Human-Anatomy

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Human Anatomy The Scientific study of the Human Body

History of Anatomy • • • •

500 B.C. formal study in Egypt Earliest description done in papyrus 3000 and 2500B.C. Hippocrates, early taught in Greece(460-377 B.C.) Aristotle, first to use anatome ( 384-322BC), cutting or taking apart or “Dissecare”

• Versalius,1543. “De Humani Corporis Fabrica”masterpiece

History…….

• Hieronymus Fabricius, 1537-1619. constructed the Anatomical theater in Padua. discovered the valves in the veins

• William Harvey, discovered blood circulation, 1628.

Exercitatio anatomica De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus.

• 17th Century, human dissection became important feature in European medical schools.

• 18th and 19th century anatomist published treaties for standard medical study of human body. Body snatchers.

• 1832, Britain parliament passed the Anatomy Act, legalizing medical schools to accept cadaver donations for anatomical studies.

Approaches to the study of Anatomy • Regional anatomy – topographical study by regions. Surface anatomy, P.E. • Systemic anatomy – studying by systems, e.g. circulatory or reproductive, skeletal, integumentary, arterial, muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, endocrine systems.

• Clinical anatomy – with clinical correlation, emphasis by structure and function

Anatomical positions • Anatomical position • Anatomical planes: > Median plane > Sagittal plane > Coronal plane > Horizontal plane ( transverse) • Sections > Longitudinal > Transverse > Oblique

Terms of Relationship • • • •

Superficial, intermediate, deep Medial, lateral Posterior, dorsal, anterior,ventral Inferior, caudal > inferomedial > superolateral • Proximal, distal • Dorsum

Terms of laterality/ Movement • • • • • • • • • • •

Ipsilateral Unilateral Bilateral Contralateral Flexion, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion Extension, hyperextension, Abduction, adduction, circumduction Opposition, protrusion Elevation, Depression Eversion, Inversion Pronation, Supination.

Skin and fascia •

Characteristics and function: > biggest organ > Protection > Heat regulation > Sensation – afferent nerves for pain, touch and temp.

Layers: • Epidermis • Dermis    

•

Hair follicles Arrector muscles Sebaceous glands Sweat glands

Tension lines – Langer lines ( collagen & elastic fibers)

Skin and fascia…….

• Subcutaneous tissue – with loose fatty tss.

Acting as thermo-regulators, as well as protection from bony prominencies • Skin ligaments • Deep fascia

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