Thesis Book by Hasti Fakouri

A Life Made From Clay Reviving and Re-thinking Earthen Architecture A Thesis By

Hasti Fakouri

Advisor: Prof. Lancelot Coar Faculty of Architecture University of Manitoba

October 2021

A Life Made From Clay Reviving and Re-thinking Earthen Architecture By Hasti Fakouri

A design thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of the University of Manitoba in partial fulilment of the requirements of the degree: Master of Architecture

Department of Architecture Faculty of Architecture University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada

hesis Advisor: Lancelot Coar hesis Chair: Terri Fuglem External Examiner: Antje Steinmuller

Acknowledgements I would like to express my respect and sincere gratitude to my advisor, Prof. Lancelot Coar, for his continuous support, motivations and immense knowledge. he completion of this thesis, could not have been possible without his valuable insights and guidance. To Lancelot, thank you for believing in me, inspiring me, and bringing positive energy into our (virtual) studio. I could not wish for a better advisor for my thesis project. I am forever grateful! I would like to thank my friends, Farzad, for helping me during my research process, and Mahsa, for being a friend I needed during this time. here is never a time, I could not count on you guys! hanks to my classmates as well; Emily, Jony, and hilakam, for their inspiring comments and feedbacks. Last but not the least, to my family, my loving and supportive parents, Ali and Ladan, and the Twins. It is hard to put into words exactly how thankful I am for you four, and everything you have ever done for me. hank you. I love you.

CONTENTS ABSTRACT

EARTHEN ARCHITECTURE

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12 14

Precedents Distribution of Earthen Architecture Around the World

YAZD, IRAN

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16 17

Vernacular Architecture New Developments

RESEARCH

• • • • • • • •

22 24 26 28 30 33 39 42

History of Earthen Architecture in Yazd Root Questions Building Categories and Main Urban Spaces Water Reservoir Wind-catcher Tower Courtyard; Plant, Water, and Shade Vaults and Domes Conclusion

EXPLORATION

• • • • • •

45 46 48 51 61 69

Brick Manufacturing Approaches Precedent Group #1 Precedent Group #2 Brick Type #1 Brick Type #2 Brick Type #3

PROGRAM

• • •

81 83 85

Spaces for Contemplating the Future Spaces for Transforming the Industry Spaces for Celebrating the History of Earthen Architecture

SITE SELECTION

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88 90 92

he Surroundings and Neighborhood he Site Analysis he Kiln

DESIGN PROCESS

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94 98 100 106 107 108 123 128

Porosity and Correlation to the Surroundings Zoning, Orientation and Mass Proportion hermal Comfort chart for Yazd and Wind Analysis Green In-between Spaces Design Strategies/Ideas Design Development Plans; Site Plan, Basement, Ground Floor Plan Interior Spaces

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

133

•

134

Construction Phases; he building almost builds itself.

LAST WORDS BIBLIOGRAPHY

137 138

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138 138 139

References List of Tables List of Figures

Figure.1

ABSTRACT Earth is a ubiquitous source of material; from the irst civilizations until now earthen materials have been the most widely used building materials on the planet. buildings constructed of local soils can be found almost everywhere in the world. However, local soils and earthen materials have now been replaced by Cement recently, and it has disastrous impacts on Architectural identity of some historic regions in the world. One of these regions is Yazd, in Iran with its nature oriented culture. It is a historic city with stunning earthen architecture and clay structures that was recently inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage List. On the other hand, as a result of globalization, the Sense of Clay is being lost in the city’s recent developments. he wide usage of concrete and the geometric characteristics of the new constructions have negative impacts on the city’s architectural identity and have no connection with the environment. While development is a key priority, the architectural values of old Yazd and the city’s essential characteristics cannot be disregarded or sacriiced. In a world heritage like Yazd, any new built environment must be designed and constructed with consideration for the local context. Inspired by the “Sense of Clay” in Yazd, the aim of this thesis is to study new possibilities for integrating this traditional and sustainable material with new construction developments to meet contemporary needs. he thesis will culminate in a project to design a center for celebrating the long history of clay and its importance for purpose of sustainability in future. his center consists of both Tech/Design Labs and Gallery spaces to bring opportunities for creativity. As a part of this thesis, I would like to explore improving traditional building’s performances through re-thinking the geometry of clay masonry units by modern form-inding and form-generating processes and considering use of modern digital tools and automated fabrication machines during the research to recreate some traditional capacities in the design process; a descendant of traditional mudstraw constructions in the region.

EARTHEN ARCHITECTURE A remarkable number of the ancient built heritage sites consist of masonry buildings and demonstrate the ability of the communities in working with earthen materials to create built environments throughout the history. Although there are many diferences between the cultural and environmental factors among these communities around the world, by studying the variety of vernacular building techniques and focusing on the Earthen Architecture, some common points between all of them are found; sustainability, knowledge of building performance and addressing environmental challenges.

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“Buildings, too, are children of Earth and Sun.” Frank, Lloyd Wright

Earthen materials have provided many opportunities and potentials for construction according to their unique characteristics. hus, there are many distinctive approaches of working and building with earthen materials that are mostly ancient and the least harmful ways of creating built environments. Some of these construction techniques consist of: - Adobe: Sun-dried clay brick. “Adobes are made of thick malleable mud that is oten mixed with straw and is either shaped by hand or in wooden molds.” 1 - Cob: Putting layers of mud-straw mixture on top of each other and shaping it by hands and feet without the use of any framework or mortar. hus, it has an organic shape. - Rammed Earth: hese structures are formed from the mixture of soil and water that is damp enough to hold together. - Shaped Earth: “Similar to how a potter shapes mud into pots, the shaped earth technique directly shapes the plastic earth without a mold or formwork. he three factors that play a key role in this method are the quality of the soil, its preparation, and water consistency.” 1 - Clay–Straw: In this technique straw is used as a reinforcement, and the mixture of clay-water for binding the straws. his thesis aims to study the Earthen Architecture techniques in Yazd, Iran in order to explore spatial qualities and building performances.

Arathi Biju, “10 Construction Techniques Used in Earth Architecture - RTF: Rethinking he Future.” RTF | Rethinking he Future. November 23, 2020. Accessed December 20, 2020. https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/fresh-perspectives/a1704-10-construction-techniques-used-in-earth-architecture/. Earthen Architecture

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Ksar Ouled Soltane Tataouine, Southern Tunisia

Great Mosque of Djenné Mopti, Mali

Koutammakou Kara, North-eastern Togo

Shibam Hadramawt Yemen

Earthen Architecture

Figure.9

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Figure.12

Musgum mud huts Cameroon

Anandaloy Center Rudrapur, Bangladesh

Village Houses Burkina Faso, Africa

Bam Citadel Iran

Earthen Architecture

Distribution of Earthen Architecture Around the World

Figure.13

UNESCO World Heritage Sites (112 Nos. in 2012) Areas of Earthen Architecture Yazd Province, Iran Iran

Earthen Architecture

YAZD, IRAN Yazd is an ancient city located in the hot and dry region of Iran. It is among the oldest cities constructed by Adobe architecture and the owner of one of the most striking cultural heritages in the world. his is the main reason why it listed in the UNESCO World Heritage Lite in 2017. According to the Iran Cultural Heritage organizations report, almost 50 percent of built heritage sites in Iran are located in this region (Yazd) which highlights the importance of the architectural and cultural identity of Yazd. Its proximity to the vast dry salt desert, dry climate of its surrounding, low precipitation combined with intense evaporation as well as high daily temperature, led its inhabitants to a frugal and nature-friendly lifestyle that is the main focus of this research. he research objectives of Yazd’s context are two-fold. Firstly, the historical importance of the city’s architecture will be investigated. Secondly, the harmful impacts of concrete construction will be studied in relation to the city’s cultural and environmental context.

Figure.14

Vernacular Architecture Every city has a narrative as old as its existence; narratives that are recorded in the city’s built heritage 1 are actually shaping the context’s identity. One of these ancient cities is Yazd. Clay as the main building material has played a huge role on how people perceive spaces in this region. In a total overview of the city, it can be seen that this unique architecture style is clearly rooted in the earth. Built environments used to be constructed by Local people, with Local materials and tools. Clay’s role in this civilization is further beyond a building material; it connects contemporary society to its ancient roots 2, and its impacts can be seen in people’s everyday lives. Yazd; an Adobe Collection of Wonders 3, the city of narrow alleyways and domed-shaped roofs had been relatively unapproachable due to its remote location before industrialization in Iran. hus, it used to be protected from any changes before the new developments and city’s expansions.

1. David Leatherbarrow (2018) Relative Permanence, Journal of Architectural Education, 72:2, 212-215, DOI: 10.1080/10464883.2018.1496729, https:// doi.org/10.1080/10464883.2018.1496729 2. hree Women Potters in Iran: Issues of Art, Crat and Gender, Florida Atlantic University Digital Library, 2014. http://fau.digital.lvc.org/islandora/ object/fau:39450. 3. Cheraghi, Faezeh. “Yazd; an Adobe Collection of Wonders.” To Iran Tour. October 24, 2020. https://toirantour.com/yazd-historic-city/.

Yazd

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Figure.20 Yazd

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New Developments Concrete has recently found its way to this world heritage site. Current concrete constructions and modern building facades threaten the traditional architectural concepts and values there. In addition, new developments have no traces back to the Environmental and Technical knowledge which had been achieved through working with Clay; a loss of Memory caused by imitating the modernism in West with no origin in people’s behavior patterns in Yazd. In addition, concrete structures have various negative environmental impacts. According to the World Economic Forum, construction industry is the largest global consumer of raw materials, and accounts for 25 to 40% of the world’s total carbon emissions.1 hese harmful consequences of massive concrete constructions add to the value of a sustainable Earthen Architecture. Besides, these buildings are ineicient and not compatible with the harsh and dry climate of Yazd, thus they have to rely on active cooling and ventilation systems. hese new constructions have many negative impacts on both cultural and environmental conditions in the city which encouraged me to explore this gap between new developments and the vernacular architecture in Yazd.

“What would a culture be without memory articulated in built works?”1 David Leatherbarrow

1. “he Environmental Impacts of Concrete.” Greenspec. https://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/environmental-impacts-of-concrete/. 2. David Leatherbarrow (2018) Relative Permanence, Journal of Architectural Education, 72:2, 212-215, DOI: 10.1080/10464883.2018.1496729, https:// doi.org/10.1080/10464883.2018.1496729 18

Yazd

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Figure.27 Yazd

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“When the full power of human imagination is backed by the weight of a living tradition, the resulting work is far greater than any that an artist can achieve when he has no tradition to work in or when he will fully abandon its tradition” Hassan Fathy Although continuance without change is impossible in architecture 1, contemporary architectural design thinking has to acknowledge the Environmental and Cultural identity of the context. Yazd’s integrity and outstanding values need to be protected and factored into the designing of modern day structures. hus, inding a balance between moving forward with modern construction industry and considering the vernacular, nature-oriented, and technical knowledge of the traditional architecture is necessary in order to prevent producing buildings that are ineicient and out of sync with local climatic needs.2 In October 2020, I traveled to Yazd to explore various spaces, environmental conditions and experience being in both traditional and new developed buildings. Apart from all the diferences in the materials, forms, dimensions, and etc. the most interesting distinction was the Air quality; breathing a light fresh cool air, which I did not ind in any of the modern buildings in the city. his quality motivated me to explore and study the traditional architecture and consider it as a Teacher and Guide in the further steps of my thesis.

1. David Leatherbarrow (2018) Relative Permanence, Journal of Architectural Education, 72:2, 212-215, DOI: 10.1080/10464883.2018.1496729, https:// doi.org/10.1080/10464883.2018.1496729 2. Mollayousef, Sepideh. “Local Architecture: Using Traditional Persian Elements to Design for Climate in Yazd, Iran.” doi:10.22215/etd/2015-10816. 20

Yazd

RESEARCH Being a nature-oriented Culture, a 7000-year Shared Memory, and a unique Built Heritage are inspirational things about Yazd that encouraged me to start the research process. he issues related to new developments and the gap between living qualities in these two building approaches inspired me to Re-think the Future of Clay Architecture, particularly in Yazd, irst by understanding the traditional design thinking, then by exploring the potentials and opportunities of new ways of respecting the origins in design process. “he seismic, thermal and moisture durability performance of earthen structures opening the door for the nascent revival of building with earth”1

1. Vasquez, Roland, and Roland771. “Architectural Fabricate 2020.” Issuu. Accessed September 15, 2020. https://issuu.com/ roland771/docs/fabricate-2020.

History of Earthen Architecture in Yazd he most original and oldest igure of Iran (Figure.29) architecture is architecture with soil. Initially, when Brick and stratum were not invented, the houses used to be simple holes which were created by excavating the ground. Ater centuries of building with soil, this region has become one of the built heritage of Masonry structures, such as Bam Citadel that is the biggest brick structure in the world with exceptional design. here has been more than 7000 years of history, progress and knowledge of making and building with Clay in this hot and dry region, until Modernism! My main curiosity is ‘what is the future of this progress of building with Clay in a city as old as Yazd?’ Figure.29

Figure.30

Research

Root Questions he root question of this thesis is based on a paradox; Is it possible to acknowledge the importance of the city of Yazd’s Traditional and Architectural character, and whatever has been let behind, and move forward with the engineering improvements and innovative design-thinking? What would the integration of this historic material with new construction approaches look like? What are the potentials and challenges of this integration?

“Moving forward requires going backward.” -David Leatherbarrow Proposing an Architectural design which relects a new way of respecting the context requires exploring innovative solutions inspired by ancient beginnings and seeking environmental connections. Re-considering the Vernacular Earthen architecture of Yazd, looking at this legacy as something further than a lost generation of design-thinking and built-environment, and exploring the innovative opportunities that the modern construction industry provides are my intentions and research interests. hus, the study consists of various scales of considering the city; from a large scale of urban fabric to more detailed components. he following map (Figure.31) represents the density of the ancient areas in Yazd which have been constructed based on Vernacular Architecture techniques, in addition to the main streets and public spaces along them. Lighter color represents the local market and public spaces along the streets and darker color represents residential unites in the city.

Research

Figure.31

Building Categories and Main Urban Spaces Yazd consists of these 5 building categories and a number of religious spaces:

Garden (BĀGH / KŌŪSHK) hey are green spaces with eicient water usage and Koushk is a building in the persian garden that provides shade and cooling. It is similar to pavilion and not for permanent living. (Figure.32) Figure.32

Water Reservoir (ĀB-ANBĀR) he arid climate of Iranian Plateau and the shortage of water resources in central plains made the inhabitants to consider building a proper water reservoir. he building techniques used for ab anbar were so sophisticated including: Cooling system and air ventilation, water iltration, structure, and lighting. (Figure.33)

Bathhouse (HAMMĀM)

Figure.33

In past time, bathhouses or ‘hammams’ in Iran were not only places for bathing and cleaning up. hey had a social concept for people who gathered at these places weekly. hey mostly located near local markets, were considered as a public place. Lightened by rectangles on the roof. hey consist of various spaces with diferent spacial qualities and passive ventilation condition. (Figure.34) Figure.34

Local Market (BĀZĀAR) he traditional bazaars usually have a linear form and other spaces and buildings such as mosques, and bathrooms are organized along this linear form. It is a place for trade with two rows of shops connected to each other by a vaulted roof. openings on the roof provide natural lighting and air low. (Figure.35)

Figure.35

Houses (KHĀNEH) Traditional houses consist of various spaces. some of them has seasonal usage. Courtyard is an important building component that adds to the quality of interior spaces because of Cooling role and green areas. Houses have thick exterior walls and many openings to the courtyard. (Figure.36) Figure.36 26

Research

Figure.37

In order to set the stage for Re-introducing Clay Architecture, the research process starts with this question that How does city lose heat and cool itself in this hot and dry climate? and How this process can be improved? hus, traditional design thinking approaches are explored, and ater categorizing the main groups of traditional buildings in the urban context, the general architectural and structural qualities are studied in Building Sections for a better understanding of their levels and relation to the ground, and surroundings. How does city these qualities, and How these traditional qualities can be re-qualiied to meet the contemporary needs?

Water Reservoir One of the challenges of living in this area is “Cooling Interiors”; this challenge led to a unique eicient nature-oriented building design that was introduces in ive urban space categories. Passive Ventilation is a key factor in the local Vernacular Architecture which impacts most of the design thinking processes. Due to the importance of promoting environmental and green design in this thesis project, Passive design strategies are studied. Ater studying the main urban spaces and their sectional drawings, for exploring the Passive Ventilation and air low system in the vernacular architecture, the Water Reservoir is selected for further explorations. he main reason for this selection is due to this building’s eiciency, high spatial qualities and cooling performance in comparison to four other building categories. I consider it as a guid to explore its main architectural elements and their role in creating the qualities. Water Reservoirs provide lowest indoor temperature in the urban context with just a few building components. his clay structure consists of a Domed roof form and Wind Catcher Tower and connects to the subterranean water channel called (Qanat). How is the outside dry air transformed into a high quality moisturized air low?

Research

Figure.38

Research

Wind-catcher Tower It is one of the building components that has an important role in the spatial qualities of Yazd’s vernacular architecture there are four to six of them in a water reservoir and at least one in each residential unit in the city. Although there are many shapes of wind-catcher towers around the city, there are three general groups of them; one sided, two sided, and four sided towers. In the one sided type, the wind-catcher and the chimney are separated and located in diferent spaces of the building to provide a better air circulation in the interior spaces. One-sided windcatchers are more resistant to the storm than other types of windcatchers and are bigger than two sided type. on the other hand, in the two sided and four sided types, the wind-catcher and chimney are usually designed in a single tower, they are mostly taller than other types and were used for wealthy people. Regardless of the shape and geometry of the Wind towers, most of them have same components which allow for a better performance in bringing fresh air and reducing the temperature of the air low. Traditionally, each tower has a number of elements (Figure.39) that participate in cooling the air low during the day; Head of the tower that brings fresh air to the tower, main structure that plays the cooling role, and bottom structure of the tower that transfer the cooled air to the interior spaces.

Research

Roof Timber Supporting the roof

Openings / Fins Internal Partitions Head of the Winc-catcher Tower

Timber Reinforcement Main Structure

Roof of the Building

Vaults

Columns

Figure.39

Research

Figure.40

Internal Clay Partitions According to the type of the tower, there is a great variety of partition design for a wind catcher tower, but one thing is similar about all of them; they are designed to change the direction of the wind and bring it inside the building and take the warm air outside of the built environment. he internal partitions provide narrow channels and by increasing the contact surface of air and clay, they absorb the heat from the air low due to clay characteristics and the shade. he drawing above illustrates distinctive plan views of these partitions.

Figure.41 32

Research

Figure.42

Courtyard; Plant, Water, and Shade he role of Wind Catcher towers in improving living comfort in the hot and dry region of Yazd is enhanced by the courtyard adjacent to the tower. his combination adds moisture to the airlow and decrease the heat. Besides, by providing shades, they improve the cooling system in the building. In addition to the role of courtyards in air circulation and cooling process, these open spaces add to the quality of living in a region as hot and dry as Yazd by visual elements like Green and Blue colors, lighting and shadow patterns, and etc.

Wind-catcher Tower

Courtyard

Figure.43

Research

Figure.44

Figure.45 34

Research

Figure.46

Yazd with Courtyards By looking at the city in a larger scale, the importance of adding courtyard and other open green spaces can be seen in the urban fabric. Because of the density and Clay as the main building material, the city with courtyards seems like a single roof with many openings. It reminds me of a Fabric with holes which I tried to illustrate in this drawing.

Research

When wind lows around a tower, it can produce some very high suction pressures. As a result of a speciic wind direction, a suction pressure is produces on the other side of the towers. hus, it helps taking the warm air out of the built environment and facilitates the air circulation.

Figure.47

he cool air goes down the tower because the cooler air is heavier than the warm air. this movement creates a negative pressure at the top of the tower to bring more air inside. this continuous process provide a cooling and ventilation system.

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Figure.49

Vaults and Domes In addition to the wind towers in the water reservoirs, brick vault and dome structures are efective in the air circulation and the quality of interior spaces. Before the invention of steel structure in the construction industry, domes and vaults were built to create wide spaces. Diferent types of vault and domes are studied in the research process.

Research

Figure.50 (the group of images on this page) 40

Research

Figure.51

Vaults Traditional Construction Technique Following the research about types of vaults and dome structures, the local/traditional construction techniques are studied for a better understanding of people capabilities and approaches in working with clay. here have been three main construction techniques, that are illustrated in the drawings above and the images.

Research

:Wind catcher openings in the roof East-West direction Surfaces with height diference to change the wind direction and bring it to interior or in-between spaces Smooth edges for providing better air low

: Angled and high walls High walls provide ambient light for the court yard Being angled increases the length of the shadow It decreases the area of the opening above the yard and increases the area of the yard Less direct sun light and heat enter the space

Convex and Domed-roof forms: A side of these roofs is always in shade Great impact on minimizing the intensity of the received solar radiation he geometry in addition to the temperature diference cause natural air low

Porous Surfaces constructed by Masonry unites: Less thermal conductivity Light weight Stifness and less tension concentration Lighting and shadow pattern

:Humidity efects on Living comfort he average humidity and moisture in hot and dry regions is low he air irst passes over the stone pond or water pathways ater entering the building, Causing water to evaporate easily and reduce the heat and dryness. It has the best efect with the wind catcher openings.

Figure.52

Research

: Deep excavation Increasing the contact surface of the building with soil underground Decreasing the heat exchange of building with outside air Soil is cooler than the air during the day Soil is warmer than the air during the night

Plants and Gardens : Absorbing heat when air passes through the leaves and branches Providing shade, cooling, and moisture Decreasing of undesirable wind speed Decreasing of dust in the surrounding environment

he gathered information and my observations during the research travel to Yazd are source inspirations for the orientation of the project. he beauty, quality and thermal eiciency of the traditional architecture inluenced me to think about diferent design strategies such as Porous Wall systems to bring fresh air, Water for moisturizing the air, Green areas for adding quality, and more contact surface with ground (soil) for lower heat gain level in building. his diagram illustrates how air moves in the building in a large scale, but units of masonry generate this opportunity.

EXPLORATION Considering that units of masonry generate qualities and opportunities in a larger scale in the building, it is important to think about signiicant impacts of the brick manufacture approach on these masonry units’ qualities and characteristics. How a particular brick manufacture approach can create some speciic features in the produced bricks? Is it possible to enhance the buildings performances in the large scale by considering new ways of making the bricks? In this phase of the project, I start exploring new ways of thinking about brick and design three samples of custom masonry units to be manufactured by innovative approaches in order to improve living quality and thermal performance of the buildings. hese units will be brought to life in the thesis project during the architectural design phase.

Figure.53

Molding by Hand

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Figure.55

Automatic Molding

Additive Manufacture

Brick Manufacturing Approaches he process of manufacturing of bricks from clay involves preparation of clay, making the mixture with water, shaping the geometry by hand or molding and then drying and burning of bricks. hroughout history, there has been diferent approaches of making a form with mud hand molding, automatic molding, and printing clay by robotic arms. Although, additive manufacture is currently in research phase and is not a common industrial approach for brick making, its positive aspects and unique features encouraged me to study the opportunities that this innovative approach provides and the potentials for being introduced and used in Yazd region.

Exploration

Precedent Group #1 Two groups of new approaches of working with Clay and masonry design precedents are studied. his exploration helped to propose and introduce a balance between ‘local people construction abilities’ and ‘moving forwards with the help of engineering improvements’ in the Cultural context of Yazd. he Group #1 are projects using Additive Manufacture in order to create unique built environments and spatial qualities. his approach provides many opportunities that traditional ones are unable to; such as creating masonry structures that are deeper and light-weight at the same time by optimizing the use of material. Despite all the opportunities that robotic arms can bring to the earthen architecture studies, they do not have any connections or ties to the cultural context of Yazd region. hus, because it requires skilled workers and professionals, fully building a project this way in Yazd would have a negative impact on the Community engagement in the construction process which is an important aspect of the culture and reviving earthen architecture in this city. How can many positive aspects of Additive manufacture be beneicial and helpful for the enhancement of the clay architecture in this context? How can the community in Yazd beneit from an innovative approach like robotic arms in the process of Rethinking their traditions and cultural values? Figure.56 46

Exploration

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Figure.60 Exploration

Precedent Group #2 he Group #2 are projects that are designed and built with masonry units with the help of the relatively modern structural systems which allow to create a great variety of spatial qualities by bricks. Engineering and Construction developments throughout history, have provided many opportunities for brick masonry structures. In this phase of the thesis, I studied modern brick architecture and various geometries that are possible due to steel structures and other developments. his group of precedents has more connections to the traditional construction techniques in Yazd due to local people’s abilities and knowledge of working with bricks. My curiosities are: how these engineering and structural developments can bring opportunities for local people to bridge the gap between what has been achieved through centuries of working with clay and the contemporary needs for spatial qualities? Is it possible to explore the opportunities that these two groups of precedents introduce and combine them for reconsidering the role of brick in the building performance? For instance, introducing new types of bricks according to their particular role in the building! I explored that in the next step! Figure.61 48

Exploration

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Figure.65 Exploration

Brick Type #1 A Breathing masonry wall Improving thermal performance of the brick More depth Being light-weight Creating Lighting and shadows pattern

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Exploration

Sunshine days - Yazd, Iran Sunshine days

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Daylight hours/Sunshine hours - Yazd, Iran Daylight hours

Sunshine hours

According to the graphs and data Sun radiations have a major impact on thermal condition in Yazd. High number of sunny days and Long duration of daylight in this region add to the importance of studying heat transfer by exterior walls and surfaces in the design process. he sun transmits heat by radiation to the earth and other surfaces, where it can be absorbed by a brick wall. he heat is then transferred by conduction through the brick and transferred to the indoor air. 1 hus the brick design itself can improve the wall thermal performance in addition to adding to the quality of the space. (Graph source: www.weather-atlas.com) Jan

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1. “BSD-011: hermal Control in Buildings.” Building Science Corporation. December 12, 2011. Accessed December 16, 2020. https://www.buildingscience. com/documents/digests/bsd-011-thermal-control-in-buildings.

Exploration

Figure.70

Concept Orthogonal corners are opportunities for stress concentration and cracking to occur, which designing rounded geometries avoid. hus, having rounded geometries in the brick design is accomplished by Designing holes inspired by the pattern above. he pattern itself is created by Smooth curves to prevent concentration of the tensions in the brick. In the next step by twisting the form, two qualities are added Adding stifness and Adjusting the pressure of the air low throughout the form.

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Exploration

Figure.72

Start Printing

Printing Clay by Robotic arms (Additive Manufacture) optimize the material consumption by creating hollow spaces in the brick. hese spaces decrease the weight of inal object and improve the role of the brick in air circulation in the built environment. In addition to creating light-weight brick, depth of clay printing is another positive aspect of using Additive Manufacture that based on the heat transfer formula it will create longer energy path and decrease the heat transfer from outside to interior spaces. In the following table I analyzed that a standard brick is almost three times heavier than this custom brick with the same dimensions.

Table.1

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End

One of the advantages of printing clay to make a brick not a whole building is that by printing the mud mixture and completing the process of making brick ater it get dried, we have the opportunity to explore using that masonry unit in a diferent orientation as it was printed and rotating it in diferent directions which is not possible when printing the whole structure continuously.

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Exploration

Figure.79

Brick Type #2 Subterranean Green wall Adjacent to soil Holding back the soil Allow for a bit of soil to come out Plants can grow

Concept: Soil Angle of Repose

Figure.80

Figure.81

It is the maximum angle to the horizontal at which rocks, soil, etc will remain without sliding (According to the Collins English Dictionary). At this angle, a material can be piled without slumping. he Angle of Repose of the Earth which is almost 40 degrees is an inspiration for designing the Brick Type #2.

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Exploration

Top View

Front View

Back View

Side View

Figure.83

Exploration

his drawing illustrates the setbacks in the brick which allows of plants to get a proper amount of light and the hole at the borrom of the brick provide the opportunity of the extra water be trannsferred from a brick to the one at the lower level. Figure.84

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Exploration

Figure.88

Brick Type #1 Adding moisture to the air low A brick that can absorb water Increasing the contact surface of brick and wind Dry Assembly

Concept What is Capillary Attraction? How does it help enhancing hermal performance of the brick? According to Collins Dictionary, Capillary Attraction is a force that is the resultant of adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension in liquids which are in contact with solids, as in a capillary tube: when the cohesive force is greater, the surface of the liquid tends to rise in the tube, as with mercury; when the adhesive force is greater, the surface tends to be depressed, as with water. Adhesion of water to the walls of a vessel will cause an upward force on the liquid at the edges and result in a meniscus which turns upward. he surface tension acts to hold the surface intact. Capillary action in water occurs because the adhesion to the walls is stronger than the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules.

From this equation, h decreases with increase in R and size of the tube surface. hus, for better water absorption in a brick, it is important to provide tiny hollow spaces in order to to allow water to spread with Capillary Attraction in the brick. his decreases the heat transfer between outside and inside spaces.

Figure.90

Figure.89

Exploration

Production of porous brick I was curious to study how it is possible to spread moisture in a brick and increase water absorption level of a masonry unit by Clay. his time, I looked at the researches that are conducted about the Materiality and mixture of the brick. During a research by Chaouki Sadik, Abderrahman Albizane, Iz-Eddine El Amrani in Morocco, production of porous and lightweight bricks with acceptable strength is accomplished by adding expanded perlite to the mixture of Clay/Water. his innovation provides low thermal expansion and conductivity, high temperature strength, and high water absorption. Perlite is a glassy volcanic rock of rhyolitic composition usually containing a small amount of combined water. Raw perlite when heated to an appropriate temperature (above 870°C) expands. Upon rapid heating, the chemical water held within the perlite vaporizes and creates bubbles in the heat-sotened rock. he formation of these bubbles allows perlite to expand even 15–20 times of its original volume and produces froth-like structure. his structure gives excellent insulation properties, low density and high porosity of materials.1 his mixture gives the Custom Brick Type #3 proper characteristics to become a component in the Passive ventilation and the Cooling system of the building.

Physical Properties

Mass ratio of Expanded Perlite addition

Bulk density (g/cm3) Apparent porosity (%) Water absorption (%) Shrinkage (%) Flexural strength (MPa) Table.2

Sadik, C., Albizane, A., & El Amrani, I. (2013). Production of porous irebrick from mixtures of clay and recycled refractory waste with expanded perlite addition. JMES, (2028-2508), 981-986.

Figure.91 (group of images on this page)

Exploration

Figure.92

I started designing a brick to be manufactured by this mixture of materials and maximizing the contact surface of the brick with the airlow to enhance the cooling role of the brick. his drawing demonstrates that the designed brick provides a contact surface with soil almost four times larger than a standard cubic shape brick on both sides.

Exploration

Figure.93

Construction Technique: Dry Assembly In order to allow this type of brick to spread the absorbed water all over the wall, there should be no obstacle like mortar in between the bricks. hus, dry assembly is an ideal approach for the construction and water pipes are installed on top of the wall.

Exploration

Figure.94

PROGRAM Clay’s role in this civilization is further beyond a building material; it connects contemporary society to its ancient roots1, and its impacts can be seen on people’s everyday lives. his encouraged me to think about how this thesis can move towards bridging the gap between the contemporary needs and design-thinking and vernacular architecture values in Yazd. Design an inspiring and encouraging Urban space for the local inhabitants to celebrate and better understand the unique characteristics of Clay, and to provide a Technology and Education center focused on the history and future of clay architecture. An Institute which consists of both Technical and scientiic aspects of clay (Soil Lab, Mud testing, material studio, Fabrication workshop, custom brick design studio, etc.) in addition to Gallery, Masonry references Library, and Event spaces. A place for celebrating the importance of clay in the region’s history and architecture and providing the opportunity for technicians to explore the future of Clay architecture for gaining sustainability in the new developments of the city. Not only does this center aim to Re-introduce vernacular architecture as a contemporary approach for designing built-environments in the area, but also Redeine technology’s role in relation to the traditional architecture and its values. Finding connections between Clay, Architecture, Art of Masonry Design, and Technology’s role in working with Clay is the core idea of proposing this program for the project, and developing these connections with the help of Architecture would be the outcome of this thesis; a built-environment that works well with Culture, Climate and Society.

1. hree Women Potters in Iran: Issues of Art, Crat and Gender, Florida Atlantic University Digital Library, 2014. http:// fau.digital.lvc.org/islandora/object/fau:39450.

During studying 1) the context of Yazd, 2) the history and importance of working with clay in the architectural cultural identity of this region, and 3) the signiicant role of moving forwards with the help of engineering developments in the future of earthen architecture in Yazd, in order to start this conversation about the value of reviving the traditions and a new way of respecting our origins, I felt something really important was missing; a supporting place where people who are interested in clay and earthen architecture have access to, for readying the references, talking to professionals, visit the collections of historical elements, and etc. hus, I decided to bring it to life during my thesis; designing the Institute that consists of three main spaces. 1) Spaces for Contemplating the future 2) Spaces for Transforming the Industry 3) Spaces for Celebrating the History of Clay. Following images are the types of activities that is organized in this institute for students, researchers, designers, manufacturers, local inhabitants, and tourists visiting the city.

Figure.95

Program

Figure.98

Figure.96

Figure.100

Figure.97 78

Program

Figure.101

Figure.99

Figure.102

Figure.103

Figure.104

Figure.105 (group of images)

Figure.106 Program

Figure.107

Spaces for Contemplating the Future Educating and training emerging practitioners Collaborating with Yazd University Collaborating with Green Building Associate in Iran Ofering training to the students Providing support for researchers and designers Increasing Public awareness about the importance of sustainable design

Program

Figure.108

Spaces for Transforming the Industry Providing Tools and resources for researchers and designers Providing Consultation to the Local Architecture irms Material Analysis opportunity Introducing the potentials of technology to the community Reintroducing the values and capabilities of the local soil to the practitioners

Program

Figure.109

Spaces for Celebrating the History of Earthen Architecture Introducing and presenting the value of Earthen Architecture in this Region Providing the opportunity of virtually visiting remote heritage sites Presenting the local crats by clay Introducing the history of Brick and Brick making & Future of Earthen Architecture Observing the process of manufacturing brick in the institute

Program

he drawing illustrates my ideas about the entry to the institute, access, relations, narratives and scenarios for the three groups of spaces and the natural airlow in the spaces and how to improve the experience of students, researchers, community members, and museum visitors.

Figure.110

Spaces for Transforming the Industry Spaces for Celebrating the History of Earthen Architectur Spaces for Contemplating the Future

Program

SITE SELECTION

he Surroundings and Neighborhood he 7000 m2 site is selected on a vacant parcel almost in-between the traditional buildings and the relatively new developed buildings in order to provoke bridging the gap. he site is on one of the main streets of the city and it is located near cultural and historic spaces. he following images represent the surrounding buildings and the site vacancy. he rest of the land is proposed to be a park for the community adjacent to the institute building.

Figure.111

Site Selection

Figure.112

Figure.113

Main Cultural spaces in Yazd he Site Main Streets Figure.114

Figure.115

Figure.116 90

Site Selection

Figure.117

Site Selection

Text about USBK Kiln and its advantages

he Kiln

Considering that a part of the project is allocated to Manufacturing brick, there is a Kiln required for completing the process of making brick from clay. Diferent types of kilns were studied to choose the most eicient one which has the lowest level of CO2 emission and harm to the environment. VSBK (Vertical Shat Brick Kiln) was selected for the project with the lowest rate of negative impact. Besides, the location of the kiln is a key factor to reduce the harmful efects of the kiln on the surrounding environment. hus, it will be constructed on the northern side of the city according to the wind analysis to prevent transferring any CO2 to the city and it is far enough from all the farms, gardens and underground water resources.

Figure.118 92

Site Selection

Figure.119

DESIGN PROCESS During the design process I looked at the past as a teacher and a guide to better understand the traditional design thinking and to ind which key factors have been changed in the context and people’s lifestyle throughout history and how it can inluence my project. For instance, religious trends have changed and has inluenced the men and women social life in the society. he furniture has changed and it efects the dimensions of the interior spaces, and etc.

Figure.120

Porosity and Correlation to the Surroundings One of the key factors that signiicantly impact choosing extroversion vs. introversion design approach is the program and function of the built environment; if it is a residential unit it is more likely to be considered as an introverted space with a totally distinctive air circulation condition than a more public space with extroverted design with more porosity and relation to the surroundings. Besides, surrounding green areas have a remarkable inluence on designing the buildings. hus, all of these factors should be considered in the further steps of the design and I tried to ind a balance in the project.

Design Process

Figure.121

Figure.122

Figure.123 Design Process

Figure.124

Design Process

Figure.125

Design Process

Zoning, Orientation and Mass Proportion In this phase, I studied the vernacular architecture in Yazd and other regions in Iran with similar climactic conditions such as Kerman, Kashan, and Qazvin to explore the mass proportion of the built environment around the courtyards. I consider them as a guide in the zoning phase which is according to the environmental studies and sun path analysis, relation between various spaces in the program, and building orientation. hese drawings illustrate my initial ideas about the connections and relation between various spaces in the program, the activities this project provoke and people’s experiences, and the zoning map of the project.

Figure.126

Research Lab/ Design studio Museum

Education Center

Gallery

Green In-between space

Event Space

Figure.127

Design Process

Library

Store Cafe

The Site (7000 m²)

Figure.128

Design Process

hermal Comfort chart for Yazd and Wind Analysis

Moisture Content (kg/kg dry air)

Rel

ativ e

hum idit y

he chart is a representation of a reasearch by Seyhan Yrdimli, Derya Güleç Özer, Amin Shahriary (Sustainable street architecture and its efects on human comfort conditions: Yazd, Iran) and hermal comfort conditions (Fanger, 1970).1

Fall Summer Spring Winter Comfort Zone Temperature (°C) Figure.129

Wind Direction Duration West and South-West North-West North-West East and South-East

Analysis Properties

January - March April - June July - September October - February

Cold Mild & Dry Hot & Dry Mild

Comment Should be blocked Should be transferred to interior spaces Should be Moisturaized and transferred to interior spaces Should be transferred to interior spaces (Partially)

Table.3

1. Yardımlı, Seyhan, Derya Güleç Özer, and Amin Shahriary. “Sustainable Street Architecture and Its Efects on Human Comfort Conditions: Yazd, Iran.” A/Z : ITU Journal of Faculty of Architecture 17, no. 2 (2020): 113-22. doi:10.5505/itujfa.2020.70188.

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Figure.130

his diagram demonstrates the various levels of the project and relation to the ground. here are two general levels for the built environment; Ground level and the Basement. Besides, two levels for the green areas and courtyards in between the levels of the built environments and some subterranean green areas to improve the natural lighting, air circulation and human experience in the building. In addition, ater the wind analysis during the year, the wind-catcher towers are located on the site based on the approximate area that each tower is able to ventilate, the wind direction, in a way that they do not block the airlow for each other. hey enhance the air circulation due to their opposite orientations and producing negative/positive wind pressure.

Design Process

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Figure.131

Figure.132 Layering

Figure.133 Courtyard

Figure.134 Wind Tower

Figure.135 Roof structure

Passive Ventilation is a key factor in the local Vernacular Architecture of Yazd which impacts most of the design thinkings processes. Due to the importance of promoting environmental and green design in this thesis project, Passive design strategies are studied. In order to efectively design a passive building, it is necessary to consider many interrelated conditions, from building orientation, indoor/outdoor relationship, to window placement and shading; his research focus is on WindCatcher Tower in this phase and its major role in the thermal comfort of the buildings.

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Figure.136

Figure.137

Design Process

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Wind Tower Exterior Wall Traditionally the mixture of clay and water is put in the mold to create the form of bricks. he depth of these traditional bricks is key factor for heat transfer; more depth means longer distance for heat transfer, thus it leads to less heat transfer based on the above formula. However, with technology developments and additive manufacture by Robotic arms, now it is possible to 3D Print Clay in order to create brick geometries with more depth (longer heat path) and light weight due to hollow spaces and porosity. his innovative approach has the potential to construct more eicient clay bricks, walls, and surfaces to improve thermal performance of these elements in the building, particularly in a harsh climate like Yazd. he following illustrations indicate a research work in Iaac Institute, on Incorporating hermal Performance in Clay 3D Printing and represents longer path, and more bifurcations on this path, relate to more ways for the energy to travel and disperse within the wall thickness. 1

Figure.138

1. “Incorporating hermal Performance in Clay 3D Printing.” IAAC Blog. Accessed February 6, 2021. http://www.iaacblog.com/programs/incorporating-thermal-performance-clay-3d-printing/. 104

Design Process

Figure.139

3D Printing the hollow bricks for the tower exterior wall with longer heat transfer path.

Figure.140

Figure.141

Design Process

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Figure.142

Green In-between Spaces In addition to the wind-catcher towers, there are some other conditions and components that should be considered together during the design process. For instance, the key role of green spaces in providing the living comfort, and high quality of human experience is something that can impact space coniguration in the project. It also indicates the cultural value of the relationship between human and nature in the context of Yazd. he beauty and quality of traditional architecture of Yazd, airlow importance and green spaces, vertical and horizontal spatial relations encouraged me to explore general design strategies for the project, inluenced by what I have learnt from the ‘Past’. hese strategies helped me to development the design phase, in order to better respond to the environmental challenges, and cultural values.

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Design Process

Design Strategies/Ideas

1. Temperature afects a pressure, which means that as a result of convection hot air loats upwards and cooler air move downwards. By designing spaces with high ceilings, due to this natural air circulation, warm air loats higher than human height levels, and subsequently enhance the thermal comfort. 2. In some conditions, openings on roof and porous layering of the ceiling, by using custom bricks, provide the opportunity of transferring the warm airlow out and enhancing the cooling system by replacing the warm air with fresh cool airlow (from gardens/wind towers). he space in-between these two layers could be used for lighting ixture and adding to the quality of the space.

3. Green In-between spaces have many positive aspects, such as bringing visual, thermal, and spatial qualities. hey have a remarkable role in refreshing and moisturizing the air. 4. Subterranean gardens bring natural light to the basement spaces, and improving people’s experience on the ground level in addition to enhancing the air circulation and the vertical relation between two levels. 5. Connected courtyards in the project facilitate how air can move inside and outside of the interior spaces in diferent levels of the project. Besides, create a variety of experiences for visitors in terms of vertical and horizontal circulation in the built environment.

5 Figure.143

Design Process

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Figure.144

Design Development he diagram illustrates air movement in the building, and courtyards. It also shows various types of openings and wall conditions, according to the surrounding environment, and these components orientation in relation to the whole project. For instance, in the southern orientation, there is only wind during the winter which should be blocked based on the wind analysis. So, the main design goal is having less openings and reducing the heat transfer from direct southern light of the sun to the interior spaces. hus, bricks with hollow spaces are designed mostly for this side of the project. he eastern and western sides should beneit from the natural air low as much as possible and bring the air inside the building, hence, the porous masonry walls are located in these orientations. Beside, the spaces on the northern side and around the green areas have sliding glass doors and windows to have access to natural Light and be able to participate in the cooling and airlow system whenever is required. In the next step, I looked at sectional drawings as an approach for creating spatial qualities to meet the needs of the project, and community and bringing the design ideas to life.

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Design Process

110-111 Figure.145

Design Process

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Figure.146

Figure.147

110

Design Process

Figure.148

Figure.149

Design Process

111

his thesis aims to seek both the ancient beginnings, and the opportunities of Re-thinking earthen architecture, design and construction approaches, in order to propose technical solutions for improving the traditional building’s performance in terms of Passive Cooling Techniques. Hence, for a deeper understanding, I explored the architectural components relations and connections in the sectional drawings with various scales. Finally, inspired by my explorations l started developing the design phase and the possible combination of Clay as a traditional material, and steel structural system, and the improved passive Cooling system.

hese relatively small openings on the roof produce suction due to the wind movement through these openings. he drawings bellow illustrate how these openings are helpful for taking the warm air out of the interior spaces. Number (1) is the opening used in this project.

Water Mangement system and Greywater Treatment Systems are used for iltering the waste and recycling the water to be re-used in the masonry walls water pipes and wind towers sprinkler system and subterranean gardens

1. Fresh air is transferred to the in-between garden due to the heigh diference 2. Fresh air comes from the garden

Figure.150 112

Design Process

Roof overhang and the sequence of spaces create this opportunity to have glass windows on the Southern side and indirect natural light in the interior spaces

Figure.151

Design Process

113

Wind Tower and Vertical circulation

Research & Manufacture center Testing Lab and Prototype Analysis contact surface with cool soil to provide thermal comfort for working with mechanical/ electrical tools and keep the facilities cooler Court-yard Level

Adjacent Building

Green In-Between Type #1 subterranean green space providing both natural light and evaporative cooling for studio spaces in the basement

Workshop Spaces Training the students Promoting a balance between various approaches Making and Laying down the bricks Traditional and Innovative approaches

Class room with ambient natural light A porous brick wall with a view to green spaces

Wind Tower

Education and Training Center Student gathering and studying spaces having view and access to the event spaces and central green space

Figure.152

114

Design Process

Green In-Between Type #2 an in-between space for both ventilation and social purposes a space with fresh air for gathering, meeting, sitting and enjoying natural light, water pool and vegetation Event space for researchers to present their proposals and explorations for local people to have this opportunities to talk about their experiences and living conditions in traditional houses and their contemporary needs for architects to present their environmental design projects in the region Pedestrian path between garden and indoor event spaces

Library building next to the Education center

Research & Manufacture center Custom brick design studios meeting room with client and professionals 3D modeling and simulating the performance of the brick

Library Media Center Entrance Brick Vaults providing shade for the pedestrian path and interior spaces

Design Process

115

Book Stacks and Reading spaces A collection of books and Digital materials about Earthen Architecture in Iran and other civilizations around the world Reading spaces have access to natural indirect light and natural airlow

Green In-Between Type #3 an in-between space for both ventilation and social purposes a space with fresh air for gathering, meeting, sitting and enjoying natural light, view of both courtyards and vegetation

Fab-Lab Building No entry from the courtyards

Eastern Court-yard level Adjacent to Museum building

Western Court-yard level Adjacent to education center building and working area of the library

Figure.153

116

Design Process

Library gathering and reading spaces Access to the western courtyard having view to both green spaces by clerestory windows and sliding glass doors

Water Features Adds to the quality of the space Moisturizing the airlow

Wind Tower Creating opportunity for both ventilation process and for adding spatial quality in the library allowing people to explore inside of the towers

Library Main Space - The Void Creating the opportunity of better natural lighting improving the Air circulation Enhancing visual connections between various spaces in the library area

Library Archive creating opportunity for researchers to have access to historic documents

Clerestory Windows between arches creating lighting and shadows pattern in interior spaces and adding to the quality of the void space.

Green In-Between Type #1 subterranean green space providing both natural light and evaporative cooling for Archive spaces in the basement

Wind Tower Creating opportunity for both ventilation process and for adding spatial quality in the library allowing people to explore inside of the towers Libraray Entrance Connecting Lobby to the Green In-between space

Library book stacksCollection of books about Clay material art and cultural connections in the region

Design Process

117

Entrance of the Arch the entrance geometry is designed to create a spaciouse Arch inside, for improving the quality of people’s experience, and at the same time reduce the size of the opening for controlling the amout of the direct sunlight on South.

The Arch a spacious Brick arch providing a combination of sense of clay, green areas, fresh airlow and lighting and shadows patterns Cinsists of a Bookstore and a Cafe with local foods

Library Entrance providing access to the library from “he Arch” which is a semi open space with green areas, bookstore and Cafe Adjacent Building Library Media center and lobby Library Meeting space / Lounge providing opportunity for visitors to gather while not disturbing other library users having view and access to the eastern courtyard with a fresh air in addition to the bookstore and Cafe.

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Design Process

Library Entrance from the basement providing access to the library from the courtyard

Court-yard Level

Celerestory Windows adding to the quality of he Arch space by bringing indirect natural light to

Education Center Consists of classrooms, Oice spaces, and workshops for collaborating with University of Yazd Lecture hall and temporary gallery spaces for community events

Library building Located between the Education center and he Arch space, have visual access to both Courtyards.

Wind Tower Education Center Bring fresh air from the Courtyards to the interior spaces Green In-Between Type #3 an in-between space for both ventilation and social purposes a space with fresh air for gathering, meeting, sitting and enjoying natural light, view of both courtyards and vegetation

Brick Vaults providing shade for the pedestrian path and interior spaces

Education Center Arch Entrance to the Lobby and Green In-between space Eastern Court-yard Surrounded by the Library, he Arch, Museum and he Fabrication lab

Western Court-yard level Adjacent to education center building and working area of the library

Research & Manufacture center contact surface with cool soil to provide thermal comfort for working with mechanical/ electrical tools and keep the facilities cooler

Figure.154

Design Process

119

Western Court-yard level Adjacent to education center building and working area of the library (Court-yard Level)

Wind Tower Education Center Bring fresh air from the Courtyards to the interior spaces Education Center Consists of classrooms, Oice spaces, and workshops for collaborating with University of Yazd Lecture hall and temporary gallery spaces for community events Truck Lane Transporting the printed bricks to the Kiln in the northern side of the city

Design Studio and Lab Entrance his is the only entrance to the studio and lab spaces which can be used by the designers and he researchers

Research & Manufacture center Custom brick design studios meeting room with client and professionals 3D modeling and simulating the performance of the brick

Green In-Between Type #1 subterranean green space providing both natural light and evaporative cooling for studio spaces in the basement

Working area in the studios Meeting space in the studio with ambient natural lightand a view to green spaces improving the collaboration between Adjacent to the Computer Lab local builders, designers, in the Education Center engineers, and clients

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Design Process

Storage Room A space for categorizing and storing the dried bricks before they are transported to the Kiln and construction sites

Observation Area Provinding the opportunity for Local people and the museum visitors to look at the process of making the bricks and be introduced to new approaches of working with Clay Lounge creating a comfortabe space adjacent to meeting and working area between the Fabrication Lab and studio to be easily accessible by evryone.

Material Lab Monitoring the process of printing Studying and Exploring the mud mixture Experimenting the structural aspects of the porous walls.

Research & Manufacture center Testing Lab and Prototype Analysis contact surface with cool soil to provide thermal comfort for working with mechanical/ electrical tools and keep the facilities cooler

Adjacent Building- the Museum Future of Earthen Architecture Gallery

Green In-Between Type #3 On the southern side of the Lab building Surrounded by both courtyards Vehicle Loading/Unloading Eastern Court-yard Level Surrounded by the Library, he Arch, Museum and he Fabrication lab Brick Drying Room Brick stacks for sun drying the printed bricks and Studying and Exploring the shrinkage process of mud during the manufacturing

Museum Space

Figure.155

Design Process

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122 Design Process

South side Entrance #2

South side Entrance #1

West side Entrance

Figure.156

Adjacent park

Adjacent Cultural spaces

Parking Lot

Adjacent Parking Lot Truck lane to the storage for transferring the bricks to the kiln

Brick Design Studio and Fabrication Lab Museum and Gallery Education Center

Library

Entrance from the park to the Museum

Education Center Entrance

Entrance from the main street to the Library, bookstore, café and the courtyard

Entrance from the main street to the Library, public space and the courtyard

Figure.157

Design Process

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Entrance

Adjacent Cultural Centers

Entrance

Museum and Gallery

Manufacture Center

Library and Written Document Archive

Design Studio

Education Center

Parking Lot

Residential Units

Local Market

Figure.158

Residential Units

Religious Center

Adjacent Park

Figure.159

he Basement Plan

1- Reception / Information 2- Lobby 3- Oice 4- Management 5- Computer Lab for students 6- Representatives oice 7- kitchen 8- Lounge 9- Locker room

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Design Process

10- Library Archive 11- Green In-between 12- Temporary Gallery 13- Gathering space 14- Washroom 15- History of Earthen Architecture Researchers room 16- Courtyard 17- Reading room 18- Book stacks

19- Working area 20- Collection analyzing room 21- Photo Gallery 22- Material Art Gallery 23- Movie room 24- VR section 25- Gallery space 26- Museum collection storage 27- History of brick & brickmaking

28- Tools and Techniques Gallery 29- Documentary ilms 30- Fabrication lab 31- Technician’s room 32- Storage room 33- Mechanical Room 34- Material Lab 35- Working space 36- Design studio

Figure.160

he Ground Floor Plan

1- Entrance 2- Lobby 3- Oice 4- Information 5- Workshop space 6- Classroom 7- Meeting room 8- Lounge 9- Lecture Room

10- Void 11- Green In-between 12- Temporary Gallery 13- Gathering space 14- Water features 15- Corridor 16- Courtyard 17- Reading room 18- Book stacks

19- Working area 20- Book store 21- Café 22- History of Earthen Architecture gallery 23- Movie room 24- VR section – introducing remote heritage sites 25- Gallery space 26- Clay; art & architecture 27- History of brick & brickmaking

28- industrialization 29- Future of Earthen architecture 30- Fabrication lab 31- Drying room 32- Storage room 33- Transporting bricks to the kiln 34- Monitoring the Drying process 35- Working space 36- Design studio

Design Process

127

Subterranean garden in the basement creates a void on the ground level between the porch next to the entrance and the interior spaces.

Event / Gathering Space Figure.161

128

Design Process

Meeting space for designers, students, researchers and local people

Custom designed brick wall near the water features to facilitate cooling process and natural ventilation in the lobby

Openings in the ceiling in order to improve transferring the warm airlow by the openings on the roof

Sliding glass doors between the Lobby, the porch, and the green space in front of the building in order to provide opportunity for users to participate in the cooling and ventilation process whenever is required.

Green In-between space in the Education center

Entrance to the Corridor between the event center and the library lobby area which is a direct connection between the courtyard and the entrance on the southern side of the project.

Sliding glass doors between the hall and the green space in order to provide opportunity for users to participate in the cooling and ventilation process whenever is required

Custom designed bricks to create porous vaults for the ceiling to improve air transfer by the openings on the roof

Brick wall adjacent to the lecture hall for creating a space to keep the chairs as well

Education Center Figure.162

Design Process

129

Green In-between space between the Education center and event space

Sliding glass doors between the hall and the green space in order to provide opportunity for users to participate in the cooling and ventilation process whenever is required

Temporary Gallery Space and Lecture Hall Figure.163

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Design Process

Custom designed bricks to create porous vaults for the ceiling to improve air transfer by the openings on the roof

Temporary Gallery for showcasing the reaserchers and students works with Clay

Brick wall adjacent to the Gallery space for allowing both visual connection and keeping the chairs when is required

Material Lab and Brick Manufacture analyzing space

Custom designed brick by Additive manufacturing approach to facilitate air circulation and natural ventilation

Subterranean green space for adding quality to design studio and naturally cooling and moisturizing the air low

Custom designed brick for creating a green wall

Gathering space for designers and researchers to spend more time together

Brick Design studio and Manufacture Center Figure.164

Design Process

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Figure.165 132

Design Process

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

Construction Phases; he building almost builds itself. Making the bricks, laying the bricks, and bringing cratsmen and women to assemble the building are things that should be related to the time scale of the community, and what the community is able to produce in order to follow the pace and the order of the construction on the site. he building almost builds itself in the project; the built environment design and space conigurations provide the opportunity for local people to construct the design studio and manufacturing lab irst. hen, during a collaboration between designers, engineers and the local people, they start manufacturing and laying the bricks. Ater that, in four following construction phases. he other spaces are created on the site. Ater building the lab and studio on the Northern side of the land, the education and event center is constructed irst due to its importance for the community, and the functional connections with the studio and lab. During the next phase, library is built to provide written collections, and more resources for students, researchers, and the community. In the fourth phase, courtyards and the Arch are completed in order to add to the quality of people experiences. Finally, the museum and gallery are constructed, adjacent to the park, to provide opportunity for celebrating the signiicant role of clay in the cultural identity of Yazd.

Figure.166 (group of images on this page and the following one) 134

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LAST WORDS “It is of the essence of life that it does not begin here or end there, or connect a point of origin with a inal destination, but rather that it keeps on going, inding a way through the myriad of things that form, persist and break up in its currents. Life, in short, is a movement of opening, not of closure.” Tim Ingold, Being Alive: Essays on Movement, Knowledge and Description

his Design hesis Project is an attempt to set the stage for Re-thinking what has been let behind, and starting the conversation about the values and qualities that got lost in the gaps. It is a step towards considering the beauty and importance of the ‘origins’ in the community. Each community has a unique narrative in its context, which should be celebrated. We should learn from the past, and appreciate each step that had been taken during the process of moving forwards, and shaping the city of Yazd. It is important to try to bridge the gaps, and create opportunities for younger generations to explore new ways of respecting their cultural identity, and integrating engineering developments with the traditional wisdom of their ancestors. hank you.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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