Note de curs cladiri industriale an v sem i by Arhitectura si Urbanism UPT

NOTE DE CURS - CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE AN V Prof. dr. ing. Marius Mosoarca Dr. arh. Alexandru Botici CURS. 1 - EVOLUTIA CLADIRILOR INDUSTRIALE PE PLAN MONDIAL CURS. 2 - EVOLUTIA CLADIRILOR INDUSTRIALE IN ROMANIA CURS. 3 - FACTORII CARE INFLUENTEAZA AMPLASAREA IN TERITORIU A UNEI INDUSTRII CURS. 4 - ANALIZA ELEMENTELOR PRIN CARE SE ASIGURA SCOPUL SI CALITATEA CONSTRUCTIILOR INDUSTRIALE CURS. 5 - DEVIZUL GENERAL AL UNEI INVESTITII INDUSTRIALE CONFORM H.G.28/2008 CURS. 6 - FORMA CLADIRILOR INDUSTRIALE IN PLAN SI ELEVATIE CURS. 7 - FUNDATIILE CLADIRILOR INDUSTRIALE CURS. 8 - CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE DIN BETON ARMAT CURS. 9 - CLADIRI PARTER CU DESCHIDERI MARI DIN LEMN CURS. 10- CLADIRI PARTER CU DESCHIDERI MARI DIN METAL CURS. 11- CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE REALIZATE DIN MATERIALE DIFERITE –MIXTE CURS. 12- PROTECTIA PATRIMONIULUI INDUSTRIAL

CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

CURS 1

EVOLUTIA CLADIRILOR INDUSTRIALE PE PLAN MONDIAL ( THE EVOLUTION OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS WORLDWIDE)

Prof. dr. ing. Marius Mosoarca Dr. arh. Alexandru Botici CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

• In our modern world, we make daily use of the products of an industrialised era. These products include a wide variety of goods manufactured for our consumption. • It has not always been like this. There was a time when almost all products were hand-made and the factory system did not exist.

• The transition from a world of artisan manufacture to a factory system, and all its attendant benefits with which we are familiar, is known as the Industrial Revolution. It began in Britain in the early years of the 18th century.

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In a little over a century, Britain went from a largely rural, agrarian population to a country of industrialized towns, factories, mines and workshops. Britain was, in fact, already beginning to develop a manufacturing industry during the early years of the early 18th century, but it was from the 1730's that its growth accelerated.

CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

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At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution there were very few forms of power, other than human or animal power. The only two other power sources available were wind and water. Of the two, water was the older power source. Water wheels had been in use since the Roman period. Windmills had only came into general use in Europe around the 12th century.

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Although water was a useful and free energy source, the mill wheels relied upon a constant source of water in order to operate. The need for new power sources

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The mills that first provided the power for the water frames that spun the yarn, and later for the power looms, were subject to the same problems with the water supply. Also, these mills tended to be in remote mountain areas, next to the water supply. This meant that it was difficult to find a sufficient number of people to work the mills and it created transport problems.

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So there was a need to find a new source of power, not only because of the problems with regard to water during the different seasons, but also because the number of places where water could be found in sufficient quantities were becoming much scarcer.

CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

The Development of Canals in Britain: The development of the steam engine created an increased demand for coal. However, a major factor limiting the supply of coal was the high cost of its transport from the mines. River transport was far easier than road transport because roads were often no more than muddy tracks. The problem was that rivers did not always flow either in the direction or at the depth needed for efficient transport.

The idea was put forward that it should be possible to construct artificial waterways to go where they were needed. The man who is credited with beginning the construction of the first canal was the Duke of Bridgewater. By the 1790's Britain was going through a period known as "Canal Mania". During this time Acts of Parliament were passed for the construction of over 50 canals. By 1800, there were over 6000 kilometres of canals in Britain. However, forty years later, canals were in decline in the face of a new and faster rival, the railways.

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Roads and Railways:  Canals were built to carry heavy freight more easily. At the same time, road builders reacted to the competition.  The existing roads were upgraded, and the Turnpike Act ensured that new roads were built. These new and improved roads allowed stagecoaches to travel much faster and speeded up communication. Canals were never seriously used as passenger carriers because they were too slow.  To solve the problem of transporting the coal from the colliery to the canal-side for shipment, the colliery engineers constructed horse-drawn wagons which could be pulled over a specially laid track. These tracks were the first railways. It was not long before the potential of the railway was realised, and by the 19th century, railway development escalated.

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Roads in Britain had existed since Roman times. However, since the end of the Roman period no roads had been maintained on a regular basis. By the 18th century, most of Britain's roads were in very bad repair.

From the 1730's onwards old roads became better maintained and new, turnpike roads were constructed. This was in parallel with the development of canals and resulted from an increasing need to transport goods produced during the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

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Steamships. Almost as soon as the steam engine was invented there were attempts to use it as motive power to drive ships. In the early 1700's the Frenchman, Denis Papin, was the first to try to put a steam engine into a ship.

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In Britain, Thomas Newcomen worked on the same problem, but he came up against the same difficulties as Papin.

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The first ship to be powered by steam was the Pyroscaphe which was built by the Marquis de Jouffroy d'Abbans in 1783. It ran on the River Soane but it proved to be unreliable.

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The first successful steamship was the Charlotte Dundas which was built in 1802 by William Symington.

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An American, Robert Fulton, in 1807, he developed a bigger paddle steamer, driven by a Boulton and Watt engine, which he shipped to America. This steamer was capable of longdistance river travel and was so successful that a much larger ship was built using the same design.

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Industrialisation in Europe: In comparison to Britain, industrialisation in other regions of Europe took very much longer to get started. In fact, with the exception of Belgium which began to industrialise in 1806, industrialisation on the British model only started after 1830.

 In 1764 Gabriel Jars, a member of l‟Académie des Sciences, visited Britain and saw the new techniques of iron making. He returned to France and wrote a detailed report. In 1777 the French navy minister decided to build a cannon foundry using the new methods.. Several possible sites were examined but Wilkinson‟s final choice was Le Creusot, a small town in the Saône-et-Loire region of Burgundy.  During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods, work at Le Creusot almost stopped. So this first experiment in modern industrialisation was a failure.  It was in 1807 that a British engineer, William Cockerill, founded a textile factory near Liège (in what is now Belgium), and later introduced British iron making technology in order to meet the demand for manufactured goods in Europe.

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France  After the failure of " la Fonderie Royale " at le Creusot, the site was taken over by two British engineers, Manby and Wilson, in 1826. They re-equipped the factory with modern machines but all their efforts were in vain, because, during the economic crisis of 1832, it went bankrupt.

 It was the beginning of the " railway age " which was to permit France to develop modern industries on the British model. The first steam railway in France opened in 1832 with the completion of the Lyon-Saint-Etienne line.  French industrialisation really began in 1836. In this year Eugène Schneider, a wealthy businessman from Alsace, bought the site at le Creusot and began to manufacture railway equipment.

 In 1838 the first French locomotive " la Gironde " was constructed at le Creusot;  Despite the success of the Schneiders at le Creusot, French industrialisation was never as thorough or complete as the British or the German. France remained basically a rural economy.  Nevertheless, by the end of the century, France was the most industrialised nation in Europe after Britain, Germany and Belgium

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Germany  As in France, it was the coming of the " railway age " after 1830 which stimulated trade, communications and economic growth among the German states. The first German railway was constructed in 1835 linking Dresden and Leipzig

 Thanks to the Zollverein and the rapidly expanding railway network, the German states began to overtake France and catch up with Britain between 1850 and 1870.  Alfred Krupp had established an iron foundry at Essen in 1810. It was a very modest affair and even by 1846 still only employed 140 workmen. By 1870 Krupp of Essen, after investing enormously in the Gilchrist - Thomas process of steel making, had been transformed into a giant company employing thousands of workers and making a fortune for the Krupp family with its railway locomotive and armaments production.  In turn, the invention of the electric dynamo by Werner Siemens in 1866,laid the foundations of a new electrical industry in which Germany would lead the world.

CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

The Second Industrial Revolution ď ą By the middle of the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution had produced great changes in Britain and in Europe. The major driving force of the period was steam power. Steam technology was highly developed and, with the help of the newly-invented precision lathe, larger, more efficient engines were produced. These engines used much less coal to fuel them. ď ą Whilst coal was still the most widely used fuel, other forms of energy were being investigated and developed. Gas, electricity and, eventually, oil were soon to compete with coal. The discovery of these new fuels gave rise to new industries which, for the first time, were based on science rather than on engineering.

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Coal gas, as it was called, was first used in the Soho steam engine works of Boulton and Watt. Their manager, William Murdock, began experimenting with coal gas and, in 1782, he built a small factory to provide gas lighting for the works. One of the employees at the Soho works, Samuel Clegg, saw the potential of this new form of lighting. By 1823, over fifty towns and cities were lit by gas. It proved to be a very economical method of lighting, costing up to 75% less than lighting produced by oil lamps or candles. In 1859, gas lighting was to be found all over The economic effect of gas lighting was to allow factories to work much longer hours. This was particularly important during the winter months when nights were longer. Factories could even work continuously over 24 hours, so increasing production. The brighter lighting which gas provided allowed people to read more easily and for longer. This stimulated literacy and learning, so speeding up the Industrial Revolution. Towns became much safer places to travel around because gas lamps were installed in the street, so reducing crime rates. CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

Electricity and Electric Power  In 1831, Faraday made the fundamental discovery that a changing magnetic field can induce a current;

 By 1832, the idea had been developed into a practical electrical generator, which was demonstrated in Paris in the same year.  In 1880's, electrical energy was being generated on a large scale.

 Experiments had shown that electricity could be turned into bright light by the use of the carbon arc lamp. Although this was put into use in lighthouses by the 1860's, it could not be used for domestic lighting.  By the end of the 1870's, the carbon filament lamp had been developed.

 The production of usable power from electricity also took some time to establish. While the principle of the electric motor had been suggested by Faraday in 1821, it was not until the 1870's that a practical electric motor was constructed. In 1879, an electric railway was demonstrated at the Berlin Exhibition.

CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

The Development of Communications •

Micheal Faraday's experiments with electromagnetism in the 1830's led other scientists to research the possibility of using electricity in the field of communications.

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In 1837, Sir Charles Wheatstone, a British scientist, invented the first electric telegraph.

Telegraphy rapidly expanded across the world. By 1851, a cable had been laid under the Channel which connected Britain to Europe. By 1858, a cable had been laid across the Atlantic, with the help of I. K. Brunel's ship, the Great Eastern. •

By 1884, Bell had installed the first long distance telephone lines. Surprisingly, it was not until 1956 that the first successful trans-Atlantic telephone line was operational.

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In 1887, a German, called Heinrich Hertz, was the first to prove the existence of the electromagnetic waves called radio waves.

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1897 -Marconi's discoveries formed the basis of wireless telegraphy. For the first time, messages could be sent, using Morse Code, over long distances.

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It was in 1906 that Marconi achieved his final goal. He transmitted the first human voice over the airwaves using radio transmissions. By 1920, his company, The Marconi Corporation, began transmitting the first British radio programmes. His station was known as 2LO, (early radio stations were given code names). In 1922, 2LO became the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). By 1927, the BBC was transmitting regularly to a British audience. CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

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Urbanisation and Public Transport By the last two decades of the 19th century it was electric power that would replace steam power as the driving force of the second Industrial Revolution.

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The Development of Tramways

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From the very beginning of railway development, the idea of expanding a railway into and through an urban area had been suggested. In many towns and cities a tramway system grew up using horse-drawn trams. However, it was the development of the electric motor that enabled tramways to become the cheap form of inter-urban transport needed by workers.

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The tramcar, powered by an electric motor supplied by electricity from overhead cables, proved to be a fast and efficient method of transport. A tramcar was also 48% cheaper than a horse-drawn tram.

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Other rapid transit systems were also developed. As early as 1863, an underground railway, powered by steam engines, had been built in London. The idea of electric traction for public transport was shown to be a success.

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Mineral Oil and the Development of the Motor Industry  As we have seen, the second Industrial Revolution was based on the development of new found fuel energy sources, such as gas and electricity. These energy sources were used to generate the power needed to drive industry. Among the emerging new fuel sources, mineral oil was also put to use  In 1859, oilfields had been discovered in Pennsylvania, America. At first, the crude oil had been refined to produce kerosene, also known as paraffin. This was used in oil lamps as a form of lighting fuel. The oil lamp gave more light than a candle and, in its most refined state, remained in use in rural areas of Europe well into the twentieth century.  By the 1880's, many people were able to spend the leisure time cycling on the newly developed safety bicycle. This had been developed from the crude, wooden bicycle, with solid tyres, invented in Britain in 1839 by K. Macmillan. The "modern" bicycle of 1888 was running on pneumatic tyres, inflated by air, that had been invented by J. Dunlop.

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 Gottlieb Daimler, a German who knew Lenoir and had seen his gas powered vehicle, realised that a less bulky fuel was needed to make the idea a success. Otto asked Daimler to investigate into the use of petrol as an alternative fuel.  It was in 1885 that Karl Benz produced the first petrol driven motor vehicle.  By 1908, Henry Ford of America had developed the idea of the mass-produced car, a vehicle produced cheaply and speedily along a production line.  At the outbreak of war in 1914, the motor car and the internal combustion engine were both sufficiently advanced to play an active role. To cope with the massive increase in demand for oil by this time, nearly half a million oil wells had been sunk in America. The oil Industry rapidly grew into a huge industry employing many hundreds of thousands of people. Competition became cut-throat, and smaller oil companies were swallowed up in merger by bigger ones. John D. Rockefeller forced many smaller oil companies to merge with his Standard Oil Company. By 1879, he controlled 90% of the oil refining industry. CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

The Development of Flight •

During the Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci had drawn and made models of machines which, he believed, would propel a man into the sky. All of the early ideas were centered on flexible wings that, in order to get off the ground, needed to be flapped by human muscle power.

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The first manned flight took place as a result of experiments carried out in France by Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier. They went on to build a balloon and, in September 1783, demonstrated its flight to the French King.

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In 1766, the British scientist, Henry Cavendish, had discovered hydrogen, a gas which was lighter than air. From Balloon to Airship

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In 1852, Henri Giffard built a cigar-shaped airship powered by a steam engine.

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Airship designs became larger and more efficient, culminating in the rigid framed airship designs of Graf von Zeppelin of Germany before and after World War I. These designs were further developed into the 1930's by Italy, France and Britain.

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 The Development of Flight continued Heavier than Air Machines  If we look at the history of heavier than air machines, that is gliders and aeroplanes, then the obvious starting point is the man who can truly be called the "Father of the Aeroplane". Sir George Cayley made his experimental glider flights in Britain in the 1800's.  It was in America that Orville and Wilbur Wright built and flew the first successful aeroplane, powered by an internal combustion engine, in 1903. Their success stimulated aircraft development and, by the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the aircraft had advanced to the point where it could be developed as a weapon of war.

CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

An Introduction to Industrial Architecture Course details Overview Description Programme details Address Staff Course aims Assessment methods Teaching methods Teaching outcomes Apply for this course Programmes including this module Overview To many of us, industrial architecture conjures up visions of rusting gas holders and derelict warehouses. This course will attempt to rectify this view with a study of our neglected heritage of industrial buildings which will range from Gothic style mills to classical railway stations. Description As the technological revolution of the last half century has tranformed industrial production, so the buildings which once served our traditional industries have become derelict, and in many cases demolished. These include buildings which once graced our ports & harbours, mills and warehouses lining wharfs of rivers and canals, power stations and gas works, even railway stations which stood proudly as the transport gateways to our cities. Until recently there has been little in the way of a serious documentary record, yet many exhibited the most advanced forms of construction with frames of cast-iron clad in walls of stone or brick decorated with dressings of classical ornament, or pierced with Gothic windows. These styles, and others: Romanesque, Byzantine, Egyptian, Greek, Italian, and even Art Deco were to be found in these witnesses to our industrial past. This course will trace industrial architecture from surviving medieval warehouses, the great mills and potteries of the 19th century, to such 20th century icons as Battersea Power Station and the Hoover Factory.

CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

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Programme details

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Week 1: Introduction; what is an industrial building? Week 2: Fires, forges and furnaces Week 3: The architecture of the waterfront: ports, harbours and docks Week 4: Watermills and windmills Week 5: Temples of mass production: the Mill Week 6: Warehouse and Manufactory Week 7: Our railway heritage; homage to the Euston Arch Week 8: The Visual Power of the Power Station Week 9: The twentieth century: architecture on Greenfield sites Week 10: Our industrial heritage: survival and restoration

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Background Reading:

Binney, M., Bright Future: the Re-use of Industrial Buildings (1990) Lloyd, D., The Making of English Towns (1998) Philips, A., The Best in Industrial Architecture (1993) Pragnell, H., Industrial Britain (Ellipsis, 2000) Trinder, B., The Making of the Industrial Landscape (1982) Trinder, B., The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Industrial Archaeology (1992)

CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

CURS 2

EVOLUTIA CLADIRILOR INDUSTRIALE IN ROMANIA (The evolution of industrial buildings in Romania)

Prof. dr. ing. Marius Mosoarca Dr. arh. Alexandru Botici CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

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Introduction

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Although industrial architecture as a separate field of study reached Romania only at the beginning of the twentieth century, there is evidence of the interest and research regarding 'industrial„ activities, particularly metallurgical developments. These developments led in part, to economic and social prosperity and into the 'century of industry'. The local development played a big part along another factor - the influence of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which brought in Romania the latest innovations in technology that were already applied in the West.

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Historical development of metallurgical industry in Romania:

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III-I millennium B.C. - metallurgy practice is attested by archaeological excavations : 2800-1900 BC – copper; 1900-1700 BC – bronze; 1150 BC -iron. The main role in the extraction and processing of iron is attributed to the Celts.

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II-I centuries BC.- workshops for production and processing of iron were found in almost all the Carpatho-Danubian provinces. Furnaces to reduce iron ore to: Ghelar, Teliuc, Vetel, Grădiştea Muncelului, Baia de Fier, Bucharest, Citizens, Botosani, Topliţa, Histria, Rusca Montana, etc.

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Age of Roman Dacia. Metallurgy development is conditioned by the existence of serious metallurgical centers of craftsmen with solid technical knowledge. It is a unique social layer by skilled craftsmen. There is a "Colegium fabrum" in 205.

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IV century - in Banat area worked numerous furnaces, conical shaped made of clay, which gave a great raw iron production. • • 1221 – In order to exploit the deposits of Remeti, colonists are brought which are attributed for industrial introduction of hydraulically driven sulfate. • • 1325 - at Baia de Aries operated 36 furnaces for melting metals. • • 1350 - First steel are obtained by refining fire. (Reverberatory furnace) • • 1681 - The "Conscription of urban Hunedoara domain" recorded the presence of 5 furnaces for processing iron, hydraulically operated. • • 1781 – In Oraviţa is built the first iron furnace in the country. • • 1771 - The Resita are put into operation the first two furnaces for iron. • • 1796 - The Ohaba-Bistrita comes into a department that produced iron, steel and laminated. • • 1837 - At Govăjdie (Hunedoara county) steel plant and smelter are rebuilt, the most important achievements of the time. • •1844 – In Bucharest is establishe the first iron foundry. • 1850 - The first puddling furnaces are used in Cugir. • 1863 - Metallurgical plants are erected at New Calan . • 1868 - At just 12 years from the first discovery process, Bessemer converters are introduced in Resita . • 1874 - At Otelu Rosu (Ferdinand plant) are installed puddling furnaces. • 1921 - Malaxa plant is establish. • 1924 - metallurgical corporation “Titan” is created Nădlag-Calan. • 1925 - Copşa Mica-Cugir metallurgical enterprises become operational. • 1959 – The pipe mill is founded at Roman and the mill company in Braila. • 1968 – At the steel plant in Galati becomes operational the minerals agglomeration plant, the first furnace of 1700 m3 and the first steel mill with blowing oxygen converters. • 1979 – At the Calarasi steel plant is developed first electri steel batch. •

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1681 - 1682 the existence of five "iron mines" (which must be understood "foundries"), situated in the town: - Plosca, river Runci near Govajdia; - Nadrab, river Nadrab (Govajdia today);

- Limpert, river Limpert, near Nadrabului; - Toplita river Cerna; - Baia Noua, in the village of Baia Mountains, today disappeared.

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• There are written documents that talk about the salt mines exploiting in our country since the VIII century. • Other documents mention the use of glazed (Arges ceramics), around 1500, at the church of St. John of Piatra Neamt and the Protestant church in Sibiu. • In 1650 Matei Basarab founded in Muntenia a glass factory. At the folk art museum in Sibiu, is preserved to this day a number of technical systems (mills, fulling mills) used over time in different parts of the country. • All these installations used only water and wind power, characteristic of the first two stages of development of the industry: small production and manufacturing.

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• The industry in the current sense of the word, develops with the industrial revolution, which meant the historical process of replacing manual labor with mechanized labor, and the transition to factory. • The industrial revolution took place in our country according to the specific historical conditions, characterized on one hand by forming in 1859 the Romanian centralized state (the unification of Tara Romaneasca & Moldavia), and later in 1918 the union with Transylvania and on the other hand the influence of the Ottoman Empire until 1877 and the Habsburg Empire over Transylvania until 1918 . • These conditions, along with maintaining of serfdom until 1848 in Transylvania and until 1864 in the United Principates contributed to the delaying industrial novelty regarding it‟s development in our country, making the industrial revolution to occur in the early twentieth century.

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• Coal industry whose development is closely linked to the history of mechanization, water and rail transport, also came first in Transylvania, where the first mine used was at Steierlac in Banat county, where coal was discovered in 1770. • Then other mines were developed at: Holbav-Brasov (1828); Upper Jiu Valley (1840); Farkaslaka (1850); Somes Valley (1878); This made that in the 1900 the coal production of Transylvania reached about 1,500,000 tons . • Meanwhile in the United Principates (TR+M), where coal production began only in 1877, total coal production was only of 105,000 tons, quantity which nearly reached half of domestic consumption.

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• The oil industry has old traditions in our country, the first extraction is done by hand wells method. •

In 1861 starts the extraction experiment using probes that succeeds only in 1882. In 1857 Theodore Mehedinteanu first installed in Ploiesti an oil refinery with a capacity of 2,700 tons per year, 10 times higher than oil production in that year. The refinery, was built at Hamburg after Mehedinteanu, Professor Marin Alexe and the pharmacist M. Steege plans, and was the third in the world, the first being built in Galati in 1853 and the second in the USA in 1855.

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Kerosene was used to illuminate the streets of Bucharest, witch became first city in the world lit by oil.

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In 1896, once with the founding of the “Astra Romana” company intensive development of oil exploitation begins, so from a production of 248,000 tons in 1900, Romania goes to produce 1.148 million, ranking 5th in the world in oil extraction. It also increased to the number of large refinery (nearly 20), witch focused on the gasoline production.

CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

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Wood industry flourished only in the last third of the nineteenth century following the development of railway transport witch hence the export opportunities. Around 1900 there were in the country over 130 timber sawmill and furniture manufacturing. Furniture industrialization began a year earlier with the establishment of the factory in Azuga.

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The building materials industry is mention for the brick factories erected since 1844 in Iasi, 1855 in Bucharest, 1864 in Jimbolia and 1867 in Timisoara. Although around 1900 there were a total of about 30 brick factories, they were generally clustered around the cities mentioned above, the rest of the production being still predominantly manual.

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The cement industry began in our country at the end of the last century and was directly related to the introduction of reinforced concrete construction. In 1890 the first factory was built in Braila, where were also built the first reinforced concrete silos in the country. (1888 was built the first reinforced concrete grain silos, at Braila and Galati ports by engineer Anghel Saligny); the construction of bridges and roads follows .

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Also in 1890, starts the building for the cement factory in Brasov.

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• In Romania, in the same periods arise and grows the wool industry, food industry, paper industry, transport and telecommunications. However, before the First World War, Romania was considered a country "eminently agricultural." • WWI ended disastrous for the Romanian industry. The number of companies was reduced to a quarter and they were working at a reduced capacity. On the economy, the country's entire postwar production, in 1921 did not exceed 30 to 33% of the production in previous years of war. • The period between the wars brought Romania's industrial development stage to a country with a mixed economy, although due to the lack of a national industrial engineering there have been significant imports of machinery and engines during the period 1921-1930.

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• The world crisis of the 30s ended the industrial rise, causing production to decline in some areas by 50%. • In the years after the crisis a new economic boom period is recorded which lasts until 1938, year in which Romania has reached its highest development between the wars. Although the industrial production in 1938 increased by 34% compared to 1930 and the share of industry in national income reached 30% at the end of the interwar period, Romania has continued to remain an agricultural country with an underdeveloped industry, with only 11% working of the active population. •

Distribution of national industrial potential in 1938, focused the industry in some areas as:

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Bucharest - Prahova Valley

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Brasov - Medias - Sibiu - Turda

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Cluj

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Hunedoara - Arad - Timisoara - Resita

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Baia-Mare - Satu-Mare

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Bacau - Buhusi - Piatra Neamt

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Galati - Braila

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• Industrial Buildings & Architecture •

Industrial buildings, feature a major creative impulse during this period. Big industrialists eager to benefit from modern spaces required by new technological processes and scientific progress, accept the proposals of young architects who reformulated the design concept witch include new requirements for efficient use of production space, the possibilities of reinforced concrete structure and not least a new aesthetic system.

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Remarkable works: Horia Creanga for Malaxa, in Bucharest (1931), Pipe Factory 1935-36, Administrative Building, 1936; Grivita Factory , Bucuresti, 1930-40, arh. Maria Cotescu; IAR Plants, Bucuresti, 1937, arh. P.M. Cantacuzino; Metallurgical factory in Brasov, 1936-37, arh. L. Constantinescu; Tire plant Banloc, Floresti Prahova, 1937, arh. O. Doncescu; Factory halls Tohanul Vechi si Orastie, 1937-38, arh. Bordenache; IAR plants, Bucuresti, 1938-40, arh. R. Bordenache;

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Malaxa Industries

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Started as locomotive repair workshops, turned to building locomotives and engines; In the late 30s Malaxa factory became the most modern role pipe fabricator in Europe; It became the main supplier of ammunition for the Romanian army; 1928-1930 – first stage of construction – 2 assembly halls for locomotives and wagons (arch. Scarlet Petrescu) The main factory entrance 1930-1931 (arch. Horia Creanga) The pipe factory 1935-1936 (arch. Horia Creanga) The locomotive halls The administration pavilion 1936 (arch. Horia Creanga) The laboratory 1936 (arch. Horia Creanga)

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entrance 1930-1931 Pipe Factory 1935-1936

Laborator y 1936

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Administra tive pavilion 1936

• Slaughterhouse •

Slaughterhouse of Timisoara city built between 1904 - 1906 arch. Laszlo Szekely. What gives a distinct note to the building are the brick window frames, the crenellated pediment and the imposing tower posture also treated with brick.

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A different approach was made for the modern slaughterhouses built in the 30-`40 that have been the subject of significant investment in many cities of the country: export Slaughterhouse in Constanta, 1933-1934, arch. Nicholas Nenciulescu, Slaughterhouse in Buzau 1934, and Slaughterhouse Bacau, 1934-1935, arch. D. Mark etc.

•

What characterizes all of these industrial buildings is the interest in ensuring optimal functionality by raising job quality, rational organization of space and very clear plastic expression in adequate volumes, and the pace of construction elements.

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• Railway architecture. •

On Aug.20, 1854 was inaugurated by St. E.G. - Austrian State Railways Company - OravitaBazias line, the first railway in the territory of Romania. Locomotive station in Oravita ,cantons and buildings station : Oravita, Racasdia, Iam, Iasenova, Biserica Alba and Bazias were built after the plans of Austro-Hungarian Empire railway architecture program, the first models of this type of architecture in Romania . BAZIAŞ STATION, in the begining of XX century

•

ORAVITA STATION

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

In Dobrogea province administered by the Ottoman Empire era, an english company JT Barkley built the railroad Constanta (harbor) - Cernavoda (harbor). It was inaugurated on October 4, 1860.



In Transylvania, over 50 private railway companies built over 3,000 km of track, equipped with facilities for the travelers, cantons, depots, workshops, service housing, water towers, all made by its own architecture, with small Austro-Hungarian influences.

BAZIAŞ STATION, in the begining of century XX Of the few buildings stations built during

the years 1854 - 1872, only a few have been preserved until today. Earthquakes, structuring and subsequent developments have made the stations no longer resemble with the original projects.



Monumental buildings of the station: Cluj, Razboieni, Teius and others, contain in their facades expression, elements taken from the railway station in Budapest and Szolnok, adapted to the ORAVITA STATION financial possibilities of the time.



German HB Strussberg, builds in Romania, in the period 1868 - 1872, over 600 km of railway.



On the routes Roman – Galati, Galati - Bucharest – Pitesti railway stations were built after the Prussian model and concept, simple and as cheap.



Station buildings in : Roman, Marasesti, Tecuci, Galati, Buzau, Ploiesti were destroyed in two world wars (1916 - 1918 and 1941 - 1945), and then restored In northern Moldavia and Bucovina, Offenheim and Lemberg Company – Cernauti Iasi left us the most authentic Austrian building style for railroad works on the routes: Suceava – Roman; Iasi - Pascani and Veresti – Botosani. CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

•

Monumental style with baroque influence, we find at works from Suceava - Suceava Burdujeni and Suceava North (Itcani), with a special emphasis in the central hall of the central station in Burdujeni, a former customs hall, unique for the railway architecture.

In 1875, the concession Heliad Grigore who built the line Iasi - Ungheni rased a number of buildings marked by Russian architecture influences.  On June 10, 1879 was inaugurated on Prahova Valley the railway Ploiesti - Predeal. Here, except the Sinaia central station were builtofusing elements borrowed from the English architecture, style BAZIAŞ STATION, in the begining that was familiar for the concessionaires. XX century •



We can finally say that all buildings and the railroad built between 1854 -1880 in our territory had its origins and architectural conception influenced by English, German, Hungarian, Austrian, Russian style. ORAVITA STATION

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•

The first line built by romanian engineers opened on the 1st of May 1881, the railway Buzau - Marasesti, unveiled 8 , original stations built in new style, with original design.

•

In arch. Nicolae Michaescu build a new building XX1895 century for Ramnicu Sarat station, a monumental work, witch remains till today in its original form, except for the awning, added later.

BAZIAŞ STATION, in the begining of

ORAVITA STATION

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 

After 1893 makes its appearance a new architectural style, with strong local influences. (architect Elie Radu: stations, in Valahia and Moldova (Calafat, Tg. Ocna Iloaiei Bridge, Harlem etc.) A special place is occupied by Romanian railway architecture and exceptional architect who was Duiliu Marcu, who designed and built the royal railway stations in Sinaia and Bucharest Baneasa. BAZIAŞ STATION, in the begining of XX century

ODOBESTI STATION

BAICULESTI STATION

ORAVITA STATION CURTEA DE ARGES STATION

CALAFAT STATION CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

•

During the 60s, industrial buildings were made with large opening arches with steel “I” profile - the heart of the blades was nailed and bolted, using steel ties and counterforts (examples: industrial buildings made from Brezoi Piatra Neamt etc.) .

•

And in the 70s were designed and executed experimental lamellar structures using reinforced concrete.

•

Positive results have influenced the continuity of the structure using concrete frames and laminated wood, so Gheorghieni Rink was executed at, 46 m span (2 laminated wood half arched structure that leans directly on concrete foundation). ORAVITA STATION

•

With the introduction of structural metal elements, then the concrete and wood led to a use of large openings. Also the industrial investment operations are increasing due to the ease and speed commissioning work.

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Large industrial complexes located near cities often cause changes in urban structure and profile and silhouette. The old urban centers modified, amplified and changed their image driven by the industrial development. New cities were born and grew very quickly, as a necessary consequence of the new industrial complexes.

Socialist industrialization in Romania during the communist period lead to the generation or amplification of industries of cities: Hunedoara, Resita, Onesti, Victoria, ComÄ&#x192;neĹ&#x;ti Vulcan - new cities or built largely during this period, and cities are rebuilt, like Iasi or others who are experiencing rapid growth: Piatra Neamt, Galati, Braila, Romania etc.

ORAVITA STATION

Particularly characteristic is the view seen from the hill resort Corvin Castle in Hunedoara, which highlights the huge background of desolate industrial landscape of the largest steel plant in the country at that time. CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

References: 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_of_Romania 2. http://www.fih.upt.ro/v3/istoric/ISTORICUL%20METALURGIEI%20HUNEDORENE .pdf 3. https://furnalulgovajdia.wordpress.com/ 4. https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnalul_din_Gov%C4%83jdia 5. https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria_petrolului_%C3%AEn_Rom%C3%A2nia 6. http://www.cunoastelumea.ro/romania-povestea-primei-tari-din-lume-care-aavut-o-sonda-petroliera-o-rafinarie-petroliera-si-a-exportat-benzina-pentruprima-data/ 7. http://www.150deanidepetrol.ro/scurt-istoric.html 8. http://www.scritub.com/istorie/ECONOMIA-ROMANEASCA-INPERIOAD54569.php 9. https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Malaxa 10. http://www.george-damian.ro/galerie-foto-uzinele-malaxa-in-imagini-1022.html 11. Horia Creanga: Pipe factory, Malaxa Industries, 12. http://www.bucurestiivechisinoi.ro/2015/02/arhitectura-feroviara-romaneasca/ 13. DOCUMENTARE privind ENCICLOPEDIA GĂRILOR din ROMÂNIA C.D.C.A.S..

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CURS 4

ANALIZA ELEMENTELOR PRIN CARE SE ASIGURA SCOPUL SI CALITATEA CONSTRUCTIILOR INDUSTRIALE (ELEMENTS THAT PROVIDE THE AIM AND QUALITY FOR INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS)

Prof. dr. ing. Marius Mosoarca Dr. arh. Alexandru Botici CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

1. GENERAL ASPECTS Building in general and industrial buildings in particular must satisfy the following requirements: Engineering requirements : - Safety (strength, stability); - Durability (service life); - Comfort, aesthetics, normal conditions for activities; Exploitation requirements: - fulfill the needs of the manufacturing process; - Possibilities to adapt the technological processes; - Reduced maintenance costs; Economic requirements: - Low material consumption; - Small volume of work; - Shorten the manufacturing and assembly process; - Minimum cost;

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LAW. 10 of 18 January 1995 To obtain appropriate quality construction are mandatory achievement and maintenance, the entire duration of the construction, the following requirements: a) strength and stability; b) safety in operation; c) fire safety; d) hygiene, human health, rehabilitation and environmental protection; e) thermal insulation, waterproof and energy saving; f) protection against noise.

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Construction safety is assessed by how it behaves under the action loads the worst scenarios that could occur throughout its service life . The materials used in execution have: •

not to be applied across the resistance was limited;

•

not lose stability for construction elements;

•

not to be destroyed by fatigue;

Deformations that are taken over by the building or its elements under the action of loads, must remain within the limits of permissible deformations of operability for this type of construction.

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• Durability of construction is appreciated to be the time the

construction can be used for the purpose for which it was executed, its elements without losing their qualities;

• Comfort, aesthetics and normal conditions for people‟s activity, are resulting through: • rational design of the building;

• the use of materials and elements for closing halls and durable finishes that participate directly in the development of good looks, and a careful execution.

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An important contribution brings the successful design of the general plan of the industry assembly. The general plan solves problems such as: 

separates the flows: people flow from that of materials flows and products flows;



providing workers the access to their workstation;



the harmonious and functional layout for different built objects;



Organizing and spatial planning of the plant, etc.

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2. CONCEPTION AND DESIGN The quality of constructions is provided by: •

design (concept, solution, computing, execution details);

•

the materials used;

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manufacturing, assembly;

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execution control.

Design is a very complex process of thinking and elaboration; it is usually a collective work, the result of many specialists collaboration. Factors that influence design: •

purpose;

•

the function;

•

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The concept:

 the production system

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 the functional zones

The concept:

the functional zones;

the production system;

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The concept:

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The planning diagram: Technological process diagram:

•

can impose the layout;

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explicit the sequence of operations;

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determines the functional concept of the investment;

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Determines the division of the industrial processes;

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Execution drawings, in which are given details, necessary for the execution of elements in factories and on the construction site should be clear, simple and easy to understand. Special attention is necessary to give in designing the assembly joints; they must be able to execute them with construction elements with normal tolerances.

Drawings for mounting ease installation process.

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3. MODULAR CONSTRUCTION COORDINATION The objectives of the “tipified” process: • The use of unified dimensions for overall construction, for their component elements, and for technical equipment, so in practice their use and their interchangeability can be ensured without adjustments; • To limit the number of unified dimensions, while ensuring functional requirements diversity in economic conditions.

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When the dimensional coordination is achieved by using a basic module, it is called modular design. The module is therefore the coordination unit length. It has a size in order to ensure versatility and adaptability for the building elements. The basic module is denoted by M and has the value: i.e. 1M = 100mm

Besides the basic module in practice are used many modules which are units of length whose value are an integer multiple of the basic module, nM, and sometimes sub-modules, which represents the length units whose value is a fraction of the module the basic, M/n.

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Modular Coordination

Factors influencing the modular coordination: â&#x20AC;˘ the technological flow => define building size => requirements of unified modular coordination => few types of standardized elements

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New complex of 9 buildings for craft production workshops Enterprise Park in Arte Sacro- arh. Suárez –Santas Sevilla

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M =5m

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20m x20mx7m Aplix Factory – arh. Dominique Perrault, Le Cellier, Franța

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20m x20mx7m Aplix Factory – arh. Dominique Perrault, Le Cellier, Franța

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4. THE CHOICE OF MATERIAL It is not possible to obtain an optimal solution USING any material and IN any case; With some materials, such as steel and reinforced concrete industrial buildings can be made for most purposes; bear in mind, however, that in any case, the field of rational use of each of these materials is limited; It is important to take into account the conditions of strength, durability, the way the building realized of the material of choice behaves under the influence of various actions, the conditions of manufacture and assembly, the time it takes, the economic aspect, etc.

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5. LIGHT Light is an element that occurs in determining the aesthetics of industrial buildings. An improper lighting for different categories of work that takes place in the room has an adverse effect on workers in terms of behavior and labor productivity. Industrial lighting can be natural or artificial. Industrial illumination is measured in lux on a horizontal plane between 0.85 m -to 1.00 m above the floor . Interior lighting value depends on many factors, of which some are closely related to the composition of the building, such as window size, their position, inclination from horizontal windows, the nature and extent of cleaning the windows, etc.

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Satisfactory lighting can be met using the formula based on the proportion of window area “Sw” and respective room floor area “Sf”, whose minimum values are set for different categories of activities: •

steel works, rolling mills, forges: 10%

•

mechanical workshops: 10% - 50%

•

spinners: 10% - 15%

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dyeing workshops: 10% - 20%

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administrative buildings: 10% - 15%

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laboratories: 25% - 30%

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control operations rooms 30% - 50%.

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When lighting is done only by placed windows in the side walls, on one side or both sides, in order to have lighting with an acceptable degree of uniformity, it is necessary that the width of the hall to be limited, depending on the window height above the working plane . Following the degree of uniformity required, the width <l> of the hall will be: lâ&#x2030;¤2h when windows are on one side and lâ&#x2030;¤4h, they are on both sides.

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Good lighting is obtained when the ratio between <f> the width of windows and <a> the opening is between 0.4 and 0.5 and windows with horizontal angle is 50 ... .60 째.

If natural illumination is not possible artificial lighting is used. Artificial lighting is also used as an addition, where natural lighting is not sufficient, and in some special cases, imposed by technology or local situation when natural light is not used.

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Skylight & smoke hatch skylight

   

The level of illumination temperature humidity Air exchange rate

Additional lighting  mobile windows  deflectors  skylights and light tubes

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6. COLORS IN INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS The notion of color is related to the notion of light; a body does not appear colored if not enlightened. Colors produce different sensations on man. Large wavelengths correspond to warm colors: red, yellow and orange; short wavelengths corresponding to cold colors: purple, blue, yellow. Colors have an influence on the nervous system; purple colors are sad, blue and green are calming, red is stimulating.

Colors should be choose in such manner to generate comfort that and not tire the eyes. Objects must appear clear, well marked and in relief;

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Colors appear in different shades depending on the degree and manner of interior lighting; it is recommended that light to be uniform; Signal colors are widely used in industry in order to draw attention to danger (the equipment pipes are painted in different colors: where is danger colored signals are provided; red shows danger and yellow attention).

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FABRICA FAGUS, ALFELD, GERMANIA

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FABRICA INOTERA, TAIPEI

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7. OPENINGS, SPANS AND HEIGHT FOR INDUSTRIAL HALLS Applying modular coordination for industrial plants is done by using module; the values â&#x20AC;&#x2039;openings (L) and span (T) are multiples of module 30M (3m), if these dimensions have values less than or equal to 18m. For higher values, the size and span openings will be multiples of 60M (6m). For technically and economically justified cases it is accepted and used the module 15M (1.5m) for values â&#x20AC;&#x2039;of span (T) and the opening (L) do not exceed 10.5m. Placing columns to modular axes is designed in order to obtain a distance from the axis to the outside of the tower a multiple of 50mm.

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When placing pillars to modulation axes, it is specified that are taken into account the following horizontal sections: -

for the halls with cranes the horizontal section corresponding to the higher level of the rail runway; in the case of buildings without cranes, the horizontal section corresponding to floor level; -at industrial halls with several floors, applying modular coordination is achieved through multi story heights adapted to the module of 3M.

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HAWE Factory Kaufbeuren -arh. Barkow Leibinger , Bavaria Germania

opening 20m, and spans 10m

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HAWE Factory Kaufbeuren -arh. Barkow Leibinger , Bavaria Germania

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8 MANUFACTURING .

& ASSEMBLEY

Quality of execution ensure: •

by a good organization of the entire process of execution;

•

correct preparation of parts in the first phase of execution;

•

equipping various workshops with appropriate work equipment and devices.

Assembly has as final goal the assembly of the building, the execution of the envelope and other related works in accordance with the project. Errors occurred during installation must remain within tolerances.

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9. RATIONAL USE OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS FOR INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS The choice of material for the main structure of the building is made on several criteria that may vary depending on a number of local considerations, economic development construction material industries, etc. In general when the choice of material is decided, are taken into account: •

construction operating mode, the nature of demands which the construction is subjected during operation;

•

temperature regime, aggressive environment;

•

land characteristics, seismicity;

•

the manufacturing and assembly time table;

•

the reduction of maintenance costs, possibilities of redesigning in case of manufacturing process modification;

•

built-cost,

•

labor-cost, etc. CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2014-2015

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The VW Transparent Factory - The Edge  VIDEO

Creating an Image - German Companies Invest in Innovative Architecture  VIDEO

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References: 1. "Factories and Office Buildings - Arhitectural design “ 2. http://www.auditareenergetica.eu/docs/Legi_RO/L_10/LEGEA_10_actualiz_cu%20Legea%20177.pdf 3. http://lege5.ro/Gratuit/g4ytqmzzhe/legea-nr-177-2015-pentru-modificarea-sicompletarea-legii-nr-10-1995-privind-calitatea-in-constructii 4. http://www.astm.org/Standards/building-standards.html 5. Danfang Chen, Information Management for Factory Planning and Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology School of Industrial Engineering and Management Department of Production Engineering Stockholm, Sweden, February 2012 6. http://pmbook.ce.cmu.edu/03_The_Design_And_Construction_Process.html 7. http://www.goldbeck.de/fileadmin/Redaktion/Downloads/Prospekte/Dokumente/ GOLDBECK_industrial_buildings_brochure_EN.pdf 8. http://www.ifpconsulting.de/en/process-and-factoryplanning.html?gclid=CjwKEAjw_oK4BRDym-SDqaczicSJAC7UVRtUsWTkFBhCDYPPCdK59j41WXoxBziXRXW5rl9zVg-jhoC7snw_wcB 9. Facility Design & Layout – The University of Edinburgh Mechanical Enginiring 10. Bărbulescu, C, Bâgu, C. - Managementul producţiei industriale. Culegere, dezbateri, studii de caz, probleme, Editura Economică Bucureşti, 2002 11. http://www.ifpconsulting.de/en/index.html 12. http://www.ifpconsulting.de/en/process-and-factoryplanning.html?gclid=CjwKEAjw_oK4BRDym-SDqaczicSJAC7UVRtUsWTkFBhCDYPPCdK59j41WXoxBziXRXW5rl9zVg-jhoC7snw_wcB CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

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References: 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Facility location and layout planning, Dipak Mer http://distributiondesign.com/warehouse-operational-problems/ http://www.genco.com/Distribution/warehouse-design.php http://distributiondesign.com/warehouse-operational-problems/ http://www.scisce.eu/images/KOUMPOURELOU.pdf STAS 767/0-88: Constructii civile, industriale si agricole. Constructii din otel. Conditii generale de calitate. 19. http://www.dezeen.com/architecture/industrial/ 20. Caractere specifice ale arhitecturii industriale- Z. Solomon; Editura Tehnica 21. Ideas and Beliefs in Architecture and Industrial design- Ivar Holm Arkitektur- og designhĂ¸gskolen i Oslo, 2006 22. Constructii Industriale- Liviu Gadeanu 23. Culoarea in arhitectura, Z. Solomon, L.Adler, C. Enache; Editura Tehnica 24. Basic Forms of Industrial Buildings, asselblad Center, Jan 1, 2004 - Architectural photography - 143 pages 25. http://www.archdaily.com/334815/enterprise-park-in-arte-sacro-suarez-santasarquitectos 26. http://www.perraultarchitecture.com/en/projects/2518-aplix_factory.html 27. http://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-projects/cpc/aplix-factory-projectpages.html 28. https://www.wbdg.org/design/light_industrial.php 29. http://www.osram.com/osram_com/applications/industrial-buildings/index.jsp 30. http://acralight.com/commercial-industrial/ CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

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References: 31. Components and Systems: Modular Construction : Design, Structure, New Technologies, Gerald Staib, Andreas Dörrhöfer, Markus Rosenthal, Edition Detail, Institut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation, 2008 32. http://www.archdaily.com/19547/inotera-headquarters-production-facility-tecdesign-studio 33. http://www.impressiveinteriordesign.com/modern-industrial-architecture-thatlooks-really-good/ 34. http://www.archdaily.com/578622/hawe-factory-kaufbeuren-barkow-leibinger

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Video materials:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

MAS Short Talk- Vertical Urban Factory The VW Transparent Factory - The Edge - CNBC International Creating an Image - German Companies Invest in Innovative Architecture â&#x20AC;&#x201C; PASAYA - The green factory Washington Navy Yard- -The Naval Gun Factory-

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CURS 5

DEVIZUL GENERAL AL UNEI INVESTITII INDUSTRIALE CONFORM H.G.28/2008

Dr. ing. Marius Mosoarca CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2014-2015

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Studiu de prefezabilitate: documentatia tehnicoeconomică prin care se fundamentează necesitatea si oportunitatea investitiei pe bază de date tehnice si economice. Studiu de fezabilitate: documentatia tehnicoeconomică prin care se stabilesc principalii indicatori tehnico-economici aferenti obiectivului de investitii pe baza necesitătii si oportunitătii realizării acestuia si care cuprinde solutiile functionale, tehnologice, constructive si economice ce urmează a fi supuse aprobării; CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2014-2015

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Proiectarea lucrărilor de constructii pentru obiective de investitii noi, se elaborează în următoarele faze: a) studiu de prefezabilitate; b) studiu de fezabilitate; c) proiect tehnic; d) detalii de executie.

Proiectarea lucrărilor de constructii pentru interventii la constructii existente, inclusiv instalatiile aferente, se elaborează în următoarele faze: a)expertiză tehnică si, după caz, audit energetic; b)documentaŃie de avizare a lucrărilor de interventii; c)proiect tehnic; d)detalii de executie.

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CONTINUTUL-CADRU al studiului de PREFEZABILITATE

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CAPITOLUL A: Piese scrise (1)Date generale:

1.denumirea obiectivului de investitii; 2.amplasamentul (judetul, localitatea, strada, numărul); 3.titularul investitiei; 4.beneficiarul investitiei; 5.elaboratorul studiului.

(2)Necesitatea si oportunitatea investitiei 1.necesitatea investiŃiei: a)scurtă prezentare privind situaŃia existentă, din care să rezulte necesitatea investitiei; b)tabele, hărti, grafice, planse desenate, fotografii etc. care să expliciteze situatia existentă si necesitatea investitiei; c)deficientele majore ale situatiei actuale privind necesarul de dezvoltare a zonei; d)prognoze pe termen mediu si lung;

2.oportunitatea investitiei: a)încadrarea obiectivului în politicile de investitii generale, sectoriale sau regionale; b)actele legislative care reglementează domeniul investiŃiei, după caz; c)acorduri internationale ale statului care obligă partea română la realizarea investitiei, după caz.

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3) SCENARIILE TEHNICO-ECONOMICE PRIN CARE OBIECTIVELE PROIECTULUI DE INVESTITII POT FI ATINSE: 1.SCENARII PROPUSE (MINIMUM DOUĂ); 2.SCENARIUL RECOMANDAT DE CĂTRE ELABORATOR;

3.AVANTAJELE SCENARIULUI RECOMANDAT.

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4) Date privind amplasamentul si terenul pe care urmează să se amplaseze obiectivul de investitie Informatii despre terenul din amplasament:

1.Situatia juridică privind proprietatea asupra terenului care urmează a fi ocupat – definitiv; si/sau temporar - de obiectivul de investitii; 2.Suprafata estimată a terenului; 3.Caracteristicile geofizice ale terenului din amplasament determinate în baza studiului geotehnic realizat special pentru obiectivul de investitiii privind: a)zona seismică de calcul si perioada de colt; b)datele preliminare asupra naturii terenului de fundare si presiunea conventională; c)nivelul maxim al apelor freatice; 4.Studiile topografice preliminare; 5.Datele climatice ale zonei în care este situat amplasamentul CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2014-2015

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(5)COSTUL ESTIMATIV AL INVESTITIEI 1.Cheltuieli pentru elaborarea documentaŃiei tehnico-economice: a)cheltuieli pentru elaborarea documentaŃiilor de proiectare (studiu de prefezabilitate, studiu de fezabilitate, expertiză tehnică, proiect tehnic si detalii de execuŃie), după caz; b)cheltuieli pentru activitatea de consultanŃă si asistenŃă tehnică; c)cheltuieli pentru obŃinerea avizelor si acordurilor de principiu necesare elaborării studiului de prefezabilitate; d)cheltuieli pentru pregătirea documentelor privind aplicarea procedurii pentru atribuirea contractului de lucrări si a contractului de servicii de proiectare, urbanism, inginerie, alte servicii tehnice, conform prevederilor legale (instructiuni pentru ofertanti, publicitate, onorarii si cheltuieli de deplasare etc.). 2.Valoarea totală estimată a investitiei

(6)AVIZE SI ACORDURI DE PRINCIPIU, DUPĂ CAZ CAPITOLUL B: Piese desenate: 1.plan de amplasare în zonă (1:25.000 - 1:5.000); 2.plan general (1:2.000 - 1:500).

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CONTINUTUL-CADRU al studiului de FEZABILITATE

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CAPITOLUL A: Piese scrise (1)Date generale: 1.denumirea obiectivului de investitii; 2.amplasamentul (judetul, localitatea, strada, numărul); 3.titularul investitiei; 4.beneficiarul investiŃiei; 5.elaboratorul studiului. (2)Informatii generale privind proiectul 1.situatia actuală si informatii despre entitatea responsabilă cu implementarea proiectului; 2.descrierea investitiei: a)concluziile studiului de prefezabilitate sau ale planului detaliat de investtii pe termen lung (în cazul în care au fost elaborate în prealabil) privind situatia actuală, necesitatea si oportunitatea promovării investitiei, precum si scenariul tehnico-economic selectat; b)scenariile tehnico-economice prin care obiectivele proiectului de investitii pot fi atinse (în cazul în care, anterior studiului de fezabilitate, nu a fost elaborat un studiu de prefezabilitate sau un plan detaliat de investitii pe termen lung): - scenarii propuse (minimum două); - scenariul recomandat de către elaborator; - avantajele scenariului recomandat; c)descrierea constructivă, functională si tehnologică, după caz; CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2014-2015

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3. Date tehnice ale investitiei: a)zona si amplasamentul; b)statutul juridic al terenului care urmează să fie ocupat; c)situaŃia ocupărilor definitive de teren: suprafata totală, reprezentând terenuri din intravilan/extravilan; d)studii de teren: - studii topografice cuprinzând planuri topografice cu amplasamentele reperelor, liste cu repere în sistem de referintă national; - studiu geotehnic cuprinzând planuri cu amplasamentul forajelor, fiselor complexe cu rezultatele determinărilor de laborator, analiza apei subterane, raportul geotehnic cu recomandările pentru fundare si consolidări; - alte studii de specialitate necesare, după caz; e)caracteristicile principale ale constructiilor din cadrul obiectivului de investitii, specifice domeniului de activitate, si variantele constructive de realizare a investitiei, cu recomandarea variantei optime pentru aprobare; f)situatia existentă a utilitătilor si analiza de consum: - necesarul de utilităti pentru varianta propusă promovării; - solutii tehnice de asigurare cu utilităti; g)concluziile evaluării impactului asupra mediului;

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(3)Costurile estimative ale investitiei 1.valoarea totala cu detalierea pe structura devizului general; 2.esalonarea costurilor coroborate cu graficul de realizare a investitiei.

(4)Analiza cost-beneficiu: 1.identificarea investiŃiei si definirea obiectivelor, inclusiv specificarea perioadei de referintă; 2.analiza optiunilor; 3.analiza financiară, inclusiv calcularea indicatorilor de performantă financiară: fluxul cumulat, valoarea actuală netă, rata internă de rentabilitate si raportul cost-beneficiu; 4.analiza economică, inclusiv calcularea indicatorilor de performantă economică: valoarea actuală netă, rata internă de rentabilitate si raportul cost-beneficiu; 5.analiza de senzitivitate; 6.analiza de risc.

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(5)Sursele de finantare a investitiei Sursele de finantare a investitiilor se constituie în conformitate cu legislatia în vigoare si constau din fonduri proprii, credite bancare, fonduri de la bugetul de stat/bugetul local, credite externe garantate sau contractate de stat, fonduri externe nerambursabile si alte surse legal constituite.

(6)Estimări privind forta de muncă ocupată prin realizarea investitiei 1.număr de locuri de muncă create în faza de executie; 2.număr de locuri de muncă create în faza de operare.

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(7)Principalii indicatori tehnico-economici ai investitiei 1.valoarea totală (INV), inclusiv TVA (mii lei) (în preturi - luna, anul, 1 euro = ..... lei), din care: - constructii-montaj (C+M);

2.esalonarea investitiei (INV/C+M): - anul I; - anul II 3.durata de realizare (luni);

4.capacităti (în unităŃi fizice si valorice); 5.alti indicatori specifici domeniului de activitate în care este realizată investitia, după caz.

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(8)Avize si acorduri de principiu 1.avizul beneficiarului de investiŃie privind necesitatea si oportunitatea investiŃiei; 2.certificatul de urbanism; 3.avize de principiu privind asigurarea utilităŃilor (energie termică si electrică, gaz metan, apăcanal,telecomunicaŃii etc.); 4.acordul de mediu; 5.alte avize si acorduri de principiu specifice. CAPITOLUL B: Piese desenate: 1.plan de amplasare în zonă (1:25000 - 1:5000); 2.plan general (1: 2000 - 1:500); 3.planuri si sectiuni generale de arhitectură, rezistenŃă, instalaŃii, inclusiv planuri de coordonare a tuturor specialităŃilor ce concură la realizarea proiectului; 4.planuri speciale, profile longitudinale, profile transversale, după caz.

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STRUCTURA DEVIZULUI GENERAL PE CAPITOLE DE CHELTUIELI CAPITOLUL 1: Cheltuieli pentru obtinerea si amenajarea terenului 1.1.Obtinerea terenului Se includ cheltuielile efectuate pentru cumpărarea de terenuri, plata concesiunii (redeventei) pe durata realizării lucrărilor, exproprieri, despăgubiri, schimbarea regimului juridic al terenului, scoaterea temporară sau definitivă din circuitul agricol, precum si alte cheltuieli de aceeasi natură.

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1.2.Amenajarea terenului (aproximativ 1% din C.I.) Se includ cheltuielile efectuate la începutul lucrărilor pentru pregătirea amplasamentului si care constau în demolări, demontări, dezafectări, defrisări, evacuări materiale rezultate, devieri retele de utilităti din amplasament, sistematizări pe verticală, drenaje, epuismente (exclusiv cele aferente realizării lucrărilor pentru investitia de bază), devieri de cursuri de apă,strămutări de localităti sau monumente istorice etc. 1.3.Amenajări pentru protectia mediului si aducerea la starea initială (aproximativ 0.5% din C.I.) Se includ cheltuielile efectuate pentru lucrări si actiuni de protectia mediului, inclusiv pentru refacerea cadrului natural după terminarea lucrărilor, precum plantare de copaci, reamenajare spatii verzi, si reintroducerea în circuitul agricol a suprafetelor scoase temporar din uz.

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CAPITOLUL 2: Cheltuieli pentru asigurarea utilitătilor necesare obiectivului

Se includ cheltuielile aferente asigurarii: - asigurării cu utilitătile necesare functionării obiectivului de investitie, precum: alimentare cu apă, canalizare, alimentare cu gaze naturale, agent termic, energie electrică,

- telecomunicatiilor, drumurilor de acces, căilor ferate industriale, care se execută pe amplasamentul delimitat din punct de vedere juridic, ca apartinând obiectivului de investitie; - racordării la retelele de utilităti;

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CAPITOLUL 3: Cheltuieli pentru proiectare si asistentă tehnică 3.1.Studii de teren

( aproximativ 1% din C+M) Se cuprind cheltuielile pentru studii geotehnice, geologice, hidrologice, hidrogeotehnice, fotogrammetrice, topografice si de stabilitate ale terenului pe care se amplasează obiectivul de investitie; 3.2.Obtinere avize, acorduri, autorizatii (aproximativ 1% din C+M) a) obtinerea/prelungirea valabilitătii certificatului de urbanism; b) obtinerea/prelungirea valabilitătii autorizaŃiei de construire/desfiintare; c) obtinerea avizelor si acordurilor pentru racorduri si bransamente la retele publice de apă, canalizare, gaze, termoficare, energie electrică, telefonie etc.; d) obtinerea certificatului de nomenclatură stradală si adresă; e) întocmirea documentatiei, obtinerea numărului cadastral provizoriu si înregistrarea terenului în cartea funciară; f) obtinerea acordului de mediu; g) obtinerea avizului P.S.I. h) alte avize si acorduri;

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3.3.Proiectare si inginerie ( 4-9% din C+M) Se includ cheltuielile pentru: - elaborarea tuturor fazelor de proiectare (studiu de prefezabilitate, studiu de fezabilitate, proiect tehnic si detalii de executie); - plata verificării tehnice a proiectării; - plata elaborării certificatului de performantă energetică a clădirii, - elaborarea documentatiilor necesare obtinerii acordurilor, avizelor si autorizatiilor aferente obiectivului de investiŃie (documentatii ce stau la baza emiterii avizelor si acordurilor impuse prin certificatul de urbanism, documentatii urbanistice, studii de impact, studii/expertize de amplasament, studii de trafic etc.). Pentru lucrările de interventii la constructii existente sau pentru continuarea lucrărilor la obiective începute si neterminate, se includ cheltuielile efectuate pentru expertizarea tehnică. Pentru lucrările de crestere a performantei energetice a clădirilor ca urmare a modernizarilor se include cheltuielile pentru efectuarea auditului energetic

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3.4.Organizarea procedurilor de achizitie ( 0,1-0,3% din C+M) Se includ cheltuielile aferente organizării si derulării procedurilor de achizitii publice, precum: - cheltuieli aferente întocmirii documentatiei de atribuire si multiplicării acesteia (exclusiv cele cumpărate de ofertanti); - cheltuielile cu onorariile, transportul, cazarea si diurna membrilor desemnati în comisiile de evaluare; - anunturi de intentie, de participare si de atribuire a contractelor, corespondentă prin postă, fax, postă electronică etc., în legătură cu procedurile de achizitie publică. 3.5.Consultantă ( 1-3% din C+M) Se includ cheltuielile efectuate, după caz, pentru: a)plata serviciilor de consultantă la elaborarea studiilor de piată, de evaluare etc.; b)plata serviciilor de consultantă în domeniul managementului executiei investitiei sau administrarea contractului de executie. 3.6.Asistentă tehnică ( 2-4% din C+M) Se includ cheltuielile efectuate, după caz, pentru: a)asistenŃă tehnică din partea proiectantului pe perioada de executie a lucrărilor (în cazul în care aceasta nu intră în tarifarea proiectului); b)plata dirigintilor de santier, desemnati de autoritatea contractantă, autorizati conform prevederilor legale pentru verificarea execuŃiei lucrărilor de constructii si instalatii.

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CAPITOLUL 4: Cheltuieli pentru investitia de bază 4.1.Constructii si instalatii

Se cuprind cheltuielile aferente executiei tuturor obiectelor cuprinse în obiectivul de investitie: - clădiri, - constructii speciale, - instalatii aferente constructiilor, precum instalatii electrice, sanitare, instalatii interioare de alimentare cu gaze naturale, instalatii de încălzire, ventilare, climatizare, P.S.I., telecomunicatii si alte tipuri de instalatii impuse de destinatia obiectivului.

4.2.Montajul utilajelor tehnologice Se cuprind cheltuielile aferente montajului utilajelor tehnologice si al utilajelor incluse în instalatiile functionale, inclusiv retelele aferente necesare functionării acestora.

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4.3. Utilaje, echipamente tehnologice si functionale cu montaj Se cuprind cheltuielile pentru achizitionarea utilajelor si echipamentelor tehnologice, precum si a celor incluse în instalatiile functionale. 4.4. Utilaje fără montaj si echipamente de transport Se includ cheltuielile pentru achizitionarea utilajelor si echipamentelor care nu necesită montaj,precum si a echipamentelor si a echipamentelor de transport tehnologic. 4.5. Dotări Se cuprind cheltuielile pentru procurarea de bunuri care, conform legii, intră în categoria mijloacelor fixe sau obiecte de inventar, precum: mobilier, dotări P.S.I., dotări de uz gospodăresc, dotări privind protectia muncii.

4.6. Active necorporale Se cuprind cheltuielile cu achizitionarea activelor necorporale: drepturi referitoare la brevete, licente, know-how sau cunostinte tehnice nebrevetate. CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2014-2015

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CAPITOLUL 5: Alte cheltuieli 5.1.Organizare de santier Se cuprind cheltuielile estimate ca fiind necesare contractantului în vederea creării conditiilor de desfăsurare a activitătii de constructii-montaj. 5.1.1.Lucrări de constructii si instalatii aferente organizării de santier ( aproximativ 3-5% din: 4.1+1.1+1.2) Se cuprind cheltuielile aferente: - construirii provizorii sau amenajării la constructii existente pentru vestiare pentru muncitori, grupuri sanitare, - rampe de spălare auto; - depozite pentru materiale; - fundatii pentru macarale, - retele electrice de iluminat si fortă; - căi de acces - auto si căi ferate; - bransamente/racorduri la utilităti, - împrejmuiri, panouri de prezentare, pichete de incendiu si altele asemenea; - cheltuielile de desfiintare de santier.

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5.1.2. Cheltuieli conexe organizării de santier: (aproximativ 0,3-0,5% din 4.1+1.1+1.2) Se cuprind cheltuielile pentru: - obtinerea autorizatiei de construire/desfiintare aferente lucrărilor de organizare de santier, - taxe de amplasament, - închirieri semne de circulatie, - întreruperea temporară a retelelor de transport sau distributie de apă, canalizare, agent termic, energie electrică, gaze naturale, a circulatiei rutiere, feroviare, navale sau aeriene, - contractele de asistentă cu politia rutieră, - contract temporar cu furnizorul de energie electrică, cu unităti de salubrizare, - taxe depozit ecologic, - taxe locale; - chirii pentru ocuparea temporară a domeniului public, - costul energiei electrice si al apei consumate în incinta organizării de santier pe durata de executie a lucrărilor, - costul transportului muncitorilor nelocalnici si/sau cazarea acestora, - paza santierului, - asigurarea pompierului autorizat etc.

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5.2.Comisioane, cote, taxe, costul creditului

Se cuprind, după caz: - comisionul băncii finantatoare, - cota aferentă Inspectoratului de Stat în Constructii pentru controlul calitătii lucrărilor de constructii, - cota pentru controlul statului în amenajarea teritoriului, urbanism - pentru autorizarea lucrărilor de constructii, - cota aferentă Casei Sociale a Constructorilor, - valoarea primelor de asigurare din sarcina autoritătii contractante, - taxe pentru acorduri, avize si autorizatia de construire/desfiintare, - alte cheltuieli de aceeasi natură, stabilite în conditiile legii.

În costul creditului se cuprind comisioanele si dobânzile aferente creditului pe durata executiei obiectivului.

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5.3.Cheltuieli diverse si neprevăzute (aproximativ: 10 – 20% din C+M) a)Estimarea acestora se face procentual din valoarea cheltuielilor prevăzute la capitolele/subcapitolele 1.2, 1.3, 2, 3 si 4 ale devizului general, în functie de natura si complexitatea lucrărilor. b)În cazul obiectivelor de investitii noi, precum si al reparatiilor capitale, extinderilor, transformărilor, modificărilor, modernizărilor, reabilitării la constructii si instalatii existente, se aplică un procent de până la 10%. c)În cazul lucrărilor de interventii de natura consolidărilor la constructii existente si instalatiile aferente, precum si în cazul lucrărilor pentru prevenirea sau înlăturarea efectelor produse de actiuni accidentale si/sau calamităti naturale, se aplică un procent de până la 20%, în functie de natura si complexitatea lucrărilor. d)Din procentul stabilit se acoperă, după caz, cheltuielile rezultate în urma modificărilor de solutii tehnice, cantităti suplimentare de lucrări, utilaje sau dotări ce se impun pe parcursul derulării investitiei, precum si cheltuielile de conservare pe parcursul întreruperii executiei din cauze independente de autoritatea contractantă.

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CAPITOLUL 6: Cheltuieli pentru probe tehnologice si teste si predare la beneficiar 6.1.Pregătirea personalului de exploatare Se cuprind cheltuielile necesare instruirii/scolarizării personalului în vederea utilizării corecte si eficiente a utilajelor si tehnologiilor.

6.2.Probe tehnologice si teste Se cuprind cheltuielile aferente execuŃiei probelor/încercărilor, prevăzute în proiect, rodajelor, expertizelor la receptie, omologărilor etc. În situatia în care se obtin venituri ca urmare a probelor tehnologice, în devizul general se înscrie valoarea rezultată prin diferenta dintre cheltuielile realizate pentru efectuarea probelor si veniturile realizate din acestea.

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DEVIZ GENERAL

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CURS 6

FORMA CLADIRILOR INDUSTRIALE IN PLAN SI ELEVATIE (PLAN AND ELEVATION SHAPE OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS)

CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

Prof. dr. ing. Marius Mosoarca Arh. dr. Botici Alexandru

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CONTENT FORM IN PLAN FORM IN ELEVATION TYPES OF FRAMES WITH ONE OPENING TYPES OF FRAMES WITH MULTIPLE OPENINGS TYPES OF HALE WITH VARIOUS HEIGHT SEPARATION JOINTS FOR INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS TYPES OF SEPARATION JOINTS (CROSS & LONGITUDINAL + EXAMPLES) TYPES OF GROUND FLOOR HALL WITH / WITHOUT BRACES DETAILED PLAN FOR FOUNDATIONS SEPARATION JOINTS

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FORM IN PLAN 



In plan view industrial halls have regular shapes generally rectangular; other forms result from joining of a series of rectangles resulted from technological requirements; The maximum recommended length of an industrial building ranging between 50 and 60m.

FORMS THAT ARE NOT RECOMMENDED! CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2014-2015

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FORM IN ELEVATION In elevation as industrial halls is determined by:  gauges of the manufacturing machinery;  their location;  the needs of the technological process;  the natural ventilation requirements;  of lifting gear and transport;  requirements for natural light and ventilation;  the mode of drainage from the roof, etc.  The height inside industrial buildings can be:  the same in all openings;  different.

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TYPES OF FRAMES WITH ONE OPENING

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TYPES OF FRAMES WITH ONE OPENING

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TYPES OF FRAMES WITH MULTIPLE OPENINGS

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TYPES OF HALE WITH VARIOUS HEIGHT

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TYPES OF HALLS WITH VARIOUS HEIGHT

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SEPARATION JOINTS FOR INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS Very large dimensions in length and width, to which industrial halls reach today, requires the interruption of construction elements continuity such as: foundation, roofing, crane beams horses, framing, walls. Separation joints and their positions are imposed by:  temperature variations;  uneven compaction of the land on which construction is situated;  proximity to other constructions with different mode of vibration;  seismicity zone;  large construction parts with different height. Distances between transversal and longitudinal separation joints, can be determined by calculations which take into account the effects of temperature variations and compaction. Seismic joint width in accordance to P100-1 / 2006, code: D= horizontal max. displ. seg.1 +horizontal max. displ. seg.2 +20mm CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2014-2015

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SEPARATION JOINTS TYPES TRANSVERSAL

LONGITUDINAL

SEPARATION JOINT

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Industrial buildings separation joints, shall cross the entire construction, both height and width, interrupting the continuity of all elements of construction.

Transversal separation joints are achieved by placing commonly at some distance, the second cross-section resistance structure. The distance between the axes of these structures take between 1 and 2 m, the pillars are generally placed on a common foundation. Longitudinal separation joints have different composition solutions depending on the structure. Separation joints can be created following:  as a longitudinal skylight if it is continuous over the entire length of the hall;  through a smaller opening, covered by console elements or a beam with unfixed joint;  by placing two pillars next to each other.

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HALL WITHOUT SEISMIC SEPARATION JOINT

HALL WITH SEISMIC SEPARATION JOINT

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HALL WITHOUT SEISMIC SEPARATION JOINT

HALL WITH SEISMIC SEPARATION JOINT

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ONE STORY HALL WITHOUT BRACES

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ONE STORY HALL WITH BRACES IN PILLAR PLAN AXES

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ONE STORY HALL WITH BRACES IN PILLAR AND MAIN FRAME PLANE

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ONE STORY HALL WITH BRACES IN PILLAR , MAIN FRAME PLANE AND ROOF PERIMETER

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FOUNDATION PLAN VIEW

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250

175

F5 500x500 buc.4 Sc 1:30

guler prefabricat PF2

150

500

Sb 25x25

Monolitizare C40/50

175

250

Monolitizare C40/50

270 190

120

115

190

500 Korodur 3 mm B.A. cu fibre Folie- PE 0.5 mm

poliuretan

Sapa suport Folie-PE 0.5 mm

Âą0.00

-0.20

0 8 0 20

Pietris

C18/22.5

120

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PARDOSELI INDUSTRIALE

Cerinţe funcţionale Pardoselile industriale, ca element de inchidere a spaţiilor tehnologice la partea lor inferioară, trebuie să răspundă favorabil unui număr mare de cerinţe funcţionale, specifice diferitelor procese tehnologice. Cerinţele impuse pardoselilor pot fi impărţite in 2 categorii : Cerinţe privind asigurarea unor condiţii corespunzătoare de muncă, care cer ca pardoselile să fie : - calde, pentru a proteja muncitorii contra frigului la picioare ; - elastice, pentru a evita obosirea rapidă a muncitorilor care lucrează in picioare ; - insonore, in vederea reducerii zgomotului provocat de circulaţie sau căderea unor obiecte, zgomot care influenţează defavorabil asupra stării psihice a oamenilor ; - aderente, pentru a evita lunecarea in timpul circulaţiei sau a ctivităţilor ce impun tragerea sau impingerea unor obiecte ; - cu aspect şi colorit plăcut .

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Cerinţe impuse de natura proceselor tehnologice, care cer ca pardoselile să aibă : - rezistenţă mecanică mare, in funcţie de greutatea utilajelor, pieselor şi materialelor cu care se lucrează ; - durabilitate mare, in raport cu frecvenţa solicitărilor ; - suprafaţă continuă şi netedă pentru a favoriza circulaţia ; - uzură redusă in vederea evitării reparaţiilor repetate şi a formării prafului ; - elasticitate, pentru a proteja, contra deteriorărilor, obiectele care cad ; - rezistenţă la agenţi chimici cu care vin in contact ; - rezistenţă la foc, pentru a evita pericolul de incendiu ; - să permită o întreţinere uşoară, care poate fi asigurată fără efort de către muncitori ; - să poată fi reparate uşor si repede - pentru a nu intrerupe procesul tehnologic timp indelungat CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2014-2015

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Elementele componente ale pardoselilor industriale: Satisfacerea unui număr cat mai mare de cerinţe impuse pardoselilor industriale, nu poate fi realizată de către un singur material. Din această cauză in componenţa lor intră mai multe materiale, care formează impreună un ansamblu omogen :

- fundaţia, care constituie elementul portant, capabil să preia incărcările verticale provenite din circulaţie, depozitare şi efectele acţiunilor tehnologice ; - îmbrăcămintea, care are rolul de a prelua incărcările şi a le transmite fundaţiei; Fundaţiile pardoselilor clădirilor industriale pot fi realizate din beton armat, alcătuind aşa numitele fundaţii rigide sau din piatră spartă bine compactată, constituind aşa numitele fundaţii semi-rigide.

Fundaţiile rigide se alcătuiesc din dale de beton simplu sau armat, in funcţie de mărimea incărcărilor şi de sensibilitatea utilajelor la tasări. Pentru a evita apariţia fisurilor din cauza contracţiei betonului, fundaţiile pardoselilor se execută cu rosturi care limitează suprafaţa unui panou la 15-20 m2. CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

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Structura pardoselii: - stratul de uzură (pardoseala propriu-zisă), care este supus direct circulaţiei sau depozitării ; - stratul suport care primeşte încărcarea de la pardoseala propriuzisă şi o transmite elementul de rezistenţă Stratul suport poate fi rigid (fin beton simplu) sau elastic (din nisip, pietriş, balast, piatră spartă).. Stratul de uzură sau imbrăcămintea trebuie să indeplinească condiţiile de calitate cerute de specificul şi destinaţia incăperilor.

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Structura pardoselii: - să fie rezistente la uzura produsă de circulaţia oamenilor, animalelor sau a vehiculelor ; - să fie rezistente, fără a se deforma, la acţiunea incărcărilor uniform repartizate sau concentrate pe care le suportă ; -să nu se deformeze sau să nu se deterioreze la şocurile produse de obiectele care cad ; - să fie rezistente la poansonare ; - să fie durabile, adică să-şi păstreze un timpi cat mai indelungat caracteristicile iniţiale in condiţiile de exploatare normale pentru care au fost concepute ; - să prezinte siguranţă contra alunecării pentru a nu se produce accidente ; - să fie termoizolante pentru a impiedica pierderile de căldură din interior; Calităţile termice diferite in ceea ce priveşte asimilarea căldurii la contactul cu pardoseala diferenţiază straturile de uzură in calde şi reci ; - să fie fonoizolante pentru a atenua transmiterea prin structura pardoselii a zgomotului aerian şi de impact ; - să fie impermeabile şi rezistente la cţiunea umezelii ; - să fie uşor de executat, intreţinut, reparat şi inlocuit ; - să fie rezistente la acizi, uleiuri, grăsimi ; - să fie rezistente la foc, condiţie necesară in special pentru incăperile unde există surse de foc sau cand materialele cu care se lucrează sunt in stare incandescentă sau la temperaturi ridicate ; - să fie estetice, pardoselile contribuind in multe cazuri la aspectul decorativ al incăperii ; - să fie economice la execuţie şi intreţinere . CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

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JOINTS IN CONCRETE SLABS

Joints in concrete slabs on grade are constructed to allow the concrete slab to move slightly, and, to a degree, provide a crack-free appearance for the slab. Slab movements are caused primarily by:    

Shrinkage of the concrete, a volume change due drying Temperature changes Direct or flexural stress from applied loads Settlement of the slab

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Large differential movements may be unacceptable for heavily loaded slabs. Special design and detailing practices may be required to limit the differential movements. The slab and wall may also have to be adequately reinforced to resist any induced internal forces caused by the restriction in relative movements.

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References: 1. "Factories and Office Buildings - Arhitectural design “ 2. Constructii Industriale- Liviu Gadeanu 3. Basic Forms of Industrial Buildings, Hilla Becher & Bernd Becher , Schirmer/Mosel; Bilingual edition (October 21, 2014), ISBN-10: 382960694X 4. Caractere specifice ale arhitecturii industriale- Z. Solomon; Editura Tehnica 5. Danfang Chen, Information Management for Factory Planning and Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology School of Industrial Engineering and Management Department of Production Engineering Stockholm, Sweden, February 2012 6. Facility Design & Layout – The University of Edinburgh Mechanical Enginiring 7. Industrial Buildings (Design Manuals) JÃ1/4rgen Adam ISBN-13: 9783764321758 8. Factory Design , Chris Van Uffelen 2008, 9. http://www.ifpconsulting.de/en/process-and-factoryplanning.html?gclid=CKKV6uPY88sCFTUW0wodUogKbw 10. http://www.steelconstruction.info/Single_storey_industrial_buildings 11. https://www.uponor.com/~/media/countryspecific/international/downloadcentre/indoor_climate/special-applications/technical-guidelines-industrialufh.pdf?version=1 12. https://www.qbcc.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/Standards_and_Tolerances_Guid e_0.pdf 13. http://www.e-architect.co.uk/factory-buildings 14. http://architizer.com/blog/beautiful-factories/ CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

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Video materials:

1. 2. 3. 4.

HCJoints Cosinus Slide速 video animation Showcasing technologies in industrial concrete flooring [construction] Tour of Nuclear Power plant Sustinable Denim factory, LEED PLATINUM awarded by United States green building Council

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CURS 7

FUNDATIILE CLADIRILOR INDUSTRIALE (FOUNDATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS)

Prof. Dr. ing. Marius Mosoarca Dr. arh. Botici Alexandru CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2014-2015

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Classification: a) After composition and form:  continuous foundations under the walls /substructure;  isolated foundations under pillars;  continuous foundations under pillars;  mat foundation, which are inverted slab that supports structures poles or walls or rigid structures. b) After the materials used:  reinforced concrete foundations;  simple concrete foundations;  stone masonry (can be used in masonry foundations of reinforced earth or wood constructions temporary constructions. c) After the foundation depth (distance measured from the natural ground level or systematized to the footing):  shallow foundations, placed directly on the foundation soil;  deep foundations, achieved through special construction elements (piles, columns, caissons), whereas good foundation layer is at a great depth.

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d) After their response mode to the foundation soil:  rigid foundations (verified to requests for compression);  elastic foundations (reinforced concrete) dimensioning to bending and shear;  groups on elastic foundations (take friction and lateral thrust);  foundations bearing on top (deep); e) After the groundwater level:  dry foundations;  foundations made in water; c) After execution mode:  foundations executed on site (directly into the pit foundation);  prefabricated foundations (executed in special workshops, transported and mounted on the excavation site or knocked into the ground).

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INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS FOUNDATIONS:    

are usually isolated foundations, each column having its own foundation; common foundations for strings or groups of columns (less used); industrial buildings pillars foundations receive and transmit to the ground moments, in one or two directions, axial and shear forces; the depth of pillars foundation for industrial plants is imposed by:  adjacent foundations depth;  frost depth - industrial construction;  nature of the soil - may require lowering the foundations to layers that can withstand the pressures transmitted, sometimes it is necessary to cross the unsuitable land layers that would give large movements under load;  -groundwater level and its chemistry;

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INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS FOUNDATIONS: ď ą

ď ą

If near the foundations pillars are found foundations for technological units, that have a certain depth, or canals and tunnels of different depths, the foundation pillars are lowered to their lower level or even below. In industrial buildings, the foundation must conceived so that channels in witch are mounted different pipes, cables, etc (which are placed closer to the pillars) can pass over the first foundation block.

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MAT FOUNDATIONS:

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MAT FOUNDATIONS / RAFT FOUNDATIONS:

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MAT FOUNDATIONS / RAFT FOUNDATIONS:

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REINFORCED CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS:  



Reinforced concrete foundations are used both in industrial buildings with steel columns and in industrial buildings with concrete columns. For halls with steel columns, when the land on which sits the foundation admits low pressure execution of shallow foundation is advantageous, a reinforced concrete foundation construction with small height and large surface area. The height of the foundation should still be enough to anchor. In case of foundations with great depths, it is preferred to execute the foundation with small width, the settlement required to arm a section of the column base, possibly only wide at the bottom.

Fig.6. shallow foundation CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2014-2015

Fig.7. deep foundation

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For prefabricated reinforced concrete columns using glass foundations, which for industrial buildings can be of 2 types: ď ą simple; ď ą reinforced concrete ring foundation linked with connectors. A 2nd type of structure, which provides a better connection between column and foundation, is the top ring reinforced concrete one, which is poured after filling the gap between glass and column. The ring must be anchored tight to the foundation by fittings (connectors) coming out of the foundation.

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Drilled pier foundations to execute when the foundation soil is found in great depth. To get to share foundation is weak cross layers of ground, ground water, etc. For foundation depths of 10-15 m, can be used prefabricated reinforced concrete piles, introduced by striking (Figure 9). Prefabricated non-economic drivers are too long because they require much reinforcement conditions imposed for driving. In case of great depths, requiring long pilots, pilots executed using drilling. There are modern facilities that can run lengths and drilled piles with large diameters. Requires reinforcement lower than those introduced by driving can be reached with such systems riders 20 ... 24 m and more. Heads pilots need to be placed in the ground long enough resistance (3..5 m). CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2014-2015

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SOIL IMPROVEMENT AND CONSOLIDATION:

-GROUT INJECTIONS; -BALLAST COLUMNS; -CEMENT COLUMNS;

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VIBRATED STONE COLUMNS FOUNDATIONS

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PILE FOUNDATIONS

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Pile foundations are executed when the proper foundation soil is found in great depth. To obtain the depth for these foundations layers of weak ground is crossed, ground water, etc. For foundation depths of 10-15 m, can be used prefabricated reinforced concrete piles, introduced by striking (Figure 9). Two long prefabricated reinforced piles are not economic suited because they require much reinforcement conditions imposed by the procedure. In case of great depths, requiring long pilots, pilots are executed using drilling. There are modern facilities that can run lengths and drilled piles with large diameters. It requires lower reinforcement than those introduced by striking. With such systems can be reached depths of 20 ... 24 m and more. Heads of pilots need to be placed in the ground long enough for resistance (3..5 m). CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2014-2015

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Vertical pile foundations can not take important horizontal forces. When such loads are introduced at the edges inclined piles. If near a pile foundations could store various materials in large quantities under the action of pressure and horizontal pushing the pilots would develop greater thrust that would move and bend pilots, deforming them may even break lateral. It could even be breaking pilots. It is necessary to compact the ground well as deposit sufficient depth. This compaction can be done by introducing riders in the warehouse, which was intended to take and transmit stuffed with ground, deposit loads more resistant to the lower layers.

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PILE FOUNDATIONS

6 Agr.Ø6/40 L=125

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300

80 80

Ø301

-1.80 48.35

180

100

145

18 buloane M36 la 30° 110

-1.25 48.90

GFT1 80x100 Rost 10 cm.

130

Ø341

10 10

55 -1.80 48.35

Ø1200 1

120

380 260 500

25 100

-1.25 48.90

110

3 6Ø16 L=490 490

260 500

±0.00 -1.80 50.15 48.35

170

Ø1200

120

180

120

2 7Ø25 L=520 490

1 7Ø25 L=850 490 110 4 Etr.Ø10/20 L=575

100 65

240

120

500

170

120

-1.95 48.35

170

260

1 Rost 10 cm. 60 10 40

15° 30°

5 40 Etr.Ø10/20 L=435

120

-0.25 49.90

380

-0.25 49.90

20 20 20

80 10 80 10 1 7Ø25

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6Ø16 3 P1

300

GFT3 80x100

Rost 10 cm. 40 40 10 60

1 7Ø25

60 10 40 40 10 80 10 80

±0.00 50.15

Placa inelara 200x20 D=3410,d=3010

3 6Ø16

520 600

120

4 Ø10/20 5 Ø10/20 6 Ø6/40

7Ø25 2

Etr.Ø10/20 500

40 40 10 60 80 10 120 80 10

7Ø25 2

2 C

321

Radier rezervor Scara 1:50

SECTIUNE 1-1 Scara 1:40

65 35 100

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SPRIJINIREA EXCAVATIILOR CU : TANGENTI

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piloti forati perimetrali

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SPRIJINIREA EXCAVATIILOR CU : piloti forati perimetrali SECANTI

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SPRIJINIREA EXCAVATIILOR CU : piloti forati perimetrali DISTANTATI

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FUNDATII DE ADANCIME : 1.PILOTI FORATI SUB PROTECTIE DE NOROI BENTONITIC D=0.351.5 M;

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FUNDATII DE ADANCIME : 2. PILOTI FORATI CU TUB RECUPERABIL DIAMETRUL D = 0.62  1.2 M;

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IMBUNATIREA TERENULUI DE FUNDARE PRIN BATERE

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Procedeul de îmbunatatire locala a terenurilor slabe de fundare cu materiale locale.

tie izolata

Zona teren împanat a teren îndesat

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CONSTRUCTIVE MEASURES FOR GROUND IMPROVEMENT IN CASE SENSITIVE SOILS • In our country there are large areas of soft land susceptible to soaking (land of loess). • Under the influence of moisture and drying land alter its volume; During these variations in volume on the construction large forces grow, which can lead to breakage and other serious damage. Shrinkage effects are greater for land area and go to 3 ... 4 m depth. • For industrial buildings foundation built on loess land, measures must be taken to avoid high different compactions. • These measures depend on the softening land degree, loess layer thickness, importance of buildings, the amount of water that is circulated in the hall or in the vicinity. The thickness of the softening loess rather exceeds 20..24 m.

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• The solution that would eliminate subsidence of the foundation consists in crossing the layers of loess and founding the nonsensitive layer at the base of loess. • This solution is recommended in case of heavy construction, buildings susceptible to subsidence, of vital operations buildings and where exploitations use water in large quantities and where there is therefore a greater danger of softening the loes by water leaks . • The soaking of loes layer can occur starting from his base by raising groundwater levels gradually fuelled in different ways.

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If this possibility would not exist or would exist in a limited extent, construction less heavy, less important for safe operation, can be founded on loess layers of compacted thickness of 1 ... 3 m, which have become, by reducing loes porosity, soaking insensitive. These compacted layers prevent in the area, water from the surface run below in a loose loess foundation. Other measures relate to reducing water loss from pipes, canals, pools and other facilities that use water. Waters resulting from rainfall and snow melt should not stagnate, so it is necessary to take measures for organizing water flows throughout the land of that industry property. In case of industrial buildings placed on land susceptible to softening, besides the measures that regard foundations in general, in some situations, different measures are needed: constructive applied to the structure and other elements of the hall. CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2014-2015

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• For the structure of the halls solutions as little susceptible to subsidence differentiated movement it will be adopted. • The structure girders as the longitudinal link girders, where they are continuous built, are to be constructed to withstand the deformations in the elastic limit for possible ground subsidence. • The continuous girders are to be articulated pole linked, so that it possible ground subsidence occurs they raise the level of their initial strength. • This solution is easily accomplished when the girders are metallic. In case of heavy structures with large spans we can adopt the solution with independent girder systems for each opening, pole articulated, so that if necessary the correct connection for the poles and foundations can be done. CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2014-2015

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Disadvantageous effects may result from the rotation of the foundations due to subsidence.

Solutions will be adopted to limit the rotation effect for foundations or solutions to correct foundations to pillar connections, such as placing base metal poles above ground. One issue that may occur in the case of deep foundations, are the displacements at the pillars base due to foundation block spin. To prevent or reduce to acceptable values these displacements, the upper end of the foundation is supported horizontal above the compacted earth, tile or concrete floor, arranged for this purpose.

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Machine Foundations

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Machine Foundations

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References: 1. http://www.civilengineeringbasic.com/mat-foundation-advantagesdisadvantages/ 2. http://www.civilengineeringbasic.com/mat-foundation-construction-advantagesdisadvantages/ 3. http://www.buildinghow.com/en-us/Products/Books/Volume-A/Thereinforcement-II/Foundation/Raft-foundation 4. http://www.sunlyengineering.com/stone-column.html 5. http://www.constructiimoderne.ro/hale-metalice/fundatii 6. http://www.buildinghow.com/en-us/Products/Books/Volume-A/Thereinforcement-II/Foundation/Raft-foundation 7. http://www.zetas.com.tr/index.php?id=224000&dil=EN 8. http://www.nouapietre.ro/ 9. http://www.weberbau.ro/romana/portofoliu/hala-spatii-de-productieenergobit.html 10. http://www.geotechnical.com/ultimo/soil-modification.htm 11. http://www.pcacontracting.com.au/portfolio-items/cement-grouting 12. http://www.pcacontracting.com.au/ 13. http://www.vibromenard.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/StoneColumns.pdf 14. http://www.vibromenard.co.uk/techniques/stone-columns/ 15. http://www.zappiling.com.sg/our-capability/pile-foundation-works/ 16. http://daconstruction.com/all-industrial/

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Video materials: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Vibro STA 7500 Stone Column CeTeau Vibro Stone Columns Installation. How Dam is Constructed [3D Animation] Construction of Mat Footing

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CURS 8

CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE DIN BETON ARMAT (REINFORCED CONCRETE INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS)

Prof. dr. ing. Marius Mosoarca Dr. arh. Alexandru Botici CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2014-2015

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DESIGN OF PRECAST INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS IN CONCRETE

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PRECAST ELEMENTS TYPOLOGIES:

 FOUNDATION SOCKETS - Geometry, section profiles, reinforcement details Interaction curve  COLUMNS - Needed types, section profiles - Interaction curves, considering the column height and the adverse effects of second order; - Reinforcement optimization in the section - Study of headpieces - Consoles sizing for decks and for bridge crane beams.  BEAMS - Needed types, section profiles, pre-stressed mask. - Interaction curves: element geometry and reinforcement, prestressed action are related with beam lights and loads applied - Mould drawing ;Pull sink study and drawing - Production drawing with the typical reinforcement details, dimensions and calculations to facilitate steel cages implementation and mould installation.  DOUBLE TEE SLAB AND SECONDARY HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS - Needed types, section profiles, and pre-stressed mask. - Interaction curves: element geometry and reinforcement, prestressed action, cast in place related to slab lights and loads applied - Mould drawing - Pull sink study and drawing Production drawing with the typical reinforcement details, dimensions and calculations to facilitate steel cages implementation and mould installation.

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PRECAST ELEMENTS TYPOLOGIES: ď ą PANELS -executive project of the horizontal or vertical, bearing or nonbearing walls - Executive drawings (carpentry and reinforcement) with useful information about technical system holes, lifting data and workingplace systems and details - Drawings of joint details, with anchors and support structure - Study and design of walls with typical reinforcement details dimensions and calculations. ď ą EXECUTIVE DRAWINGS include, for the precast building studied: - Main architectural drawings: layouts, plants, fronts and sections - Geometric and connection details ( columns, walls, beams, slabs, etc ..) - Design of all typical elements - Study of all stages of production, handling, storage and transportation of all elements.

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Prefabricated elements of reinforced concrete

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Advantages.

1. 2. 3.

high resistance to fire; accepted higher execution errors; are rigid structures and therefore should not be taken additional measures to be conformed to wind or earthquake codes. A special case is for halls fitted with cranes where the braking trolley movements are taken from reinforced concrete diaphragms; no major problems with moisture;

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Disadvantages The great disadvantage of reinforced concrete halls is the heavy structural elements ; which automatically involve the use of heavy equipment for handling and putting them into work

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Structures with pillars, transversal beams and roof elements

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Structures with pillars, transversal beams, purlins and roof elements.

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Structures with pillars, longitudinal beams and roof elements.

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The main beams: lattice beams

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Types of concrete pillars

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The beams or the roof frames are made monolithic or prefabricated, with full hearted or latticed girders

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Large girders made in one piece creates problems to transport, so usually they are made of sections and assembled on site by postcompression.

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Reinforced concrete girders with large span : Vierendeel truss

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Bidirectional roofs are made of different types of prefabricated elements which are assembled by prestressing. These include: - Plane elements sections, type of “I” hollow beams or lattice type beams; - Cross-type elements (T or L); - Spatial elements triangular and pyramidal – (bars elements); - Spatial elements box types, pyramid trunks (plates); - Spatial elements parallelepiped box type - with thin walls; - Spatial elements crosslinking caissons type: lattice beams sections on two directions with molded plate

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At the top of the building, double tees sit on precast girders to form the next level or the roof line.

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The double-tee roof panel also can be connected to both the insulated sandwich wall panel and the girder at the exterior wall.

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When connecting insulated wall panels to footings, plastic or steel shims often are used beneath the panel.

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Columns connect to individual footings via base plates that are shimmed to level the column.

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Joint types for industrial buildings made of reinforced concrete

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Joint types for industrial buildings made of reinforced concrete

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Joint types for industrial buildings made of reinforced concrete

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Post-tensioned Box Grider

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Solutions to reduce the number JOINTS

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bracings of reinforced concrete industrial buildings

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PALSBU, NORVEGIA

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PALSBU, NORVEGIA

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ď ą Or those elements can be combined with loadbearing structural panels offering an architectural face mix and exposedaggregate finish. In many cases, insulated sandwich wall panels provide additional benefits, especially greater energy efficiency.

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Construction with a special purpose 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Water castles Underground reservoirs Wine reservoirs Basins Escalades Chimneys, towers Silos

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1.Castele de apa Castelele de apa: servesc ca rezervoare de inmagazinare ; realizare a unei presini constante in retea. Utilizate la inceputuri in industrie sau cladiri izolate (gari silozuri). Initial erau realizate cu pereti de sustinere din zidariede caramida /beton, rezervorul â&#x20AC;&#x201C; beton armat/metal. Ulterior s-a utilizat folosirea betonului monolit si a prefabricatelor . turnare in cofraje glisante â&#x20AC;&#x201C; castele cu capacitate de 25.50-100mc.

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2. Rezervoarele subterane Rezervoarele subterane de apa: trebuie sa fie perfect etansate impotriva infiltratiilor Utilizate la statii de alimentare si tratare a apei.

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3. Rezervoarele pentru vin Rezervoarele pentru vin: depozitare tratare; O pb a constat in impermeabilizarea betonului. Sein si Nusfalau – trei grupuri de cisterne cu cate 16 compartimente – 40.000 l Testare prin realizarea a unei structuri din beton monolit placata cu sticla striata si rosturile inchise cu silicat de sodiu => s-a dovedit ineficienta: modificari in volum; modificari ale temp=> craparea sticlei;

 Tratat cu silicat de sodiu in 3 straturi;  Sol cu acid tartric  Functionat din 1951.

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Cramele formeaza insasi corpul subsolului c-tiei Tomesti, Liesti Nicoresti - cap 60 de vagoane

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4. Bazine Bazine pentru pastratrea lichidelor - deschis:

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5. Cai de rulare exterioare , estacade Bazine pntru pastratrea lichidelor - deschis:

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7. Silos Silos –ing. Anghel Saligny Constanţa

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7. Silos

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7. Silos

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References: 1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Construction Management and Design of Industrial Concrete and Steel Structures Constructii de beton armat - Ĺ&#x17E;ef Lucr.ing. Puskas Attila 3 http://www.concretecentre.com/technical_information/building_sectors/industria l_buildings.aspx http://www.csgengineering.eu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view& gid=33&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=44&lang=tr https://www.wbdg.org/design/warehouse.php http://www.dezeen.com/architecture/industrial/ http://www.europrefabricate.com.ro/page.php?id=1 http://www.incontro.ro/home.php

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Video materials: 1. ALEMCO HFO Power Plant Overview 2. BBC McLaren Factory Documentary Part 1 3. McLaren Automotive today launches a new kind of industrial building - the McLaren Production Centre

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CURS 9

CLADIRI PARTER CU DESCHIDERI MARI DIN LEMN ( WOOD SINGLE STORY INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS WITH LARGE OPENINGS )

Prof. dr. ing. Marius Mosoarca Dr. arh. Alexandru Botici CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

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Advantages: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

It can be installed in dry conditions has its own weight lower than other materials reduced installation time; cheap material; possibility for light reassemble with functional and constructive flexibility; 6. allows a greater margin of error than other structures; 7. can easily be prefabricated and rather in large size.

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Disadvantages: 1. Requires a larger foundation for taking stretches that may arise under wind action. 2. Has large displacements, for stiffening it must be braced. If higher 'actions as earthquake or high wind occur finish cracks may appear due to deformations. 3. Must be treated against fire; 4. Must be treated against biological factors.

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slope lengtht height

straight beams

two slopes beams

boomerang beams

tapered beams

trapezoidal beams

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slope lengtht height curved beam

beam with support

cantilever beam

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slope lengtht height system with three hinges

system with three hinges and braces

system with three hinge arch

system with three hinge arch and ties

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slope lengtht height system with three hinges with corner joint comb

system with three hinges with corner joint

system with three hinges with metallic vertical poles

system with three hinges with tie pillar

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slope lengtht height lattice truss

triangular lattice truss

trapezoidal lattice truss

truss beam to parallel edges

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slope lengtht height Three hinges system with reticular shape

cassette

Spatial system

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Consolidated beams type

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Grinzi cu inima plină din scânduri

incrucişate bătute în cuie se pot realiza cu tălpi paralele, cu o pantă, sau două pante. Se pot acoperi deschideri de 9-12 m. Mai puţin folosită, deoarece reclamă un consum mare de manoperă şi material lemnos.

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Glued beams

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Truss beams

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Wood domes

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Factory Hall – Bobingen, GERMANIA          

Project details building type: craftsmanship and industrial construction, workshop support structure construction: frame construction facade construction: building envelope roof construction: flat roof support structure material: wood facade material: plastic, polycarbonate roof material: plastic interior work material: wood, wood-based material, plastic topic: interiors, facades, industrial buildings, lightweight constructions, materials and finishes

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Factory Hall Kaufmann Holz AG – Bobingen, GERMANIA  the outer chord of columns supports the roof construction, the lower inner chord bears a gantry rail.

 Two spans of 21 m each, pillars are positioned at 6m; beams are arranged at 2m

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Factory Hall Kaufmann Holz AG – Bobingen, GERMANIA

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Kitazawa Kenichiku Factory – by Fumiko Misawa + Masahiro Inayama  timber mill

 18 meter-wide span  roof is supported by system of trusses

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Kitazawa Kenichiku Factory â&#x20AC;&#x201C; by Fumiko Misawa + Masahiro Inayama

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Bodegas Protos - Penafiel, SPAIN

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Bodegas Protos - Penafiel, SPAIN

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References: 1. curs "Proiectarea Strcuturilor" - Constructii din lemn, an IV 2. "Factories and Office Buildings - Arhitectural design " 3. http://www.detail-online.com/architecture/topics/factory-hall-in-bobingen015084.html 4. http://www.heritagebc.ca/2010-heritage-bc-awards/salt-building 5. http://scoutmagazine.ca/2013/06/24/you-should-know-a-few-cool-things-aboutthe-old-salt-building-on-false-creek/ 6. http://www.architectureanddesign.com.au/features/features-articles/newtimber-technology-drives-design-innovation-acr 7. http://www.domeincorporated.com/wood-frame-domes.html 8. http://www.archdaily.com/500502/bodegas-protos-richard-rogers-alonso-ybalaguer/ 9. http://www.wooden-homes.com/category/wooden-domes/ 10. https://www.japlusu.com/news/remarkable-japanese-timber-structures 11. http://www.archdaily.com/500502/bodegas-protos-richard-rogers-alonso-ybalaguer

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Video materials: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Advanced Engineering Concepts in Solid Wood Construction Large Wood Structures 2010 North-central Wood Design Awards 2014 WoodWorks Wood Design Awards Complex Structures- Solutions in Wood

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CURS 10

CLADIRI PARTER CU DESCHIDERI MARI DIN METAL (METALIC INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS)

Prof. dr. ing. Marius Mosoarca Arh. dr. Alexandru Botici CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2014-2016

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Steel building components

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Alcatuire cladire metalica modulata:

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Truss beam – steel columns

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Steel poles with crane:

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I steel beams

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Types of truss joints

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Steel truss columns and beams – clear span

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Roof types

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Crosslinked Roof

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Detalii noduri structura reticulata

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Renault Distribution Centre

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Fleetfuard Factory by Richard Rogers

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Large span steel domes

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Large span steel domes

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Large span steel domes

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STRUCTURA COSTURILOR - Costul proiectării 2 % - Costul materialelor 35 – 43 %  o Laminate (profile mici mai scumpe +15%)  o Taiere, debitare (respectarea tolerantelor +2-4%)  o Calitatea de hotel S235 / S355 (+15-20%)  o Electrozi (1-2% din greutatea structurii, preţul 3 ori mai mare decât hotel)  o Dispozitive de asamblare (2-3 % din greutatea structurii, preţul de 2 ori mai  mare)  o Vopseaua (1 tona OL / 3kg vopsea)  o Pierderi  Platbande 4 – 10 %  Corniere, profile U 3 – 14 %  Erori 1 – 3 %  o Transportul laminatelor la uzina – 5 -10 % din valoarea lor (funcţie de distanta)

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STRUCTURA COSTURILOR - Execuţia in uzina 37 – 41 %

 Materiale  Profile, electrozi, nituri, şuruburi, vopsea  Combustibil  Energie  Cote de amortizare  Salarii  Regie  Profitul uzinei  o Transportul elementelor de la uzina la şantier  Distanta  Forma si dimensiunea – încărcare compacta - Costul montajului 18 – 22 %  o Asamblare la montaj  o Punere la poziţie  o Funcţionarea utilajelor - Cheltuieli de întreţinere / mentenanţa – reparaţii, vopsire (la 6 – 8 ani 4 – 5 %) - Economicitatea unei soluţii – cheltuieli de întreţinere, cota de amortizare

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REDUCEREA COSTURILOR Proiectarea – reducerea consumului – concepţia, forma constructiva, schema statica, rezolvarea îngrijita a detaliilor, folosirea elementelor tipizate si uniformizate, reduc de asemenea manopera. Coeficientul de construcţie – raportul intre greutatea construcţiei si greutatea ei teoretica – cat mai puţine elemente alese pe baza constructiva, adoptarea unor gusee de dimensiuni reduse, eliminarea solidarizărilor si rigidizărilor inutile. - Metode de calcul – cat mai apropiate de modul de comportare a structurii care sa folosească rezerva de rezistenta - Reducerea volumului de munca pentru execuţie si montaj – îmbinările necesita volum de munca mare, formele adoptate trebuie sa permită folosirea metodelor de lucru si a utilajelor cele mai performante – taiere automata, sudare sub strat de flux – soluţii tip. - Otelurile superioare - Laminatele sa fie folosite la lungimea lor maxima de laminare - Alegerea secţiunilor economice - Execuţia – optimizarea, tehnologizare etc - Montajul organizarea – reduce costul, accelerează procesul de montaj (reduce timpul).

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Wood facade

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Glass facade

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free-form steel facade

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References: 1. http://ticcih.org/ 2. BestPractice_Industrial 3. Constructii metalice partea II 4. www.fosterandpartners.com -Renault Distribution Centre Swindon, UK 5. http://www.clearspan.com/ 6. http://www.morris.co.za/projects/dcd-dorbyl/ 7. http://www.dcd.co.za/miningandenergy/DCDWindTowers.aspx 8. http://hindustanalcox.tradeindia.com/steel-domes-966773.html 9. http://www.cstindustries.com/cst-covers/ 10. http://geometrica.com/en/quayside-storage-domes 11. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_industrial STAS 767/0-88: Constructii civile, industriale si agricole. Constructii din otel. Conditii generale de calitate. STAS 500/1-89: Oteluri de uz general pentru constructii. Conditii generale tehnice de calitate. STAS 8600-79: Constructii civile, industriale si agrozootehnice. Tolerante si asamblari in constructii. Sistem de tolerante. STAS 10564/1-81: Taierea cu oxigen a metalelor. Clase de calitate a taieturilor. C150-99: Normativ privind calitatea imbinarilor sudate din otel ale constructiilor civile, industriale si agricole. C56-85: Normativ pentru verificarea calitatii si receptia lucrarilor de constructii si instalatii aferente.â&#x20AC;?

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Video materials: 1. Steel Awards - B&T Factory and Warehouse Category Winner 2. Steel Awards 2015 - ASTPM Tubular Category

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CURS 11

CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE REALIZATE DIN MATERIALE DIFERITE –MIXTE (INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS WITH MIXED STRUCTURE)

Prof. dr. ing. Marius Mosoarca Arh. dr. Alexandru Botici CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

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STEEL COLUMNS –WOOD BEAMS:

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Chayi Industrial Innovation Center / Bio-architecture formosana

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Chayi Industrial Innovation Center / Bio-architecture formosana

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Portland Jetport Portland, Maine Architect: Gensler

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STEEL COLUMNS –WOOD BEAMS:  Timber’s advantage over steel in this class of building is that it achieves the required fire-rating without additional materials to wrap and protect it.  A steel beam exposed to flame will loose its structural strength before a comparable timber beam will. The timber ceiling, beams and columns will all be exposed as finished interior surfaces.

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STEEL COLUMNS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; LAMELAR WOOD BEAMS:

Several characteristics of wood are also relevant to overall connection behavior. First, wood is anisotropic, meaning it has different strength properties in different directions: longitudinal (strong), tangential (weaker) and radial (weakest).

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STEEL COLUMNS – GLUED-LAMINATED TIMBER BEAMS

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Biomass Heating Plant, Hotchkiss School Connecticut Centerbrook Architects and Planner

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Biomass Heating Plant, Hotchkiss School Connecticut

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Biomass Heating Plant, Hotchkiss School Connecticut

Wall systems include glued laminated timber, laminated veneer lumber, parallel strand lumber and Douglas-fir interior framing. The roof features glulam girders and beams with a metal deck. Aesthetically, the design creates an iconic presence while merging into its natural setting. CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2014-2015

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CONCRETE COLUMNS – WOOD LAMELAR BEAMS : Heavybit Industries / IwamotoScott Architecture

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 There is a truss system which’s components are reinforced concrete columns and timber beams with steel junction elements between them.  Dimensions of the reinforced concrete columns and timber beams are calculated and then designed to carry the roof. With scissors in the connection points, whole system has a complex geometry. CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2014-2015

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STEEL COLUMNS - SPATIAL STEEL ROOF

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CONCRETE COLUMNS –STEEL BEAMS:

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DETALII:

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DETALII:

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ANSEU INTERMEDIAR:

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CONCRETE COLUMNS – STEEL TRUSSES:

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CONCRETE COLUMNS – TRUSS BEAMS:

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ZINC AND LEAD STORAGE AND LOADING FACILITY AT LĂ&#x153;DERITZ HARBOUR, NAMIBIA

The project entails the bulk storage of zinc and lead ore for exporting purposes. Ship loading of 12 to15 thousand tons of ore must be completed within a period of 30 to 40 hours; therefore the client needed an efficient storage facility that would be able to handle these stringent requirements.

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ZINC AND LEAD STORAGE AND LOADING FACILITY AT LÜDERITZ HARBOUR, NAMIBIA

 The engineer describes it as:  “Tubular sections – the obvious choice.”  span of 65 metres

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References: 1. http://continuingeducation.bnpmedia.com/article_print.php?L=312&C=1464 2. http://www.archdaily.com/416015/chayi-industrial-innovation-center-bioarchitecture-formosana/ 3. https://www.huduser.gov/portal/publications/Hybrid_Steelguide.pdf 4. http://continuingeducation.bnpmedia.com/article_print.php?L=312&C=1464 5. http://mtc.com.my/timbernews/glulam-a-new-source-of-growth-for-themalaysian-timber-industry/ 6. http://www.centerbrook.com/project/hotchkiss_school_biomass_heating_facility 7. http://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/biomass-heating-planthotchkiss-schoo 8. http://www.archdaily.com/401795/heavybit-industries-iwamotoscott-architecture 9. https://www.heavybit.com/ 10. http://kardelensteel.com/steel-space-frame/ 11. http://jakosakft.hu/en/references/lakics-machine-factory-buildings-kaposvar/ 12. http://sections.arcelormittal.com/fileadmin/redaction/4-Library/4SBE/EN/SSB05_Detailed_Design_of_Trusses.pdf 13. http://saisc.co.za/saisc/downloads/2014/archives_vol38no3/zinc.pdf

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Video materials: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Advanced Engineering Concepts in Solid Wood Construction Large Wood Buildings in Europe. Resilient Seismic Design in Multi-Story Wood Buildings One Seven速 Stationary Systems - Protection of Industrial Buildings

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CURS 12 PROTECTIA PATRIMONIULUI INDUSTRIAL (INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE PROTECTION)

Prof. dr. ing. Marius Mosoarca Arh. dr. Alexandru Botici CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

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TICCIH is the world organization representing industrial heritage and is special adviser to ICOMOS on industrial heritage. This charter was originated by TICCIH and will be presented to ICOMOS for ratification and for eventual approval by UNESCO. Preamble The delegates assembled for the 2003 TICCIH Congress in Russia wish therefore to assert that the buildings and structures built for industrial activities, the processes and tools used within them and the towns and landscapes in which they are located, along with all their other tangible and intangible manifestations, are of fundamental importance. They should be studied, their history should be taught, their meaning and significance should be probed and made clear for everyone, and the most significant and characteristic examples should be identified, protected and maintained, in accordance with the spirit of the Venice Charter [1], for the use and benefit of today and of the future.

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1. Definition of industrial heritage: Industrial heritage consists of the remains of industrial culture which are of historical, technological, social, architectural or scientific value. These remains consist of buildings and machinery, workshops, mills and factories, mines and sites for processing and refining, warehouses and stores, places where energy is generated, transmitted and used, transport and all its infrastructure, as well as places used for social activities related to industry such as housing, religious worship or education. Industrial archaeology is an interdisciplinary method of studying all the evidence, material and immaterial, of documents, artefacts, stratigraphy and structures, human settlements and natural and urban landscapes [2], created for or by industrial processes. It makes use of those methods of investigation that are most suitable to increase understanding of the industrial past and present. The historical period of principal interest extends forward from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the second half of the eighteenth century up to and including the present day, while also examining its earlier pre-industrial and proto-industrial roots. In addition it draws on the study of work and working techniques encompassed by the history of of technology.

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2. Values of industrial heritage I. The industrial heritage is the evidence of activities which had and continue to have profound historical consequences. The motives for protecting the industrial heritage are based on the universal value of this evidence, rather than on the singularity of unique sites. II. The industrial heritage is of social value as part of the record of the lives of ordinary men and women, and as such it provides an important sense of identity. It is of technological and scientific value in the history of manufacturing, engineering, construction, and it may have considerable aesthetic value for the quality of its architecture, design or planning. III. These values are intrinsic to the site itself, its fabric, components, machinery and setting, in the industrial landscape, in written documentation, and also in the intangible records of industry contained in human memories and customs. IV. Rarity, in terms of the survival of particular processes, site typologies or landscapes, adds particular value and should be carefully assessed. Early or pioneering examples are of especial value.

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3. The importance of identification, recording and research I. Every territory should identify, record and protect the industrial remains that it wants to preserve for future generations. II. Surveys of areas and of different industrial typologies should identify the extent of the industrial heritage. Using this information, inventories should be created of all the sites that have been identified. They should be devised to be easily searchable and should be freely accessible to the public. Computerization and on-line access are valuable objectives. III. Recording is a fundamental part of the study of industrial heritage. A full record of the physical features and condition of a site should be made and placed in a public archive before any interventions are made. Much information can be gained if recording is carried out before a process or site has ceased operation. Records should include descriptions, drawings, photographs and video film of moving objects, with references to supporting documentation. Peoples' memories are a unique and irreplaceable resource which should also be recorded when they are available.

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IV. Archaeological investigation of historic industrial sites is a fundamental technique for their study. It should be carried out to the same high standards as that of sites from other historical or cultural periods. V. Programs of historical research are needed to support policies for the protection of the industrial heritage. Because of the interdependency of many industrial activities, international studies can help identify sites and types of sites of world importance. VI. The criteria for assessing industrial buildings should be defined and published so as to achieve general public acceptance of rational and consistent standards. On the basis of appropriate research, these criteria should be used to identify the most important surviving landscapes, settlements, sites, typologies, buildings, structures, machines and processes. VII. Those sites and structures that are identified as important should be protected by legal measures that are sufficiently strong to ensure the conservation of their significance. The World Heritage List of UNESCO should give due recognition to the tremendous impact that industrialization has had on human culture.

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VIII. The value of significant sites should be defined and guidelines for future interventions established. Any legal, administrative and financial measures that are necessary to maintain their value should be put in place. IX. Sites that are at risk should be identified so that appropriate measures can be taken to reduce that risk and facilitate suitable schemes for repairing or re-using them. X. International co-operation is a particularly appropriate approach to the conservation of the industrial heritage through co-ordinated initiatives and sharing resources. Compatible criteria should be developed to compile international inventories and databases.

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4. Legal protection I. The industrial heritage should be seen as an integral part of the cultural heritage in general. Nevertheless, its legal protection should take into account the special nature of the industrial heritage. It should be capable of protecting plant and machinery, below-ground elements, standing structures, complexes and ensembles of buildings, and industrial landscapes. Areas of industrial waste should be considered for their potential archaeological as well as ecological value. II. Programs for the conservation of the industrial heritage should be integrated into policies for economic development and into regional and national planning.

III. The most important sites should be fully protected and no interventions allowed that compromise their historical integrity or the authenticity of their fabric. Sympathetic adaptation and re-use may be an appropriate and a cost-effective way of ensuring the survival of industrial buildings, and should be encouraged by appropriate legal controls, technical advice, tax incentives and grants.

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IV. Industrial communities which are threatened by rapid structural change should be supported by central and local government authorities. Potential threats to the industrial heritage from such changes should be anticipated and plans prepared to avoid the need for emergency actions. V. Procedures should be established for responding quickly to the closure of important industrial sites to prevent the removal or destruction of significant elements. The competent authorities should have statutory powers to intervene when necessary to protect important threatened sites. VI. Government should have specialist advisory bodies that can give independent advice on questions relating to the protection and conservation of industrial heritage, and their opinions should be sought on all important cases. VII. Every effort should be made to ensure the consultation and participation of local communities in the protection and conservation of their local industrial heritage. VIII. Associations and societies of volunteers have an important role in identifying sites, promoting public participation in industrial conservation and disseminating information and research, and as such are indispensable actors in the theatre of industrial heritage. CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2014-2016

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5. Maintenance and conservation I. Conservation of the industrial heritage depends on preserving functional integrity, and interventions to an industrial site should therefore aim to maintain this as far as possible. The value and authenticity of an industrial site may be greatly reduced if machinery or components are removed, or if subsidiary elements which form part of a whole site are destroyed. II. The conservation of industrial sites requires a thorough knowledge of the purpose or purposes to which they were put, and of the various industrial processes which may have taken place there. These may have changed over time, but all former uses should be examined and assessed. III. Preservation in situ should always be given priority consideration. Dismantling and relocating a building or structure are only acceptable when the destruction of the site is required by overwhelming economic or social needs. IV. The adaptation of an industrial site to a new use to ensure its conservation is usually acceptable except in the case of sites of especial historical significance. New uses should respect the significant material and maintain original patterns of circulation and activity, and should be compatible as much as possible with the original or principal use. An area that interprets the former use is recommended.

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V. Continuing to adapt and use industrial buildings avoids wasting energy and contributes to sustainable development. Industrial heritage can have an important role in the economic regeneration of decayed or declining areas. The continuity that re-use implies may provide psychological stability for communities facing the sudden end a long-standing sources of employment. VI. Interventions should be reversible and have a minimal impact. Any unavoidable changes should be documented and significant elements that are removed should be recorded and stored safely. Many industrial processes confer a patina that is integral to the integrity and interest of the site.

VII. Reconstruction, or returning to a previous known state, should be considered an exceptional intervention and one which is only appropriate if it benefits the integrity of the whole site, or in the case of the destruction of a major site by violence. VIII. The human skills involved in many old or obsolete industrial processes are a critically important resource whose loss may be irreplaceable. They need to be carefully recorded and transmitted to younger generations. IX. Preservation of documentary records, company archives, building plans, as well as sample specimens of industrial products should be encouraged.

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6. Education and training I. Specialist professional training in the methodological, theoretical and historical aspects of industrial heritage should be taught at technical and university levels. II. Specific educational material about the industrial past and its heritage should be produced by and for students at primary and secondary level.

7. Presentation and interpretation I. Public interest and affection for the industrial heritage and appreciation of its values are the surest ways to conserve it. Public authorities should actively explain the meaning and value of industrial sites through publications, exhibitions, television, the Internet and other media, by providing sustainable access to important sites and by promoting tourism in industrial areas. II. Specialist industrial and technical museums and conserved industrial sites are both important means of protecting and interpreting the industrial heritage. III. Regional and international routes of industrial heritage can highlight the continual transfer of industrial technology and the large-scale movement of people that can be caused by it. CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 20142015

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II. IV. Ghidul privind recuperarea prin reconversia cladirilor, incintelor si zonelor de productie si depozitare, abandonate si/sau incompatibile functional. Norm for production buildings; storage areas; abandoned / or functionally incompatible buildings and premises, recovery by conversion.

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III.

Industrial heritage registered as world heritage sites (typical examples)  The United Kingdom：Ironbridge Gorge, Derwent Valley Mills, Saltaire, New Lanark etc  France：Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans, Canal du Midi etc  Germany : Mines of Rammelsberg and Historic Town of Goslar, Volklingen Ironworks etc  Netherlands：Mill Network at Kinderdijk-Elshout etc  Italy：Crespi d’Adda etc  Japan：Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine and its Cultural Landscape

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III. Industrial examples)

heritage

registered

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heritage

sites

(typical

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IV. Industrial heritage in Romania  Law 9/2008 - Law on the legal regime of the technical and industrial

heritage (Lege privind regimul juridic al patrimoniului tehnic si industrial, legea nr. 6/2008) M. Of. nr. 24 / 11 ian. 2008 Monitorul Oficial 24/2008  Law 422/2001 protection of historic monuments  Law 182/2000 protection of national cultural heritage  Examples: Bd. Basarabia sect.3

256

B-II-a-A-18091

Halele Uzinei Malaxa

municipiul Bucureşti

B-II-a-A-18092

Fabrica de tevi

municipiul Bucureşti

Bd. Basarabia 256 sect.3

1936-1938

B-II-m-A-18393

Hala Traian

municipiul Bucureşti

Calea Călăraşilor 133 sect.3

1896

CJ-II-m-A07534.04 TM-II-m-A-06094

Moara Castelului Bánffy

Centrală hidroelectrică

TM-II-m-A-06122 Turn de apa

TM-II-m-A-06134 Abator

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sat Bonţida; Bonţida municipiul

com.

TIMIŞOARA

municipiul TIMIŞOARA municipiul TIMIŞOARA

1933

152 -154

Pe canalul Bega

1907 - 1910

Str. Bariţiu G. 3

1912 - 1914

Bd. Eroilor de la Tisa 24

1904-1905

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V. EXAMPLES - ZECHE ZOLLVEREIN

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 100 HECTARES IN THE NORTH OF ESSEN, SHAFT XII, SHAFT 1/2/8 AND COKING PLANT ZOLLVEREIN.  THE FIRST SHAFT WAS SUNK IN 1847, THE LAST COAL MINED IN 1986 AND THE COKING PLANT SHUT DOWN IN 1993.  THE BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES HAVE BEEN OFFICIALLY LISTED AS HISTORIC MONUMENTS SINCE 2000, WHICH WAS FOLLOWED IN 2001 BY THEIR ACCEPTANCE INTO THE RANKS OFUNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES.  THE MOTTO IS PRESERVATION THROUGH ALTERNATIVE USE.

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 SHAFT XII The largely visible winding tower became a symbol for the mining in the Ruhr district Shaft XII was put into operation in 1932 - “paves the way for creating a special style in mining architecture” which remained valid for the next 4 decades. - arh. Schupp and Kremmer The rationalization of workflow technology, economy, material, utilization of money, productivity of labor) is reflected in the architecture and the functionalism of the whole complex. Axial and symmetrical composition of the site with its buildings different in function, cubic architecture for the buildings, curtain walls with steel trelliswork grids.

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All buildings are steel skeleton constructions with the primary supporting structure inside and a curtain wall with self-supporting a steel trelliswork grid. The construction is sustainable for the aesthetics and enables flexibility and economy in the use of the building, to react to latest changes in mining technology and to make the building usable in ways suitable (extension or disassembly).

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BEFORE

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Le Fresnoy Art Center, Turcoing, Franta Bernard Tschumi architects  Post-graduate art and audiovisual research center  opened in October 1997 and financed by the Ministry of Culture with the Nord/ Pas-deCalais Regional Council and Tourcoing Town Council.  It was conceived by Alain Fleischer who is also the artistic and pedagogic director  The aim was to develop a new model of a center through combinations of old and new, development and production, artistic practice and public exhibition

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Caxia Forum, Madrid, Herzog & de Meuron

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Lingotto factory, Turin, Italy, Renzo Piano  Built in 1920 for Fiat, Lingotto was the largest and most modern car factory in Europe.  length of 500 m, story

 the first example of modular construction of reinforced concrete, with the 3 elements: columns, beams , floors  The factory closed in 1982

was

 1985 contest for the conversion of this space was won by Renzo Piano.

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“The Bubble” meeting room

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Caballero Fabriek în Den Haag GROUP A Architects

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ď ą The qualities of the existing structure have been kept as advantages for the project: the spacious layout and the natural light from the roof contribute to the comfort of the working units and to maintaining the industrial identity of the complex. ď ą New interventions like the central courtyard, the outside terrace and the added split-level add new qualities.

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION INTERACTIVE MASTERPLAN  The master plan for the Battersea Power Station, large former electric power plant along The River Thames – aims to create a mixed-use sustainable development offering commercial and retail functions as well as residential, cultural, and event spaces interspersed with community facilities and a zero-carbon energy plant for the adaptive reuse of the power station itself.  The iconic historic structure of the Power Station functions as the focal point of the site’s regeneration, which aims to create a selfsufficient and vibrant new community serving as the anchor of the Vauxhall/ Nine Elms/ Battersea Opportunity Area

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Arhitecs: BIG, Ghery Partners, Foster, Fiel Operations, David Linley Londra, Marea Britanie Malaysia investors Cost: 8 bil. £

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References: 1. 2. 3. 4.

http://ticcih.org/ http://ticcih.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/NTagilCharter.pdf http://www.cimec.ro/patrimoniuindustrial/ http://culturadata.ro/wpcontent/uploads/2014/revista_muzeelor/2006_2/2006_02_01.pdf 5. http://www.cdcas.ro/fnrt/urbanism/reglementari%20tehnice/ghiduri/ghid%209/ RECUPERAREA%20PRIN%20RECONVERSIA%20CLADIRILOR,%20INCINTELOR% 20SI%20ZONEL.pdf 6. http://worldheritage.pref.gunma.jp/en/wh-id/ 7. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1030 8. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1028 9. http://www.newlanark.org/ 10. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/203 11. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/623 12. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/730 13. http://industrial-heritage.ro/ro/node/13 14. http://www.dreptonline.ro/legislatie/lege_regim_juridic_patrimoniu_tehnic_indus trial_6_2008.php 15. http://industrial-heritage.ro/ro 16. http://www.cimec.ro/patrimoniuindustrial/ 17. http://patrimoniu.gov.ro/ro/monumente-istorice/lista-monumentelor-istorice 18. https://www.zollverein.de 19. http://file6.zebrapdf.org/pdf/zeche-zollverein-schacht-xii-in-essen_1yf707.pdf 20. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/975 CURS CLADIRI INDUSTRIALE 2015-2016

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References: 21. http://www.tschumi.com/projects/14/ 22. http://www.moma.org/collection/works/476 23. https://www.herzogdemeuron.com/index/projects/complete-works/201225/201-caixaforum-madrid.html 24. http://www.dezeen.com/2008/05/22/caixaforum-madrid-by-herzog-de-meuron/ 25. http://www.arcspace.com/features/herzog--de-meuron/caixa-forum/ 26. http://www.iconeye.com/404/item/3368-caixa-forum 27. http://www.architetturadelmoderno.it/scheda_nodo.php?id=141 28. http://www.rpbw.com/project/62/lingotto-factory-conversion/ 29. http://rottasutorino.blogspot.ro/2014/11/storia-del-lingotto-simbolo-ditorino.html 30. http://www.archdaily.com/50776/caballero-fabriek-in-den-haag-group-a/ 31. http://www.rvapc.com/works/777-battersea-power-station-master-plan 32. http://www.wilkinsoneyre.com/projects/battersea-power-station 33. https://www.batterseapowerstation.co.uk/#!/portal

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Video materials: 1. Derwent Valley Mills (UNESCO-NHK) 2. Saltaire (UNESCO-NHK) 3. Crespi d'Adda (UNESCO-NHK) 4. World Heritage Site - Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine (Oda City Shimane) 5. Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex in Essen (UNESCO-NHK) 6. Essen - The Zeche Zollverein Cultural Site - Discover Germany 7. The Zollverein mine -- the symbol of change 8. CaixaForum Madrid by Herzog & de Meuron architects 9. Caixa Forum - Herzog & de Meuron - BEAUX 2009 10. Battersea Power Station- Architect Rafael Vinoly shares his vision.

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