BIOD 151 Module 1 Complete Solutions

BIOD 151 Module 1 There are six levels of organization in the body - what are they? - ✔1) chemical 2) cellular 3) tissue 4) organ structure 5) organ system 6) organism The necessary life function that protects our internal environment from our external environment is provided by what system? - ✔The integumentary system The function of movement is provided by what system? - ✔The muscular system The function of responsiveness is provided by what system? - ✔The nervous system The function of digestion is provided by what system? - ✔The digestive system What is anabolism? - ✔When more complex structures are synthesized from simpler ones.

What is catabolism? - ✔When more complex structures are broken down into simpler ones.

Excretion involves what systems? - ✔The respiratory system, the digestive system, and the urinary system.

The reproductive system is controlled by what other system? - ✔The endocrine system.

Which tissue covers the body surface and lines the cavities of the body? - ✔The epithelial tissue.

Name the three steps in cellular respiration. - ✔1) glycolysis 2) citric acid cycle 3) electron transport chain What is the purpose of ATP? - ✔ATP provides cells with the energy necessary to carry out cellular activities and functions.

Epithelial cells perform what types of functions? - ✔Secretion and absorption

What are the four basic tissue types? - ✔1) epithelial 2) muscle 3) connective 4) nervous Toward or at the body surface is known as what direction? - ✔Superficial Away from the body surface is what direction? - ✔Deep Between a more medial and a more lateral structure is what direction? - ✔Intermediate Toward or at the midline of the body or on the inner side of is what direction? - ✔Medial Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body is what direction? - ✔Inferior Toward the head end or upper part of a structure (above) is what direction? - ✔Superior Toward or at the front of the body is what direction? - ✔Anterior/Ventral Is the knee proximal or distal to the pelvis? - ✔Distal Is the elbow proximal or distal to the hand? - ✔Proximal Toward or at the back of the body is what direction? - ✔Posterior/Dorsal Closing of a joint is which action? - ✔Flexion Opening of a joint is which action? - ✔Extension In anatomical position are the hands in pronation or supination? - ✔Supination Why are the hands palm forward in anatomical position? - ✔In supination the forearm bones (the radius and ulna) are uncrossed.

Define elevation - ✔upward movement of a structure Define depression in anatomy - ✔downward movement of a structure Define retraction - ✔the movement of a structure in the posterior direction Define protraction - ✔the movement of a structure in the anterior direction

A person standing in anatomical position moves their right wrist laterally toward the radius - what is this action called? - ✔Radial deviation This body division includes the head, neck, and trunk. - ✔axial division This is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts. - ✔sagittal plane These planes lie vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts. ✔frontal planes A transverse plane divides the body into these two parts. - ✔superior and inferior These cuts/sections are made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes. ✔oblique This body cavity protects the nervous system. - ✔dorsal body cavity This body cavity encases the brain. - ✔cranial This cavity encloses the spinal cord. - ✔spinal The frontal plane is also known as what plane? - ✔coronal The ventral body cavity is divided into these two cavities. - ✔thoracic and abdominopelvic This cavity encloses the heart. - ✔pericardial The outer surfaces of the organs and body cavities are covered by this double layered membrane called what? - ✔serosa What is pleurisy? - ✔inflammation of the pleurae, which impairs their lubricating function and causes pain when breathing. It is caused by pneumonia and other diseases of the chest or abdomen.

The abdominopelvic region is divided into what four quadrants? - ✔right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower This region surrounds the naval. - ✔umbilical region This region houses the pelvis. - ✔illiac region This cavity houses the teeth and tongue. - ✔oral cavity

This cavity houses the eyes. - ✔orbital cavity Joints are lined with what? - ✔synovial fluid This cavity contains the tiny ear bones, name them. - ✔middle ear: malleus, incus, and stapes Why do active metabolizing cells need to be relatively small? - ✔Active metabolizing cells need to be relatively small so that the metabolic processes can occur at a faster rate. As a cell gets bigger the ratio of surface area to volume decreases. The larger the surface area of a cell is relative to its volume, the faster metabolic processes can occur.

What are three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? - ✔1) Prokaryotic cells do not have a nuclear membrane whereas eukaryotic cells do 2) prokaryotic cells are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells 3) prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles that are found in eukaryotic cells.

What is the function of the nucleus? - ✔The nucleus stores DNA and is the control center of the cell.

What is the function of ribosomes? - ✔Ribosomes synthesize proteins.

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? - ✔synthesizes lipids What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? - ✔The rough ER takes the proteins from the ribosomes on its surface and modifies and transports them.

What is the function of RNA? - ✔RNA transports the coded amino acid sequence to the ribosomes from the nucleus for protein synthesis.

What is the function of endospores? - ✔An endospore is a dormant and very durable cell formed from bacteria.

What is the function of the Golgi complex? - ✔The Golgi complex receives lipids and proteins from the ER, alters the structures of them, and then ships them to other parts in the cell. It also produces lysosomes.

What is the function of a lysosome? - ✔A lysosome is made up of digestive enzymes that break down biomacromolecules.

What is the function of mitochondria? - ✔The mitochondria converts energy from food into ATP.

What is the function of the plasma membrane? - ✔The plasma membrane contains gates and pumps that regulate what goes into and out of cells.

What are microtubules? - ✔Microtubules are hollow tubes that help move chromosomes during cell division.

What are microfilaments? - ✔Microfilaments are solid fibers that create movement.

What is the function of the extracellular matrix? - ✔The extracellular matrix contains collagen.

Describe aerobic respiration and the purpose of ATP production - ✔ATP provides energy to cells. Aerobic respiration is the process in which oxygen is used to break down food and convert the chemical energy in it into ATP. Explain what happens in Tay-Sachs disease. - ✔When lysosomes lack one of the digestive enzymes that normally breaks down a toxic lipid in the brain, the lipid builds up and can lead to intellectual disability and death. eukaryotic cells/prokaryotic cells - ✔The three main differences are the size (prokaryotes are smaller), the presence of a nucleus (not present in prokaryotes), and the presence of membrane-bound organelles (not present in prokaryotes). membranes - ✔The structure is a phospholipid bi-layer where proteins can be partially or completely embedded. The proteins can change positions and move around within the membrane, thus it's "fluid" diffusion - ✔Diffusion is when molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to achieve equilibrium with the two sides of a membrane. (small molecules such as gases, water, and glycerol as well as lipid-soluble molecules such as hydrocarbons) Facilitated diffusion is used for a lipid-insoluble molecule and happens by carrier proteins binding temporarily to the molecule and releasing it to the other side. (lipidinsoluble (polar) molecules such as sugars and amino acids) active transport - ✔When molecules or ions are pumped from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. This requires extra energy and carrier proteins because the molecules are going against the concentration gradient. endocytosis - ✔when a biomacromolecule outside the cell gets enclosed in the cell membrane and forms a vesicle inside the cell. phagocytosis - ✔endocytosis of extremely large things like other cells. Once enclosed, lysosomes fuse with and digest it.

pinocytosis - ✔endocytosis of tiny droplets of fluids. The cell membrane pinches inward. receptor-mediated endocytosis - ✔information transfer from one cell to another by use of ligands (signaling molecules) that bind to receptor proteins. proteins - ✔In facilitated diffusion and active transport, carrier proteins are used to move lipid-insoluble molecules to the other side of the membrane. isotonic - ✔same concentration of solutes inside as outside the cell hypertonic - ✔higher concentration of solutes inside the cell than outside the cell blood cells will shrivel in the process of equalizing hypotonic - ✔lower concentration of solutes inside the cell that outside the cell blood cells will swell in the process of equalizing cholesterol - ✔Cholesterol is a lipid that is very hydrophobic and has one polar hydroxyl group. It joins with phopholipids and mixes in with the tails to prevent solidification during low temperatures. It also stabilizes the phospholipd head with the hydroxyl group by restricting movement in higher temperatures.