L SWS]]Syg*Y 8B57MD \-\,\`S a V1YOZS+d/nD 1jS, ]\/1WSbnaq a,\1y ]`\+W1Y\yE bm a/1W*1jn ,*3Zmy j*- V ]\O +1/1 Z*/ ob\y ]`S,mhV\y L `SbhS 5;B5;MD *]SjS SYq 4`1W\-\ h1W\,1V*E V V\b\`\Yd b1+1 +mW\ +m W1-O V\ \+`*bSbnaqB

ı .................................................................................................. 1 a\YZ1,*yaqE hb\ bm Y\31jn ]\+1/Sbn , +\`nO +1 a ]\`Z\-`*eS1yD * a*Y\Y /1W1 V*3/my `*4E V\-O /* bm Z1 ]\//*1jnaq SaVdj1ZSp ]\aY\b`1bn ]\`O Z\-`*eSpE bm \/1`3S,*1jn 4Z*hSb1WnZdp ]\+1/dD *aaV*3S 1-\,1 \+ ob\y ]\+1/1 S ]\+W*-\/*`S 4* aSWdE V\b\`dp \Z b1+1 /*WD a1-/* ]\YZSE hb\E S4+1O -*q q/* ]\`Z\-`*eSSE bm `*/d1jn a1`/g1 1-\,mI L `SbhS 6;B55MD

O ˚ H

˘ *V ]\`Z\-`*eSq \aV,1`Zq1b b\E hb\ /\ab\yZ\ d,*31ZSqH ˘ ˚aWS +m b,\y `\/Z\y +`*b ]`Sab`*abSWaq V ]\`Z\-`*eSSE V*V +m bm 1Yd ]\Y\-H

278 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


8

˛ ˚ ˚ )

Y\y /Z1,ZSV

*V\y ,S/ `*4,W1h1ZSy b1+1 +\Wnj1 ,a1-\ Z`*,Sbaq S ]\h1YdH

ı

`1/ab*,nE hb\ b1+1 Zd3Z\ \+lqaZSbn YW*/j1Yd +`*bd SWS a1ab`1E ]\h1Yd `*4,W1h1ZSqY Z1 ab\Sb d/1Wqbn aWSjV\Y YZ\-\ ,`1Y1ZSD b\ +m bm aV*4*WH

279



˙ %•

9

‹ b\ b1+1 /*1baq a +\WnjSY b`d/\YH

ı O 4dh*bn S+WSp

O 1-dWq`Z\ Y\WSbnaq \-d 1-\,1 O \,\`Sbn \ a,\1y ,1`1E \a\+1ZZ\ a `\,1aZSV*YS O S/1bn Yd/`\abn +S+W1yaVSf Z\`Y

a,q4S a obSYE V*Vdp g1Wn bm f\h1jn ]1`1/ a\+\y ]\ab*,SbnH *]SjSD ................................................................................

W*,m 78 P7< ]\V*3dbE V*V `*abS /dO f\,Z\E V*V 3Sbn ]\ +S+W1yaVSY Z\`Y*Y S V*VS1 Y\3Z\ ]\ab*,Sbn g1WSE hb\+m Z*O ]\WZSbn 3S4Zn SabSZZmY aYmaW\YD

281


34

˛*h1Y 3Sbn ]\ Z\`Y*Y S+WSSH m \+1/*1jn , jV\WnZ\y ab\W\,\y a /,dYq \/Z\VW*aaZSg*YSD /`d- ]\q,Wq1baq b*a P Z\,1ZnVSyD P Wdj*yE bm 1Yd q,Z\ Z`*,SjnaqEP -\,\`Sb b1+1 \/Z* S4 ]\/`d-DP WqZnE V*V dab*,SWaq P -W*4 Z1 a,\/SbI P 13/d ]`\hSYEP j1]h1b ,b\`*qEP \Z a,\+\/1ZI m S b*V 4Z*1jnE hb\ \Z a,\+\/1ZE ,1/n Z* /Zqf b*a 4,*W b1+q V a1+1 Z* ,1h1`SZVdD


mE V\Z1hZ\E \bV*4*W*anE Z\ /dY*W*B w hb\E 1aWS +m q ]\jW*Hx 1`,*q \/Z\VW*aaZSg* ]`1`m,*1b b,\S YmaWSD P ˝*WV\E hb\ d Y1Zq d31 1abn ]*`1ZnD b\ +m q 1-\ ]\/g1]SW* Z1 Y\`-Zd, -W*4\YI bdb \Z* ]\,\`*hS,*1baq V b1+1 a ‹ Z1/\dY1,*pkSY ,S/\YD m d31 4Z*1jnE hb\ \Z* a1yh*a b1+1 aV*31bD \Z* /1yab,Sb1WnZ\ -\,\`SbB P Wdj*yE S V*V ob\ d b1+q /\ aSf ]\` Z1b ]*`ZqHI \WnV\ Z1 ob\I b ob\-\ ,\]`\a* b1+q ,a1-/* +`\a*1b , 3*`D 1+1 S a*Y\y f\b1W\an +m a V1YOZS+d/n ,ab`1h*bnaqD \ bm YZ\-\ `*4 aWmj*W*E hb\ Wdhj1 ]\/\3/*bnE ]\V* Z1 +d/1jn -\b\,* V +`*VdD ˚aWS +m b\WnV\ Z1DDD P b\E b,\q `1WS-SqH w d/b\ Y\S YmaWS hSb*1bIx P m b\WnV\ S 4Z*1jnE hb\ S+WSqE S+WSqDDD \h1Yd Z1Wn4q f\bn `*4 ]\`*4,W1hnaqH

˚( ) WS Z*/ b\+\y \/Z\VW*aaZSVSE 4Z*qE hb\ bm 3S,1jn ]\ Z\`Y*Y S+WSSH ˚aWS /*E b\ Z1 ,\4ZSV*1b WS d b1+q YmaWnE hb\ bm h1YOb\ \+/1W1ZH \b hb\ `*aO aV*4*W* /1,djV* ]\ SY1ZS ˙1+\`*B w *4*W\anE hb\ +S+O W1yaVS1 Z\`Ym a,q4m,*pb Y1Zq ]\ `dV*Y S Z\-*YD \O b1W\an b*V\y 31 a,\+\/mE V*V d jV\WnZmf ]\/`d-xD

\aY\b`S ]`*,/1 , -W*4* 1V\b\`m1 dh*baq Z* a\+ab,1ZZmf \jS+V*fD \ ob\ Z1 ,a1-/* WdhjSy ,*`S*ZbD S+WSqE S 4/`*,my aYmaW ]\/aV*4m,*pbE hb\ Wdhj1 dhSbnaq Z* \jS+O V*f /`d-Sf P V*V ]a*WY\]1,1g a*eD ˚Yd b\31 V*4*O W\anE hb\ \3nS 4*]\,1/S aWSjV\Y ab`\-SD \ V\-/* \Z ,a1`n14 ]\`*4YmjWqWE V h1Yd ]`Sf\/qb b1E Vb\ a\O j1W a ]dbS SabSZmE d Z1-\ aW\,Z\ ]1W1Z* a -W*4 d]*W*D a*e ]`Sj1W V ,m,\/dE hb\ \ZS wZ* aV\Wn4V\Y Y1ab1x L a*W\Y ;7B5<MD hSbm,*q ob\E ]\`*4YmjWqy Z*/ -\`nVSY \]mb\Y pZ\j1y S /1,dj1VE V\b\`m1 Z* V*V\1Ob\ ,`1Yq a\jWS ˛*h1Y 3Sbn ]\ Z\`Y*Y S+WSSH 283


a ]dbS SabSZmE * SY1ZZ\ ,abd]SWS , ]\W\,dp a,q4n /\ +`*V*D ˛*/*/SY SY Z1aV\WnV\ ,\]`\a\,D ˘ b\ V ob\Yd ]`S,1W\H

˙1+\`*B jV\W1 ,a1 a V1YOb\ ,ab`1h*WSanE S YZ1 V*4*W\anE hb\ \ZS ah*abWS,mD `\,\/q ,`1Yq , V\Y]*O ZSqfE q ,S/1W*E V*V obS ]*`\hVS g1Wdpbaq S \+ZSY*O pbaqE S 4*,S/\,*W* SYD ) hd,ab,\,*W* a1+q b*V\y \/SO Z\V\yD *ab\ q ]\4,\WqW* a1+1 h*a*YS Y1hb*bn \+ \/O Z\Y ]*`Z1D YZ1 1k1 aSWnZ11 f\b1W\an a ZSY +mbnD *yVB ) hSb*W WSb1`*bd`d S aY\b`1W ]1`1/*hSE , V\b\`mf ]`1,\4Z\aSbaq a1VaD *4-\,\`m a ]`Sqb1WqO YS \ a1Va1 `*43S-*WS ,\ YZ1 Wp+\]mbab,\D \b\Y P Z*O ˛ ˚"& %DDD 1/SZ1 a /1,djV\y P q /dY*WE hb\ Y\3Z\ +mbn eS4Sh1aVS bZ\j1ZSq a 1-\,\y Y\3Z\ Sa]\`bSbn , \/O +WS4VSYSE Z\ Z1 /\f\/Sbn /\ Z\ Y-Z\,1ZS1E Z\ Z* Sf ]\W\,\-\ *Vb*D ) +mW d,1O ,\aab*Z\,W1ZS1 Y\-db `1ZE hb\ ,a1-/* aY\-d \ab*Z\O ]\b`1+\,*bnaq -\/mD ,SbnaqD 'Z/`pB ) d,W1Vaq ]`\O aY\b`\Y ]\`Z\-`*eSS , ZO b1`Z1b1D b*W ,m]S,*bnE f\/SW bd/*E -/1 a\+S`*W*an Y\W\/13nE `*,Z\/djZ*q V +S+W1yaVSY Z\`Y*Y Y\O `*WSD `1yaSB Y\Y q ]\ZSY*W*E hb\ a1Va /\ +`*V* P ob\ -`1fE Z\ q Z1 ,\4Z1Z*,S/1W* ob\b -`1fD ) Z1 a\+S`*W*an ,abd]*bn , SZbSYZm1 \bZ\j1ZSq /\ +`*V*E Z\ hd,ab,* 4*fW1abZdWS Y1Zq S 4*bYSWS `*4dYD * V*V\1Ob\ ,`1Yq Y\q a\,1abn \h1`ab,1W*E S YZ1 a\,a1Y Z1 +mW\ abm/Z\D

?

˘ ]`*,/*WSan WS b,\S \3S/*ZSqH

˙1+\`*B Z*h*W* q d]S,*W*an a,\+\/\y S +mW* ah*abWS,*E hb\ Z*V\Z1gOb\ Y1Zq ab*WS ahSb*bn wa,\O 1yxD \ wah*abn1x +mW\ Z1/\W-SYD ) ]\hd,ab,\,*W* a1+q -`q4Z\yE Sa]\`h1ZZ\y S ]dab\yD ) d3*aZ\ a\3*W1W*E hb\ b*V W1-V\ `*aab*W*an a /1,ab,1ZZ\abnpD 284 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


‘‘

q31W\E V\-/* b,\y -`1f `*aV`m,*O 1baqD \ 1k1 bq31W11 P V\-/* ˙\ZZ* bm 1-\ aV`m,*1jn

’’

'Z/`pB \b,\`ab,\,*bn ]W\baVSY 31W*ZSqY ab*O Z\,SW\an ,a1 W1-h1 S W1-h1D \ , b\ 31 ,`1Yq Y1Zq bqO -\bSW\ hd,ab,\ ,SZmD ) ]1`1ab*W a1+q d,*3*bnD `1yaSB \-`1jS,E q a-d+SW* a,\p pZ\abnD ) /dY*O W*E hb\ Z*Y a /`d-\Y +d/1b b*V 4/\`\,\I \ ,mjW\ ]\O /`d-\YdD Sb\-1 Ym WSjn ]`ShSZSWS /`d- /`d-d /dO j1,Zdp +\WnD *3/dp Z\hn q ]W*V*W*E -\`nV\ `*aV*SO ,*qanE hb\ Z1 ]\aWdj*W*an 1-\,dD *yVB mW\ b*V\1 hd,ab,\E hb\ ,Zdb`S d Y1Zq hb\O b\ dY1`W\D ) ab*`*Waq Z1 /dY*bnE V*V Y\1 ]\,1/1ZS1 4*b`*-S,*1b /`d-SfE Z\ ZSh1-\ Z1 ]\Wdh*W\anD 1,mZ\O aSY\E V\-/* 4Z*1jnE hb\E -\Zqqan 4* d/\,\Wnab,SqYSE bm ]`ShSZq1jn V\YdOb\ +\WnD ˘ b\ bm ]\a\,1bd1jn pZ\j*Y S /1,djV*YE V\O b\`m1 a\YZ1,*pbaqE Z1 aWSjV\Y WS ab`\-S +S+O W1yaVS1 Z\`Ym Y\`*WSH

`1yaSB ˝S,S , a\-W*aSS a ]`SZgS]*YS 1-\,mD

+k*yaq a b1YSE Vb\ b\31 ]\ ZSY 3S,1bD \-/* bm +dO /1jn -\`*4/\ ah*abWS,11I ˙1+\`*B \YZSE hb\ `1hn S/1b Z1 b\WnV\ \ b1+1 S b,\Sf 31W*ZSqfD ,\S ]\abd]VS ,WSqpb S Z* /`d-SfD ˚aWS bm +d/1jn ]`1Z1+`1O -*bn \3nSY Z*ab*,W1ZS1YE ˚ b\ ]\3Z1jn -\`nVS1 ]W\/mD 'Z/`pB \-/* bm Y\W\/ `\/dY*yE V*V Y\3Z\ \+lqaZSbn YW*/j1Yd S d b1+q Z1b \]mb*E bm a 4*O +`*bd SWS a1ab`1E ]\O ,Sabnp aY\b`SjnE V*Vdp h1Yd aW1/\,*bn +S+O 3S4Zn ,1/db b,\S a,1`abZSO W1yaVSY Z\`Y*Y Yd/`\D VSD f Z*ab`\y Z1 Y\31b Z* \,\`q \ a,\Sf d+13/1O b1+q Z1 ,WSqbnD *V hb\ Yd/O ZSqfE bm dV\`1Zq1jn `\ ,m+S`*y /`d41yD \W*O SabSZd , a,\1Y a1`/g1D -*yaq Z* 1-\,dE S bm S4+1O 3Sjn `*4\h*`\,*ZSyD

˛*h1Y 3Sbn ]\ Z\`Y*Y S+WSSH 285


=

r)E 1-\,*EP b,\y \-E V\b\`my dhSb b1+q ]\W14Z\YdsD a*Sq 8<B5; ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

*yVB `1/S a*Ymf g1ZZmf /*`\, 1-\,m P hd,O ab,\ a\+ab,1ZZ\-\ /\ab\SZab,* S Z`*,ab,1ZZ*q hSab\O b*D `\a*bnaq b*VSYS ,1k*YS S4O4* b\-\E hb\ Z1 Y\O 31jn a\,W*/*bn a a\+\yEP 4Z*hSb `*4Y1ZS,*bnaq ]\ Y1W\h*YD \-\,\`S a `\/Sb1WqYS S /`d-SYS 4`1WmYS Wp/nYS \ a,\Sf ]`\+W1Y*fD ˚aWS a\,1`jSW \jS+VdE Z1 db*S,*y 11E * a`*4d ]`S4Z*yaq S ab*`*yaq Sa]`*,SbnO aqD W1/dq ]db1Y 1-\,mE bm \+`1b1jn SabSZZmy YS`D

YS`Sb1WnZ*q `d+*jV* SWS `1Y1Zn +14\]*aZ\abSH 1-\,* P wah*abWS,my \-xE S \Z f\h1bE hb\+m bm b\31 +mW ah*abWS, L5 SY\e1p 5B55C 'VVW14S*ab 55B=MD \`YmE S4W\31ZZm1 , S+WSSE aWd3*b b1+1 Z* +W*-\D

]W*Z /1yab,SyI Z1 +d/1b W1-h1 ,S/1bn Yd/`\abn Z\`Y S+WSSE 1aWS qDDD

ı .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

˚aWS q Z*hZd 4*,S/\,*bn b1YE Vb\ 3S,1b ]\ Z\`Y*Y Z1h1abS,\-\ YS`*E qDDD .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................


˚ ˛ "

a*e a*e ]1`13S,*W b`d/Zmy ]1`S\/ a,\1y 3S4ZSD Z\-S1 Z*`dj*WS 4*V\Zm \O -*E ]`Sh1Y a\,1`j1ZZ\ +14Z*V*4*ZZ\I Z1-\ ab*WS ]\q,Wqbnaq a\YZ1ZSqB * ab\Sb WS ,\\+k1 daSWSy aWdj*bnaq \-*H Z aV*4*WB w *]`*aZ\ q \hSk*W a,\1 a1`/g1 S \Ym,*W `dVS , Z1,SZZ\abSxD

/Z*V\E -Wd+\V\ ]\`*4YmjWq,E a*e ]`Sj1W V ]`*,SWnZ\Yd ,m,\/dD Z ]\ZqWE hb\ Wp+\1 -`1f\,O Z\1 Z*aW*3/1ZS1 WSjn ,`1Y1ZZ\D V\Zg1 V\Zg\,E \+`*k*qan V 1-\,1E \Z ,\a]1WB w `\Y1 b1+q Z1b d Y1Zq `*/\abS Z* 41YW1x L a*W\Y ;7B7E 57E 5:E 69E 6;MD \4Y\3Z\E ,`1Y1Z*YS d b1+q b\31 ,\4ZSV*pb a\YZ1ZSqE ab\Sb WS 3SbnE aW1/dq \3nSY 4*]\,1O /qYD \E V*V S a*eE aY\b`S Z1 b\WnV\ Z* b\E hb\ W13Sb Z* ]\,1`fZ\abSD b\ Y\3Z\ aV*4*bn \ b1fE Vb\ ]`1Z1+`1-*1b 4*V\Z*YS 1-\,mH *4,1 d ZSf ]\/WSZZmy YS` , a1`/g1H *4,1 \ZS Z*jWS V*V\yO b\ b*yZmy `1g1]b ah*abnqE Z1,1/\Ymy ,1`ZmY aWd3Sb1WqY \-*H a1 f\`\j1ZnV\ \+/dY*,E bmE Z1a\YZ1ZZ\E a\-W*aSjnaq a\ aW\,*YS a*e*B w˙Wq Y1Zq ]`S+WS3*bnaq V \-d P +W*-\x L a*W\Y ;7B6<MD 287


\`Ym S+WSS Z1 a,q4m,*pbE * aWd3*b 4*kSb\y

\Z1hZ\E Z1V\b\`m1 ,\a]`SZSY*pb Sf V*V aYS`Sb1WnO Zdp `d+*jVdD \ Z* a*Y\Y /1W1 Z`*,ab,1ZZm1 Z\`Ym S+WSS P ob\E aV\`11E `1Y1Zn +14\]*aZ\abSE V\b\`my a]*a*1b h1W\,1V* \b -S+1WSD m \]`1/1W1ZZ\ Y\31jn /\,1`qbn S+WSSD ˚aWS bm `1jSjn 3Sbn ]\ 11 Z\`Y*YE b\-/* bm Z1 b\WnV\ /\O ab*,Sjn `*/\abn 1-\,1E Z\ S ]\3Z1jn /\+`m1 ]W\/m L a*Sq 8<B5;MD

m Y\31jn +mbn /`d-\Y \-*D 4Z*yE V*V ob\ ,\4Y\3Z\D

˚˙ (#˚• ˚

O ˚ H

˘ \h1Yd Z1 ab\Sb Z* a1+1 ]`\,1`qbnE V V*VSY -\`nVSY ]\aW1/ab,SqY ]`S,\/Sb Z1]\aWdj*ZS1 \3nSY 4*]\,1/qYH ˘ 1Yd b1+q Z*dhSW\ b\E hb\ ]`\S4\jW\ a ˙1+\`\yE *yV\YE 'Z/`p S `1yaSH ˘ \h1Yd Y\31b V*4*bnaqE hb\ +S+W1yaVS1 Z\`Ym a,q4m,*pb ]\ `dV*Y S Z\-*YH \h1Yd b*V*q b\hV* 4`1ZSq +WS4\`dV*H

288 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


35

*V ab*bn /`d-\Y \-*H

1`13S, WShZdp b`*-1/SpE ˙31`1YS ‹ ]\ZqWE hb\ /Wq Z1-\ 4Z*hSb /`d3+* a \-\YD

Z `*aaV*4*WB w \-/* YZ1 +mW\ 56 W1bE \b1g Z*a \ab*,SWD /SZ `*4 Z\hnp q Y\WSWaq S d]`*jS,*W 1-\,d ,1`Zdbn 1-\ /\Y\yxD d,ab,dq a1+q \h1Zn Z1ah*abZmYE ˙31`1YS ,4qW , `dVS S+WSpD \-/* \Z /\j1W /\ a*WY* 5>B58E d Z1-\ ]1`1f,*bSW\ /mf*ZS1D ob\Y abSf1 \+ 1-\,1 -\,\`SW\anB w S`\b* wY*WnO hSVE \ab*,jSyaq +14 \bg*xE aZ\aV* ,,1`q1b a1+q b1+1D m a*Y ab*W 1Yd ]\Y\kZSV\YxD ˙31`1YS ,a]\YSZ*1bB w) ]\hd,ab,\,*WE hb\ 1-\,* \+`*k*1baq WShZ\ V\ YZ1D Z /*1b YZ1 ]\ZqbnE hb\ b1]1`n \Z P Y\y ]\Y\kZSVE Y\y b1gD 'b\ a*Ymy WdhjSy \b1gE V*V\y b\WnV\ Y\31b d Y1Zq +mbnIx

289


˛ ˝ E b,\q aSbd*gSq ]\f\3* Z* b\E hb\ ]1O `13SW ˙31`1YSD \4Y\3Z\E Z1bD \ ,a1 `*,Z\ P 1-\,* f\h1bE hb\+m bm +mW 1-\ /`d-\YD S+WSS aV*4*Z\B w `S+WS4nb1an V \-dE S \Z ]`S+WS4Sbaq V ,*Yx L *V\,* 8B<MD \/dY*yE hb\ ob\ 4Z*hSbD \O bq bm Z1 ,S/Sjn 1-\,dE S \ZE V\Z1hZ\ 31E Z1 b,\y ˛ ˚"& %DDD `\,1aZSVE \Z ]`S-W*j*1b ˚aWS bm hSb*1jn obd b1+q ab*bn 1-\ /`d-\YI VZS-d S \bVWSV*1jnaq `*,/*E hb\+m ab*bn Z* +S+W1yaVS1 a\,1bmE /`d-\Y \-*E Zd3Zm daSO V\b\`m1 , Z1y /*pbaqE WSqD `1/ab*,nE hb\ bm 4Z*hSbE 1-\,* SZb1`1O ,m`*kS,*1jn /\Y* g,1O ad1baq b\+\y WShZ\ L \*ZZ* :B88MD b\VD ˚aWS \ Z1Y Z1 4*+\O bSbnaq P Z1 ]\WS,*bnE Z1 d/\+`qbnEP \Z `*abS Z1 +d/1b S /*31 ]\-S+Z1bD 'b\ Z*]\YSZ*1b /`d3+d a \-\YD *V Y\3Z\ w,4`*abSbnx obd /`d3+dH

?

*3Z*q `\Wn S4dh1ZSq ˙`d3+* P ob\ ,a1-/* /,dab\`\ZZS1 \bZ\j1ZSqD

+k*qanE /`d4nq S -\,\`qbE S aWdj*pbD 'b\ b*VO 31 ]`SY1ZSY\ V /`d3+1 a \-\YD m aWdj*1YE hb\ Z*Y f\h1b aV*4*bn \-E hSb*q S S4dh*q S+WSp L a*W\Y 5B6E 7MD ˙`d3+* a \-\Y ]\f\3* Z* g,1b\VD Z1y Zd3Z\ 4*+\bSbnaqE S b\-/* \Z* `*ag,1b1b

290


‘‘

*Znj1 , a,\Sf Y\WSb,*f q -\,\`SW* \/Z\ S b\ 31D 1]1`n 31 ‹ q ab*`*pan `*aaV*4mO ,*bn 1-\,1E hb\ , b1h1ZS1 /Zq d Y1Zq +mW\ f\`\j1-\ S hb\ +mW\ Z1 \h1ZnD 1 +m,*1b /,df \/SZ*V\,mf /Z1yE ]\ob\Yd S q ',* Z1 ]\,b\`qpan , Y\WSb,*f

’’

hb\E 1aWS S4dh1ZS1 Z1 a*Y\1 b,\1 Wp+SY\1 4*ZqbS1H \31bE bm +m \f\bZ11 `*4,W1Vaq P ]\aY\b`1W b1W1,S4\` SWS ]`\ab\ ]\-dWqW a ]`SO qb1WqYSD /Z*V\ SZ*h1 `*4,Sbn /`d3+d a \O -\Y Z1,\4Y\3Z\D 1\+f\O ˚ /SY\ aWdj*bn 1-\ P S4dO h*q 1-\ W\,\D Sb*y V*3/my /1Zn S4 Z1 ]1`13S,*yB S4dh1O S+WSS ]`SY1`Z\ ]\ h1O ZS1 S+WSS ,\,a1 Z1 \h1O bm`1 ab`*ZSgmE S h1`14 `1/Z*q \+d4*D ˙*31 1aWS -\/ bm 11 4*V\ZhSjnD bm Z1 +\Wnj\y Wp+Sb1Wn VZS-E bm Z*dhSjnaq Z*O f\/Sbn , S4dh1ZSS `*/\abnD 1`,mY /1W\Y ,m/1O WS ,`1Yq /Wq S4dh1ZSq S+WSSD w Y1Zq 1abn -`*eSVEP `*aaV*4*W* /1,djV* ]\ SY1ZS *yjDP *3/\1 db`\ q Z*hSZ*p a hb1ZSq \/Z\y -W*,m S+WSSxD 59OW1bZ1y *`SS /`d-\y -`*eSVD Z* -\,\`SbB w) ,a1-/* Z* Z\hn Z1YZ\-\ hSb*p S4 SO a*ZSqxD 1`1/ b1Y V*V Z*h*bn hb1ZS1 ]\ -`*eSVdE \4Z*O V\Ynaq a `*YV\y Z* ab`*ZSg1 6=6D *]SjS ZS31E V\-/* bm Y\- +m d/1Wqbn S4dh1ZSp \3n1-\ W\,* ]`SY1`Z\ 7> YSZdbD ı ......................................................

`*eSV P b\WnV\ Z*h*W\D `Sabd]S, V S4dh1O ZSpE bm d,S/SjnE hb\ S+WSq P ob\ Z1 V\YSVO amE * a1`n14Z*q S -Wd+\V*q VZS-*D \4Y\3Z\E bm a\-W*aSjnaq a 55OW1bZSY ˙314`S1W\YE V\b\`my

*V ab*bn /`d-\Y \-*H 291


Z*hZS a,\1 ]db1j1ab,S1 ]\ S+WSS 5D m+1`SE hb\ bm f\h1jn ]`\h1abn , S+WSSD \Y\WSan \ Yd/`\abSE hb\+m ]\Zqbn ob\b \b`m,\VD 6D ZSY*b1WnZ\ ]`\hSb*yD 1 b\`\]SanD VWpO hS ,\\+`*31ZS1 S ]\-`d4San , \+ab*Z\,Vd b\-\ ,`1Y1ZSD \ab*`*yaq d,S/1bnE hb\ hSb*1jnD aWmj*bn -\W\a*E ]\hd,ab,\,*bn 4*]*fSE `*a]`\+\,*bn ,Vda ]SkS S b*V /*W11D dabn obS a\+mbSq \3S,db , b,\1Y dY1I 7D +/dY*y ]`\hSb*ZZ\1D ˛*/*y a1+1 b*VS1 ,\]`\amE V*VB ˘ ˛*h1Y 1-\,* `1jSW ,VWphSbn ob\ , a,\1 W\,\H ˘ *VSY ]`SY1`*Y ab\Sb ]\/`*O 3*bnE * V*VS1 Z*]Sa*Zm /Wq ]`1/\ab1`131ZSqH ˘ b\ S4 ]`\hSb*ZZ\-\ q Y\-d ]`SY1ZSbn , 3S4ZSH ˘ b\ q d4Z*W \+ 1-\,1 S \ b\YE V*V \Z ]\abd]*1b , b1f SWS SZmf \+ab\qb1Wnab,*fH 8D \`\bV\ ]\Y\WSan 1-\,1D ‹ V*3S 1YdE hb\ bm d4Z*WE S4dO h*q S+WSpE S V*V bm a\+S`*O 1jnaq ]`SY1ZSbn ob\ , a,\1y 3S4ZSD 1 4*+d/n ]\+W*-\O /*`Sbn 1-\,d 4* +1ag1ZO Zmy /*`E V\b\`my \Z b1+1 /*WE 4* 1-\ W\,\E S+WSpI r ,\1 aW\,\ P a,1bSWnZSV /Wq Y\1y Z\-S S a,1b /Wq Y\1y /\`\-SsD a*W\Y 55=B5>9


=

r h*abWS,m \a\4Z*pkS1 a,\S /df\,Zm1 ]\b`1+Z\abSsD *be1q 9B7 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

h1abZ\ ]`S4Z*WaqB w 1ab*YS S+WSq Z1 \h1ZnOb\ SZb1`1aZ*q S bq31W\ hSb*1baqxD \ Z1 a/*,*yaqD

bZ\aSan V S4dh1ZSp S+WSS V*V V ,\4Y\3Z\abS aWdj*bn a,\1-\ /`d-* P \-* 1-\,dD V\Z1hZ\Y ah1b1 \b b1+q 4*,SaSbE Z*aV\WnV\ 4*ZSY*b1WnZmY S ]W\/\b,\`ZmY +d/1b b,\1 S4dh1ZS1 S+WSSI *3Z*q `\Wn Y\WSb,m \WSb,* P ob\ `*4-\,\` a \-\YD \WnV\ 4*/dO Y*yaqE V*Vdp Z1\+mVZ\,1ZZdp ,\4Y\3Z\abn ]\O /*`SW b1+1 \-I m Y\31jn \+`*k*bnaq V Z1Yd , Wp+\1 ,`1Yq /Zq S Z\hSD \- 1-\,* ,a1-/* -\b\, b1+q ,maWdj*bnD Z /*31 31W*1b ob\-\D \ob\Yd S+WSq ]\+d3/*1bB w \ ,a1Y , Y\WSb,1 S Y\Wn+1 a +W*-\/*`Z\abnp \bV`m,*yb1 a,\S ]`\an+m \-dx L SWS]]Syg*Y 8B:MD *V ,S/Z\ S4 ob\-\ abSf*E a 1-\,\y Y\3Z\ -\O ,\`Sbn \ YZ\-\YD 'b\ Y\-db +mbn b,\S ]`\+W1Ym S ]1`13S,*ZSqD \-* b*V31 Y\3Z\ 4* YZ\-\1 +W*O -\/*`SbnD ˚aWS /`d- a/1W*1b b1+1 hb\Ob\ f\`\j11E `*4,1 bm Z1 aV*31jn 1Yd a]*aS+\H \ ZS \/SZ /`d- ZSV\-/* Z1 a/1W*1b /Wq b1+q ab\WnV\E aV\WnV\ /1W*1b 1-\,*D 1 Zd3Z\ WS ,m`*3*bn 1Yd +W*-\O /*`Z\abnH L a*W\Y 5>:B5MD S31 Z*]SjSE 4* hb\ bm +W*-\/*`1Z 1-\,1D

ı .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. ' ' ˚ ˚ ˝˚ ˝˚ ˚# ˚ ) ˚# ˚ ) ˚ ˚ 5E 5E 7< 7< 7= 7=

293


aZ*h*W* V*YZS P ]\b\Y ]1a\V 1V\-/* Y\WSbnaqH 1b ,`1Y1ZS S4dh*bnH *ab\ ,\]`\a , b\YE h1Yd bm \b/*1jn ]`S\`Sb1bD \ab*,n oVa]1`SY1ZbD *W\3S +\WnjSf V*YZ1y , ,1/1`V\D ˛*]\WZS \ab*,j11aq ]`\ab`*Zab,\ ]1aV\Y P /\ V`*1,D 1]1`n d b1+q ,1/1`V\E , V\b\`\Y dY1abSWSan S V*YZSE S ]1a\VD VVd`*bZ\ ,mam]n ,a1 S4 ,1/1`V* S b1]1`n aZ\,* Z*]\WZS 1-\E Z\ , \+`*bZ\Y ]\`q/V1 P aZ*h*W* ]1a\VE * ]\b\Y V*YZSD b\E V*YZS Z1 ]\Y1k*pbaqH 'b\ ]\b\O YdE hb\ bm Z*h*W a ]1aV*D *V\y Y\3Z\ a/1W*bn ,m,\/H S+WSq a\,1bd1b wd/\ab\,1`qbnaq , b\YE hb\ +\W11 ,*3Z\x L SWS]]SyO g*Y 5B5>MD ˚aWS \b/*,*bn ]`S\`Sb1b w]1aVdxE Z*]`SY1` `*4,W1h1ZSqYE b\ Z1 \ab*Z1baq ,`1Y1ZS Z* /df\,Zm1 /1W*D ˚aWS 31 bm d/\ab\,1`q1jnaq , b\YE hb\ +\W11 ,*3Z\E , b,\1y 3S4ZS Z*y/1baq Y1ab\ S \3n1Yd *`O ab,dE S Z1\+f\/SY\Yd \b/mfd S `*4,W1h1ZSqYD a1 4*,SaSb \b b\-\E hb\ bm ]\W\3Sjn , ,1/1`V\ ]1`,mYI

1a\YZ1ZZ\E ,`1Y1Z*YS Z* b1+q /*,qb V*VS1O b\ ab`*fS S +1a]\V\yab,*D a*WY1 99B66 aV*4*O Z\B w \4W\3S a,\1 +`1Yq Z* 1-\,dE S \Z ]\//1`O 3Sb b1+qD SV\-/* Z1 /*ab \Z ]\V\W1+*bnaq ]`*O ,1/Z\YdxD 294 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


1`1hSaWSE \ V*VSf WShZmf +1a]\V\yab,*f bm f\b1W +m ]\Y\WSbnaq , ]1`,dp \h1`1/nD

ı .................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................

h*abS1 \-* , b,\1y 3S4ZS ˙`d3+* a \-\Y ,VWph*1b , a1+q V\1Ohb\ 1k1D a*WY\]1,1g ˙*,S/ Z*]Sa*WB w VdaSb1 S d4Z*yO b1E V*V /\+` 1-\,*x L a*W\Y 78B<MD 1`1/ b1YE V*V ˙*,S/ a\hSZSW 78Oy a*W\YE 1-\ 3S4Zn Z1aV\WnV\ `*4 ,Sa1W* Z* ,\W\aV1D ˚-\ ]`SV*4*W d+Sbn g*`n *dWD ˚Yd ]`SjW\an ]`qb*bnaq a`1/S ,`*-\, P eSWSabSYWqZD \-/* 1Yd -`\4SW* ,1`O Z*q aY1`bnE \Z ]`Sb,\`SWaq adY*aj1/jSY S hdO /\Y a]*aaq L5 *YdSW* 65B5>P59MD \ ˙*,S/ Z1 /dY*WE hb\ a]*a1ZS1 P 1-\ a\+abO ,1ZZ*q 4*aWd-*D Z ,S/1W , ob\Y `dVd \-*D b\Y 31 ]a*WY1 \Z ]Sa*WB w) ,\]`\aSW 1-\,d P S \Z \b,1bSW YZ1 S S4+*,SW Y1Zq \b ,a1f Y\Sf

]W*Z /1yab,SyI b\+m +\Wnj1 S4,W1hn S4 WShZ\-\ S4dh1ZSq S+WSSE qDDD

ı ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

b\+m Z1 4*+m,*bn Y\WSbnaqE qDDD ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................


ab`*f\,x L a*W\Y 78B8MD b*VE ˙*,S/ \kdbSW dh*O abS1 \-* , a,\1y 3S4ZSE ]\ob\Yd Y\- ]\+d3/*bn /`d-SfB w VdaSb1 S d4Z*yb1E V*V /\+` 1-\,*x1D \31jn WS bm ,a]\YZSbn aWdh*yE V\-/* bm Z* a1+1 ]\hd,ab,\,*W 4*+\bd 1-\,mH ]SjS 1-\ ZSO 31D 'b\ Z1 \+q4*b1WnZ\ hb\Ob\ Z1\+mVZ\,1ZZ\1D \4Y\3Z\E ob\ hb\Ob\ ]\,a1/Z1,Z\1E b\E hb\ Y\3O Z\ W1-V\ ]`SZqbn V*V /\W3Z\1D

ı .................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................

\4Y\3Z\E SabSZ*Y S4 S+WSS b1+q \+dh*WS `\/Sb1WSD ˚aWS b*V P g1ZS ob\D \ Z1 4*+mO ,*yE hb\ Zd3Z\ `*4,S,*bn WShZdp /`d3+d a \O -\YD ˙*ZZ*q -W*,* ]\Y\31b b1+1 a/1W*bn ]1`,my j*-D 1-\,* +W*-\aW\,Sb b,\S daSWSqD S+O WSS aV*4*Z\B w `\/\W3*yb1 ]`\aSbn P S ,*Y +dO /1b /*Z\E ]`\/\W3*yb1 SaV*bn P S Z*y/1b1x L *bO e1q ;B;MD 1 Z1V\b\`mf ]1`1,\/*f S+WSS ,m`*31ZS1 w,VdaSb1 S d4Z*yb1x ]1O `1/*Z\ V*V wSa]mb*yb1 S d,S/Sb1x L]1`1,\/ D *,aV\-\MD

˚˙ (#˚• ˚ `d/Z\ WS b1+1 `*4-\,*`S,*bn a Wp/nYS \ \-1H 4Z*yE V*V \bab*S,*bn a,\S d+13/1ZSqD

O ˚ H

˘ *V a/1W*bn WShZ\1 S4dh1ZS1 S+WSS +\W11 4*ZSY*b1WnZmYH ˘ \h1Yd 1-\,* 31W*1b aWdj*bn Y\WSb,m -`1jZmf Wp/1yH ˘ *V Y\3Z\ dWdhjSbn a,\S Y\WSb,mH

296 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


36

*V \bab*S,*bn a,\p ,1`d , \-*H b\ b1+1 +\Wnj1 ,a1-\ Y1j*1b `*aaV*4*bn \/Z\VW*aaZSVd \ a,\1y ,1`1H *V b1+1 +mW\ +m W1-h1 `*aaV*4*bn \ a,\1y ,1`1H

ı

O W\f\ 4Z*p S+WSp O \pan Z*aY1j1V O 1 4Z*pE V*V Z*h*bn O /Z\VW*aaZSVd WShZ\ O mabd]Sbn ]1`1/ VW*aa\Y O 1`14 `1e1`*b SWS a\hSZ1ZS1

b\ S4 \/Z\VW*aaZSV\,E ]\Ob,\1YdE ,maWdj*W +m b1+qE 1aWS +m bm 4Z*WE V*V Z*h*bn `*4-\O ,\` \ S+WSSH

...........................................


˚˚ ,a1-\E b,\S `\,1aZSVS Z1 \h1ZnOb\ Wp+qb -\O ,\`Sbn \ \-1D b\ d-\/Z\ P a]\`bE \/13/*E /1,h\ZVS LSWS Y*WnhSjVSME Z\ b\WnV\ Z1 \-D b\Sb 4*b`\Zdbn obd b1Yd P S ,\g*`q1baq Z1W\,V\1 Y\Wh*ZS1D 1 b\ hb\+m a,1`abZSVS Z1 ,1`SWS , \-* P YZ\O -S1 ,1`qbEP ]`\ab\ SY Z1W\,V\ \+ ob\Y -\,\`SbnD ZS abm/qbaqD

bmH ˚aWS bm ]\+*S,*1jnaq 4*-\,\`Sbn a \/Z\VW*aaZSO V*YS \ \-1E ob\ ]\ZqbZ\D 1]`SqbZ\E V\-/* -\,\O `Sjn hb\Ob\ Z1 V Y1abd SWSE 1k1 fd31E b1+q \am]*O pb Z*aY1jV*YSI \31b WS ob\ ]`\S4\ybS a b\+\yH 1 SaVWph1Z\D Y\31bE S Z*\+\`\b P Sf `1*VgSq b1+q ]`SqbZ\ d/S,SbD YZ\-Sf `1+qb ,\4ZSV*pb ,\]`\am bS]*B Vd/* V*bSbaq ob\b YS` S ]\h1Yd b*V YZ\-\ ]`\O +W1YH `Sh1Y YZ\-S1 \f\bZ11 ]\-\,\`qb Z* b*VS1 b1O Ym Z1 a\ ,4`\aWmYE * SY1ZZ\ a `\,1aZSV\YD ,a1 31E V\-/* bm ]`1/ab*,Wq1jn a1+1 `*4-\,\` a\ a,1`abZSV*YS \ `1WSO -SSE d b1+qE ,\4Y\3Z\ \b ,\WZ1ZSqE ]1`1amf*1b ,\ `bdD \31bE bm ,\WZd1jnO aqE hb\ b1+q ]`\4\,db e*O Z*bSV\Y SWS bm hb\Ob\ Z1 a\,a1Y ]`*,SWnZ\ \+lqaO ZSjnD 1 ,\WZdyaqI

\,\`Sbn \ a,\1y ,1O `1 P ob\ V*V S-`*bn Z* Yd4mV*WnZ\Y SZab`dO Y1Zb1D Z*h*W* Z1]`\ab\D \ 1aWS ]`*VbSV\,*bnaqE \,\`Sbn \ a,\1y ,1`1 P aW\,Z\ S-`*bn Z* Yd4mV*WnZ\Y SZab`dY1Zb1D 1g1]b da]1f* P 4Z*ZSq S ]`*VbSV*


‘‘

"V\W* P ob\ dh*ab\V /Wq ]`\]\,1/SE Vd/* ]\]*abn

`*S/* Y\31jn b\WnV\ bm

’’

+d/1b ,a1 W1-h1 S W1-h1 S b,\S ab*`*ZSq ]`SZ1adb ]W\O /mD \ V*V 31 Z*h*bn `*4-\,\`H

+mhZ\ Y\3Z\ Z*h*bn 1-\ b*VE hb\+m ob\ Z1 ,mO -Wq/1W\ ]`SZd3/1ZZ\D *]`SY1`E 1aWS ,a1 \+ad3O /*pb V*V\1Ob\ Z1/*,Z11 a\+mbS1E ,maV*3S a,\1 YZ1O ZS1E \]S`*qan Z* S+WSpD \3Z\ 4*-\,\`Sbn a V1YOb\ \/ZSYD a*Y\1 ]`\ab\1 P ]\W\3Sbn Z* ]*`bd V*VdpO ZS+d/n +S+W1yaVdp ]d+WSV*gSpD \4Y\3Z\E \Z* ]`SO ,W1h1b ,ZSY*ZS1 S Vb\Ob\ a*Y d b1+q a]`\aSbD *V ]\O abd]*pb Z1V\b\`m1 pZm1 f`SabS*Z1E S h*ab\ ob\ a`*O +*bm,*1bI *V\y S4 obSf ]\/f\/\, Y\- +m ]\]`\+\,*bn bm H

ı .................................................................................................. \31jn WS bm ]`S/dY*bn 1k1 V*V\yOZS+d/n a]\O a\+ Z*h*bn `*4-\,\`H *]SjSD .................................................................................................. ................................................... ...................................................

m,*1bE hb\ a*Y* b1Y*E V\b\`dp ,m ]`\f\/Sb1E \bO V`m,*1b ,\4Y\3Z\abn /*bn a,S/1b1Wnab,\D b\E 1aWS Z* d`\V1 ,m S4dh*1b1 b1\`Sp o,\WpgSSH *V \+lqaZSbn /`d-SYE ]\h1Yd bm ,1`Sjn , \-*H

bab*S,*bn ,1`d , \4/*b1Wq w 1\`Sq o,\WpgSSE V\b\O `dp Ym ]`\f\/SWS , jV\W1E

˚

˚aWS bm -\,\`Sjn \ a,\Sf d+13/1ZSqf Z1O d,1`1ZZ\ S aYdk1ZZ\E b\ Y\31jn ]`\,\gS`\O ,*bn Z*aY1jVS \/Z\O VW*aaZSV\,D \ob\Yd -\,\`S aY1W\E V*V ,mO aV*4m,*pb a,\S ,4-Wq/m \ZSD \-/* V b1+1 S b,\SY d+13/1ZSqY +d/db \bO Z\aSbnaq +\W11 d,*3SO b1WnZ\D

*V \bab*S,*bn a,\p ,1`d , \-*H 299


=

r) Z1 abm3dan +W*-\y ,1abSE ]\b\Yd hb\ \Z* aSW* \3nq /Wq a]*a1ZSq ,aqV\-\ SY1pk1-\ ,1`dsD SYWqZ*Y 5B5: ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

]`\bS,\`1hSW* ,a1YdE hb\ q 4Z*W a /1bab,*EP `*aaV*O 4*W pZ\j* ]\ SY1ZS *y1ZDP ˚1 ]`1]\/Z\aSWS V*V e*VbE S YZ1 ab*W\ ab`*jZ\xD ˙1,djV*E V\b\`dp 4\O ,db *V1WnE ]\/1WSW*anB w \-/* dhSb1WnZSg* ]\ \+k1O ab,\,1/1ZSp aV*4*W*E hb\ , aW1/dpkSy `*4 Ym +d/1Y ]`\f\/Sbn b1\`Sp o,\WpgSSE d Y1Zq ,Zdb`S ,a1 ]\f\O W\/1W\D ) 4Z*W*E hb\ Z* d`\O V1 YZ1 ]`S/1baq \+lqaZSbn ˛ ˚"& %DDD a,\p b\hVd 4`1ZSq ]\ ob\Yd \-/* dhSb1W1y ]`\aqb a]\`Z\Yd ,\]`\adxD /\V*4*bn b1\`Sp o,\WpO b\ bm Sa]mbm,*1jnE gSSE SY SZ\-/* Z1h1-\ V\-/* Z* d`\V*f \+ad3/*1bO aV*4*bnD ZS ,/`d- ]\O aq b1\`Sq o,\WpgSSH m ZSY*pbE hb\ ]`SZqWS ,1`SjnE hb\ wa\b,\`SW ,a1x 11 ]`\ab\ ]\b\YdE hb\ \- L bV`\,1ZS1 8B55MD apO Sf b*V Z*dhSWSD /d bm ,S/Sjn /\V*4*b1WnO ab,* `*4dYZ\-\ Z*h*W*D /O Z*V\ , dh1+ZSV*f aV*4*Z\E hb\ Ym ]\q,SWSan , `1O 4dWnb*b1 o,\WpgSSD \ 31 a*Y\1 -\,\`Sb S dhSb1WnD bm /dY*1jnB w Vb\ q b*V\yE hb\+m a]\`Sbn a\ ta]1O gS*WSab*YSrHx \ 4Z*1jnE bm /*W1V\ Z1 1/SZab,1ZZmyE Vb\ Z1 ,1O `Sb , b1\`Sp o,\WpgSSD Z\-S1 dh1Zm1 11 Z1 ]`S4Z*O pbD ob\Yd b*V31 aVW\Zqpbaq YZ\-S1 dhSb1Wq S dh1O ZSVSD 1Y Z1 Y1Z11E hb\+m \bab*S,*bn a,\S d+13/1ZSqE ‹ Zd3Z\ 4Z*bnE hb\ , S+WSS Z* a*Y\Y /1W1 -\,\`Sbaq \ b\YE V*V ,a1 ]\q,SW\anD 1 ab\Sb a]\`Sbn \ b1f ,\O ]`\a*fE V\b\`m1 , Z1y ]`qY\ Z1 \+ad3/*pbaqD \b Z1O aV\WnV\ ]`SY1`\,D

?

300 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


m Y\31jn ]\+\`\bn ab`*f \bab*S,*bn a,\S d+13/1ZSq

dh1+ZSV1 ]\ 1ab1ab,\4Z*ZSp aV*4*Z\E hb\ ˛1YW1 S \WZ1hZ\y aSab1Y1 d31 YSWWS*`/m W1bD S+WSS aV*4*Z\E hb\ S ˛1YWqE S a1W1ZZ*q adk1O ab,\,*WS 1k1 /\ b\-\E V*V , w/1Zn ]1`,myx \ab*W ]`1\+`*4\,m,*bn Z*jd ]W*Z1bdD 4Z*hSbE ,\4O `*ab ˛1YWS S \WZ1hZ\y aSab1Ym ,]\WZ1 Y\31b `*,O Zqbnaq YSWWS*`/*Y W1b L mbS1 5B5MD hSb1Wn -\,\`SbE hb\ ˛1YWq Z1 Y\-W* +mbn a\O 4/*Z* 4* j1abn /Z1yD S+WSS Z1 -\,\`SbaqE hb\ ob\ +mWS +dV,*WnZm1 68Oh*a\,m1 /ZSD * d`\V*f ]`S,\/qb ]`SY1`m b\-\E hb\ a b1h1O ZS1Y ,`1Y1ZS , 3S,mf \`-*ZS4Y*f ]`\Saf\/SO WS S4Y1Z1ZSqD S+WSS -\,\`SbaqE hb\ \- a\4/*W 3S,mf adk1ab, w]\ Sf `\/*Yx L mbS1 5B6>E 65MD Z* Z1 ]\//1`3S,*1b YZ1ZS1E hb\ 3S4Zn `*4,SW*an S4 Z1O 3S,\y Y*b1`SS SWS hb\ \-E a\4/*, 3S,dp VW1bVdE 4*O ]dabSW ]`\g1aa o,\WpgSSD \ S+WSq /\]daV*1bE hb\ , ]`1/1W*f \/Z\-\ w`\/*x S4Y1Z1ZSq ,\4Y\3ZmD W*O -\/*`q ob\Yd , ]`S`\/1 Z*+Wp/*1baq \-`\YZ\1 `*4Z\O \+`*4S1D dh1b\Y ,mj1aV*4*ZZ\-\E hb\ +m bm \b,1bSW dhSO b1Wp SWS \/Z\VW*aaZSVdE V\b\`my -\,\`SbB *V \bab*S,*bn a,\p ,1`d , \-*H 301


w *dV\y /\V*4*Z\E hb\ Ym P ]`\/dVb o,\WpgSSxD

ı .................................................................................................. w) ,1`p b\WnV\ , b\E hb\ ,S3dD \-* q Z1 ,S/1WxD .................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................

+1/San , b\YE ,\ hb\ ,1`SjnI ˚aWS bm ,m`\a , f`SabS*ZaV\y a1Yn1E b\E Y\31b +mbnE ,1`Sjn , \4/*b1Wq ]`\ab\ ]\b\YdE hb\ b*V b1O +q Z*dhSWS `\/Sb1WSD /Z*V\E ab*Z\,qan ,4`\aWmYE bmE Z*,1`Z\1E f\h1jn wa\,1`j*bn a,qk1ZZ\1 aWdO 31ZS1E 4*/1yab,dq `*4dYxE hb\+m b,\q ,1`* SY1W* b,1`/\1 \aZ\,*ZS1 L SYWqZ*Y 56B5MD \ob\Yd a]`\aS a1+qB w b\ d+13/*1b Y1Zq , adk1ab,\,*ZSS ,\`g*Hx 58OW1bZSy oY `*4YmjWqW \ b\YE V*V dab`\1Z\ Z*j1 b1W\D Z aV*4*WB w `-*ZS4Y h1W\,1V* Z1,1`\qbZ\ aW\O 31Z S edZVgS\ZS`d1b \h1Zn aW*31ZZ\D Z ZSV*V Z1 Y\- `*4,Sbnaq , `14dWnb*b1 o,\WpgSSIx b*V\Yd 31

]W*Z /1yab,SyI b\+m Z*h*bn `*4-\,\` a \/Z\VW*aaZSV\Y \ S+WSSE qDDD

ı .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

˚aWS Y1Zq a]`\aqbE ]\h1Yd q ,1`p , ,\`g*E q aV*3dDDD .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................


,m,\/d ]`SjW* S 5:OW1bZqq \WWSD \b hb\ \Z* `*aO aV*4*W*B w b1f ]\` V*V d Y1Zq \+Z*`d3SWS /S*+1bE q YZ\-\ d4Z*W* \ h1W\,1h1aV\Y b1W1D 1Zq ]\`*4SW\E Z*]`SY1`E V*Vdp ,*3Zdp `\Wn , \`-*ZS4Y1 h1W\,1V* S-`*1b \/SZ Y*W1ZnVSy \`-*Z P ]\/31Wd/\hZ*q 31O W14*D b Z11 4*,SaSb a\ab*, V`\,SE * b*V31 /1qb1WnO Z\abn /`d-Sf \`-*Z\,xD `S,1/S b`S /\V*4*b1Wnab,*E V\b\`m1 d+13/*pb b1+q , adk1ab,\,*ZSS ,\`g*B 5D ....................................................................................... 6D ....................................................................................... 7D ....................................................................................... ˚aWS bm ,1`SjnE hb\ YS` +mW a\b,\`1Z \-\YE d b1+q Z1b ZSV*VSf \aZ\,*ZSy Sa]mbm,*bn Z1W\,V\abn SWS abm/D 1/n ,\ ,a1YE hb\ adk1ab,d1bE a\,1`j1ZZ\ \h1,S/1Z `*4dYZmy 4*Yma1WD ,\b ,1`Sbn , o,\WpgSp P 4Z*hSb YZ\-\1 ]`SZSO Y*bn +14 /\V*4*b1Wnab,D 'b\ 4Z*hSb ,1`Sbn , hd/1a* P Z\ ]`S ob\Y Z1 ]`S4Z*,*bn hd/\b,\`g*D ˛*/1yab,dy a,\y `*4dYD *4+1`San , ob\Y ,\]`\a1 P S bm aY\O 31jn d,1`1ZZ\ \+lqaZqbnE ]\h1Yd bm ,1`Sjn , \-*D

Z\-S1 b,\S `\,1aZSVS d31 V`1abSWSanD \b\, WS bm V ob\Yd ,*3Z\Yd j*-dH

˚˙ (#˚• ˚

O ˚ H

˘ \h1Yd ,*3Z\ -\,\`Sbn a /`d-SYS \ a,\Sf d+13/1ZSqfH ˘ *V b1+1 +mW\ +m W1-h1 `*aaV*4*bn , jV\W1E ]\h1Yd bm ,1`Sjn , \b,\`1ZS1 YS`*H ˘ *V bm Y\- +m ,m`*4Sbn +W*-\/*`Z\abn \YdE Vb\ ,a1 a\b,\`SWH L˙1qZSq 5;B6:E 6;MD

*V \bab*S,*bn a,\p ,1`d , \-*H 303


37

W1/d1b WS YZ1 V`1abSbnaqH

bY1bnE ,1`Z\ SWS Z1,1`Z\H

ı

`1k1ZS1 P ob\ b`1+\,*ZS1 O 1`Z\ /Wq f`SabS*ZD O 1,1`Z\ W*,Z*q g1Wn V`1k1ZSq P O 1`Z\ \+1`1-*bn b1+q \b -`1f*D O 1,1`Z\ `1k1ZS1 \bV`m,*1b O 1`Z\ ]dbn V a]*a1ZSpD O 1,1`Z\ ˚aWS bm Z1 V`1abSWaqE b\ O 1`Z\ Z1 \b,1h*1jn ]1`1/ \-\Y O 1,1`Z\ 4* a,\S /1yab,SqD Z\-S1 b,\S /`d4nq d31 V`1abSO O 1`Z\ WSanD ˛Z*hSbE b1+1 b\31 ]\`*D O 1,1`Z\

˚ bm a\+Wp/*1jn \3nS b`1+\,*ZSqE `*4,SO ,*1jn /`d3+d a \-\Y S -\,\`Sjn /`d-SY \ a,\1y ,1`1E b\-/* Z1d/S,Sb1WnZ\E hb\ bm ]\/dYm,*1jn \ V`1k1ZSSD \ -\b\, WS bm V ob\YdH ˙*,*y \+ad/SY ,mj1]`S,1/1ZZm1 db,1`O ˛ ˚"& %DDD 3/1ZSqD

?

1E Vb\ +d/1b a]*a1ZE \bY1h1Zm \a\+mY w4Z*O V\YxD `1k1ZS1 ,VWpO h*1baq , ob\b w4Z*Vx L 141VSSWn =B8Q:MD 304 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am

˘ `1k1ZS1 P ob\ b`1O +\,*ZS1 /Wq f`SabS*ZD 1`Z\D Sada aV*4*WE hb\ 1-\ dh1ZSV*Y aW1/dO 1b V`1abSbnaq L *be1q


=

r b/*yb1 a,\S b1W* , 31`b,d 3S,dpE a,qbdpE d-\/Zdp \-dE hb\+m ,*Y a\,1`j*bn a,qk1ZZ\1 aWd31ZS1E 4*/1yab,dq `*4dYsD SYWqZ*Y 56 B5 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙

6<B5=E 6>MD a*Y \Z b\31 ]`SZqW V`1k1ZS1D b\O +m aW1/\,*bn 4* `Sab\YE V`1abSbnaq Z1\+f\/SY\ S b1+1D \WnV\ Zd3Z\ SaV`1ZZ11 31W*ZS1 S 4`1O W\abnE hb\+m ]`SZqbn \a\4Z*ZZ\1 `1j1ZS1D ˘ W*,Z*q g1Wn V`1k1ZSq P \+1`1-*bn b1+q \b -`1f*D 1,1`Z\D ,\SY V`1k1ZS1Y h1W\,1V ]\V*4mO ,*1bE hb\ \Z ]\a,qbSWaq 1-\,1D \a,qk1ZS1 P ob\ Z1 V\Zb`*VbE 4*]`1k*pkSy /1W*bn b\E \ h1Y bm b*yZ\ Y1hb*1jnD m ]\a,qk*1jn a,\p 3S4Zn 1O -\,1 ]\b\YdE hb\ f\h1jn 3Sbn , a\-W*aSS a 1-\ Z\`O Y*YSD ˘ `1k1ZS1 \bV`m,*1b ]dbn V a]*a1ZSpD 1`Z\D S+WSS -\,\`SbaqE hb\ V`1k1ZS1 P ,*3Zmy j*- V a]*a1ZSp L5 1b`* 7B65MD /Z*V\ V`1k1ZS1 Z1Wn4q ahSb*bn wab`*f\,V\yxE Vd]W1ZO Z\y Z* aWdh*y +1/ab,SqD `SZqbn V`1k1ZS1 Zd3O Z\ S4 Wp+,S V 1-\,1 S 31W*ZSq ,1hZ\ aWd3Sbn 1YdE \b/*,*q ,a1 a1`/g1 L *`V* 56B6=E 7>MD ˚ ˘ ˚aWS bm Z1 V`1abSWO aqE b\ Z1 \b,1h*1jn ]1`1/ \-\Y 4* a,\S /1yab,SqD 1,1`Z\D *V\,* 8B5; aV*4*Z\B w b\ 4Z*O 1bE V*V /1W*bn b\E hb\

\a\,1bdyaq a `\/Sb1WqO YS S Z*y/S , a\+`*ZSS b\-\E Vb\ ]\Y\31b b1+1 ,m`*abS /df\,Z\ S ]\/O -\b\,Sbnaq V V`1k1ZSp L˙1qZSq 5:B5Q7MD

W1/d1b WS YZ1 V`1abSbnaqH 305


‘‘

\YZqE hb\ q ]`SZqW* V`1k1ZS1E q ab*`*W*an S4+1-*bn ]\a]1jZmf `1j1ZSyE V\b\`m1 ]`SZ1aWS +m \WWS YZ1 Z1]`SqbZ\abS

’’

]`*,SWnZ\E Z\ Z1 /1W*1bE b\b -`1jSbxD `Sh1Y Z1O ,*3Z\E V`1k1Z h1W\,1V SWS Z1bD \ob\YdE 1aWS bm 4Z*1jnE hb\ ]`*,SWnZ\E 1aWS bm d31 /\ab*b\hZ\ ,4`\aWmy S ]\ZSY*1jnE h1Yd f\h1jn ]\a,qbSbn a,\p 3S4ZnE b\-/* a1yh*aE ,\4Y\3Z\E a*Y\1 ]\/O f\/qk11 ,`1YqE hb\+m ]\-\,\`Sbn \ V`1k1ZSS a V1YOb\ S4 `\/Sb1W1y SWS /`d-Sf 4`1Wmf f`SabSO *ZD ZS b1+1 ]\/aV*3dbE V*V ]\/-\b\,Sbnaq V ob\O Yd j*-dD ˘ Z\-S1 b,\S /`d4nq d31 V`1abSWSanD ˛Z*hSbE b1+1 b\31 ]\`*D 1,1`Z\D ˝1W*ZS1 ]`SZqbn V`1k1ZS1 /\W3Z\ Saf\/Sbn S4 b,\1-\ a1`/g* L a*W\Y 55>B7MD `1O abSbnaq aW1/d1b b\WnV\ b\-/*E V\-/* bm ]\WZ\abnp ‹ \a\4Z*1jnE hb\ 4Z*hSb +mbn ,S/1b1W1Y 1-\,mE S V\-/* +d/1jn d,1`1ZE hb\ -\b\, ,4qbn Z* a1+q obd \b,1bab,1ZZ\abn L'VVW14S*ab 9B8E 9MD L `\/\W31ZS1 Z* ab`*ZSg1 75>DM

]W*Z /1yab,SyI 1`1/ b1Y V*V V`1abSbnaqE YZ1 Zd3Z\ Wdhj1 ]\Zqbn b*VS1 dh1ZSq S+WSSE V*VB

ı.......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

\]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................


hb\ h*ab\ a]`*jS,*pb \ V`1k1ZSS

b\ aSY,\WS4S`d1b V`1k1ZS1H \-`d3*qan , ,\/dE h1W\,1VE \+`*4Z\ -\,\`qE dYS`*1b P \Z ]1`1ab*1b 3Sbn /Wq a1+qD \/ZSY*qan S4 ,\/mE \Z aSY,\WSh1aVS \3S,*1b /Wq b\-\E hb\+m b1]1`n Sa]\WZqbn ,\Wp 1-\,mD

b\ 4Z*hSb ]\a,qbSbn 3S4Zn 1-\,1H 'b\ 4Z*hSb /*bn \+1k*ZS1 3Sbn d31 Z1 /Wq a1+qE Z\ Z* ]1`,\1 Y1ab\ , 3S4ZS ab*,Sbn ,\Wp \-* L *be1q 5:B68MD \a,qbSbn 3S4Zn 1-\,1 , Y\WSb,1 Z*/\ 4* Z1V\b\`\1 ,`1Yq /\ b\-\E V*V V`1abSbnaqD h1Yd Zd3Z\ ab`1YSbnaq 1k1 /\ V`1k1ZSqH ˚k1 /\ V`1k1ZSq Z*/\ S4Y1ZSbn a,\p 3S4Zn , a\-W*aSS a\ W\O ,\Y \-* S `*aaV*4m,*bn \ a,\1y ,1`1 /`d-SYD *V31 Z1\+f\/SY\ `*4,S,*bn /`d3+d a \-\YE S4dh*q S+WSp S Y\WqanD Wd3Sbn 1-\,1 aW1/d1b Z1 ]\b\YdE hb\ b1+q V ob\Yd ]\/b*WVS,*pbE * ]\b\YdE hb\ bm a*Y ob\-\ f\h1jnD d3Z\ WS V`1abSbnaqE \`S1ZbS`dqan Z* ,\4`*abH \4O `*ab Z1 -W*,Z\1D 1Y Z1 Y1Z11 bm /\W31Z +mbn /\ab*b\hO Z\ ,4`\aWmY S 4`1WmYE hb\+m ]\ZSY*bn aYmaW ]\a,qk1ZSqD

b\E 1aWS bm f\h1jn V`1abSbnaqE Z\ `\/Sb1WS -\,\`qbE hb\ b1+1 1k1 `*Z\H \4Y\3Z\E \ZS f\bqbE hb\+m bm 1k1 Wdhj1 Z*dhSWaq ]`SY1Zqbn f`SabS*ZaVS1 ]`SZgS]m , 3S4ZSD `SaWdj*yaq V Sf a\,1b*Y S ,\a]\WnO 4dyaq ,`1Y1Z1YE hb\+m `*4,Sbn +WS4VS1 \bO Z\j1ZSq a 1-\,\y L5 *YdSW* 6B6:MD

307


/dY*1jn WS bm \ V`1k1ZSSH W1/dpkS1 ,\]`\am ]\Y\-db b1+1 \g1ZSbn d`\,1Zn a,\1y /df\,Z\y 4`1W\abSD `13/1 h1Y Z*]Sa*bn \b,1bE Z1 4*+d/n ]`\hSb*bn abSfE Z* V\b\`my ]`S,\/Sbaq aamWV*D 4 h1-\ ,S/Z\E hb\ bm d]\,*1jn Z* 1-\,dH L a*W\Y ;5B9MD

ı .................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................

*V bm ]\V*4m,*1jnE hb\ Z*dhSWaq \bWSh*bn f\`\j11 \b ]W\f\-\H L˚,`1qY 9B58MD .................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................

*V h*ab\ bm Y\WSjnaqH ........................................................... *aV\WnV\ V\ZV`1bZm b,\S Y\WSb,mH b\ ]\ ZSY Y\3Z\ aV*4*bn \ -Wd+SZ1 b,\1y Wp+,S V 1-\,1H L a*W\Y 5;B:MD .................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................

*]SjSE V*VSf g1W1y bm f\b1W +m /\abShn , \bZ\j1ZSS a,\Sf Y\WSb,D .................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................

*V h*ab\ bm a*Y\ab\qb1WnZ\ S4dh*1jn S+WSpH L Sada *,SZ 5B<MD

..................................................................................................

b\ bm ,VWph*1jn , a,\1 WShZ\1 S4dh1ZS1H .................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................

308 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


*]SjSE V*VSf g1W1y bm f\b1W +m /\abShn , \bZ\j1ZSS WShZ\-\ S4dh1ZSqD ..................................................................................................

1`n14Z\ WS bm \bZ\aSjnaq V aWd31ZSpH L *]`SY1`B Y\31jn WS bm \+lqaZSbn \aZ\,Zm1 dh1ZSq S+WSSH `Sf\/Sjn WS bm aZ\,* V b1YE Vb\ ]`\q,SW SZb1`1aH b*`*1jnaq WS bm Z*h*bn a V1YOb\ S4dh1ZS1 S+WSSHM O ˙* O 1b

h*ab,d1jn WS bm , aWd31ZSSE /*31 1aWS `\/Sb1WS ob\-\ Z1 /1W*pbH L˙1qZSq 9B86MD O ˙* O 1b *]SjSE V*VSf g1W1y , aWd31ZSS bm f\b1W +m /\abShnD L6 SY\e1p 6B59MD

.................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................

\a1k*1jn WS bm ,ab`1hS a\+`*ZSq `1-dWq`Z\ SWS b\WnV\ \b aWdh*q V aWdh*pH L˚,`1qY 5>B69MD ..................................................................................................

*V ]`\q,Wq1baq b,\q *VbS,Z\abn Z* f`SabS*ZaVSf ,ab`1h*fH ..................................................................................................

\/Sjn WS bm Z* a\+`*ZS1E /*31 V\-/* `\/Sb1WS Z1 Y\-db L1aWS \ZS b1+1 `*4`1j*pbMH O ˙* O 1b ˙1yab,Sb1WnZ\ WS bm Z*f\/Sjn `*/\abn , Sa]\WZ1ZSS ,\WS \-*H L a*W\Y 8>B<MD O ˙* O 1b \31jn WS bm Z*4,*bn V\ZV`1bZm1 aWdh*SE V\-/* bm aY\]`\bS,\ab*bn /d`Z\Yd ,WSqZSp a,1`abZSV\,H L SYWqZ*Y 56B6MD ..................................................................................................

*V bm a\+S`*1jnaq a\f`*Zqbn V`1]Vdp Wp+\,n V 1-\,1H L d/m 6>E 65MD

..................................................................................................

d/1jn WS bm aWd3Sbn 1-\,1E /*31 1aWS b,\S `\/Sb1WS SWS /`d4nq ]1`1ab*ZdbH L *be1q 5>B7:E 7;MD O ˙* O 1b


`1k1ZS1E V*V S ,abd]W1ZS1 , +`*VE Y1Zq1b 3S4Zn h1W\,1V*D ob\Yd j*-d Z1Wn4q \bZ\aSbnaq W1-V\YmaW1ZZ\ L *h*W\ Z* ab`*ZSg1 7>:DM

1j1ZS1E V\b\`\1 S4Y1Zq1b 3S4Zn \aW1 V`1k1ZSq b,\q 3S4Zn S4Y1ZSbaqD 'b\b j*- \bV`m,*1b /\`\-d YZ\-SY +W*-\aW\,1ZSqYD b\ 31 ,`1Yq ob\ +\Wnj*q \bO ,1bab,1ZZ\abn P Z1\+f\/SY\ 3Sbn , a\-W*aSS a\ a,\SY ]\a,qk1ZS1Y 1-\,1D

\b\, WS bm ]\a,qbSbn 3S4Zn \O -dH ˚aWS /*E b1+q Y\3Z\ Z*4,*bn ah*abWS,mY h1W\,1V\YD 1+1 /*`d1baq a*Y*q ,ma\V*q h1abn P aWd3Sbn 1-\,1 \b ,a1-\ a1`/g* S ,a1y 3S4Znp ]\V*4m,*bnE hb\ bm ]\WO Z\abnp 1Yd ]`1/*Z L *be1q 66B7:E 7;MD ˚˙ (#˚• ˚ 4Z*yE V*V ab*,Sbn g1WSE V\b\`m1 ]\Y\-db b1+1 ,m+`*bn a*Ymy WdhjSy ]dbn , 3S4ZSD

O ˚ H

˘ \h1Yd V`1k1ZS1 b*V\y \b,1bab,1ZZmy j*-H ˘ 4O4* h1-\ ]\/`\abVS Y\-db ]\a]1jZ\ ]`SZqbn `1j1ZS1 V`1abSbnaqH ˘ \h1Yd Z1V\b\`m1 ]\/`\abVS Y1/Wqb a ]\a,qk1ZS1Y S V`1k1ZS1YH

310 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


38

1Yd ]\a,qbSbn a,\p 3S4ZnH *Znj1 q Z1 /dY*W \ +dO /dk1YD \ h1Y +WS31 +mW ,m]daVZ\yE b1Y +\Wnj1 q \a\4Z*,*WE hb\ aV\`\ YZ1 ]`S/1baq ,abd]Sbn ,\ ,4`\aWdp 3S4Zn S a*Y\Yd 4*`*+*O bm,*bn Z* 3S4ZnD W1Va

˚˙ &E hb\ bm `1O jSW \b]`*,Sbnaq , /*W1O V\1 ]db1j1ab,S1D ˙Wq Z*h*W* bm Z*,1`ZqV* ,\4nO Y1jn V*`bd S ,m+1`1jn a*Ymy WdhjSy Y*`j`dbD \hZ\ b*V 31 Zd3Z\ ]W*ZS`\,*bn S a,\1 +d/dk11D (Z\j* ]\ SY1ZS *yVW aV*4*WB w 1`1/ b\+\y YZ\O 31ab,\ /\`\-xD \ V*V\y a/1W*bn ,m+\`H w a1 4*,SO aSb \b b\-\E V*VS1 d b1+q g1WSxEP ahSb*1b *yVWD 1yh*a \Z aWd3Sb , eSWS*W1 ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,mD `1/ab*,nE hb\ b,\S g1WS P ob\ Y1ab\E Vd/* bm Z*]`*,Wq1jnaqD ˚aWS +1ag1WnZ\ +`\/SbnE b\ ,`q/ WS bd/* /\+1`1jnaqD dhj1 ,4qbnE \+`*4Z\ -\,\`qE V*`O bd S Z*Y1bSbn /Wq a1+q Y*`j`dbD *V `*4 ob\ a\,1O bd1baq , `Sbh*f 8B6:B w m`*,ZS,*y ]dbn /Wq a,\O 1y Z\-SxD SZ\/*WnZ\Y ]1`1,\/1 ob* e`*4* 4,dhSb b*VB w +/dY*y ab14p /Wq Z\-S b,\1yxD +WS3*yjS1 -\/m b1+1 ]`1/ab\Sb ]`SZqbn ,*3O Zm1 `1j1ZSqE V*a*pkS1aq aWd31ZSq \-dE `*+\O bmE ,abd]W1ZSq , +`*VE a1YnS S /`d-Sf a1`n14Zmf 1Yd ]\a,qbSbn a,\p 3S4ZnH 311


b*,n ]`*,SWnZm1 g1WS P S bm Z1 +d/1jn b`*bSbn aSWm ,]dabdp

,\]`\a\,D ˚aWS bm 4Z*1jnE h1-\ f\h1jnE b\-/* b1+1 +d/1b W1-O h1 ]\abd]*bn Yd/`\D

/Z*V\E Z*Y1h*q a,\y ]dbnE Z1\+f\/SY\ dhSO bm,*bn \/SZ adk1ab,1ZO Zmy e*Vb\`D

w \YZS a,\1-\ 1WSV\-\ ,\`g*x b\+m +mbn ]\OZ*ab\qk1O Yd ah*abWS,mYE Z1\+f\/SY\ ]`SZqbn V a1`/gd a\O ,1b Yd/`\-\ g*`q \W\Y\Z*E V\b\`my aV*4*WB w \YO ZS a,\1-\ 1WSV\-\ ,\`g* , /ZS a,\1y Y\W\/\abSx L'VVW14S*ab 56B5MD `S ,mO ˛ ˚"& %DDD +\`1 3S4Z1ZZ\-\ ]dbS aW1O /d1b `dV\,\/ab,\,*bnaq 31O *V ]`S+\`m `*+\b*pb W*ZS1Y `*/\,*bn \-*D \b oW1Vb`Sh1ab,*E b*V S \h1Yd ob\ b*V ,*3Z\H b,\y da]1f , aWd31ZSS bV`\,1ZSS 8B55 -\,\O 1-\,1 ,\ YZ\-\Y 4*,SO `SbaqB w˙\ab\SZ bmE 1-\O aSb \b aSWm 1-\ a,qb\-\ /df* L˙1qZSq 5B<MD ,*E Z*j \-E ]`SZqbn aW*,dE h1abn S aSWdE ]\b\Yd hb\ bm a\b,\`SW ,a1 S ,a1 ]\ b,\1y ,\W1 adk1ab,d1b S a\b,\`1Z\xD \SabSZ1E d ,a1f `*O 4dYZmf a\4/*ZSy Z* Z1+1 S Z* 41YW1 1abn ]`ShSZ* +mbn +W*-\/*`ZmYS \4/*b1WpD W*-\/*`1Z WS bm \-d 4* b\E hb\ \Z /*W b1+1 w3S4ZnE S /mf*ZS1E S ,a1xH

?

312 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


‘‘

) ,\afSk*pan `\/Sb1WqYSD f Z1dO -*aSY\1 `,1ZS1 , aWd31ZSSE b\E V*V \ZS ,ab`1h*WS eSZ*Za\,m1 b`d/Z\O abS S V*V ]\+d3/*WS Y1Zq Z*h*bn ]\WZ\,`1Y1ZZ\1 aWd31ZS1 1-\,1E ˙3o`\/ \h1Zn Z* Y1Zq ]\,WSqW\

’’

L˙1qZSq 5;B69MD 1 f\h1baq WS b1+1 \b,1bSbn Z* /\O +`\bd 1-\,mH \YZq \4/*b1WqE YZ\-S1 Y\W\/m1 ,S/1b1WS 1-\,m `1jSWS ]\a,qbSbn a,\p 3S4Zn ]\WZ\,`1O Y1ZZ\Yd aWd31ZSp \-dD \b V*VS1 d/S,Sb1WnZm1 ,\4Y\3Z\abS ]1`1/ b\+\y \bV`m,*pbaqD S\Z1`aV\1 aWd31ZS1D +kS1 ]S\Z1`m ]`\,\O /qb 4Z*hSb1WnZdp h*abn a,\1-\ ,`1Y1ZSE ]`\]\,1O /dq +W*-dp ,1abnD ZS ]`S\+`1b*pb \]mbE ]\Wdh*pb \+dh1ZS1 S b*VSY \+`*4\Y ab*Z\,qbaq +\W11 dY1WmO YS dhSb1WqYS \3n1-\ W\,*D Wd31ZS1 b*YE -/1 YZ\-S1 1k1 Z1 aWmj*WS +W*-dp ,1abnD 1V\b\`m1 `*/S ob\-\ ]1`1143*pbD b\Ob\ dhSb SZ\ab`*ZZmy q4mV S aWd3Sb , SZ\q4mhO Z\Y a\+`*ZSS , a,\1y ab`*Z1 SWS /*31 4* -`*ZSg1y1D SaaS\Z1`aV\1 aWd31ZS1D ]\a\+Zm1 S \]mbO Zm1 ]S\Z1`mE \+W*/*pkS1 f\`\jSY 4/\`\,n1Y S ,mZ\aWS,\abnpE ]`\f\/qb \+dh1ZS1 /Wq aWd31ZSq , /`d-Sf ab`*Z*fD YSaO aS\Z1`\, ]\OZ*ab\qk1Yd ˚ SZb1`1aZ*qE Z*amk1ZZ*q 3S4ZnD \-\,\`S a b1YSE Vb\ d31 YZ\-\ W1b aWd3Sb 1eSWnaV\1 aWd31O 1-\,1 ]\WZ\,`1Y1ZZ\D ZS1D W1Zm ,1eSWnaV\y

]`\aSE hb\ Sf V ob\Yd a1YnS aWd3*b , -W*,Z\Y ]\+d/SW\ S V*V Sf +W*O d]`*,W1ZSS ,S/1b1W1y -\aW\,SW \-D

1 Y\b`S `*YVd Z* ab`*ZSg1 5:8D

1Yd ]\a,qbSbn a,\p 3S4ZnH 313


Y\S g1WS bY1bnE V*VS1 g1WS bm f\h1jn ]1`1/ a\+\y ]\ab*,SbnD ˛*]\WZS obd `*YVd a dh1b\Y a\+ab,1ZZmf g1W1yD

1WSE a,q4*ZZm1 a\ aWd31ZS1Y ı O ,1WShSbn dh*abS1 , ]`\]\,1/S /\ DDDDDDDD h*a\, , Y1aqg O *a]`\ab`*Zqbn DDDDDDDD `*4Zmf ]d+WSV*gSy , Y1aqg O bV`m,*bn S+WSpE V\-/* `*aaV*4m,*p \ a,\1y ,1`1 O ˙1W*bn DDDDDDDD ]\,b\`Zmf ]\a1k1ZSy , Y1aqg O *h*bn a V1YOb\ S4dh1ZS1 S+WSS ˙`d-S1 g1WSB

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

1WSE a,q4*ZZm1 a WShZmY S4dh1ZS1Y O Sb*bn ]\ DDDDDDDD ab`*ZSg S+WSS , /1Zn O \/-\b*,WS,*bnaq V\ ,a1Y ,ab`1h*Y a\+`*ZSq O *4\+`*bnaq , aW1/dpkSf +S+W1yaVSf ,\]`\a*fB DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

1WSE a,q4*ZZm1 a a\+`*ZS1Y O ˙*,*bn V*V YSZSYdY \/SZ V\YY1Zb*`Sy Z* V*3/\y ,ab`1h1 O \/\ybS S ]\4Z*V\YSbnaq a V1YOb\E Vb\ ab*`j1 Y1Zq O *,1abSbn V\-\Ob\ S4 ]\3SWmf SWS Z1Y\kZmf hW1Z\, a\+`*ZSq ˙`d-S1 g1WSB

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

1-\/ZqjZqq /*b* DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 1`14 ]\W-\/* ]`\,1`nE /\abS- WS bm a,\Sf g1W1yD ˚aWS Zd3Z\E ]\/V\``1VbS`dy b\E hb\ Z*]Sa*WD \ab*,n Z\,m1 g1WSD 314 \b,1bm Z* b,\S ,\]`\am


=

r a]mb*yb1 Y1ZqDDD P -\,\`Sb 1-\,* ,\SZab,EP Z1 \bV`\p WS q /Wq ,*a ab,\`m Z1+1a S Z1 S4\Wnp WS Z* ,*a +W*-\aW\,1ZS1E b*V hb\ ,m d31 ZS , h1Y Z1 +d/1b1 Zd3/*bnaqsD *W*fSq 7B5> Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™ Ë™

1-\,m S eSWS*W*fD Z1V\b\`mf ab`*Z*f \ZS dh*O ab,dpb , ]\/-\b\,V1 S \b]`*,V1 +S+W1yaV\y WSb1`*O bd`mD 13/dZ*`\/Z*q ab`\Sb1WnZ*q ]`\-`*YY*D 1O V\b\`m1 1/db , /`d-S1 ab`*ZmE hb\+m ]\Y\-*bn , ab`\Sb1Wnab,1 Ë›*W\, *`ab,*E Ë›*W\, V\Z-`1aa\, S eSWS*W\,D "V\W* da\,1`j1Zab,\,*ZSq aWd31ZSqD `SO -\/Zm1 Z131Z*bm1 ab*`1yjSZm S aWd31+Zm1 ]\O Y\kZSVS \+dh*pbaq Wdhj1 4*+\bSbnaq \ f`SabS*ZO aV\Y a\+`*ZSS S ,mabd]*bn ]1`1/ *d/Sb\`S1yD 1V\O b\`m1 S4 ZSf ]\Wdh*pb Z*4Z*h1ZS1 4* `d+13D

*Y1bn a,\y Vd`a \WZ\,`1Y1ZZ\1 aWd31ZS1 P /\ab\yZ*q g1WnE 4* V\b\`\y ab\qb YZ\-S1 +W*-\aW\,1ZSqD `*,/*E hb\+m /\abShn ob\y g1WSE Zd3Z\ ,a1 4*`*Z11 \+/dY*bnD *O ]`SY1`E a]`\aS a1+qB w *VS1 d Y1Zq 1abn a]\a\+Z\O abS S Z*,mVSE hb\+m q Y\- 4*`*O +*bm,*bn Z* 3S4ZnHx 1WWS `1jSW* aWd3Sbn ]S\O Z1`\Y S ab*W* /dY*bn \ ,m+\`1 ]`\e1aaSSD Z* aV*4*W*B w Z1 Zd3Z\ +mW\ `1jSbnE V*V q +d/d \+1a]1hS,*bn a1+qE aWd3* \-dxD 1+1 b*V31 +d/1b SZb1`1aZ\ ]\aY\b`1bn eSWnY w \]`\am Y\W\O /13SD 1Yd ]\a,qbSbn a,\p 3S4ZnHxD ˙SaV ,m]dk1Z +\W11 h1Y Z* 7> q4mV*f


31 , ab*`jSf VW*aa*f 1WWS Z*h*W* \a,*SO ,*bn +d/dkdp a]1gS*WnZ\abnD 'b\ ]\Y\-W\ 1y /\O abShn -W*,Z\y g1WSD Z* ]\/1WSW*anB w \WZ\,`1O Y1ZZ\1 aWd31ZS1 1-\,1 P ,\b V h1Yd q ab`1YSW*anE * ,a1 \ab*WnZ\1 +mW\ ,b\`\ab1]1ZZmYD 'b\ a*Ymy WdhjSy ,m+\`E V\b\`my q Y\-W* a/1W*bnxD

kS `dV\,\/ab,* ˚aWS +m bm ]db1j1ab,\,*W ]\ Z14Z*V\Y\y Y1abO Z\abSE `*Z\ SWS ]\4/Z\ b1+1 ]`SjW\an +m a]`\O aSbn /\`\-dD 14 ob\-\ Z1 \+\ybSan S V\-/* ab`\Sjn ]W*Zm Z* +d/dk11D \a\,1bdyaq a `*4ZmYS Wp/nYSD `Sbh*f 6>B5< -\,\`SbaqB w W*Zm db,1`3/*pbaq a\,1b\YxD ]1`,dp \h1`1/n ]\a\,1bdyaq a `\/Sb1WqYSD \3Z\ b*V31 \+`*bSbnaq V 4`1WmY +`*bnqY SWS a1ab`*Y S4 a\+`*ZSqE V\b\`m1 `dV\,\/ab,dpbaq ,

]W*Z /1yab,SyI b\+m Z*f\/Sbn , aWd31ZSS +\Wnj1 `*/\abSE q \+`*kdan 4* ]\Y\knp VDDD

ı.......................................................................................................................... \]`\amE V\b\`m1 q f\hd 4*/*bn `\/Sb1WqYB .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................


a,\1y 3S4ZS \3n1y Yd/`\abnpD 6;OW1bZSy \+1`O b\ aWd3Sb , 1eSW1D Z ]\a\,1b\,*WB w *,Zqyaq Z* ,4`\aWmf f`SabS*Z S4 a,\1-\ SWS a\a1/Z1-\ a\+`*O ZSqE V\b\`m1 ]\/*pb f\`\jSy ]`SY1`xD \ 4Z*1jn WS bmE Vb\ +\Wnj1 ,a1f 31W*1bE hb\+m bm ,m+`*W Z*SWdhjSy ]dbn , 3S4ZSH 'b\ \- 1-\O ,*D Z 31W*1bE hb\+m bm +mW ah*abWS,D \Z -\b\, b1O +1 ]\Y\hnD \ob\Yd Y\WSan 1YdE hb\+m w]\abS-*bnE , h1Y 1-\ ,\WqxE S ]\ZqbnE V*VSY b,\1 +d/dk11 ,S/Sb \Z L'e1aqZ*Y 9B5;MD \ ,a1f ae1`*f 3S4ZS aW1/dy a\O ,1bd S4 `Sbh 7B9E :B w \W*-*yaq Z* 1-\,d ,a1Y a,\O SY a1`/g1Y S Z1 Z*/1yaq Z* a,\1 a\+ab,1ZZ\1 ]\ZSO Y*ZS1D \YZS \ Z1Y Z* ,a1f a,\Sf ]dbqfE S \Z a/1W*O 1b b,\S ]dbS ]`qYmYSxD

O ˚ H

˘ *VS1 d b1+q 1abn Z*,mVS S a]\a\+Z\abSH ˘ *V bm Y\31jn Sf Sa]\Wn4\,*bnE hb\+m ]`\aW*,Wqbn 1-\,dH ˘ *V\y ,S/ ]\WZ\,`1Y1ZZ\-\ aWd31ZSq \-dE d]\YqZdbmy , ob\y -W*,1E b1+q \a\+1ZZ\ ]`S,W1V*1bH

1Yd ]\a,qbSbn a,\p 3S4ZnH 317


9

˙ %•

Y\y /Z1,ZSV

b\ Y\31b Y1j*bn b1+1 /\abS-*bn a,\Sf /df\,Zmf g1W1yH

ı

*V V\ZV`1bZ\ bm Y\- +m ]`1\/\W1bn obS ]`1]qbab,SqH

318


`*+\hS1 af1Ym dV*4*b1Wn ˛ ˚

d/1b WS \Z YZ1 f\`\jSY Yd31YH 7= d/1b WS \Z* YZ1 f\`\j1y 31Z\yH 8> *VSYS +d/db `1*WnZm1 ]\aW1/ab,SqH 8= \S /1yab,Sq , daW\,Sqf ]`1aaSZ-* 576Q577 p/31b Z* Y1aqg 5:7 \31bE ]1`11f*bn 4* -`*ZSgdH 5:8 \-\,\`S a `\/Sb1WqYSI 5<= /1`3S,*y -Z1, 665 ˙dY*1jn WS bm \ V`1k1ZSSH 7><Q7>= \S g1WS 758

\Wnj1 SZe\`Y*gSS P Z* a*yb1

www.jw.org/ru


˝1W*1b1 WS ,m ]\WdhSbn +\Wnj1 SZe\`Y*gSSH m Y\31b1 a,q4*bnaq a\ ,S/1b1WqYS 1-\,mE ]\a1bS, a*yb www.jw.org.

Reset Book


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.