Automata
ISBN 978-0-9572097-6-3 Updated edition of Automata and Papier Mâché catalogue 2006 This edition 2018: Falmouth Art Gallery, Municipal Buildings, The Moor, Falmouth TR11 2RT Text by Henrietta Boex, Paul Spooner, Brian Stewart, Donna Williams Photography by Steve Tanner Design by
Steve Collinson, xgraphica
Automata: Moving figures, tableaux or sculptures powered by electricity, clockwork, water, wind, gravity or hand turned.
AUTOMATA Falmouth Art Gallery Collection
Front cover: Peter Markey (1930 – 2016) Wave Machine (detail) Back cover: Paul Spooner Charles Napier Hemy, Our Premier Pilchard Painter (detail,closed).
A Brief History of Automata and Mechanical Toys
Cams
2-300BC
The first recorded automata were made in Egypt
4-500AD
Byzantine water clocks incorporate automata
The cam makes the movement for the automaton. Different shapes make different movements so automata makers need to select the right cam to create the effect they want. Here are the cam shapes and some examples of what they could be used for:
7th c. Islamic artisans develop ever more elaborate water clocks 14th c.
European ‘clockwork’ includes animated characters striking the chimes
The snailshape
produces a smooth uplift followed by a sudden drop down - great for a jack in the box or a swooping seagull.
The triangular cam
makes short jerky movements - ideal for snapping jaws on a crocodile, a shark or a dinosaur.
This cam
has curves, one bigger than the rest. The smaller curves make small jumps, whilst the largest curve make the biggest jump - good for a grasshopper, a flea, a frog or a gorilla on a pogo-stick.
A circular cam
with the hole set off centre will give a smooth lift. Great for a rabbit coming out of a magician’s hat, or a boat bobbing on a wave. You can get a slightly different movement with an egg shape or oval cam.
15-16th c. Renaissance gardens come to life with hydraulic automata 17th c.
Life-like mechanical creatures and toys become a craze with wealthy Europeans
18th c.
Napoleonic prisoners of war in British captivity produce fine bone automata
1850
Golden age of Victorian mechanical toy makers particularly in France and Germany
1915-1945 Clockwork and mechanical automata and toys in decline 1945-70
Alexander Calder and Jean Tinguely explore kinetic and mechanical objects and Sam Smith begins to make painted wooden toys
1968
Rodney Peppé has his first children’s book published, meets Sam Smith and is inspired
1979
Sue Jackson opens Cabaret in Falmouth and recruits local makers Peter Markey, Paul Spooner and toy maker Ron Fuller.
1984
Cabaret Mechanical Theatre moves to Covent Garden, London
1996
Peter Markey gives one of his ‘wave machines’ to Falmouth Art Gallery
1998
All Hands on Deck! Automata on a maritime theme exhibition at Falmouth Art Gallery
2018
Falmouth Art Gallery collection now numbers almost 60 automata and includes work by Patrick Bond, Anthony Crosby, Susan Evans, Robert Hackney, Fi Henshall, Robert Jones, Peter Markey, Justin Mitchell, Keith Newstead, Matt Smith, Paul Spooner, Angela and Laurence St Ledger and Carlos Zapata. Many of these artists live and work in or near Falmouth.
Falmouth and Automata Falmouth has been described as the ‘home’ of automata making due to the legacy of a special shop called Cabaret and its association with three figures who were central to the renaissance of automata making in the UK: Peter Markey (1930-2016), Ron Fuller (1936-2017) and Sue Jackson (1938-2016). The town continues to be an important nucleus of contemporary automata makers, many of whom have international reputations. The ‘father’ of the Falmouth automata makers was Peter Markey, who taught art for many years
Paul Spooner and Sue Jackson outside Cabaret, Falmouth 1982
at Falmouth School and encouraged his pupils in automata making. Markey is famous for his naïve style which can be seen in the large public mural he designed in 1984 and can be found on Webber Street, Falmouth. The mural has recently been restored as part of Falmouth Art Gallery’s ‘A Cabaret of Mechanical Movement Project’ funded by National Lottery players through the Heritage Lottery Fund. Peter Markey was the first recruit when in 1979 Sue Jackson, a former Falmouth art student, opened a craft shop called Cabaret in the High Street, Falmouth. Peter’s work was soon joined by the creations of Paul Spooner and Ron Fuller, both of whom had been encouraged by Sue to turn their hand to automata making and went on to become internationally renowned makers. Many people still remember seeing in the shop window Paul Spooner’s large coin operated skeleton, The Last Judgement.
In 1983 Sue founded Cabaret Mechanical Theatre, the first collection of contemporary automata in Britain, made by artists originally recruited in and around Falmouth. Sue moved Cabaret Mechanical Theatre to London’s Covent Garden in 1984 where it delighted visitors until 2000 but the Falmouth shop is still fondly remembered locally.
Peter Markey Wave Machine with Airplane, 2005 Wood,16 x 20 x 8 cm Falmouth Art Gallery Collection FAMAG:2014.8
Cabaret Mechanical Theatre still exists online and provides a showcase for some of the country’s finest toy and automata makers including Paul Spooner, Keith Newstead, Ron Fuller, Will Jackson, Tim Hunkin, Michael Howard, Richard Windley, Lucy Casson, Andy Hazell and Jan Zalud.
Cabaret Mechanical (is our middle name) Theatre by Paul Spooner Cabaret began as a shop in Falmouth, Cornwall, presided over by the restless spirit of Sue Jackson who, wishing to move on from a successful restaurant business, thought she’d give retail a whirl for a few years. This was in the late seventies when people from the sixties had tired of the endless partying and settled down to become goatherds and self-employed artisans. The shop was full of their products; pottery, knitted goods, woodwork, quilts, toys. It was cheerful, quirky, and because Sue knew Ron Fuller and Peter Markey, some of it moved when you turned a handle. Pretty soon the mechanical things predominated over the stuff that just sat there doing nothing and other mechanicallyminded artisans saw a chance to sell their products. Paul Spooner was in this second wave and the place began to get a reputation for somewhere to go if you if you wanted to buy ‘automata’ – that’s what these things had rather presumptuously started to call themselves. Many people didn’t want to buy; they just wanted to look, so Sue roped off a section of the place as if it were a tiny museum and made people pay to look. Money was also extracted from them by home-made slot machines, of which Tim Hunkin is a past and current master.
Sue didn’t like the way Falmouth, a seaside town, tended to shut down in the winter and in 1984 moved her enterprise to the then-fashionable Covent Garden in London. Lots of people visited, then other makers: Keith Newstead, Carlos Zapata, Andy Hazell, Lucy Casson etc. added their pieces to the show. Outreach projects: the automata competitions for schools, publications, kits and collaborative efforts such as the Ride of Life (an ambitious spoof theme park for a shopping mall near Sheffield) were instituted. Among the many visitors to the renamed Cabaret Mechanical Theatre, Design and Technology teachers were particularly keen, and incorporated automaton design onto their courses. Many people who have passed through the British educational system will have constructed some jolly mechanism of their own; a surprising number of them electing to make cows jump over moons. The Covent Garden premises closed in 2000 but its spores have spread. Several versions of the collection are to be seen in exhibitions around the world. There is a website and online shop selling educational materials and examples of automata to suit every pocket (except the almost empty).
Strictly speaking, Cabaret is a business. Now run by Sue’s daughter Sarah Alexander, it sells goods and services to a rather specialised clientele. It is also a collection of people who enjoy each other’s company, those who make, sell and buy automata as well as those who just look.. Cabaret helped to make Falmouth into a town of automata enthusiasts and collectors, the perfect environment for new makers to thrive. Over the last 30 years Falmouth Art Gallery has developed a significant contemporary automata collection which includes all of the established local automata makers. The gallery has strong links with these makers and regularly commissions new works when funding is available. The gallery is fortunate enough to have received funding to commission twenty-one new automata depicting scenes from Falmouth’s artistic heritage, such as Henry Scott Tuke’s shivering models and John Singer Sargent painting marine artist Charles Napier Hemy, as part of Heritage Lottery Funded projects. Falmouth’s automata collection is in constant demand from visitors and school groups and has been loaned for national exhibitions. The gallery regularly delivers automata workshops to local schools, students and community groups. In addition to the gallery’s collection there are also a number of automata related landmarks in
the town. This includes three large scale public automata in Kimberley Park and the ‘Peter Markey Mural’. In 1998 Cath Wallace, supported by Sir Nicholas Goodison, curated at Falmouth Art Gallery a pioneering exhibition of automata featuring work by Markey, Spooner, Robert Jones, Will Jackson, Alice King, Vicki Wood, Anthony Crosby, Patrick Bond, Neil Hardy, Tony Mann, Matt Smith, Simon Ellwood and Fuller. These artists share a delight in the absurd and the ridiculous. Since then the gallery has shown automata in a wide variety of exhibitions, most recently ‘A Cabaret of Mechanical Movement’ which was a celebration of Peter, Ron and Sue and their contribution to automata making as well as the important role Falmouth plays in the history and development of automata making in the UK.
Peter Markey Wave Machine Wood, 44.5 high x 21 x 88.4 cm Presented by Peter Markey in 1996 Falmouth Art Gallery Collection FAMAG:1000.88
Peter Markey Green Shopping
Peter Markey Pop Duo
Peter Markey Green Ride
Peter Markey The Rower
Wood, 26 x 18 x 9 cm high
Wood, 18.3 cm high
Wood, 29 x 13 x 9 cm
Wood, 14.5 cm high
Falmouth Art Gallery Collection FAMAG:2007.11.3
Falmouth Art Gallery Collection FAMAG:2007.11.2
Falmouth Art Gallery Collection FAMAG:2007.11.5
Falmouth Art Gallery Collection FAMAG:2007.11.4
Keith(born Newstead Keith Newstead 1956) Man Ray with Ady Man Ray with Ady Fidelin Fidelin
Mixed Media, 74.3 automaton, 74.3 cm cm high high Commissioned in 2004in with aid from the the EsmĂŠe Fairbairn Foundation Commissioned 2004grant with grant aid from Esmee Fairbairn Foundation
FAMAG:2004.4 Gallery Collection collection. FAMAG:2004.4 Falmouth Art Gallery
Anthony Crosby Anthony Crosby (born1958) Not as Not as Weird weird as as Fish fish
Mixed Media, 42 42 cm cm high high automaton, Commissioned in 2004 with grant aid from the EsmĂŠe Fairbairn Foundation Commissioned in 2004 with grant aid from the Esmee Fairbairn Foundation Falmouth Art Art Gallery Gallery collection. Collection FAMAG:2004.7 Falmouth
Paul Spooner The Moment of Ovulation Mixed Media, 33 cm high
Paul Spooner (born 1948) The moment of ovulation collection box, automaton, 33 cm high
Commissioned in 2004 withCommissioned grant aid frominthe Esmée Foundation. 2004 withFairbairn grant aid from the Esmee Fairbairn Foundation Falmouth Art Gallery Collection FAMAG:2004.3 Falmouth Art Gallery collection. FAMAG:2004.3
Carlos Zapata Sunday’s Bath Mixed Media 42 cm high Falmouth Art Gallery Collection FAMAG:2007.22
Paul Spooner The Box Tunnel on the Great Western Railway - Thanatoscope Mixed Media 34 cm high Commissioned with funding from Brunel 200, an initiative of Bristol Cultural Development Partnership - Arts Council England South West, Heritage Lottery Fund, Bristol City Council and Business West. Falmouth Art Gallery Collection FAMAG:2006.12
Keith(born1956) Newstead Keith Newstead God’s Wonderful Wonderful Railway Railway (after (after Emett) Emett) God’s Mixed Media 59 59 cm cm high high Automaton, Commissioned Commissionedwith withfunding fundingfrom fromBrunel Brunel 200, 200, an an initiative initiative of of Bristol Bristol Cultural CulturalDevelopment DevelopmentPartnership Partnership--Arts Arts Council Council England England South South West, West, Heritage HeritageLottery LotteryFund, Fund,Bristol Bristol City City Council Council and and Business Business West. West. Falmouth FalmouthArt Art Gallery Gallery collection. Collection FAMAG:2006.13 FAMAG:2006.13
Carlos Carlos Zapata Zapata (born1963) I.K. Brunel (1806-1859) I.K.Brunel Mixed Media,65 65cm cmhigh high automaton, Commissionedwith withfunding fundingfrom fromBrunel Brunel200, 200, an Commissioned initiative of of Bristol Cultural Development Partnership - an initiative Bristol Cultural Development Partnership ArtsCouncil CouncilEngland EnglandSouth SouthWest, West,Heritage HeritageLottery LotteryFund, Fund, Arts BristolCity CityCouncil Counciland andBusiness BusinessWest. West Bristol FAMAG:2006.11 FalmouthArt ArtGallery GalleryCollection collection.FAMAG:2006.11 Falmouth
Justin Mitchell Justin Mitchell (born1966) I.K. Brunel’s Brunel’s Leviathan Leviathan of of the Seas - The Great Eastern I.K. Mixed Media, 44 x 64 cm Automaton, Commissioned Commissioned with with funding from Brunel 200, an initiative of Bristol Bristol Cultural Cultural Development Development Partnership - Arts Council England South West, Heritage Heritage Lottery Lottery Fund, Bristol City Council and Business West. Falmouth Art Gallery collection. Collection FAMAG:2006.14
Peter Markey Henry Scott Tuke Painting Wood, 28 cm high Heritage Lottery Funded Falmouth Art Gallery Collection FAMAG:2008.2
Peter Markey View from Tuke’s Cottage Wood, 39 x 29 x 25 cm Heritage Lottery Funded Falmouth Art Gallery Collection FAMAG:2008.9
Carlos Zapata Water Ahoy - Henry Scott Tuke in a Boat Mixed Media, 55 cm high Heritage Lottery Funded Falmouth Art Gallery Collection FAMAG:2007.14
Paul Spooner “Please Mr Tuke, When Can We Put Our Togs Back On?” Mixed Media, 46 cm high Heritage Lottery Funded Falmouth Art Gallery Collection FAMAG:2008.12
Keith Newstead Tuke’s Cottage at Pennance Mixed Media, 39.5 cm high Heritage Lottery Funded Falmouth Art Gallery Collection FAMAG:2008.3
Keith Newstead The Shock of the New Mixed Media, 53.5 cm high Falmouth Art Gallery Collection FAMAG:2009.31
Paul Spooner Who’s Who on the Tree of Life or a three-dimensional diagram showing the mental adjustment required to accommodate Darwin’s ideas concerning nature and man’s station in life Mixed Media, 61 cm high Commissioned with funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund as part of the Darwin 200 celebrations. Falmouth Art Gallery Collection FAMAG:2009.6
Carlos Zapata Evolution? Mixed Media, 35 cm high Commissioned with funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund as part of the Darwin 200 celebrations. Falmouth Art Gallery Collection FAMAG:2008.21
Keith Newstead Evolution Mixed Media, 47 cm high Commissioned with funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund as part of the Darwin 200 celebrations. Falmouth Art Gallery Collection. FAMAG:2008.39
Richard Hackney Harry Mixed Media, 26 cms high Purchased with funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund as part of the Darwin 200 celebrations Falmouth Art Gallery Collection. FAMAG:2009.14
Anthony Crosby How Meteorites Are Really Made
Carlos Zapata Constellations – with Joan Miró
Mixed Media, 27 cm high
Mixed Media, 42 cm high
Falmouth Art Gallery Collection FAMAG:2007.24
Falmouth Art Gallery Collection. FAMAG:2007.23
Keith Newstead) After Three Long Days – The Final Touch
Paul Spooner Charles Napier Hemy, Our Premier Pilchard Painter
Mixed Media, 50 cm high
Mixed Media, 40 x 41 x 20.5 cm
Commissioned with funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund as part of the Sargent Project Falmouth Art Gallery Collection. FAMAG:2010.5
Commissioned with funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund as part of the Sargent Project Falmouth Art Gallery Collection FAMAG:2011.12
Carlos Zapata View From the Vandermeer Mixed Media, 38 cm high Commissioned with funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund Falmouth Art Gallery Collection FAMAG:2010.15
Carlos Zapata Anne Killigrew as Observed by John Dryden Mixed Media, 53 cm high Heritage Lottery Funded Falmouth Art Gallery Collection FAMAG:2013.4
Fi Henshall Winifred Mixed Media 41 x 38 x 25 cm Falmouth Art Gallery Collection FAMAG:2015.12
Keith Newstead The Cornish Cultural Triangle Mixed Media, 50 x 110 x 34 cms Commissioned with funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund as part of the Cultural Triangle Project. Falmouth Art Gallery Collection. FAMAG:2014.7
Keith Newstead (born 1956) Keith GayNewstead Old Tar Gay Tar automaton, 51 Old cm high
Mixed Media, 51 cm high Purchased in 2006 Falmouth Art Gallery Collection. FAMAG:2006.21.2 collection. FAMAG:2006.21.2
Keith Newstead Brian’s Brilliant Bike Mixed Media, 49 cm high Falmouth Art Gallery Collection. FAMAG:2011.9
Keith Newstead A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing Mixed Media, 49 cm high Falmouth Art Gallery Collection. FAMAG:2006.21.1
Keith Newstead (born1956) A wolf in sheep’s clothing Automaton, 49 cm high Purchased in 2006 Falmouth Art Gallery collection. FAMAG:2006.21.1
Matt Smith The Secret Mixed Media 25 cms Falmouth Art Gallery Collection. FAMAG:2015.1
Susan Evans (born1950) Evans CatsSusan and birds Cat and Automaton, 38 cmBirds high
Mixed MediaFAMAG:2006.9 38cm high Falmouth Art Gallery collection. Falmouth Art Gallery Collection. FAMAG:2006.9
Fi Henshall A Busy Day at No.12 West Street Mixed Media, 141 x 38 x 25 Falmouth Art Gallery Collection. FAMAG:2012.18
Patrick Bond (born1955) Patrick Bond) Ships Passing Ships Passing automaton, 35.5 cm high
Metal, 35.5 cm high Purchased in 2005 Falmouth Art Art Gallery Gallery Collection. collection. FAMAG:2005.9 Falmouth
Keith Newstead The Dora, Falmouth Collection Box Mixed Media, 52.57 cm high Falmouth Art Gallery Collection. FAMAG:2006.23
Paul Spooner (born 1948) Nymph Collection Box Mixed Media, 79.5 cm high Falmouth Art Gallery Collection. FAMAG:1000.11