P E R A S T Arheološki lokaliteti Spila i Tamnica iznad Perasta, iz vremena neolita, pokazuju, u tragovima pradavnog života, povezanost sa morem. U najstarijim predslavenskim slojevima ilirskog i rimskog Perasta, nalaze se potvrde o pomorskom angažovanju stanovnika Perasta. Stari hroničari Perasta navode da su predslavenski žitelji Perasta čuvali ulaz u zaliv i gradili utvrđenja na ostrvu sv. Djorđa, za vrijeme ilirske kraljice Teute i rimskog cara Dioklecijana. Najstariji arhivski podaci o Perastu su iz XIII v, gdje postoje vijesti o zanatlijama: kamenarima, krečarima, bačvarima i brodograditeljima, a l336. prvi put se pominje brodogradilište u Perastu. Građenje manjih jedrenjaka, na svojim škverovima i prevoz robe vlastitim jedrenjacima bili su osnov za ekonomsko i političko osamostaljivanje od Kotora, pa Perast l585. postaje samostalna opština. Perast je od XVI v. obilježen na portolanima i pomorskim kartama, kao značajan pomorski centar na Jadranskoj obali. Pomorskom i ratničkom vještinom Peraštani su se izborili za poseban status svoga grada za vrijeme vladavine Venecije od l420-l797, pogotovo poslije turskog osvajanja dijela Bokokotorskog zaliva krajem XV v, sve do konačnog oslobađanja krajem XVII v. Perast tada postaje strateški važno mjesto za odbranu Kotorskog zaliva i grada Kotora, a u političom i ekonomskom smislu autonoman. Gradom upravlja kapetan, koji ima vojnu i civilnu vlast, a bira se među uglednim domaćim ljudima. Peraštani mogu slobodno trgovati, uz značajne carinske povlastice, na teritoriji Mletačke republike. Pomorci iz Perasta postaju zapovjednici velikih ratnih brodova Venecije, a imaju i čast da čuvaju zastavu sv. Marka, na admiralskom brodu za vrijeme ratova koje je Venecija vodila sa Turskom. Mnogi su primjeri pomorske vještine i hrabrosti Peraštana u stalnim pomorskim okršajima sa gusarima na moru, od kojih nije bio pošteđen ni njihov grad. Gusari iz sjeverne Afrike napadaju i pljačkaju Perast, a stanovnike odvode u ropstvo, u ljeto l624, dok su gotovo svi koji bi im mogli pružiti otpor bili na moru. Peraštani su odigrali značajnu ulogu u odbrani Kotora l539, u pomorskoj bici kod Lepanta 1571, odbrani Perasta od najvećeg turskog napada, u čuvenom Peraškom boju l654, oslobađanju Risna l684. i Herceg Novog l687. od Turaka. I u takvim teškim istorijskim prilikama razvijaju se pomorstvo i pomorska trgovina, a prestankom opasnosti od Turaka, dobijaju puni zamah. Tako, početkom XVIII v, Perast ima četrdeset velikih brodova duge plovidbe, i preko sto raznih tipova manjih jedrenjaka. Broj stanovnika Perasta, sa selima koja su mu pripadala, bio je 3000. Među brojnim istaknutim ličnostina pomorske prošlosti Perasta, posebno mjesto pripada Marku Martinoviću (l663-l7l6), pomorskom kapetanu, koji je učio pomorstvu ruske boljare Petra Velikog, Matiji Zmajeviću (l680-l735) admiralu ruske baltičke flote i Petru Smekji (l724-l767) koji je uspostavio pomorsku vezu između Venecije i luka na Baltičkom moru. U periodu od druge polovine XVII do kraja XVIII v, Perast je doživio potpuni ekonomski i kulturni uspon, i zasjenio ostale gradove i mjesta u Boki Kotorskoj. Peraštani su bili prisiljeni da u prethodnom periodu, zbog stalnih ratnih opasnosti, podižu objekte za odbranu: tvrđavu i mnoge kule (čardake), dok se sada grade najljepše palate: Bujovića, Balovića, Bronze, Smekje i one koje su
danas ruševine: Zmajevića, Mazarovića, dio palate Viskovića, itd. Peraštani u tom periodu završavaju gradnju i ukrašavanje crkve Gospe od Škrpjela i grade zvonik nove crkve Sv. Nikole, koja je trebala biti izgrađena na mjestu postojeće stare crkve. Perast se uobličava u najljepšu baroknu cjelinu na istočnoj obali Jadrana. Istovremeno se nabavljaju raskošni barokni oltari, slikarska djela mletačkih majstora, a Peraštanin Tripo Kokolja oslikava crkvu, posvećenu zaštitnici Perasta i pomoraca, Gospu od Škrpjela. Peraštani su pokazali smisao za očuvanje svog identiteta, njegujući svoj jezik, sakupljajući i bilježeći narodnu poeziju (posebno bugarštice), legende i običaje: Mađ, Gađanje kokota, Fašinadu. Period XIX v, u kome dolazi do stagniranja i propadanja pomorstva na jedra, u teškim istorijskim prilikama vladavine Austrije (l797-l806), Francuske (l807l8l3) i druge Austrijske vladavine (l8l4-l9l8) je vrijeme kada grad Perast doživljava dekadenciju. Perast je, ipak, između dva Svjetska rata imao status opštine, svoju školu, a l937. osnovan je Muzej. U posljednjih pola vijeka, dobio je status zakonom zaštićene spomeničke cjeline. Mnoga svjedočanstva peraške prošlosti: istorijske, pomorske, kulturne, čuvaju se danas u zbirkama Muzeja grada Perasta, i crkvenim zbirkama sv. Nikole i Gospe od Škrpjela. Peraštani su od davnina pokazivali privrženost svom gradu, koja se u novijim vremenima očituje kroz napore za čuvanje i zaštitu njegovih istorijskih i kulturnih vrijednosti. Prvo organizovano djelovanje na očuvanju istorijske i kulturne baštine Perasta datira iz l928; kasnije, l957, osniva se ‘’Društvo prijatelja spomenika kulture grada Perasta’’, koje je obnovljeno l999. kao ‘’Društvo prijatelja grada Perasta’’.
The archaeological sites of Spila and Tamnica situated above Perast, dating from the Neolithic period, in their traces of ancient life reflect connections with the sea. The oldest, pre-Slavic stratums of Illyrian and Roman period in Perast give evidence of the seafaring activity of its inhabitants. The old chroniclers of Perast state that the pre-Slavic inhabitants of Perast had guarded the entrance to the Bay and constructed a fortification on Island of St. George, during the reign of the Illiryan queen Teuta and Roman emperor Diocletian. The oldest archival data about Perast, from the 13th century, make reference of various craftsmen in the town: stonemasons, limers, coopers, shipbuilders, etc, while in 1336 the first mention of a shipyard in Perast appeared. By constructing smaller sailing boats on its quays and transporting merchandise in them Perast formed foundations for its economic and political independence from Kotor which was achieved in 1585 when Perast became an independent community. From the 16th century onwards Perast was put on the nautical maps as a significant maritime centre on the Adriatic coast. Being excellent seamen and warriors, people of Perast earned a special status for their town during the Venetian rule (1420-1797), and especially after the Turkish conquest of a part of the Bay of Boka Kotorska, at the end of 15th century, lasting until the end of the 17th century. In that period Perast became strategically important place for defending both the bay and town of Kotor and it had a complete economic and political autonomy. The town was governed by a captain who had both military and civil authority and was elected from among respectable citizens. Citizens of Perast could trade freely, with considerable tax exemptions, on the Venetian Republic territory. Many seamen from Perast became captains of the great Venetian warships and earned the honour of guarding the standard of St. Mark on admiral ships, during the battles which
Venice fought against the Turks. The people of Perast proved their seafaring skills and courage in numerous naval battles against pirates who did not spare their town either. The pirates from the North Africa attacked and plundered Perast, taking its citizens into slavery, in the summer of 1624, while all people who could defend the town were at sea. The people of Perast played an important role in numerous historic events: in defending Kotor in 1539, at the battle of Lepanto in 1571, in defending Perast from the greatest Turkish attack in the famous Battle of Perast in 1654, and liberating Risan in 1684 and Herceg Novi in 1687 from the Turkish rule. Seafaring and maritime trade developed despite such difficult historic circumstances, gaining its full impetus following the final defeat of the Turks. At the beginning of 17th century Perast had forty big vessels and over a hundred smaller sailing boats. Population of Perast, including its belonging villages, was 3000. Among numerous distinguished persons of the maritime history of Perast, special places belong to captains Marko Martinović (1663 - 1716) who, in his nautical school, taught navigation to boyars of the Russian emperor Petar the Great, Matija Zmajević (1680– 1735), the admiral of the Russian Baltic Fleet and Petar Smekja (1724–1767) who established maritime routes between the Venetian and Baltic ports. Between the second half of the 17th and the end of the 18th centuries Perast experienced a great economic and cultural development, surpassing other towns and settlements in the Bay of Boka Kotorska. In the previous period, due to constant war threats, people of Perast had been forced to build defence buildings: a fortress and numerous towers, while this period saw the construction of the most beautiful palaces, such as Bujović, Balović, Bronza and Smekja palaces, as well as the ones which are in ruined state today: Zmajević, Mazarović and a part of Visković palace. In this period, people of Perast finished the construction and decoration of the church of Our Lady of the Rock and built a belfry of a new church of St. Nicholas, which was to be built at the site of the existing, old church of St. Nicholas. Perast acquired the form of the most beautiful Baroque town on the Eastern Adriatic coast. In the same period, the churches in Perast were provided with new richly decorated baroque altars, paintings by Venetian masters were commissioned and Tripo Kokolja painted the church dedicated to Our Lady of the Rock –venerated as guardian of Perast and seamen. The people of Perast have shown the sense for preserving their identity by cherishing their language, collecting and recording folk poetry, legends and maintaining customs such as: Mađ (May Feast), Shooting of a cock, Fašinada (throwing rocks around the artificial island of Our Lady of the Rock in order to reinforce it). In the 19th century, characterized by stagnation and collapse of navigation by sailing boats, in difficult historical circumstances of Austrian (1797–1806), French (1807–1813) and second Austrian rule (1814– 1918) Perast experienced economic decline. However, between the two world wars Perast had a status of a municipality, a school and a museum which was founded in 1937. In the past half century Perast gained a status of a protected town on the basis of its cultural heritage. Numerous testimonies of history, maritime and cultural past of Perast have been kept today in the collections of the Museum of Perast and treasuries of the churches of St. Nicholas and Our Lady of The Rock. The people of Perast have been devoted to their town from earliest times, and today it is reflected in their efforts to maintain and protect its historical and cultural heritage. The first organised activities for the protection of historical and cultural heritage of Perast date back to 1928. In 1957, a “Society for the protection of cultural heritage of Perast” was established, being renewed and renamed in 1999 as a “Society of Friends of Perast”.
www.perast.com author and design: EXPEDITIO www.expeditio.org photo: Stevan Kordić www.kordic.info text: Marija Mihaliček
www.tokotor.com
PERAST M
O
N
T
E
N
E
G
R
O
PERAST A
ni put
Magistral
Magis
tralni
Herceg No
Ostrva - Sv. Dorđe i Gospa od Škrpjela
Palata Bronza
Palata Mazarović
Crkva sv. Nikole
Crkva rođenja Presvete Bogorodice
Palata Bujović - Muzej grada Perasta
Palata Mrša
Ikona Gospe od Škrpjela
Kapela
Palata Krilović
Palata Smekja
Spila
Samostan i crkva sv. Antuna
Palata Vukasović-Kolović
Zvonik crkve Gospe od Škrpjela
Palata Zmajević
Palata Lučić-Kolović-Matikola
Crkva sv. Ivana Krstitelja
Palata Bujović
Prva pomorska škola
Crkva sv. Mihovila
Grad Perast
Palata Balović
R
Samostan i crkva sv. Antuna
O
Sv.Ana, Glogovac
G
Crkva sv. Ivana Jevanđeliste
A
Tvrđava sv.Križa
N
Palata Martinović
R
Palata Brajković-Martinović
C
r Koto
put
vi 30 km
R
m
14 k
R
“Pirate bar”
Boćarski klub
Konoba “Otok Bronza” ut
Stari p
M R
plaža “Penčići”
plaža “BORIĆI”
LEGENDA | KEY TO SYMBOLS:
Trg Sv.Nikole
Konoba “Školji”
R
Palate | Palaces
R MZ Parast Vila Milinović
Crkva Gospa od Karmena
Crkva sv. Nikole
Kuća Tripa Kokolje
R
Kapela sv. Otkupitelja
Restoran “Conte”
Palata Šestokrilović
Picerija “Djardin”
Bizetina
t
ut
ri p
Sta
Palata Balović
i pu
R
Palata Visković
Nov
Crkva sv. Marka
Sv. Dorđe Gospa od Škrpjela
Palata Čizmai Kapela Gospa od Rozarija sa zvonikom
M
Kapela sv. Križa
M Stari put
Crkveni objekti | Churches Objekti od značaja | Important buildings M
Muzeji | Museums
R
Restorani | Restaurants
0
50m
100m