Precision Soil Map & Soil Interpretations

PRECISION SOIL MAP AND SOIL INTERPRETATIONS For

46.7 Acre Property 21423 Bishop-Scott Road Yamhill, Oregon February 15, 2017

By Andy Gallagher Red Hill Soils Corvallis, Oregon

INTRODUCTION This project was done to provide soil profile information, classification and baseline soil interpretations for viticulture for the property on 21423 NW Bishop Scott Road, Yamhill, Oregon. Soil borings were made in the area of the terrain suited to winegrowing. Soil sampling locations were selected based on terrain and vegetation to address potential soil variability on the parcel. Soil profile descriptions were made in order to classify soils and to record soil drainage characteristics, soil depth to bedrock, surface thickness, soil texture of the surface and the subsoil. Boring locations were recorded with a global positioning system (GPS). Interpretations for viticulture are made based on these borings.

A revised soil map is provided in the survey area along with an estimate of acreage suited to vineyards BACKGROUND AND METHODS Project Area The site is about 43 to 46 acres and currently has a small vineyard (about 2.5 acres) of established winegrapes. The rest of the parcel includes a home and shop and the balance is grassy and brushy fields and narrow wooded ravines.

Slope aspect on the area investigated is primarily east and southeast and small areas of northeast.

The geology of the site is marine siltstone and sandstone. The parent materials of the soils consist of loamy colluvium derived from sedimentary rock and residuum of sedimentary rock. The terrain is 4 to 20 percent hummocky slopes in places with short steeper slopes greater than 30 percent gradient. Elevation

ranges from 385 ft on the ridge down to about 230 ft. m.s.l. on the low end of the property and soil borings were made with a soil auger to depth of four or five feet.

Figure 1. Topographic map of the property (25 ft. contour interval) and numbered soil borings.

350 300

500 ft

250

Table 1. Soil boring data Depth to

200

400

Boring

Soil Name

1 2 3 4 5

Goodin Windygap Chehulpum Panther Dupee (moderately deep phase)

6 7 8

Goodin Steiwer Chehulpum (very shallow phase) Chehulpum (clayey phase) Dupee Goodin Goodin Goodin Goodin

9 10 11 12 13 14

Red Hill Soils

Depth to

Available Water

holding capacity 1200 600 sedimentary 800Seasonal high 1000 bedrock (in) 24 48 13 0 32

water table (in) Well drained Well drained Well drained Poorly drained 32

(in)

30 24 6

Well drained Well drained Well drained

5 4 1

16

Well drained

3

>40 30 22 38 22

24 Well drained Well drained Well drained Well drained

8 5 4 6 4

2

4 8 2 6 5

Figure 2. NRCS soil survey and soil borings.

500 ft

0

200 400 Survey of Yamhill 600 County Area 800 Previously the Soil delineated: 2214C 2766C 2767D 2767E 2769C

1000

Chehalem silty clay loams, somewhat poorly drained Goodin sicl 2-12 percent slopes Goodin-Melbourne Complex, 12 to 20 percent slopes Goodin-Melbourne Complex 20 to 30 percent slopes Melbourne-Witham Complex 2 to 25 percent slopes

RESULTS Data from fourteen soil borings and site observations are presented in Table 1.

Soil boring locations are listed in Table 2.

Results and Interpretations for Vineyards There are currently about 2.3 acres of established vineyards on the parcel.

There are an additional 18 acres that have both suitable soils and suitable terrain. There are about four acres that have suitable terrain, but that are inaccessible for soil sampling because of briars and brushy conditions. So there are potentially around 25 acres that could be developed for vineyards, which includes existing vineyards. The actual planted vineyards will be less than this amount to account for row ends, borders, travel lanes and odd corners, and this could amount to about 15 to 30 percent reduction of available acres depending on vineyard block design. Unsuitable areas (E in Figure 3) are either poorly drained, in a drainage way, excessively steep (> 30 percent slopes) or north

Red Hill Soils

3

1200

aspect slopes greater than 20 percent gradient, and also includes the house and shop.

Most of the suitable acreage is well drained and about 3 to 5 acres are considered plantable after artificial drainage. There may be additional plantable acres within area D in the brushy long slope, or there may be additional acres there that need artificial drainage. Some clearing of brush will need to be done before this can be sampled.

Figure 3. Revised soil map and soil boring locations.

D

B C A

E A

C B

500 ft

Revised Soil Legend A Goodin silty clay loam B Chehulpum-Steiwer complex C Dupee silty clay loam D Suitable terrain, not sampled E Drainageways, Excessive Slopes, and Poorly Drained, not suitable for vineyards

200

Red Hill Soils

400

600

4

800

1

Soils Suitable for Wine Grapes A Goodin silty clay loam (11 acres) These are well drained, silty clay loam over clay soils that formed in colluvium and residuum of siltstone and sandstone on low foothills of the Coast Range. The Goodin soils have strong brown to yellowish brown clayey subsoil, are moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to marine siltstone and are well suited to growing wine grapes. Available water holding capacity is moderate. Goodin soils were previously mapped as Willakenzie soils in the older soil survey, and many vineyards known for Willakenzie soils are now mapped Goodin soils.

Goodin soils have more clay than Willakenzie and typically have 35 to 50 percent clay in the upper subsoil. These soils have moderate to moderately low vigor potential and excellent potential for fine wines. These soils can be dry farmed but may experience stress in droughty years so they are often irrigated. This unit includes small areas of deep soils like Windygap (boring 2).

B Chehulpum silt loam (7 acres) These soils are shallow to siltstone and well drained. They are on convex foothill sideslopes and benches. This unit includes moderately deep loamy soils like Steiwer, which has a thick dark surface over siltstone which is less than 40 inches depth. The Chehuplum soils have low vigor potential and Steiwer has moderate vigor potential and both soils produce high quality wines. These soils can be droughty in dry periods of late summer. In at least one sample the clay content was higher than typical for the series.

C Dupee silty clay loam (3 acres) These soils are moderately well drained, silty clay loam over clay soils that formed in colluvium and residuum of siltstone and sandstone on low foothills of the Coast Range. The Dupee soils have strong brown to yellowish brown clayey subsoil and grayish brown mottled colors. These soils are deep to marine siltstone and are well suited to growing wine grapes. Available water holding capacity is moderately high. Dupee soils are usually artificially drained and dry farmed.

D Terrain is suitable but soil were not sampled because briars and brushy conditions. (4.4 acres) Soils Not Suitable to Wine Grapes E Drainage ways, Steep areas and Poorly Drained Soils These are generally considered to be too steep or too wet for growing high quality wine grapes. They have steep side slopes and concave slope positions in the head slope and at the base. Some of these areas can be worked into the overall vineyard design as vegetated drainage ways that can trap silt and provide habitat for pollinators and other beneficial wildlife. Drain tiling in these areas improve both foot and machine trafficability during winter and spring and can

Red Hill Soils

5

reduce erosion. It may be beneficial to open up the wooded drainage area to facilitate cool air drainage.

Figure 4. Areas of existing vineyard and potential vineyards A-D.

D

B C A

outE A

out

vineyard

C B

500 ft

Soil Depth The depth of the soils in the survey areas range from very shallow to deep. The underlying rock is strongly weathered fractured siltstone and roots extend deep into the fissured rocks. The reported depth is to paralithic siltstone, which is 200 400 600 800 generally deeply weathered and soft enough to dig with hand tools. There are fractures and fissures where roots and soil water can penetrate though somewhat restricted compared to soil.

Soil Drainage Most of the soils in the area suited for vineyards (Figure 4) are well drained with the exception of the Dupee soils and Dupee has a seasonal high water table at 20 to 36 inches depth. The Dupee soils should be artificially drained prior to vineyard development. These soils are used for vineyards if the soil is adequately drained using intercept drainage pattern in which the subsurface flow

Red Hill Soils

6

1000

is captured in drain lines and diverted to main lines in the draws for safe transport downslope. Intercept drainage is one which collects subsurface flow and side-hill seep water and diverts water toward larger main lines usually located in natural drainage way. Intercept drainage is typically installed prior to trellis installation and planting. Tile line spacing of 20 to 30 feet is needed on the Dupee soils.

There are areas of poorly to somewhat poorly drained soils in the drainage ways and in low-lying valley bottom.

Available Water Holding Capacity (AWHC) This site ranges from low to moderately high available water holding capacity.

The shallow Chehulpum soils have low AWHC, moderately deep Goodin and Steiwer soils have moderate AWHC and the deep Windygap and Dupee soils have moderately high AWHC (Table 1).

Reported AWHC is the amount of the water that can be stored in the soil profile that is available for plant uptake; it represents the amount of water held between field moisture capacity and the permanent wilting point (reported in inches of water). The value reported is calculated from a model based on the sum of the weighted average AWHC for each soil horizon, using values reported in the literature and measured soil profile data at each numbered point.

The AWHC is a function of soil depth, texture, organic matter, bulk density, porosity, and soil osmotic potential. Root restricting layers decrease the depth of the soil profile and the AWHC. Clay soils hold more total water, but have less available water than silty loam soils. Clay soils have extremely fine micropores and much more surface area that together cause them to retain water at highly negative matric potentials. As soil moisture potentials become more negative (as soils dry), sandy soils hold less total water than finer textured soils, because a larger percentage of the pores are large and are freely drain and total soil surface area is small. Since the majority of tree and vine roots are in the upper soil profile, the AWHC values for the upper root zone provides a useful relative scale of the variability in water supply available for the classes used here.

Vineyards with shallow soils like Chehulpum typically use micro-irrigation starting in July as needed through grape harvest to supplement the stored soil water.

These droughty soils are usually planted with drought tolerant rootstocks. These shallow soils have low natural vigor and while it is challenging to manage water in them they are sought after for growing premium wines. Vine spacing is adjusted to match the vigor potential of the soil.

Winegrowing soils with moderate and higher AWHC can be managed under dry land conditions, and rootstocks that reduce vigor are usually favored on such soils.

Red Hill Soils

7

Varying the cover crop mixture, customizing the mowing and tillage treatments and adjusting vine spacing to match the vine vigor potential of the soil can provide managed competition towards achieving balanced vine growth. For example: more vigorous grass cover crops can be used to compete with the grapevines for water in deeper soils. In droughty soils, less competitive cover crops that add organic matter to soil but do not root deeply may be more appropriate. Alternate row tillage can be used to further reduce competition in low vigor potential soils. Mulching in the vine row can help conserve soil moisture, but can also increase rodent damage.

Soil Quality, Soil Conservation and Site Preparation Soil quality involves managing the physical, chemical and biological components of the soil towards the goal of overall soil health. Healthy soil has an active and healthy biotic community; it has good tilth and nutrient balance. Tilth is defined as the physical condition of the soil relative to ease of tillage, its suitability as a seedbed and its impedance to seedling emergence and root penetration.

Organic soil amendments and additions of calcium as either lime or gypsum can improve soil aggregation, tilth and nutrient status of the soil and can stimulate the soil biotic community.

One goal should be maintaining high populations of soil organisms such as earthworms, through “earthworm friendly farming”, because of the many benefits of soil organisms, especially the surface-feeding/deep-burrowing “night crawlers”.

In addition to their improvement of soil hydrology previously mentioned, earthworms play many important roles in soil ecology of the vineyard. For example, earthworm casts are higher in plant nutrients, and casts have elevated pH and organic matter content compared to matrix soil. In as much as earthworms cast inside their deep earthworm burrows, they create favorable conditions for deep rooting vines trying to grow in subsoils that are notoriously acidic. Night crawlers multiply quickly under hazelnuts once the trees produce a sizeable leaf drop. Cover crops between vine rows, green manure crops, mulching, and limited grazing all help increase earthworm populations. Deep plowing, use of certain insecticides have negative impacts on night crawlers.

Historical records for the Western Oregon have documented very severe erosion on foothill soils where soils were unprotected or had poorly established vegetation in the winter when large runoff events occurred. These severe erosion events can be triggered by intense rain fall on saturated, snow-covered or frozen ground. Such conditions may only have a calculated return period of 10 or 20 years, but if a grower is caught with sloping bare ground at such a time, a lifetime’s worth of soil development can be lost in one year. Soil loss rates from 10 to 100 tons acre-1 year-1 have been recorded for such events.

Therefore, it is critical to protect these soils from erosion, especially following site preparation. Cover crops are typically used to control erosion. Various cover

Red Hill Soils

8

crop mixes are available to provide both cover and suitable level of competition with winegrapes.

Special care should be taken not to traffic these soils with heavy equipment when soils are moist or wet. Heavy equipment with high tire pressure on anything but dry soil can cause severe long term soil compaction. It is perhaps obvious but worth repeating that severe soil compaction can occur in the land clearing and site preparation stage, especially before the trellis is erected.

On vineyard land once the trellis is up, the wheel traffic will be confined to a relatively small portion of the ground, perhaps 15 to 30 percent, depending on row spacing and loads, pressure and width of tire tracks. As the vines grow traffic patterns will develop between vine rows and areas of soil compaction will be limited to tracks between rows. If heavy equipment is used in site prep for vineyard development, designated roads and machine trails will reduce the overall negative impacts on soil density. Areas that are mechanically compacted may need to be subsoiled (24 inches or so) to help remediate compaction.

Table 2. Boring Locations Boring 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Red Hill Soils

Latitude 45.370332 45.369955 45.369738 45.369657 45.370098 45.371562 45.372237 45.372652 45.372720 45.372170 45.370780 45.371484 45.372205 45.370247

Longitude -123.198956 -123.197609 -123.196959 -123.196519 -123.196287 -123.195669 -123.195059 -123.194657 -123.196826 -123.197151 -123.199867 -123.200015 -123.200551 -123.200324

9

Soil Fertility and Chemical Analysis Soil samples were drawn for laboratory analysis from two soil borings both classified as Goodin silty clay loam. Boring 1 is inside the existing vineyard and boring 13 is along the west side of the property along the woods edge.

There are surface samples and subsoil samples from each. The results look fairly typical for sedimentary rock soils in the Willamette Valley. Soils are fairly weathered with high organic matter content, very low to low phosphorus and calcium, high acidity.

Samples were analyzed for organic matter, pH, macronutrient and micronutrient levels and are data are provided in the attached soil laboratory reports. These data are provided for site specific baseline information and they can help inform future sampling and interpretations of surface soil test results.

The summary results of the analysis are below. The laboratory recommendations based on surface samples are also attached and I have provided further interpretations based on subsoil data.

Organic matter content: surface: 5.9 to 6.4 percent, very high subsoil: 4.0 to 4.4 percent, high Soil phosphorus: surface: 2 to 15 ppm, low to very low subsoil: 1 to 3 ppm, very low Low phosphorus levels are typical for the foothill soils in the Willamette Valley.

Soil fertilizer recommendations for phosphorus are provided in lab report, but soil P dynamics are quite complicated. Winegrapes are usually mycorrhizal, that is they form a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi, and while this relationship is positive for vine growth, it complicates predicting the response of grapevines to fertilizer P. The theory is that at lower soil test P levels the mycorrhizal fungi improve the availability of soil P to the plant and therefore adding fertilizer P to the soil reduces the mycorrhizal effect. Liming very acid soils can also improve the availability of P. It makes sense to analyze foliar P once vines are planted to see if the vines are showing P-deficiency and then later, after a season or two following lime additions to retest soil P to see if liming has affected soil P levels. Additions of small amounts of bone meal in planting hole is a method of precision applying P where it is available to the vine and minimize fixation of P by soils. Adding P to soil for cover crop is another approach. A common cover crop like rye grass is P-conservative, and 100 pounds per acre P2O5 could be applied to meet the needs of the cover crop.

Red Hill Soils

10

The soils of the Willamette Valley foothills are naturally acidic and very weathered of bases. pH: Surface: 5.5 to 5.7 Subsoil: 5.2 to 5.3 The surface soil was responsive to liming and the SMP buffer pH is 6.2 to 6.5.

Calcium (Ca): Surface: 2258 to 2260 Subsoil: 2319 to 2814

ppm ppm

% saturation 46 to 54 % saturation 38 to 46

These soils are low in calcium. Gypsum additions are recommended to increase calcium content on the clay and organic matter exchange sites. Lime requirement is provided in the lab report. There are several solutions available to amending soils with low pH. Full rate of recommended lime can be applied.

Smaller amounts of lime can be used if finer lime is used. These should be incorporated into surface layers with tillage. If subsoiling is done, lime can be applied prior or with subsoiling to work it deeper into the soil. Lime applications can be precision applied into future vine rows using GPS to locate rows. Lime can be added in a prill form with less loss to dust or ultra-fine lime suspended in water can be sprayed in vine rows at relatively low rates on a more regular basis.

Gypsum can be spread on the surface and since it is more soluble than calcium carbonate it will improve the subsoil calcium levels. Amendments of stabilized composts can also help reduce subsoil acidity.

Potassium (K): Surface: medium to high Subsoil: medium

%saturation 3 to 5 %saturation 2

Magnesium (Mg): Surface: medium to high %saturation 19 to 24 Subsoil: high % saturation 20 to 24 Magnesium leaches into the subsoil and tends to accumulate there. Magnesium and Calcium are very imbalanced in subsoil prompting recommendation for gypsum above.

Sulfur (S): Surface: 6 ppm Subsoil: 6 to 93 ppm

low low

Zinc (Zn) Surface: medium Subsoil: low

Red Hill Soils

11

Copper (Cu): Surface: medium Subsoil: medium to high Boron (B): Surface: very low Subsoil: very low See recommended amendments on Soil Lab Report attached at back of this report

Red Hill Soils

12

A & L WESTERN AGRICULTURAL LABORATORIES 10220 SW NIMBUS AVE Bldg K-9 l PORTLAND OREGON 97223 l (503) 968-9225 l FAX (503) 598-7702 REPORT NUMBER:

17-003-041 CLIENT NO:

SEND TO:

DATE OF REPORT:

LAB NUMBER

SUBMITTED BY: GROWER:

ANDY GALLAGHER HOFFARTH

SOIL ANALYSIS REPORT

01/06/17 Organic Matter

SAMPLE ID

4249

RED HILL SOILS PO BOX 2233 CORVALLIS, OR 97339

* % Rating

** ENR lbs/A

Phosphorus Potassium Magnesium P1 NaHCO3-P K Mg (Weak Bray) (OlsenMethod) ***** * *** * **** * **** * ppm ppm ppm ppm

PAGE:

Calcium

Sodium

Hydrogen

Ca *** * ppm

Na *** * ppm

Soil pH

Buffer Index

pH

Cation Exchange H Capacity meq/100g C.E.C. meq/100g

1

PERCENT CATION SATURATION (COMPUTED) K %

Mg %

Ca %

H %

Na %

1A

58215

6.4VH

157

15L

8**

434H

487M

2260L

13VL

5.7

6.3

4.4

20.8

5.3

19.2

54.2

21.0

0.3

13A

58216

5.9VH

148

2VL

4**

310M

725H

2258L

27VL

5.5

6.2

6.4

24.5

3.2

24.3

46.0

26.0

0.5

** NaHCO3-P unreliable at this soil pH PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS

Nitrogen

Sulfur

Zinc

Manganese

Iron

Copper

Boron

Excess

Soluble

Chloride

NO3-N

SO4-S

Zn

Mn

Fe

Cu

B

Lime

Salts

Cl

SAND

SILT

CLAY

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

Rating

mmhos/cm

ppm

%

%

%

1A

5L

6L

2.0M

5M

48VH

1.2M

0.3VL

L

0.2VL

13A

5L

6L

2.3M

6M

50VH

1.2M

0.1VL

L

0.1VL

SAMPLE NUMBER

* CODE TO RATING: VERY LOW (VL), LOW (L), MEDIUM (M), HIGH (H), AND VERY HIGH (VH). ** ENR - ESTIMATED NITROGEN RELEASE *** MULTIPLY THE RESULTS IN ppm BY 2 TO CONVERT TO LBS. PER ACRE OF THE ELEMENTAL FORM **** MULTIPLY THE RESULTS IN ppm BY 4.6 TO CONVERT TO LBS. PER ACRE P2O5 ***** MULTIPLY THE RESULTS IN ppm BY 2.4 TO CONVERT TO LBS. PER ACRE K2O MOST SOILS WEIGH TWO (2) MILLION POUNDS (DRY WEIGHT) FOR AN ACRE OF SOIL 6-2/3 INCHES DEEP

SOIL TEXTURE

This report applies only to the sample(s) tested. Samples are retained a maximum of thirty days after testing.

Rogell Rogers, CCA, PCA A & L WESTERN LABORATORIES, INC.

A & L WESTERN AGRICULTURAL LABORATORIES 10220 SW NIMBUS AVE Bldg K-9 l PORTLAND OREGON 97223 l (503) 968-9225 l FAX (503) 598-7702 REPORT NUMBER:

17-003-042 CLIENT NO:

SEND TO:

DATE OF REPORT:

LAB NUMBER

SUBMITTED BY: GROWER:

ANDY GALLAGHER HOFFARTH

SOIL ANALYSIS REPORT

01/06/17 Organic Matter

SAMPLE ID

4249

RED HILL SOILS PO BOX 2233 CORVALLIS, OR 97339

* % Rating

** ENR lbs/A

Phosphorus Potassium Magnesium P1 NaHCO3-P K Mg (Weak Bray) (OlsenMethod) ***** * *** * **** * **** * ppm ppm ppm ppm

PAGE:

Calcium

Sodium

Hydrogen

Ca *** * ppm

Na *** * ppm

Soil pH

Buffer Index

pH

Cation Exchange H Capacity meq/100g C.E.C. meq/100g

1

PERCENT CATION SATURATION (COMPUTED) K %

Mg %

Ca %

H %

Na %

1B

58217

4.0H

110

3VL

5**

248M

741H

2814L

15VL

5.3

6.1

9.4

30.2

2.1

20.2

46.5

31.0

0.2

13B

58218

4.2H

114

1VL

3**

254M

878H

2319L

35VL

5.2

5.7

10.3

29.9

2.2

24.1

38.7

34.5

0.5

** NaHCO3-P unreliable at this soil pH SAMPLE NUMBER

PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS

Nitrogen

Sulfur

Zinc

Manganese

Iron

Copper

Boron

Excess

Soluble

Chloride

NO3-N

SO4-S

Zn

Mn

Fe

Cu

B

Lime

Salts

Cl

SAND

SILT

CLAY

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

Rating

mmhos/cm

ppm

%

%

%

1B

1VL

6L

0.7L

3M

27VH

1.5H

0.2VL

L

0.1VL

13B

2VL

9L

0.8L

3M

26VH

1.2M

0.1VL

L

0.1VL

* CODE TO RATING: VERY LOW (VL), LOW (L), MEDIUM (M), HIGH (H), AND VERY HIGH (VH). ** ENR - ESTIMATED NITROGEN RELEASE *** MULTIPLY THE RESULTS IN ppm BY 2 TO CONVERT TO LBS. PER ACRE OF THE ELEMENTAL FORM **** MULTIPLY THE RESULTS IN ppm BY 4.6 TO CONVERT TO LBS. PER ACRE P2O5 ***** MULTIPLY THE RESULTS IN ppm BY 2.4 TO CONVERT TO LBS. PER ACRE K2O MOST SOILS WEIGH TWO (2) MILLION POUNDS (DRY WEIGHT) FOR AN ACRE OF SOIL 6-2/3 INCHES DEEP

SOIL TEXTURE

This report applies only to the sample(s) tested. Samples are retained a maximum of thirty days after testing.

Rogell Rogers, CCA, PCA A & L WESTERN LABORATORIES, INC.

A & L WESTERN AGRICULTURAL LABORATORIES 10220 SW NIMBUS AVE Bldg K-9 l PORTLAND OREGON 97223 l (503) 968-9225 l FAX (503) 598-7702

REPORT NUMBER:

17-003-041

CLIENT:

4249 SUBMITTED BY:

SEND TO:

DATE OF REPORT:

RED HILL SOILS PO BOX 2233 CORVALLIS, OR 97339

GROWER:

SOIL FERTILITY GUIDELINES

01/06/17

SOIL AMENDMENTS Sample ID

Lab Number

Crop

Dolomite

Lime

Gypsum

Elemental Sulfur

Nitrogen N

Phosphate P2O5

Potash K2O

Magnesium Mg

RATE: Sulfur SO4-S

ANDY GALLAGHER HOFFARTH

lb/acre Zinc Zn

PAGE: Manganese Mn

Iron Fe

Copper Cu

1 Boron B

1A

58215

WINEGRAPES

6000

10

120

20

1.0

13A

58216

WINEGRAPES

7000

10

300

20

2.0

C O M M E N T S

You may want to split high lime requirements over more than one year if you are unable to adequately incorporate the material.

LIME REQUIREMENT: Liming may be necessary if buffer index is less than 6.9. Guidelines are based upon common agricultural lime (100-score) per six-inch depth to raise SOIL pH to about 6.5.

NITROGEN: Use local conditions and experience with variety to determine rates and timing. Allow for nitrate levels in your water source also (ppm NO3 X 0.61 = lb N/ac-ft water). Monitor tissue-N. SULFATE-SULFUR: Low soil levels may cause yellowing and lack of vigor. Maintain above 15 to 20 ppm to guard against deficiencies. Although, sulfates may have leached below sampling depth.

BORON: Aim for soil levels above 0.5 ppm to avoid a deficiency. A tissue analysis at the appropriate time will determine more accurately, plant availability. ADD BORON WITH CAUTION.

"Our reports and letters are for the exclusive and confidential use of our clients, and may not be reproduced in whole or in part, nor may any reference be made to the work, the result or the company in any advertising, news release, or other public announcements without obtaining our prior written authorization." The yield of any crop is controlled by many factors in addition to nutrition. While these recommendations are based on agronomic research and experience, they DO NOT GUARANTEE the achievement of satisfactory performance. © Copyright 1984 A & L WESTERN LABORATORIES, INC.

NOTES:

Rogell Rogers, CCA, PCA A & L WESTERN LABORATORIES, INC.