BIOD 151 Module 2 Complete Solutions 2024

BIOD 151 Module 2 True or false.

The lungs are symmetrical. - ✔False Hilum - ✔the "root" of the lung healthy lung tissue is what color - ✔peachy/pink color pleurae - ✔membranes that surround the lungs and the cavity around the lungs visceral pleura - ✔layer of pleura that faces/covers the lung parietal pleura - ✔outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall that covers the surface around the lungs pleural space/cavity - ✔Space between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes (small) typically empty but has a small amount of fluid that allows for frictionless breathing when diseased, this space can fill with air or fluid what is the function of the pleurae - ✔the pleurae help reduce friction and help with inflation and inhalation compartmentalize, protect, and lubricate the lungs the three main functions of the respiratory system - ✔1) air conduction 2) air filtration 3) exchange of gases aka respiration other things respiratory system has roles in - ✔vocalization, sense of smell. body's pH regulation structures in the respiratory system - ✔nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs what happens to air as it goes from outside the body to the lungs - ✔air is filtered so it has no debris air is warmed to body temp air is humidified and becomes saturated with water nasal cavities aka fossae are composed of what - ✔none and cartilage

nasal septum - ✔a wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections of left and right fossae vestibule - ✔most external part of nasal cavity just inside the nostrils vestibule lining - ✔skin continuation from the face and vissibrae Vibrissae - ✔short thick hairs that help filter for the respiratory tract aka nose hairs nasal conchae or folds - ✔increase the surface area of nasal cavity to aid in warming and humidification of incoming air why is the nasal cavity highly vascularized - ✔to warm incoming air Three regions of the pharynx - ✔nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx nasopharynx - ✔connection between nasal cavity and pharynx - superior region of the pharynx at the back of the nose and above the soft palate Eustachian tube - ✔connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx and allows passage of air oropharynx - ✔central portion of the pharynx caudal to the mouth and anterior to the epiglottis laryngopharynx - ✔inferior part of the pharynx connecting the pharynx to the opening into the larynx and esophagus what separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity in the mouth - ✔the hard and soft palates hard palate - ✔roof of the mouth aspiration - ✔when food or liquid accidentally enters the trachea may cause pneumonia Pharynx - ✔passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx advantages of shared passageway of the pharynx - ✔1) air can enter through the mouth when nasal cavity is obstructed 2) allows for relatively normal breathing while eating 3) greater air intake during heavy exercise that requires more gas exchange

soft palate - ✔the muscular posterior portion of the palate that closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing or speaking glottis - ✔an opening in the larynx where vocal folds are located Larynx - ✔voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords vocal folds (true vocal cords) - ✔at the edges of the glottis and embedded in mucous membranes flexible and pliable bands of connective tissue that vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech) single cartilages - ✔thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis epiglottis - ✔a flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe/larynx thyroid cartilage - ✔Adam's apple larger in males paired cartilages - ✔arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform expectorate - ✔cough or spit out phlegm from the throat or lungs pneumonia - ✔An inflammation of lung tissue, wherer the alveoli in the affected areas fill w/fluid Esophagus - ✔A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. lies posterior to the larynx and trachea Bronchi - ✔the branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs. the two main ones enter left and right lungs they further divide what happens as bronchial tubes divide and subdivide - ✔they get thinner and the cartilaginous rings aren't present two main (primary) bronchi - ✔divides into lobar (secondary) bronchi lobar (secondary) bronchi - ✔3 on the right and 2 on the left each supplying one lung lobe divides into tertiary bronchi and are then bronchioles when at 1mm diameter

Bronchioles - ✔Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli interface b/w conducting and respiratory portions of system terminal bronchioles - ✔smallest air conducting bronchioles respiratory bronchioles - ✔branches of the terminal bronchioles that subdivide into several alveolar ducts transitional zone concerned with air conduction and gas exchange extends from the ends of respiratory bronchioles - ✔alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and single alveoli Alveoli - ✔tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood represent the site of gas exchange and blood-air barrier alveolar sacs - ✔clusters of alveoli alveolar ventilation - ✔movement of air into and out of the alveoli capillaries are typically sandwiched b/w - ✔two separate alveoli O2 diffusing into blood from lungs and CO2 diffusing out depends on what ✔concentration gradient - usually results in O2 moving into the blood and CO2 moving out Histology - ✔the study of cellular anatomy of a tissue or organ which can be viewed through a microscope respiratory epithelium - ✔pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium cilia - ✔small hairlike structures Function of cilia of respiratory epithelium - ✔sweep debris-laden mucus into pharynx to be swallowed Pseudostratified - ✔This type of epithelial tissue appears to have multiple layers but all cells are in contact with the basement membrane Columnar - ✔taller than wide goblet cells - ✔produce mucus goblet/wineglass appearance

stratified squamous epithelium - ✔found at entrance to respiratory system - just inside the nostril (vestibule) of the nose stratified - ✔more than one layer squamous - ✔flattened simple - ✔single layer simple squamous epithelium - ✔single layer of flattened cells allows for gas exchange to occur in respiratory bronchioles when bronchioles get smaller and reach the respiratory bronchioles - ✔the amount of goblet cells, ciliated cells, and cartilage decreases all are absent from the respiratory bronchioles level three major cell types of alveoli - ✔1) type I alveolar cells 2) type II alveolar cells 3) macrophages what are the two epithelial cell types in the alveoli - ✔type I and type II alveolar cells Type I alveolar cells - ✔simple squamous epithelium in junction with capillaries 95% of alveolar epithelium Type II alveolar cells - ✔produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant that helps keep alveoli open 5% of alveolar epithelium can divide to replace damaged type I alveolar cells alveolar macrophages - ✔dust cells function of alveolar macrophages - ✔destroy toxic particles, allergens or infectious materials such as bacteria and other pathogens primary immune defense system of alveoli Steps of Respiration (gas exchange) - ✔1) breathing 2) external respiration 3) internal respiration 4) aerobic cellular respiration breathing - ✔movement of air into and out of the lungs includes inspiration and expiration

inspiration - ✔breathing in expiration - ✔breathing out external respiration - ✔exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood internal respiration - ✔exchange of gases between blood and tissues aerobic cellular respiration - ✔Process of making ATP for cellular work gas exchange in respiratory system - ✔happens via diffusion qualities of an effective gas exchange region - ✔1) moist 2) thin 3) large relative to size of the body Diffusion is enhanced by - ✔extensive vascularization of the lungs delivery of O2 to cells is promoted by - ✔an O2 carrying molecule such as hemoglobin positives and negatives of air - ✔pos: richer source of O2 than water neg: has drying effect on respiratory surfaces what happens when relative humidity of air is only 50% - ✔the lungs lose about 350ml H2O a day ventilation - ✔movement of air in and out of the lungs Rib cage during inhalation - ✔lifts superiorly and anteriorly to expand and open up lungs Diaphragm - ✔muscle that is dome-shaped at rest but flattened as it contracts pulls lungs open negative pressure in the lungs means air naturally flows inward rib cage during exhalation - ✔lowered and diaphragm rises thoracic pressure in the lungs rises meaning air naturally flows outward Incomplete ventilation - ✔lungs do NOT completely empty of air during each breathing cycle benefit of incomplete ventilation - ✔air entering the lungs mixes with the air already in them which helps conserve water and maintain a constant temperature

diffusion - ✔gas exchange between the air in the alveoli and the blood in pulmonary capillaries hemoglobin - ✔Oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells Oxyhemoglobin - ✔Hemoglobin combined with oxygen Hemoglobin contains - ✔4 poly-peptide chains with each chain wrapped around a heme group heme - ✔iron-based, pigment part of hemoglobin the iron that forms a loose association with oxygen There are ~____ hemoglobin molecules in one red blood cell, enabling the cell to carry over ____ molecules of oxygen. - ✔250 million 1 billion carbaminohemoglobin - ✔CO2 combined with hemoglobin How is CO2 transported? - ✔~30% via carbaminohemoglobin ~10% carried freely in the blood ~most transported in blood in form of bicarbonate ion spirometer - ✔instrument used to measure breathing Boyle's Law - ✔P1V1=P2V2 explains why inspiration and expiration can take place Charles's Law - ✔V1/T1=V2/T2 explains why warming air is beneficial to the respiratory system Dalton's Law - ✔The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the individual pressures (ppO2 + ppCO2 + ppN2 = 1atm) different gas quantities or partial pressures in the body which affects diffusion Tidal Volume (TV) - ✔amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions typically about 500ml of air Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) - ✔maximum amount of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort after normal inspiration typically around 3000mL of air

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) - ✔maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation typically around 1200 mL of air Residual Volume (RV) - ✔the amount of air remaining in the lungs that cannot be forcefully expelled typically 1300mL of air Vital Capacity (VC) - ✔TV + IRV + ERV Total Lung Capacity (TLC) - ✔VC + RV Inspiratory Capacity (IC) - ✔TV + IRV or VC - ERV Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) - ✔ERV + RV Respiratory Rate (RR) - ✔the number of breaths taken in one minute determines MV Minute Volume (MV) - ✔the total volume or amount of air breathed in 1 minute Emphysema - ✔disease in which the alveoli are damaged. inner walls of alveoli become week and rupture, causing a loss of alveolar ventilation ability and loss of total gas exchange because of the loss of alveoli often caused by smoking cystic fibrosis - ✔A genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems. causes epithelial cells to produce mucus w/o enough saline. mucous gets too thick and clogs resp tract.

Auscultation - ✔listening to sounds within the body (usually with a stethoscope) pulmonary edema - ✔accumulation of fluid in the lungs caused by several diseases such as infections, cancers, and congestive heart diseases crackle sounds b/c fluid filled alveoli "pop" open with each breath pleurisy (pleuritis) - ✔inflammation of the pleura due to infection, cancer, or injury pleural space fills with air, pus, blood, other fluids etc sharp pain when breathing b/c layers rub together causing friction