2
3
Ada rumah berhias indah Letak antara terusan yang sudah Ismail Hakim Teh empunya rumah Pembesar Istana Negeri Kedah
Published by Rumah Tok Menteri II Heritage Studies 2009 Kuliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design International Islamic University of Malaysia Jalan Gombak Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia www.iiu.edu.my Editors Asst. Prof. Ar. Dr. Abdul Razak Sapian Asst. Prof. Dr. Noor Hanita Abdul Majid Authors Liyana Adam Siti Syazwani Samsudin Research Group Adam Ahmad Saufi Omar Sharib Mohd Hilmi Yahya Mohd Ekhwan Ismail Shahzlam Badaruddin Noorhayati Abdul Wahab Norhafzan Hj Muhamad Noor Baeti Elia Ab. Ghani Mohd Hazim Mohd Amin Mohd Hafiz Mohd Shah All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writting from the publisher
TABLE OF CONTENTS Editorial Board Foreword by Dean Foreword by Head, Department of Architecture Foreword by the Course Coordinator Acknowledgements Preface
ix x xi xii xv
Introduction Background Studies of Malaysian Architecture The Early Settlement The Early Town Colonial Influence in Architecture of Malaysia Colonial Bungalows Overview of Rumah Tok Menteri II History and Background Spatial Organisation Building Morphology Architectural Style and Influences Art of Construction Introduction Foundation Columns and Beams Floor Roof Openings Ornamentation Special Character Ventilation and Lighting, Water Supply and Sewerage System Conclusion Photo Album References
x
This book is dedicated to all students who have contributed to the
FOREWORD BY DEAN
making of this book. Assalaamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh, Pulau Pandan jauh ke tengah, Gunung Daik bercabang tiga,
The rich influences brought into the state of Kedah through its long
Hancur badan dikandung tanah,
historical development give impact to the people, religion as well as
Budi yang baik di kenang juga.
architecture of Kedah. Colonial period in Kedah was an important episode to the local development. Assimilation of Islamic belief with the western civilisation results in a unique heritage to the state.
Thank You.
Numbers of colonial bungalows in Kedah were adapted with local flavours and Islamic principles are the evidence of these statements I believe that all the information gathered by these students will explain in further detail the influences and the spread of Islam in Kedah and also the significant of colonial bungalows towards the development of the state. I thank all those who have involved in the production of this priceless work especially to the 9th batch of third year students of IIUM and not forgetting the editors and all the lecturers of Heritage Studies 2009/2009. Thank you, WassaIaam.
Prof. Mansor Ibrahim Dean, Kulliyyah of Architecture & Environmental Design (KAED)
xi
xii
FOREWORD BY ARCHITECTURE
HEAD,
DEPARTMENT
OF
Assalaamualaikum warahmatullahi wabaraktuh, The history and development of architecture in Kedah may not have been an interesting topic for some and also unknown to those who have not yet explored or discovered it. But in truth, the rich history of Kedah has greatly influenced the diversity of the local architecture. The students have proven that their trip was not all fun and games but also fruitful especially in acquiring knowledge of the colonial architecture and also to know the Islamic perspective underlying the design. I am confident that the works done by the students will be the key to enlighten many people on the rich culture and architecture of the people especially the Muslim communities in Kedah. I congratulate the third year architecture students from the 9th
FOREWORD BY THE COURSE COORDINATOR
Assalaamualaikum warahmatullahi wabaraktuh, Alhamdulillah, the Heritage Studies 2009 managed to be completed by the third year architecture students. Every detail of this book owes much to their determination and hard work in completing the required tasks. The heritage trip does not only provided the students with hands on experience of measured drawing task but also to self witnessed the unique architecture of Kedah. A holistic learning experience is not only bounded in the classroom but also by exploring the world outside the four walls. It is hoped that all the work done by the students will greatly benefit everyone. Throughout the semester we managed to foster a sense of appreciation in every student and also to hold on to the principle that knowledge is meant to be shared.
batch 2009 for their hard work in making this exhibition a success.
Thank you, Thank you,
Wassalaam.
WassaIaam. Asst. Prof. Dr. Zuraini Denan Assoc. Prof. Ar. Datin Norwina Mohd Nawawi Head, Department of Architecture, KAED
Course Coordinator, Heritage Studies 2009, KAED
xiii
xiv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
xv
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
First and foremost, all praises to the Almighty Allah SWT for
We would also like to extend our gratitude to other fellow lecturers
without his blessings, we may not be able to complete the task
supervising this course including Asst. Prof. Dr. Zuraini Denan, Asst.
given to us.
Prof. Dr. Zaiton Abd Rahim Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ali Raza Soomro, Asst. Prof. Dr. Aida Kesuma Azmin, Asst. Prof. Ar. Dr. Abdul Razak Sapian
Our special appreciation is extended to the owner of Rumah Tok
and Asst. Prof. Dr. Noor Hanita Abdul Majid, for their advices and
Menteri II, Pn, Asmaa Mohd Akib for her sincere cooperation
assistance throughout the whole semester.
and willingness to entertain us during the site work. Our deepest gratitude is extended to Pn. Hjh Sofiah, the owner of Rumah Tok
Our credit also goes to our family for their moral and financial
Menteri I; and her family members especially En. Tengku Kamar
support throughout this coursework. Last but not least to the group
Tengku Ahmad for their friendly treats and effort in helping us to
members of KEDAH ‘09, for your diligences and full and tireless
gather the information needed during the studies.
commitments towards the accomplishment of this work and to those who gives hands on helping us intentionally or unintentionally. Their
We would also like to convey our appreciation to Dato’ (Dr.)
tedious and unlimited commitment is the key to the production of
Haji Wan Shamsudin Mohd Yusof, En. Zulkifli Che Long and En.
this heritage studies. Finally, thank you to all the people who have
Husamuddin Yaakub for their assistants during our research and
helped us directly or indirectly throughout the course of this task.
site work. A special thank is extended to Arkib Negara Malaysia and Arkib Negara Kedah’s Branch for the information provided on the background studies of Kedah. We would like to extend our gratitude to the Department of Architecture, KAED for providing a moral, monetry and materials supports for the Heritage trip which was very helpful and reduced our burden.
Thank you and Wasalam.
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xvii
PREFACE A country known to be rich with historical and cultural
Through the information gathered and documented in this
values, Malaysia is also prosperous with heritage buildings.
book, hopefully one will gain new perspectives on heritage
Historic development of residential in Kedah, Malaysia
building in Malaysia and specifically in Kedah. Building
is the main subject discussed in this book as to increase
is a witness of history, to lose it due to our own lack of
the awareness of building preservation by combining the
appreciation is like losing a piece of the history. It is hoped
generic historical studies and specific building analysis. The
that the publication of this book will inspire all to appreciate
introduction to this book does more than simply establish a
the beauty of heritage buildings.
clear and precise explanation of the development in early settlements that have emerged since the colonial period. A number of factors which contributes to the emergence of colonial and mixed style of architecture are also discussed in this book. An understanding of colonial bungalow is exemplified through a thorough analysis of a selected building which is the Rumah Tok Menteri II. The house was built by a prominent person, Ismail Hakim Teh, a ministry of Kedah during the era of Sultan Abdul hamid Halim Shah. Its architecture style, influences and building system shall provide the readers with ample information on the culture of the people during the period of 1880’s.
2
THE EARLY SETTLEMENTS The lifestyles of early inhabitants at Malay Peninsula
Only coconut or fruit trees
were greatly affected by the trading activities of the
planted
Arabs, Chinese, Indians and other Southeast Asians
1
at
corners
of
avvv compound provide a demarcation of one’s private
country during the 5th century. Parallel with economic
land. A network of foot
development, several coastal villagers’ grew into early
paths leading from a house
towns. Malacca and Alor Star on the west coast, Kota Bahru, Kuala Terengganu and Pekan along the east coast, and Johor Bahru on the south are early towns developed due to its eminence as a trading port. However, settlements in these early towns were
2
3
to another and towards the public building enhances the openness of a Kampung lifestyle. Gradual
transition
of
a
village into early Malay
divided as the local Malays often lived close to the
town did not pose great
palaces while the foreign trades coalesced in areas on
effects on the appearance
the coast usually near the mouths of the river.
of a traditional Kampung. An expanded centre of political power focused on a
The Malays have traditionally lived in small settlements
local Sultan and a nucleus of
known as Kampung. The Kampung consists of several
trading activities only results
Malay houses with their compounds. The site of a
Sultan’s palace and the masjid as they evolved around
concentration.
the two edifices as a cultural and religious centre. The distance up to which the prayer call of the town
and rituals thus a randomly clustered organization Eventhough every house was built on individual compound, there were no physical boundaries indicating its private ownership. 3
Early Malay towns signified the importance of the
in a greater inhabitant’s
house was selected in accordance to traditional belief was a common planning of traditional Kampung.
4
mosque could be heard determined the towns limit 1 Art old postcard depicting Johore Market Place, 1907. 2 Photograph by John Thomson of Qoedah (Kedah) Hills From Batit Mangtagan in 1863. 3 A postcard with kampung scene in Penang. 4 Town centre of Alor Star
as there were no fixed boundaries in a Malay town.
5
THE EARLY TOWNS
4
Conquest of Malacca by Portuguese in 1511 followed
Urbanization of town centers also influenced the
by series of European intervention to the early towns
residential buildings of local community as well as
marked the changes to the rural natures of the
the European settlers. Colonial bungalow with striking
early settlements. Masonry started to replace the
features of Straits Eclectic style, derived from the
traditional timber buildings within aligned streets and
Anglo-Indian bungalows was taken into new heights
introduction of town squares.
with a touch of local craftsmen.
The British were the last colonial regime to set foot
Formation of the Straits Settlements was an initial
in Malaya, nevertheless it made the greatest impact
undertaking of British in expending their authority
on the current architectural scene of Malaysia. The
in the Malay Peninsula. The Straits Settlements
earliest British influence on Malaysia architecture can
consisted of three states which posed economical and
be traced in George Town, Penang a trading post of
trading importance to the British government, namely
East India Company. The colonial influences spread
as Penang, Malacca and Singapore. Under the British
through the town centres, and eventually set the best
administration, extensive immigration took place in
example of today’s Anglo-Indian, Chinese and Indian
the local development at the end of 19th Century due
Muslim architecture.
to openings of new towns throughout the Peninsula.
2
1
1 2
3
4
Pekan Melayu, Kedah 1800’s An old postcard depicting the scene in Weld Qual, Penang in 19th century. An old postcard depicting the scene in Queen Street, Penang. An old postcard with scene at Farquhar Street Penang in 19th century.
3
Previously, the early settlements were located on the coastal area, but due to the colonial trading economy, recent towns were developed near the mining fields and populated largely by immigrant laborers and later by Europeans. Residential buildings, civic government administrative building and shophouses became a common sight in the town centre.
4
7
6
The establishment and rapid growth of Penang
Development of road from Anak Bukit until Kepala
population and trades posed a major impact to its
Batas in 1860’s resulted in more land being opened
neighboring state especially in Kedah. Consequently,
and owned by the Sultan’s high ranking officers.
an economical opportunity to the state of Kedah was
1
created due to shortage of food supply in Penang.
Development of their private bungalow along the
Thus, Penang provided an expanding market for
road of Anak Bukit signifies an important account on
Kedah economy especially on the exportation of rice.
Kedah’s historical timeline. Mixed of colonial, local
As a result, Kedah went over a major development
and Straits Eclectic style influenced one another and
between 1816 and 1818 with more canals being built
introduced a unique feature of local hybrid bungalow.
to irrigate the rice fields.
Example of this style is depicted by the design of
2
Rumah Tok Menteri II, which will be further discussed Colonialism also affects the architectural style of
on the next topic.
3
Kedah. Public buildings featuring colonial influences with simple facade, symmetrical layout, pediments at the entrance columns of classical order and provision of harmonic proportion and elegant lines became common in town centre especially in Alor Star. The Anglo-Siamese Treaty signed by Siam and British 1 2 3 4 5
The rice field being harvested manually Alor Star in 1905 A view toward Pengkalan Kapal Street, Alor Setar, in 1931 General Post Office, Alor Star Kedah. The old Court house in 1904, Alor Star Kedah.
4
in 1909 further established the British influence in Kedah. More British officers were brought into the states. The relationship of local people with these immigrants posed great effects to the development of local residential design as more street oriented private bungalows were adapted to the local planning.
5
1600
1511
1700
A Famosa Malacca
1753
Christ Chucrh Malacca
1800
1700’s Malayan Bungalow
1860’s
1876
Shophouses, Georgetown Penang
9
8
1
Farquhar Street Penang Mission House and Chapel
COLONIAL INFLUENCES IN ARCHITECTURE OF MALAYSIA
The styles were brought from the memories of
The architecture of Malaysia can be described as a
order. Often the styles became distinctive and varied
synthesis of several immigrant architectures. Various
from its original features due to the adaptation to the
styles were adapted to the local buildings through
harsh tropical climate and materials available locally.
assimilation of culture, technology and taste. Foreign
Over time, each style without conscious influenced
influences which contributed to many of these stylistic
one another which results in a hybrid architectural
or material influences can be roughly divided into
style.
immigrants builders which are adapted to the local
three phases; the period of Portuguese rule in Malacca
2
(1511-1641), the periods rule by Dutch (1641-1797
It is difficult to trace which style influenced the
and 1818-1824) and the period when British were in
other thus raised the question of whether the local
Malaya (1786-1957).
architecture adopted the foreign architecture, or the foreign styles infiltrated through our local architecture.
It was the Portuguese who introduced arches to the
3
local architecture with extensive use of local laterite as
The States situation during the assimilation period of
building material in Malacca; the Dutch started to erect
these styles to the local architecture provides a strong
imposing public buildings and cosy private dwellings
evidence of its originality. International merchants
built in bricks, and the British introduced Anglo-Indian
with economic importance in the local community
buildings with Palladian features integrated with local
brought along their origin architectural influences
touches.
into the local culture.
1
2
3
A postoral scene by Augustine Earle - Malacca in 1828. A drawing by Barthelemy Lauvergne -Old drawbridge spanning the Malacca river in 1830. William Daniell water coloured sketch of Suffolk House in Penang (1819)
1873
Cheah Kongsi, Penang.
1880’s
Rumah Tok Menteri I, 1890’s Titi Gajah Kedah..
Ku Din Ku Meh 1897 Residence, Penang.
Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion, Penang.
1890’s
Rumah Tok Menteri II,Titi Gajah Kedah.
1893
Syed Al-Attas 1920 Mansion, Penang.
Rumah Penghulu Abu Seman, Kedah.
1928
11
10
1
Soon Mansion, Lunas, Kedah.
Early Indian and Chinese traders built their temple
The fusion of these influences with local style gives
and Chinese clan house (kongsi) following traditional
rise to a unique form of Malaysian architecture.
specification and imported materials as a pride
The beginning of Malaysian architecture was most
of their religion and heritage. Muslim merchants
apparent in the dwellings of the various communities
and missionaries spread the Islamic ideology thus
which reflect the people’s adaptability and their innate
influenced the design of sacred building and residential
artistic expression. Colonialism period in Malaysia
planning.
reflects the synthesis of several immigrant’s cultures,
Furthermore, conflicts in the local sultanate system provided opportunities for other foreign powers to
4
as did the residences built during that era portray the mixed allegiance of the East and the West.
interfere in the local political affairs. Siamese style influenced the local architecture as they reign over 2
the west coast states of Kedah. Gradually, influences of Gothic Revival in Siamese architecture during the early 19th Century affected the design features of local royal palaces and the aristocrats’ residences.
1. Masjid Pangkalan Kakap Merbuk, Kedah is believed to be built around 1800’s century.
Intervention of British in the local political affairs
2. Istana Pumpong, Kedah with Gothic influenced window.
introduced the concept of British advisors or 3
government officers in the local administration. The
3. Kedah was officially handed over to British government by Siam after Anglo-Siamese Treaty on 1909.
British officers erected their own residence with
4. Front view of Rumah Tok Menteri II.
features similar to their homeland.
12
Eighteenth-century Bungalows 13
COLONIAL BUNGALOWS
Adaptation is the main factors
The word `bungalow’ originates from the modest
concerned in the design of eighteenth
Bengal house, a timber structure with thatched
century bungalows. The bungalows
roof and a veranda built on the ground. However,
emerged as a large, airy, and detached, two storey house constructed of
a bungalow in Malaysia refers to a more generous
timber or brick, covered by a hipped
detached house.
pantile roof with a `porte-cochere’ so that horse carriage could stop for
The colonial bungalows have undergone some
3
passenger to enter or alight at the main entrance. The main building is
adaptation to the local climate and culture which
usually connected to the kitchen and
results in a maximum provision for thermal comfort
servants quarters through a covered
and located within a large compound, a similar
walkway which formed an I-shaped plan. Series of full length windows
feature of those houses in Kampung. Pitch roof, higher
on all sides of the house with
ceiling, wide openings, protruding verandah, and on
moulded reveals, timber shutters and
stilt houses are also common features of colonial
balustrade rails are common features
bungalows.
of the bungalow. Anglo-Indian Bungalows
The development of colonial bungalows in Malaysia
The pioneer houses were built by
started from 1830s as an exclusive home for British officers and later for rich Chinese traders. Generally, there are three stylistic expressions featured in these early bungalows which are influenced by mixed
timber and soon replaced with a 4
more
sturdy
brick
construction.
Thatched roof were also replaced by terracotta tiles. The earlier type tends to have walk-in-porches instead of
of architectures. They are the Eighteenth-century
carriage porches. Later development
bungalows, Anglo-Indian bungalows and local hybrid
witnessed addition of porte-corchere
style.
to the existing building following the Victorian style which became popular in the 1840’s.
14
15
Local Hybrid Styles Simplicity and symmetry of a provincial late Georgian
Final development of the local hybrid was initiated
(1820’s) are the characteristic of local hybrid
by Jawi Peranakan (people of mixed Indian and
bungalows. The façade was plain and symmetrical
Malay descendant) whom constructed timber floors
with a porch supported by imposing columns. The
on brick piers. One of striking development done by
front door will open onto a narrow hall with bedrooms
the community towards the bungalow’s design was
on both sides. The bungalows were usually two storey
the provision of a veranda (serambi). Set off to one
brick construction and finished with lime washed
side, the serambi was inspired by vernacular Malay
yellow.
house design although it contradicted to the Georgian
A variation of the original type appeared in the 1830’s
concept of symmetry.
with full length windows. Provision of awning across the width of the house just above the door provides shelter which then replaced the function of a set-inporch. The later development was built using mixed timber and brick construction. The upper storey was erected of timber and supported by under storey of brick and mortar structure. Tiled roof and painted wall are common external finishes.
1. A Malay Style bungalow in Bukit Selarong, Padang Serai. 2. Rumah Tok Menteri Titi Gajah, Kedah. 3. Penghulu Abu Seman House, Kedah. 4. Soon Mansion Kedah. 5.A house along Jalan Anak Bukit Kedah. 6.Istana Kota Kuala Kedah.
16
17
18
19
RUMAH TOK MENTERI II Located in Titi Gajah, Alor Star, Kedah; Rumah Tok Menteri II (RTM II) is once the residence of a well known state minister or Tok Menteri during the era of Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah. This two-storey local hybrid bungalow, built in the late 1880’s is truly a
1
unique residence.
The house is a sequence of Rumah Tok Menteri I as it is built by the same owner, Tok Menteri Ismail, dedicated for his second wife. Presently, the residence is divided to two different owners (Pn. Asmaa and Pn. Solehah),
2
adding another distinctive character to the building.
RTM II is one of the pioneer houses built along the Anak Bukit Road. The road is the same route used by the royal elephants troop during the annual tribute of 3
Bunga Emas to Siam. Therefore, the house location by 1. A casement window on the fortress of RTM II. 2. Twin pilaster guarding a secondary door of the fortress. 3. A line of full height windows on the external wall of the first floor. 4. Double peneled casement window framed by moulded architrave. 5. Front facade of RTM II.
Anak Bukit Road is an evidence of RTM II significant relationship with the royal family.
Site Plan 1. Rumah Tok Menteri I 2. Rumah Tok Menteri II
20
SPATIAL ORGANIZATION RTM II consists of two main portions which are the main house (Rumah Ibu) located at the front portion and the domestic area (Rumah Dapur) located at the back portion. Both portions are connected by a roofed hallway (Selang) that acts as a transitional space. The
1
house is designed in a symmetrical form, following an elongated axis. It combines both the essence of traditional Malay house spatial organization and Palladian symmetrical principal.
2
1. A view of the interior of Rumah Ibu curently use as the main living room. 2. View of Rumah Dapur interior used to be the dining hall. 3.View towards the selang space. 3
21
22
The Rumah Ibu consists of several spaces which are the Entrance Hall (Ruang Legar) on the ground floor with a main staircase leading to the upper floor. From the porch on the ground floor, one enters to an open colonnade chamber; the Ruang Legar which functioned as a transitional space. Several openings are positioned along the perimeter wall of the ground floor to allow penetration of natural light and cross ventilation into the space.
Rumah Dapur of RTM II consists of a verandah (Anjung Tangga), a well for domestic purposes, a raised floor (pangkin) as the dining area and a storage area located below the Anjung Tangga. Generally, Rumah Dapur is a space limited only for the access of its residents. Therefore, provision of fortress on the perimeter wall of Rumah Dapur will preserved the privacy of the residents.
1. The main staircase located in the Rumah Ibu. 2. Provision of openings on the ground floor of Rumah Ibu. 3. A well is located at Rumah Dapur.
23
24
The main verandah (Anjung) of RTM II located at the first floor of Rumah Ibu is supported by the porch. Guests were entertained at the Anjung which explains the attention for intricate detailing of its interior. The full height windows with doubled leaf louvers shutters incorporated internal railings which 1
feature decorative carving on its balustrades. From the Anjung, one has a direct access to two bedrooms located on both sides of the first floor and an intermediate door to the Selang. The rooms can be access through three entrances located at three different side walls. One of the doors in both
2
rooms opened up to a small balcony with floor boards arranged sparingly. The space functioned as a cleansing area for occupants who are too weak to walk downstairs for example in case of after child birth. Connected to the Selang is the family area in the Rumah Dapur limited for private used. From the Rumah Dapur one can directly exit to the Anjung Tangga which leads to the secondary
3 1 & 2. View of the Anjung 3. Interior niew of family area.
entrance of RTM II.
25
Next to the terrace is the Billiard room. Unlike the separate billiard room for Istana Anak Bukit, the space is built inside Istana Kuala Cegar.
6
Next to the billiard room is the two guest’s bedrooms for royal guests to spend the night. There is a long corridor leading to these rooms. this corridor also separate the spaces above with kitchen, preparation room and the servant’s quarters. The first floor plan consists of the main bedchamber and the secondary bedchamber. The main bedchamber is the room of Raja Muda, whereas the secondary bedchamber is for the Raja Muda’s wife.
4
5
3
2 1 A
A Ground Floor Plan of Istana Kuala Cegar 1 Audience Hall 2 Living Room 3 Dining hall 4 Servant’s quarters 5 Billiard Room 6 Guest Bedchamber B First Floor Plan of Istana Kuala Cegar 7 Secondary Royal Chamber 8 Main Royal Chamber
7
8 B
27
26
B U I L D I N G MORPHOLOGY The original form and
Comparison on the fortress’s cornice with the original
detail of the building
fortress provides evidence on the addition done on
design
front
the back portion. Reconstruction of the fortress at
portion is well maintained
the back portion is apparent on the building form
by the current occupants.
as extension of indoor toilet and a storage area are
Unfortunately, the back
added on the right.
on
the
portion is in a poor structural condition due
However, only minor renovations have been done
to age and weather.
to the original internal spaces of RTM II. The original staircase is oriented to face the Ruang Legar, a
Externally, went
into
the
house
a
major
transformation due to the change of its original long roof (Bumbung Panjang) form and roof tiles to asbestos roof material on the Anjung part.
decision done based on change of the space function. The ground floor used to be a free space whereby no specific activities were done on the level. However due to the division of the house, the ground floor is currently used as the main living hall. Another room is then added on the ground floor as a changing and mini prayer room. The original red cemented ground floor finish is later changed to a more durable cement render finish.
28
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE AND INFLUENCE
MALAY INFLUENCE
RTM II is a two-storey local hybrid colonial bungalow
Eventhough the planning of RTM II is done according
mixed with Western, Malay and Eclectic Straits
to the Palladian rules of symmetry and balance; the
architecture. The influences governing the design of
spatial organization of RTM II is strongly influenced by
RTM II can be observed on its spatial organization,
the principles of traditional Malay house thus explains
form, construction method as well as the detail and
the zoning division of Rumah Ibu, Selang and Rumah
ornamentation.
Dapur. Traditional Malay construction is prominent at Rumah Dapur, another significant influence of
WESTERN INFLUENCE Intervention of British in Kedah’s administration during the period of 19th century affects the state’s
1. Front facade of RTM llfeatsres mixed architectural style. 2. Detail of cornice on top of the load bearing wall. 3. A new towards the Anjsng Tan gga of Malay constrsction influence. 4 & 5. View of windows on the fortress with Straits Eclectic influence.
traditional Malay architecture.
STRAITS ECLECTIC STYLE
architectural style. Houses built during that era follow
Straits Eclectic is another significant style evident in
the architecture of Anglo-Indian style originated from
the architecture of RTM II. Mass migration of Chinese
India through assimilation of Western and Asian
workers in 1870’s brought with them their traditional
architecture by the British rulers. The house has the
dwelling design. Introduction of the v- type clay tiles in
same characteristics of western architecture but is
the shophouses design is adopted for the roof finishes
adapted to the local climate by introducing elements
of RTM II. Form and shape of the openings especially
of pitch root louvres and wider openings. Those
the louvred double leaf casement windows are also
charecteristic are found in RTM II.
influenced by the Straits Eclectic Style. Provision of steel bars on the window was also originated from the same style.
29
30
Architecture of RTM II reveals some Islamic influences
Following the same belief, a specially designed
which render its existence. From the main entrance
horizontal double paneled door was fixed on the main
one will not have an immediate access to the domestic
staircase of Rumah Ibu with special locked or selak that
quarters but are led to the entrance hall instead. Thus,
prevents any intruders from entering the first floor.
privacy of the occupants is maintained by the space
The provision of fortress on the perimeter of Rumah
organization. Maximum openings provision in the
Dapur also serves a similar function. The Rumah Dapur
design of RTM II allows interactions of internal and
is enclosed by the fortress which provides security as
external spaces as a sign of appreciation to God’s
well as privacy of the family members. The Islamic
creation. Privacy requirement for the residents is
design of RTM II resulted without direct intention but
maintained by incorporating louvers on the window’s
can be traced through the analysis on the building
31
Horizontal door at main staircase.
Shutters on window leaf.
panels. A manual adjustable louvred mechanism is
elements and planning. The Islamic influences existed
incorporated in the design as to allow the residence
through assimilation process of local culture and
to peek outside without opening the windows. Every
current technology. Absence of significant Islamic
house design must give maximum heed to all the
motifs on the architecture of RTM II proves the lack
security and safety standards, for two of the principle
of direct Islamic influences. However, the Islamic
objectives of the Shari’ah are the preservation of one’s
principle existed in the planning and design of RTM
life and wealth.
II through assimilation process of local culture and current technology.
Fortress enclosing the Rumah Dapur.
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ISLAMIC INFLUENCE In Islam, every action is an expression of the relationship between man and God, and between man and other God’s creation. Building is also subjected to this rule. Islamic doctrine emphasize that the Muslims constitute one body whose parts are interdependent and support each other. Therefore, houses must be planned and designed in such a way to promote and enhance the unity, brotherhood and equality of the Muslims. Planning of RTM II follows the same principle as no solid barrier is visible between the house and its neighbours. Instead, plants were used as a semi barrier that provides visual privacy but allow interaction with the neighbours. The Prophet, peace be upon him, once said; Of man’s happiness are four: a good wife, a spacious residence, a good neighbor, and a good mount. In relation to the hadith, RTMII is a spacious house designed with moderate approach with spaces that are fully
utilized
for
the
use
of
its
occupants.
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INTRODUCTION TO CASE STUDIES The building system of Istana Kuala Cegar is divided into two parts which is the structural system and the non-structural system of the building. The structural system of Kuala Cegar is designed to support and transmit applied gravity and lateral loads safely to the ground without exceeding the allowable stresses in its members. The structural system of Istana Kuala Cegar can be divided to two parts which is the substructure and the superstructure. The substructure is the underlying structure forming the foundation of a building whereas the superstructure is the vertical extension of the building above the foundation. This includes columns, beams, walls and the roof structure.
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FOUNDATION
CONSTRUCTION OF THE FOUNDATIONS
Foundation is an important part of any building as
The construction of strip foundation for RTM II is
it acts as a medium to anchor the superstructure
presumed to start with a certain depth excavation
above and transmits its load safely into the earth.
of a perimeter trench. Next, layers of bricks will
The foundation system must respond to the varying
be laid along the excavated gap until it reaches
condition of soil, rock and water below and at the
the ground surface. Finally, the gap between the
same time accommodate the form and layout of
layers of bricks was then backfilled and compacted
the superstructure above. Without a proper design,
to secure the footing. A brick load bearing
problems such as cracking, settlement of building and
wall will then be constructed on the footings.
building collapse may occur within the design life. The pad footings or plinth of a timber post is made Structural system of RTM II is anchored by shallow
of flattened stones. The stones are either carved or
foundations system supported directly by the earth.
arrange in such away they form a stepped plinths.
There are two types of footings applied as the
Timber posts will be erected at the centre of the
substructure which are the strip and pad footings.
plinth and secured with mortise and tenons joints.
Strip footings are continues spread footings which
A timber post rest on a stepped plinth at Rumah Dapur.
support and transfer loads from the perimeter
Foundation system of RTM II is constructed
load bearing wall of RTM II. Pad footings or isolated
mainly of brick masonry and finished with plaster.
footings are individual spread footings supporting free
The plaster used is believed to be made by
standing columns and piers. The decorative plaster
mixture of honey, sand, limestone and egg also
footings which become the bases for individual
known as Chunam plaster, a composite popular
brick piers and timber posts function also as plinths.
during
that
period
as
an
additive
material.
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40
COLUMNS AND BEAMS
CONSTRUCTION OF BEAMS AND COLUMNS
One of the unique features of RTM II is the mixed
The perimeter columns or pilasters on the load
construction of timber and bricks. Structural system
bearing wall extended down onto the shallow
on the first floor of Rumah Ibu and Rumah Dapur are
strip footing . The bricks are then layered in English
basically of timber post and beams skeleton system.
Bond until it reached the height of the first floor
On the other hand, load bearing wall and individual
structure. The surfaces are then covered with
brick piers are applied as the structural elements in the
plaster finishes before the cornices were added.
ground floor of Rumah Ibu. The perimeter structural system is also supported by grids of ancillary beams.
On the other hand, timber posts are erected on stone base and secured with tenon and mortise
The columns in RTM II varied in term of material, types,
joints in grid manner on the solid ground floor.
form and design. The main columns are of timber
The timber posts and beams are from hardwood
posts and brick piers. Timber posts with octagonal
timber of Chengal Emas, Belian and Jelutong.
and square sections are influenced of traditional Malay architecture element. On the other hand,
Next, the timber beams are laid horizontally on top
the form of the brick piers are influenced of Roman
of the brick piers and load bearing wall. A timber
columns namely the Tuscan. Brick piers integrated
post for the first floor structure is then erected on
into the perimeter load bearing wall are called
the beams continuing the vertical support of the
pilasters. Besides supporting the load bearing wall
brick pier and secured with mortise and tenon joint.
the pilasters function mainly as decorative elements.
fascia board or Papan Cantik is used to cover the jointing of the structure elements and at the same time provide secondary bracing for the beams.
Brick piers support the timber structure of the first floor.
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42
FLOOR
CONSTRUCTION OF FLOOR
Floor systems are the horizontal planes that support
The ground floor construction was done by leveling the
both live loads such as people, furnishings, and
surface area prior to layering the brick to form the base
movable equipments and dead load of the weight
of the ground floor. After the perimeter is covered with
of the floor construction itself. There are two types
bricks, a layer of plaster finishing is applied onto the
of floor structure applied in RTM II which of solid
bricks to protect it from wear to weather and moisture.
43
floor made from brick construction on the ground floor and timber floor structure for the first floor.
Meanwhile, first floor structure consisted of series of horizontal beam which is made of specifically
Current floor board condition at the family area.
The solid ground floor in RTM II also acts as raft
measured timber planks that were connected to the
footings which support and dispersed the load from
post (tiang) or post. The crossbeams are the main
brick piers to the earth. Likewise, the mechanism
support of the floor joists. Therefore, the crossbeams
of load dispersal in timber floor system is also
and joists were made of hardwood such as Belian while
simple. The concentration of live load is segregated
the floor boards were made of Cengal or Meranti.
across the floor boards on the floor joist and the crossbeams which further disperse the load on to the
The timber floor boards are arranged perpendicular to
columns. The columns then passed the load to the
the floor joist for support at each ends. The resistance of
foundation which relieved the burden on to ground.
the floor against concentrated load depends gravely on the span of each floor joist. Sill plates are used to secure
Even though the interior spaces were divided based
the floor planks perimeter to the girder. The girder is
on functions, the floor level on the ground floor is
then supported by rib bands led into the columns.
basically parallel throughout the whole built area.
1. Floor boards are arranged perpendicular to the floor joist. 2. Floor construction at Anjung Tangga.
44
CONSTRUCTION OF WALL
WALL Walls are the vertical construction of a building that enclose, separate and protect its interior spaces. The wall system in RTM II consists of
load
bearing
and
partition
wall
system.
Load bearing wall of RTM II is the main structural support for the ground floor of the entire house, erected on the perimeter wall which also serves as protective enclosure against the weather for its internal space. The plaster décor on the façade of the wall added depth to the spaces and significantly increased the aesthetic value to the spaces. On the other hand, timber wall panel system is applied as the internal partition for the whole house and wall system of the first floor. Common in the construction of vernacular Malay House, the panel system is categorized under partition wall as it does not carry any load for the structural system.
The load bearing wall on the perimeter of ground floor structure, provides support for the upper structure.
Construction of the load bearing wall in RTM II is similar with the current method of brick layering. The brick used for its construction is a type of clay brick known as Red Brick from India, layered in English Bond using mortar with composite of limestone, egg, honey and sand. However the brick is smaller in dimension compared to today’s clay brick. The wall is then finished with plaster to give a white wash effects. Detailing of cornices can be observed along the top of the wall.
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47
90mm x 120mm timber roof beam
145mm x 90mm timber wall frame
20mm thick timber wall panel
40mm thick wall stud
145mm x 90mm timber wall frame 20mm thick timber floor board 70mm x 90mm timber floor joist 20mm x 250mm fascia board 145mm x 175mm timber beam
370mm thick brick pilaster
WALL SECTION
On the other hand, the wall panels are prefabricated by local woodcarvers and assemble on site during the construction of RTM II. They are fixed to the wall studs by using nails and tongue and groove joints.
1. Timber wall panels on the first floor structure. 2. Connection of wall panel 3. The wall panels consist of series of timber planks.
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ROOF The roof system functions as the primary sheltering element for the interior spaces of a building (Ching D.K. 2001). Originally, RTM II was a house with long roof or Bumbung Panjang in local term with open gable ends. However due to renovations done by the previous owner, the roof is changed to Bumbung Potong Belanda on the Anjung area.
CONSTRUCTION OF ROOF The structural systems of the roof were skeleton system
The steep inclination of its roofing construction was the
based on the Bumbung Panjang construction. The basic
result of climatic adaption for monsoon season in order
components in this roof construction are the girts (alang
to quickly drain off rain water. The roof also has long
panjang) and tie beams (alang pendek), king post (tunjuk
overhang which provides shelter from glare and rain.
langit) and roof ridge (tulang bumbung), principal rafter (kasau
Continuing the similar form, the ceiling was design with
jantan) , purlins (kasau lintang) and sub purlin (kasau atap).
similar declining manner following the roof gradient. The roof structural system is built soon after the main columns All the roof structure is made of timber. However
were erected and the perimeter rib bands were secured. The
connections of the components for each of the roof
construction of the roof began with placement of girts and
structure are fixed by steel plates, bolts and nuts.
tie beams mortised into the main column. The girts and tie beams are joined in cross-lap manner. Next, the king posts is
Roof with `Bumbung Potong Belanda’ style covering the Anjung area.
erected and mortised into the beams. The end sides which point upward were notched to hold the roof ridge. The principal rafter which supports the purlins and sub-purlins were erected next. Finally, the v-shaped terracota tiles tiles were then lined in overlapping manner onto the sub-purlins.
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DOORS AND WINDOWS
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Traditional panelled door type, constructed with four
Full height windows can be observed on the
or six panels of central framing members, with top,
perimeter wall of the first floor while the
middle and bottom rail are common door type in RTM
normal
II design. The panel doors are made in the traditional
on the perimeter wall of ground floor level.
way using hardwood or softwood timber with both mortice and tenon or doweled joints.
casement
windows
are
incorporated
The full height windows are designed with railings and decorative balusters attached on the internal
A saloon door type, influenced by Western style,
of the window panels. The railing prevents one
is a special feature in RTM II located at ground
from accidently fall from the full height windows
floor separating between Rumah Ibu and Selang
since the windows are openable to 180째. In
area. The door is constructed with another
addition, as an adaptation to the local climate,
double panelled door sharing the same door
arched fanlight and louvers are fixed at the top
frame. Upon operating, one panel will swing to
of the window, allowing natural cross ventilation
the front, while another swings to the other side.
and penetration of preferable amount of daylight.
Most of the windows in RTM II are designed with
Considering that RTM II was initially owned by a very
double leaf louvred shutters influenced by Straits
prominent person, provision of steel bars are observed
Eclectic Style. The louvres are manually adjustable
on the openings as a safety measure against any
to allow the residence to peek outside even if the
intruders. However, only windows at the ground floor
leaves are closed. Another distinctive feature of Straits
and bedrooms are equipped with this special feature.
Eclectic Style is the provision of architraves or plaster molding around the ground floor windows of RTM II.
1. Double leaf peneled door at sevondary entrance of Rumah Dapur. 2. Saloon door type seperating Selang and Dapur. 3. A line of windows on the perimeter wall of Rumah Ibu. 4. Provision of architrave and steel bars on the window of RTM II.
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DETAIL ORNAMENTATION
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Detail ornamentation is generally decorative elements
The solid balusters are symmetrical featuring a straight
applied to a building to give an aesthetic value to it.
shaft and curved section. A buah button element
Ornamentation in RTM II is minimal with attention
crowning the top of the main baluster is carved
given to the details of plaster cornice, carved balusters
with floral motif, an evident of the local influence.
and a few latticeworks.
Decorative latticework in RTM II can be found at the top
Cornice observed on the exterior as well as interior
of a partition separating between Selang and Rumah
of the load bearing wall and the brick piers is
Dapur. The latticework is diagonally alternate and
an influence of Western decoration due to the
fixed with nail at the meeting points. This decorative
development of colonial style during that period.
feature is common in traditional Malay house as
The cornice is moulded using chunam plaster.
means of partition which provide visual barrier but
Flat and solid balusters are the two types of decorative
allow penetration of light and cross ventilation.
balusters in RTM II. The flat balusters are carved with `tebuk tembus’ method to give an illusion of light and shadow. It is believed that the motif on the carving derived from an adaptation of Gothic influence with the local taste. A quatrefoil motif which forms the overall outline of four partially-overlapping circles of the same diameter is influenced of Gothic Revival movement. However, the symmetrical pattern is believed to derive from local motifs of `Tulip’ and `Bunga Cengkih’.
1. Cornice detailing on the exterior facade of the fortress. 2. Decorative motif on the flat balusters of the railings at a full height window. 3. Solid baluster supporting the railings of the main staircase. 4. A `buah button’ with floral motif crowning the main baluster.
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SPECIAL CHARACTER
VENTILATION AND LIGHTING
Provision of fortress on the perimeter wall of Rumah
Passive ventilation and lighting system designed with
Dapur, is a distinct character of Rumah Tok Menteri
the building are the main concern on building design
II. The whole spaces are united and tied within a
during the 1880’s period. Provisions of wide openings,
compound of a fortress.
lovers and fanlights on the windows allow maximum
The fortress is generally a continuation of load bearing wall from Rumah Ibu extended to the perimeter of Rumah Dapur thus explains the continuation of cornice and pilaster details along its façade. About
floor with timber floor structure on the first floor also improve the air circulation to provide thermal comfort for the residence.
2.5m height at the side wall, the fortress rose to the
Artificial lighting was used during the night by means
house full height at its rear wall. The full height fortress
of oil lamp. The lamps will be hung on the wall and
supports roof structure of Rumah Dapur thus creating
manually operated to bring it down in order to light it.
a double volume space. Three secondary access can be observed along the fortress, specifically at the rear wall and both side walls. Similar windows detailing to that of the front 1 & 2. Full Height windows and fanlight provides natural lighting and ventilation to the house. 3. Drainage on the perimeter of the house. 4. A well located in the Rumah Dapur collected rain water for the resident’s use. 3. A line of windows on the perimeter wall of Rumah Ibu. 4. Provision of architrave and steel bars on the window of RTM II.
penetration of daylight and cross ventilation. Raised
facade continues on its rear façade. Special diamond shape openings, believed to be influenced by Straits
WATER SYSTEM The community depended on the nearest source of water in order to fulfill their needs for water supply. The nearest clean water source for RTM II is the Anak Bukit River.
Eclectic style are designed on the top part of the full
Rain water collection was another mean of water
height fortress to allow penetration of daylight and
supply for RTM II. A well located on the ground floor of
cross ventilation.
Rumah Dapur near to the domestic area collects rain water for cooking usage.
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SEWERAGE SYSTEM
Conclusion
There was no appropriate sewerage system available
The studies on RTM II, have rediscover one of the heritage building
during the Tok Menteri period. An individual external
in Kedah. The house, built nearly a century ago, is a national treasure
toilet was provided near the river for the residents use.
and a significant building to be preserved.
Deep hole, dug prior to erecting the toilet, functioned as its septic tank.
However, considering the current condition of the house, a fast action should be taken especially on the back portion of RTM II. Half
Gray water from cooking and bathing as well as rain
of the house suffers a lot of damages due to lack of maintenance.
water was directed towards the main road by a shallow
Therefore, a suggestion should be made to Badan Warisan Kedah
drainage located on the perimeter of the site.
so action could be made to improve the deteriorating condition of the house The current owner of RTM II, should be appreciated, and provided with some incentive in order to maintain the original features of the house. From the studies done, RTM II is unique due to its striking local hybrid style. Therefore, it is a waste, if the house is left to ruin or major renovation to the house is done in the future, which will
1 & 2. Full Height windows and fanlight provides natural lighting and ventilation to the house. 3. Drainage on the perimeter of the house. 4. A well located in the Rumah Dapur collected rain water for the resident’s use. 3. A line of windows on the perimeter wall of Rumah Ibu. 4. Provision of architrave and steel bars on the window of RTM II.
changed the features and characteristic of the house. For conclusion, base on the studies done, RTM II should be preserved due to its great potential as a national heritage. The building will continues the legacy of Tok Menteri and at the same time adding another heritage building to the state of Kedah. This potential could only be achieved through the appreciation of the local people towards old buildings and preservation measures taken by Badan Warisan Kedah to conserve the original features of RTM II.
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REFERENCES
Abdul Halim Nasir, Wan Hashim Wan The. (1996). The traditional Malay house, Shah Alam; PEnerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd.
Ching, Francis D. K. (2007). Architecture: Form, Space aand Order. New York; Wiley.
Spahic
Omer.
(2004).
Studies
in
the
Islamic
Environment. Kuala Lumpur; Research Centre of IIUM.
Zulkifli Hanafi. (2000). Reka Bentuk Rumah Kolonial di Malaysia. Pulau Pinang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia
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