PGA PGM Level 1 3.0 Teaching and Coaching Improvement in golf skill performance due to increased strength and flexibility as a result of participation in a fitness program is evidence that learning has taken place. ✔False A common mistake in teaching is the expectation that the student will be able to learn a skill from a verbal suggestion - ✔True Autonomous learning is the first phase of learning a student will pass through when learning a new golf skill. - ✔False Effectively inhibiting unwanted movements is a characteristic of the autonomous phase of learning. - ✔True Competing movements encountered in new skill learning can cause a motor program memory to be forgotten. - ✔True Students can expect as lower rate of learning as they progress through the three phases of golf skill learning. - ✔True Motor learning. has taken place when the improvements in skill technique were caused by changes in motivation. - ✔False A student's improved performance by the end of the first lesson is evidence that learning has occurred. - ✔false According to the Challenge Point Framework, the level of difficulty should be increased as a player improves or becomes familiar with how swing movements feel. - ✔True Changes in performance that result from increased motivation are suitable as evidence for learning? - ✔False One minute is about the short-term memory storage capacity for new cognitive information before it is lost due to inattention? - ✔True Performance production measures are the result of the movement. - ✔False What is an indication that learning has occurred? - ✔Relative permeant change What is the basis on which instructors can make reliable inferences that learning has taken place? - ✔Permeant results in experience and practice
How does a student transfer golf skills learned in the cognitive phase to play on the course in the intermediate learning phase? - ✔...... What increases as students transition from early to intermediate to the advanced phase of learning? - ✔Movement coordination What is the definition of learning? - ✔Relatively permeant change What would be a Transfer Test to determine learning? - ✔Taking time off and coming back According to the 2004 Guadagnoli and Lee study, what is the optimal challenge point? ✔Middle ground of challenge According to Gentile's Model, what is the second stage of learning called? ✔Fixation/diversification Confidence is a performance characteristic that is observed as learning takes place. ✔False What should instructors limit to help students process information from short term to long-term memory? - ✔Chunks and cues Where does the ability to retrieve accomplished swing skills reside - ✔Long-term memory What is the essential assumption of the basic information processing model? - ✔People are active processors of information Juniors: Learning, fitness, Develop Programs - ✔ Fundamental movement skills should be the focus of pre-teen training?( - ✔True Early success in golf for Juniors is the reliable predictor of long-term success. - ✔False What should the learning environment emphasize when working with early childhood students? - ✔Experimentations with movement and skills What is the first thing an instructor should test when determining the physical capabilities of a junior golfer? - ✔Motor skills Which exercises are best for evaluating a junior's movement patterns? - ✔Throwing, striking, running, skipping
What is likely being evaluated when an informed instructor asks a junior golfer to throw or kick a ball? - ✔Distance control Introduction to building relationships and communication - ✔ Teachers must exhibit qualities students value when modeling professional standards. ✔True One way disciplined teachers can demonstrate consistency and balance is to moderate their praise for student achievements - ✔True Professional instruction practice recommends that teachers keep their interest in the lives of their students "on the lesson tee". - ✔False The use of communication technology can dramatically reduce the number of lesson no-shows. - ✔True What has research shown to be directly correlated with the teacher's level of enthusiasm? - ✔Students success in their lessons What can an instructor do which likely would cause students to learn at a faster rate? ✔Exhibit enthusiasm and voice an action What is recommended as a means by which teaching professionals can retain their passion on the lesson tee? - ✔Instructor periodically review what motivates them What behavior exemplifies empathetic teaching by the instructor? - ✔Relates What element of a professional relationship requires the teacher to see the world from the student's point of view? - ✔Empathy What is one reason teachers should be warm in their relationships with students? ✔Professionalize Productive relationships What must teachers do to create a positive learning environment within a lesson? ✔Decide what attitudes and behaviors motivate students What can teachers achieve by clearly communicating expected attitudes and behaviors? - ✔Respond in the same manor in similar situations How should teachers represent consistency in their interactions with students? - ✔They can teach the students rather than the content
Why is it important for teachers to spend time getting to know and understand their students? - ✔Identify Behaviors that are critical to creating a desirable environment One difference between expert instructors and average instructors is the ability of the expert instructors to reciprocate immediacy by revealing personal information about themselves - ✔False Physical positioning is a technique for communicating clearly - ✔True Using examples, being specific, and repetition are styles of communication instructors use to convey meaning. - ✔false Verbal expression is the best way to demonstrate an attentive communication style? ✔False Improving reactive judgments is an anticipated benefit of active listening. - ✔False What does the concept of immediacy contribute to effective teaching communications? ✔reciprocated interpersonal experience What sense do immediacy actions induce in students? - ✔Signals warmth and care for the student What type of communication style is being used when teachers look for signs of student comprehension? - ✔Attentive What instructor characteristic is represented by a willingness to adapt their communications style to fit the needs of their students? - ✔Flexible What are the strategies presented in the course manual that teachers use to convey content relevance? - ✔- Using past student experiences - Conducting examples What quality of humor is implied by the fact that there are several strategies for using it to effect student learning? - ✔It can be learned - What makes lesson content relevant? - ✔Students desire to learn What can teachers expect to improve as a result of listening to their students? ✔Assessments and relationships What question asked by a teacher best represents the concept behind the process of active listening? - ✔Active listening
Analyzing Student needs, Setting Goals and Lesson Progression - ✔ What must teachers understand before an effective pattern recognition system can emerge? - ✔How golf skills components work together What are the "SMART" characteristics of an effective goal? - ✔S- Specific M- Measurable A - Achievable R - Relative T - Time Orientated An instructor should set the goals of the lesson before instructing and observing the student. - ✔False Conducting an opening interview is the first step in a lesson progression. - ✔False Selecting appropriate activities is the first step in a lesson progression - ✔False In general, five is the maximum number of instructional goals that can be effectively addressed in a lesson. - ✔False Lesson goals are established so instructors can develop procedures for what they would like to accomplish in a specified amount of time. - ✔True How should lesson activities be selected - ✔Base them on lesson goals that achieve lesson goals Demonstrations assist learning because modeling a skill conveys specific information about how to perform the skill - ✔true What is a good way to capture and keep a student's interest in learning? - ✔connecting with the student's interests and experiences; maintain their attention; use stories, metaphors, and analogies What is a good way instructors can be sure a student does not get lost when the lesson transitions from one physical or conceptual activity to another? - ✔offer clarificationcontinually remind students of what they are supposed to be doing, why it is important for them to do so, prevents students from believing they are just What are ways to convey enthusiasm for the students and the subject? - ✔smiling, using descriptive/animated explanations, and investing time in planning and reflecting on a lesson What are the seven keys to effective demonstrations? - ✔-plan and prepare
-strive for clarity -show passion and enthusiasm -use proper voice projection -vary vocal pitch -pause before and after important points -act confidently Good mentors are resourceful and enthusiastic in transferring their knowledge and skills to protégés - ✔true Skilled teachers rehearse and repeat instructional patterns until they become subconscious, automatic routines. - ✔true Critical incidents are an effective place to start when writing a teaching journal. - ✔trueevents that stand out (for any reason) in the mind of the teacher What is the most effective means by which teachers can improve their instructional skills? - ✔reflective teaching-where teachers question the what, how, and why of their teaching Why should instructors analyze their behavior and keep a teaching journal? - ✔reveals patterns that offer insights into teaching that are not found from other sources What is the first step in finding a mentor? - ✔identify what you need in a mentor What is the simplest method of reflective teaching - ✔taking a few minutes at the end of a lesson to reflect on the events of a lesson is the simplest and most common way of reflective teaching What are the instructional routines used by effective teachers? - ✔initiating the lesson with a statement of goals; interviewing students to gauge the level of understanding of the material being learned; offering immediate, positive feedback after selected student performances; closing the lesson with a review of the main instructional points What is the sequence of the three-step process for analyzing observable actions? - ✔1. teaching behavior must be observed in order to identify its qualities 2. analysis-checklists and rating scales 3. evaluating the teaching observations and analysis results The Game. Intro to Full Swing Laws Principals and preferences - ✔ A "pull slice" occurs when the swing path is outside-to-in and the clubface is open to clubpath and closed to target. - ✔true
A "push shot" occurs when the swing path is outside-to-in and the clubface is square to the target line - ✔false-"push shot" starts right so club face is open to target while swing path is down the line The law of "centeredness" concerns the alignment of the clubface and the body in relation to the target - ✔false- "aim" not "centeredness" A preference is a personal choice that golfers make on how best to use the laws to improve their game - ✔true Laws have to do with the physics of ball flight. - ✔true- law refers to physical forces of absolutes influencing flight of the ball A "pull hook" occurs when the swing path is outside-to-in and the face is closed ✔false-swing path is inside to outside The law of "face" governs the exactness with which the ball makes contact on the face of the club relative to the percussion point - ✔false- the law of "centeredness of contact" Face is an example of law while path is an example of principle - ✔false- both are an example of the law None of the preferences golf professionals may teach will change the ball flight laws ✔true Centeredness of contact is one of the primary factors influencing the direction of a golf shot. - ✔true With all other variables the same, if a student changes his angle of approach with his 7iron from 5 degrees descending to 10 degrees descending, the shot will travel a shorter distance - ✔true-steeper angle of approach creates more backspin, more lift, and therefore less distance According to the PGA swing model, list examples of "preferences." - ✔-early wrist cock -slow backswing -open stance -flat back swing...etc According to the PGA swing model, identify the principles? - ✔set upswing plane arc width arc length lever system release dynamic balance swing center
clubhead lag connection lead wrist position at impact tempo timing rhythm What ball flight law is most responsible for the initial direction of a golf shot? - ✔clubface angle at impact What category of the PGA swing model is involved when a student has been instructed to lighten his grip pressure to achieve greater clubhead speed? - ✔preswing principlegrip A player's swing is creating too much backspin. What is the probable source of this problem? - ✔angle of approach too steep To what category of the PGA swing model does the term "connection" belong? - ✔inswing principles-connection (keeping arms same distance from body all the way through the swing) A student's teaching professional talks with her about hinging her wrists on the backswing. Which element of the PGA teaching model is being addressed? - ✔in-swing principle for clubhead lag What principles will help hit the ball farther? - ✔set up, arc-width, arc-length, dynamic balance, swing center, body rotation, arm swing, transition, clubhead lag, connection, lead wrist position at impact, timing, rhythm A golf instructor suggests a bent left knee when teaching a student how to hit a midiron. What element of the PGA swing model is involved? - ✔preferences Ball speed is independent of what variable? - ✔clubhead speed What is the definition of swing plane? - ✔the tilt and direction of travel of the inclined plane made by the club shaft during the swing What PGA terminology is described by allowing the arms, hands, body, and club to return to and through the correct impact position? - ✔release How is the term "timing" defined in the course manual? - ✔proper sequence of the body and club movement to produce the most efficient result What combination of a ball flight law and a principle would most likely result in a slice? ✔outside to in path, open clubface at impactset up
According to the PGA swing model, list the "laws"? - ✔1. centeredness of contact at impact 2. clubface angle at impact 3. clubhead path at impact 4. clubhead speed at impact 5. angle of approach at impact 6. dynamic loft at impact "Precision" refers to gripping the club the same way each time. - ✔true Left toe out is considered a preference. - ✔true "Positioning" refers to how far up or down the hands are placed on the club's grip ✔false- "placement" not positioning What is true about ball placement in a golfer's setup? - ✔ball placed forward in stance adds loft to face resulting in a higher shot A golfer has small hands and a weak grip. Which grip option probably would be best for her? - ✔ten finger grip Concerning grip basics, what describes the term "precision"? - ✔every time a player prepares to putt, they grip the club the same way While adding the third lever creates some potential for improving timing and consistency, it also can cause some distance problems - ✔false-third lever could be negative b/c it narrows width of swing and creates an additional timing factor to fire the levers in correct order If a swing is to stay connected, the body needs to be as much a part of the release as are the hands and arms. - ✔true Timing refers to the rate of movement - ✔true The PGA swing model recommends a flat position over a cupped position at the top of the swing - ✔true How is the second lever formed? - ✔created by the lead wrist and the club shaft as the club swings What is indirectly affected by the swing plane? - ✔trajectory-swing plane influences angle of approach and therefore, trajectory
Define the term "connection." - ✔keeping the arms the same distance from the body all the way through the swing The percentage of teaching time specifically focused on putting is relatively low in relation to the influence putting skills have on a player's score. - ✔true Clubface angle position and clubhead path at impact are less important considerations when putting than when hitting full swing shots due to slower clubhead speed - ✔falseat slower speeds with a putter, clubface angle can account for over 90% of the ball's initial direction Off-center impacts will influence the distance of a putt but have little influence on initial direction. - ✔false-off center has significant effects on distance and direction the putt will travel The handle of a club should be placed even with the ball for a basic chip shot. - ✔falsehandle should be set forward couple inches in front of the ball The handle of a club should be placed a few inches in front of the ball for the basic pitch shot. - ✔false-handle placed in the middle of the body for a pitch shot A player attempting a short distance greenside bunker shot should use a steeper angle of approach than if attempting a longer greenside bunker shot. - ✔true-steep for short, shallow for long What term is used to describe a short low-trajectory shot played to the green? - ✔chip In relation to the ball, what should be done to the centerline of the body to help achieve a normal trajectory pitch shot? - ✔centerline of body can fall right on the ball or slightly behind In a properly struck chip shot, why should the ball position be right of the swing center with the club shaft leaning left? - ✔natural pendulum arm swing According to most good putters, where should the ball position be at address when putting? - ✔position ball forward of center What is a typical advantage of the left-hand low putting grip? - ✔left wrist is less likely to collapse on forward stroke Players with poor speed control when putting should do which of the following? - ✔learn to shorten backstroke for short putts, and lengthen backstroke for long putts
How will the address position most likely be affected if a putter is too long for a player? ✔compensate by standing too tall, too far from the ball, or have the elbows jammed up into their body What can produce either a "skulled" or "chunked" pitch shot? - ✔the club is ascending through impact for a skullthe club is descending through impact for a chunk Narrowing the stance for a chip or pitch helps the player do which of the following? ✔easier for the upper body to rotate over the lower body displacing the weight on the forward leg at impact and through the finish without any lateral shift from the lower body Where should the body weight at address be placed when pitching from a normal lie? ✔body weight should be balanced evenly between both feet Where should the ball position be when addressing the normal splash-type greenside bunker shot? - ✔ball should be slightly forward in stance from where normal wedge ball position would be The lower loft of drivers is the reason why lie angle is a less important factor when fitting drivers than when fitting irons? - ✔true-lie angle is less of a factor for driver due to lower loft The higher loft of wedges is the reason why lie angle is a less important factor when fitting wedges than when fitting drivers? - ✔false-lie angle is critical (for short irons) b/c it can influence direction What performance characteristics are affected by the club's length? - ✔swing mechanics and ball flight What is the main influence a club's lie angle has on ball flight? - ✔ball direction What is the consequence of playing a club with an improper lie angle? - ✔directional inconsistencies Assuming an on-plane swing and eliminating all other factors, what characteristic of metal woods or hybrids would result in more playing loft? - ✔closed angle face How will a club play if it is shortened? - ✔lowered swing center causes inconsistency and loss of distance because you are hitting with a shorter lever What effect does adding bounce angle have on a golf club? - ✔loft increases as well What is the typical ball flight pattern if the shaft's vibration cycles per minute (CPM) are too high? - ✔too stiff=low right
What defines the measurement of energy lost or retained when two objects collide? ✔COR (clubhead and the ball) What component of a golf ball's flight is most influenced by the ball's spin rate given a square clubface and a straight path? - ✔angle of approach What is the power transfer ratio formula? - ✔ratio of ball divided by clubhead speed What defines the measurement of energy retained when two objects collide? - ✔ball speed=COR Swing inconsistency is the most probable result of playing with an improperly sized grip. - ✔true Tempo is a measure of the number of times a shaft oscillates in a unit of time. - ✔false(frequency analyzer)-is the number of time a shaft oscillates in a unit of time What is the shaft's kick point? - ✔point in the shaft where the degree bending is the greatest Which driver head characteristic has the most influence over distance? - ✔-a head and shaft matched to the golfer provides optimal launch conditions for maximum distance.matching a driver's loft, COG, feel, and look will also help ensure the club performs as intended The clubhead must be at maximum speed to achieve the maximum transfer of energy to the golf ball. - ✔true-power transfer ratio=measurement of energy transferred from clubhead to ball at impact In addition to high ball velocity, what launch parameters will a golfer seeking maximum distance with their driver attempt to achieve? - ✔low spin rate What is the easiest parameter for a club performance specialist to change through properly fitted equipment? - ✔launch angle Player Development - ✔ A golf club manufacturer is an enabled industry. (t/f) - ✔false-golf club manufacturer is a core industry Based on National Golf Foundation Surveys, "avid golfers" make up less than 30% of the golfing population but are responsible for over 60% of the revenue generated in the
golf industry. - ✔true- avid golfers make up only 25% of golfers and generate about 70% of the revenue According to surveys conducted by the National Golf Foundation, less than 10% of the golfing population generates more than 75% of the revenue. - ✔false- 25% golfers generate 70% of revenue What is an example of an enabled industry in the golf economic cluster? - ✔hospitality/ tourism/ real estate What is an example of a core industry in the golf economic cluster? - ✔golf facility operations; media; tournament; association; charities; golf supplies; golf course capital investments How did many high-end facilities intensify the problems caused by the slowdown period of 2000-2009? - ✔charged high green fees/ dues and course difficult for the typical golfer...cost, time, and difficulty were barriers According to a PGA of America study, lack of opportunity for instruction is theprimary reason for low participation in golf instruction. - ✔false- there is plenty of lessons available false- there is plenty of lessons available - ✔to promote its affordability; educating consumers of different golfing packages for entry level, first timers is key The percentage of core golfers taking lessons has been growing in recent years ✔False- they have a strong desire to improve, but not actually taking lessons What is most likely to increase the number of rounds played by a golfer? - ✔golfers who take lessons and improve tend to play more *improvement from lessons Across the board, roughly what percentage of golfers participate in instructional programs in a given year? - ✔15% of golfers participate in instructional programs in a given year What statement accurately describes the latent demand for playing golf? - ✔there are currently 24.7 million golfers in America. there are an estimated 90 million people interested in playing golf. What is a realistic strategy for attracting new or infrequent players to the game? ✔highlighting the value of golf and educating pga members with player development Where does the primary leadership responsibility for player development initiatives reside? - ✔the local pga professional
A teaching professional's existing schedule of individual lessons should be considered a player development program. - ✔False- private lessons aren't player development programs A one-time Sunday evening members-only scramble is an example of a player development program. - ✔False- needs to be regular scheduled events At which stage of the player development planning process should consideration be given to how new programs would blend with the other operational departments at the facility? - ✔phase 1: create an overall design creation A private facility is planning a promotional activity to introduce their new player development program for attracting new senior players. This activity includes three lessons followed by a three-hole scramble after each lesson. What is missing from this player development program? - ✔size and schedule; budget What is the purpose of program objectives? - ✔Clarify what the facility intends to accomplish by when and how it will be accomplished through promotional efforts, staff training, operational changes, or other measures What constraints must be considered when developing the design idea? - ✔time constraints, work, family factors that keep people from pursuing the game What is the basis of a positive and supportive relationship with facility managers and owners? - ✔effective communicationbetter when ownership is engaged in the program How can a player development professional cultivate support from facility managers and owners? - ✔provide data and evidence that demonstrate that player development programs contribute to overall success and profitability of facility Which is a criterion for identifying player development objectives? - ✔must be specific and stated in measurable terms, include targets for retaining new and existing customers; realistic and achievable Golfer Portraits identified new golfers and juniors as the most promising golfer segments for player development programming. - ✔false How would a golf professional learn more about the customer base in order to overcome potential barriers to golf? - ✔gathering demographic data on current customers-age, gender, family, makeup, profession, income level, etc Local Youth Gymnastics should be considered a potential competitor to a playerdevelopment program. - ✔True
Why should a segmentation study be used when designing player development programs? - ✔measure students commitment to the game Preparing estimates of anticipated expenses to revenue is how a player development program budget is produced - ✔True What outcome can be expected from implementing a Junior golf clinic as part of a facility's player development program mix? - ✔associated sales at the facility What is essential to the successful promotion of a facility's player development program? - ✔engaging all staff and gaining their complete buy-in is vital to any program The head professional created a player development program designed for 12 women new to the game. After the first session she noticed that the participants had a wide range of varying skills and individual needs. What would be the best course of action in response to this situation? - ✔modify the objectives for the lesson to meet these evolving needs What should a golf professional do to encourage golfers to participate in the entire player development program? - ✔register and track participants What is a good reason to modify planned activities during a player development program? - ✔to meet evolving needs instructor observed variances in student skill What is the ultimate goal of player development programs? - ✔to keep people involved in the game What is the major reason for implementing player development programs? - ✔to get beginning or existing players to play more often and keep up their interest in the game What must a PGA professional do to effectively conduct the evaluation phase of the player development process? - ✔hard data (such as class registration totals and financial figures) direct assessments of customer satisfaction and indirect indicators (sign ups for more offerings) -participation; financial performance; customer satisfaction and commitment; modify the program based on results The head professional's plan for a new Player Development program was rejected by the board of directors. What is missing from the proposed plan that would justify the board's decision? - ✔lack of budget How would a golf facility use data analysis to improve the instructional effectiveness of a player development program? - ✔change student/ teacher ratio
Which student activity is evidence of a successful player development program? - ✔-9 hole and 18 hole rounds played and green fees paid for the current year -spending on golf instruction, food and beverage, and merchandising for the current year -extent of purchases made at facility -factors that would influence golfer to play more purchasing range balls What can reasonably be anticipated as a result of creating a business plan? - ✔clarifies objectives; motivates staff; serves as a financial road map; helps measure success; increases credibility Why should golf instructors use a business plan? - ✔spells out clear goals for teaching program that are consistent with the mission of the facility The Instructional staff at a new driving range rotates to take lesson bookings. Due to the high demand of lesson bookings, the instructors are missing out on lesson opportunities. What is the most appropriate action the management team should take to address this situation? - ✔hiring an administrative assistant or a phone booking service...or booking lessons through the online registration What is an anticipated outcome of testing financial projections using different scenarios and assumptions? - ✔-revise and update financial forecast -a specific one year operating budget for the teaching business -a specific one year cashflow budget for the teaching business What is an anticipated outcome of analyzing and evaluating data to indicate strengths and weaknesses? - ✔-statements of past and current financial performance for teaching business -other ratings of success relating to teaching and business objectives -swot analysis for entire business and teaching business What must an effective player development business planner do to understand the market? - ✔analyze current customers and any potential students the business wants to attract What is likely to be the best way for a PGA Professional to promote herself to facility owners interested in improving their player development program? - ✔benefit to facility The assistant golf professional has been asked to devise a plan to promote the facility's teaching business to the seniors segment of the facility's customer base. What consideration should be included in the plan? - ✔-more time flexibility and respond better to weekday leagues and other regularly scheduled organized play options-good candidates for regular short game clinics focused on a relevant topic, such as how to compensate for a declining long game
How can golf professionals best promote their teaching expertise to the facility's senior segment? - ✔*reputation, word of mouth, Students have been having problems registering for the facility's new player development program. What is the source of this breakdown? - ✔registration might be confusing...must be easy for students and staff to understand...needs to be consistent A teaching professional is worried about creating an assembly-line effect because he gives lessons all day. How might he improve this situation without changing his teaching load? - ✔cultivate a small nucleus of loyal, repeat students, providing them with customized instruction Accurate record-keeping and tracking can document correlations between rounds played and new equipment sales. ( - ✔True How should job responsibilities and expectations be communicated to a prospective teacher? - ✔through a formal contract or letter of agreement By law, facilities retain control of how independent contractors teach golf. - ✔False What variables are necessary to achieve high-level performance from the teaching staff? - ✔requires competent people who are given the resources needed to carry out a task effectively variables performance standards, resources, feedback, and consequences Why do most facilities require that all lesson payments go through the point-of-sale system? - ✔to schedule, track, and analyze numbers for instruction services What situation would influence a teaching operation to adopt a rotation system? - ✔walk ins or call ins when the person seeking instruction does not request a particular teacher What information would be most helpful to a director of instruction looking for support of her subjective observations in the performance review of an individual instructor? ✔determining whether the facility is offering the desired stimulation and support What can be expected from participating in continuing education programs conducted outside the facility? - ✔helps build a deep teaching knowledge base; helps establish credibility with customers and other professionals A Teaching professional wants to spend facility resources on game tracking software for her elite-level players. Her facility has recently adopted a new growth of the game initiative. Which would be a source of potential conflict in this scenario? - ✔"defining the business"- different goals between instructor and facility