Plan 365 April 2018 by Farmlands

APRIL 2018

RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE

NUTRITION

FORAGE AND ARABLE

HORTICULTURE

ANIMAL MANAGEMENT

DAIRY MANAGEMENT

Plan 365 is a technical guide aimed at helping shareholders learn about best practice and the latest advancements in rural technology.

NUTRITION

Kiwi straight options just got better It’s good to see that another internationally appreciated animal feed – corn gluten meal – has entered the New Zealand market and is now starting to trickle into regional ports. Importation has no doubt been encouraged by the Fat Evaluation Index (FEI) penalties that have been indicated by Fonterra to come into effect next season, which are likely to curb how much palm kernel expeller (PKE) is fed to the national dairy herd. I cut my teeth selling corn gluten meal in the UK in the 1990s, as TMR feeding became popular and it has been on my wish list of desirable by-products for years. If it can gain critical mass here, it could become a popular multi-purpose addition to the straights and blends Farmlands offer and as a constituent in the compound feeds we manufacture. A by-product from the wet milling of maize grain to extract starch, corn gluten meal is a mid-protein, mid-energy feed with relatively low residual fat levels, so it should not affect the FEI like PKE. The demand for starch as a staple ingredient in human food production is so great that huge volumes are available, its price reflects how it is valued by dairy Typical analysis (DM basis) corn gluten meal Dry matter

90%

Crude protein

21%

Crude fat

3.5%

ME 12 MJ ME/kg DM (Specifications may vary)

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farmers globally. With only about 8 to 14 percent starch and typically 40 percent neutral detergent fibre (NDF), it should be safe for in-paddock trough feeding (provided all animals can get their fair share) but its fibre is more digestible than the fibre in PKE, so it is better suited to young stock and high producing cows. With over 20 percent crude protein, it could be useful for anyone who is winter milking or including low protein silage like maize or cereal silage in their milking cow diet, or simply as a supplement for calves on summer grass. I do not just celebrate choice simply because it is widely sought in this consumer age. The rumen is such a complex ecosystem, I am a fan of nutritional diversity whilst not trying to make things overly complicated. I have seen that, inevitably, simplicity can lead to compromises, e.g. wheat is a high energy grain that can help support high levels of milk production but when slug-fed at high levels in conjunction with highly acidic maize silage, it is not surprising that animal health and production can increase when some of the wheat is replaced with soya hulls – despite it delivering less energy. PKE has undoubtedly filled an energy gap for many cows but when consumed at higher levels affects milk composition in ways, which causes problems for milk processors. Increasingly we have a good spread of energy and protein feeds, which will allow better supplementation of pasture based systems – from grains rich in starch through to soy hulls rich in pectin and now corn

| Corn gluten meal is only about 8 to 14 percent starch.

gluten meal somewhere in between. Choice allows more opportunity for diets to be balanced according to the forages available and relative to the class of animal and their level of production and will help more farmers achieve their goals more of the time. For more information, contact your local Nutrition Specialist. Article supplied by Dr. Rob Derrick, Nutritionist, Farmlands.

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NUTRITION

Managing equine obesity Obesity is recognised to be a significant problem for people in many countries. However, studies have shown that this condition can be just as prevalent in horses and cause similar secondary health issues in our equine companions. While avoiding obesity in horses and ponies through dietary management is paramount, in cases where exceptionally slow metabolisms are in play the problem is often very difficult to prevent. The primary effects of obesity in equines are similar to the symptoms shown in people, including the impact on joints and mobility issues in extreme cases. However, the more dangerous side effects of the problem are the secondary conditions that occur as a result of carrying excess body condition. These include insulin resistance, equine metabolic syndrome and the highly dangerous and often life threatening, laminitis. Obese horses and ponies are classified as having body condition scores of 4 to 5 on the 0-5 Body Condition Score (BCS) scale and will often have areas of adipose or visible sub-cutaneous

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fat, which will vary among individuals.

important to provide at least 1 percent

Some will have an absence of palpable

of the horse’s body weight daily in

ribs, large fatty deposits behind the

alternate forage if the horse or pony

shoulder and tail head and a large,

is restricted from pasture. Mature,

firm crest. However, others may

late cut hay is generally the lowest

have palpable or even visible ribs

in calories and stalky grass hay or

making them look “lean”, although

straw are ideal. It is recommended to

they retain a large cresty neck or

avoid lucerne, clover or oaten due to

perhaps other hidden fat deposits.

the higher sugar and calorie levels.

The size of neck crests can be another

Soaking hay for 30 minutes in hot

way to define level of obesity and

water or 60 minutes in cold water can

therefore the horse’s apparent risk

reduce sugar and energy content

of insulin resistance and laminitis.

significantly. Small amounts of food at

Management of obese horses and

frequent intervals is recommended to

ponies involves restricting calories while

reduce digestive conditions and slow

ensuring requirements for all essential

release hay nets are great for slowing

nutrients are met and incorporating

down horses with healthy appetites.

daily exercise into their routine. Easily

To meet trace mineral and vitamin

digestible carbohydrates such as

requirements, a low calorie balancer

sugars and starch are best kept to a minimum, as these will contribute to the risk of metabolic disease and insulin resistance. Considering grass is often high in sugars, pasture intake should be controlled by either using a grazing muzzle or confining the horse to a yard, stable, small paddock or small area of the paddock. To maintain digestive health, it is

pellet such as NRM Equine Balancer is ideal and should be the only supplementary feed provided. For assistance with feeding plans to reduce weight, manage condition and enhance overall health and performance, consult with an experienced equine nutrition advisor. Article supplied by Luisa Wood, Equine Nutrition Technical Advisor.

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Choose supplements for pigs with care Keeping backyard pigs has been a common practice for centuries, as pigs will eat a wide range of different feedstuffs and can be efficient converters of waste foods or feed into high quality protein for human consumption. Supplementing your pigsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; diet with reject vegetables or waste milk on a dairy farm can be a good way of reducing waste and you may even consider feeding left over table scraps to your pigs. But, these feedstuffs pose a potential threat to the health of your pigs, as well as others and extra care must be taken when these supplements are feed. Waste vegetables can be a useful source of fibre, particularly for older animals and kunekune type pigs. However, pigs are single-stomached animals, like humans and so fibrous, high moisture feeds should only be fed in moderation. Feeds like potatoes,

turnips and swedes can be a good source of energy but are generally high in moisture and low in protein and essential minerals required for muscle growth and development and bone integrity respectively. High roughage feeds like pasture, cabbages and other vegetables are a good source of fibre but are low in dry matter and most pigs are unable to eat enough of these high moisture feeds to support good growth rates or high levels of milk production in sows. These feeds can be particularly useful for mature, non-lactating animals, which have lower nutrient requirements or kunekune type pigs, which have a greater ability to utilise high forage feeds. Feeding waste milk to pigs is a common practice and milk provides a good source of high quality protein. However, feeding large quantities of milk can lead to digestive upsets and feeding milk alone does not provide enough energy or essential trace elements for pigs. Milk fed pigs must be supplemented with a high energy density feed and trace minerals if pigs are to remain healthy and achieve good growth rates. Feeding milk that has not been heat treated can also help to support the spread of disease, particularly where milk is not produced on the same farm where pigs are kept. Although there are relatively few pig diseases present in New Zealand and border control measures are in place to help limit the possibility of a disease entering New Zealand, the risk of spreading disease is the main reason behind the strict laws controlling the feeding of food waste to pigs in

New Zealand. For example, feeding contaminated food waste to pigs is considered to have been the most likely cause of the Foot and Mouth disease outbreak in the UK in 2001. Under New Zealand law, any food waste that has come into contact with any meat, cooked or raw, must be heat treated to over 100oC for 1 hour to ensure that any bacteria or viruses present in the waste will be destroyed. These laws apply equally to commercially prepared and home-produced food. Properly treated food waste, reject vegetables and waste milk, can all be used to help reduce the cost of feeding pigs kept on small-holdings. To ensure optimum health and welfare of pigs and to support production in rapidly growing young animals or high producing sows, balanced feeds that provide appropriate levels of energy, high quality protein and essential minerals and vitamins should make up the vast majority of the animalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s diet. NRM Big Pig Nuts are ideal for feeding to growing pigs over 65kg and to dry sows and boars. Formulated to provide a balanced source of energy, protein and essential minerals, NRM Big Pig Nuts also contain a balanced level of fibre to support gut health in mature pigs. For rapidly growing animals or sows in milk, NRM Little Pig Tucker provides high energy and protein levels as well as minerals and vitamins to support weight gain and milk production. For more information, contact your local Nutrition Specialist. Article supplied by Natalie Chrystal, Nutritionist.

| Pigs will eat a wide range of different feedstuffs.

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FORAGE AND ARABLE

Plan now for your spring-sown crops Paddock selection for a spring-sown crop depends on the purpose the crop is going to serve. Is it part of a re-grassing programme or will the area be regularly cropped?

away from waterways and drainage

If the former, then you will probably have chosen paddocks where pasture is not performing. If the latter, then consider ease of access for stock and/ or machinery. “If you intend to graze the crop in-situ, ensure stock have access to drinking water and can be kept

light stock, limit numbers on the break

channels,” Ballance Nutrient Dynamics Specialist, Jim Risk says. “Choose paddocks that are not prone to pugging or compaction or plan to graze with and use strategies such as back fencing and pre-placement of baleage to minimise damage to soil structure.” Whatever approach you choose, early soil testing is vital, particularly for pH, which takes time to adjust. Test to a

Table 1: Optimum pH and nutrient ranges for pasture growth according to soil type. Figures in brackets are the amount of nutrient required to lift levels by one unit, except for sulphur. There is no data on rates to raise S soil test levels. The amounts in brackets will overcome a deficiency*.

Soil type Soil test

Pumice

Allophanic

5.8-6.0 (10t/ha)

5.0-5.5 (10t/ha)

5.8-6.0 (10t/ha)

Olsen P

35-45 (7kg/ha)

20-30 (11kg/ha)

35-45 (6-9kg/ha)

26-32 (5kg/ha)

Quick Test K

7-10 (45kg/ha)

7-10 (60kg/ha)

5-7 (30kg/ha)

7-10 (125kg/ha)1

15-20

10-12

10-12 (45kg/ha)*

10-12 (25kg/ha)*

10-12 (30kg/ha)*

10-12 (35kg/ha)*

8-10

Organic S Sulphate S (See note *) Quick Test Mg

Organic (peat) Sedimentary

* On yellow grey earths.

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depth of 150mm for crops if you are cultivating and to 75mm if direct drilling. It takes twice the amount of nutrient to shift levels to 150mm. Nutrient demands vary from crop to crop. On some soils it is difficult to shift levels into the crop’s optimum range, especially to 150mm. It may be better to apply what is needed to grow the crop, making adjustments for soil test results. Nutrient levels (including available nitrogen results) will influence crop yield and guide your nitrogen side-dressing approach. When coming out of a crop back into pasture, optimum pH and nutrient ranges are outlined in Table 1. “If you want to improve potassium levels in anticipation of pasture needs, it is best to do this after the crop has been grazed or harvested,” Jim says. “Crops can take up more potassium than they need if it is available and it will be removed from the paddock if the crop is harvested and fed out elsewhere, or only partially and unevenly returned via dung and urine if the crop is fed or grazed in-situ.” For more information, contact your Farmlands Technical Field Officer or the friendly team at your local Farmlands store. Article supplied by Ballance Agri-Nutrients.

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FORAGE AND ARABLE

Slug monitoring efforts must improve Crop farmers in New Zealand must put more effort into monitoring their crops for slug damage to avoid a repeat of the damage seen in 2017. Abie Horrocks, research manager (environment) at the Foundation for Arable Research (FAR), warns that while spring’s weather will ultimately dictate the impact of slugs on this year’s crops, the current trend embracing reduced tillage means slugs are now an increasingly troublesome pest. “Don’t wait until you can see slug damage in the crop, by then the slug population will likely be so high that you’ll be on the back foot with control,” she says. “Regardless of slug problems in the past, monitoring the in-crop populations – especially through the all-important establishment phase – is crucial. It’s so easy to get complacent and then you’ll get taken by surprise when the slug population erupts. It is not uncommon for slugs to outnumber baiting points, so managing before populations escalate can help.” Monitoring is particularly important in susceptible crops such as clover, seed grasses and brassicas but all other crops, including cereals, can also suffer damage. “Establishment is when crops

usually face slug problems, so warning bells should go off if the crop is being drilled in generally wet weather or if it is slow to emerge or to grow through the early vulnerable stages,” Abie says. “It’s important to think about incorporating a slug control strategy into your overall cropping plan, which involves much more than monitoring alone,” she says. “For example, pay attention to seedbed quality. Aim for good seed and soil contact and coverage, which prevents slugs from moving through crevices in the soil where they can readily access the seed.” Natural predators are worth encouraging. Carabid beetles – of which New Zealand has three native species that are commonly found in the paddock – are keen slug predators, especially at the immature stage. “Carabid beetles can make a valuable contribution to slug control, reducing the need for (and frequency of) pellet applications. But you’ll need to be careful with insecticide use to encourage populations,” Abie notes. “Carbamate-based products, for example, are not ‘beetle-friendly’.” Including the grey field slug, four species of slugs are agronomically significant in New Zealand agriculture – research carried out by FAR and Plant and Food Research suggests the two that are the most common are the grey field slug (Deroceras reticulatum) and the brown field slug (Deroceras panormitanum). “The grey field slug is the one to look out for,” Abie warns. “Lab trials suggest the

grey field slug responds most quickly to changes in moisture and causes up to four times more feeding damage.” While knowing which species are present in a crop won’t affect the overall strategy, Abie encourages farmers to identify species during monitoring so they can react accordingly. FAR’s recommendation on slug monitoring has been welcomed by crop protection company Lonza. “There’s been a big change in Europe over the last 10 years, with much greater emphasis on awareness and pre-emptive control strategies that involve population monitoring to stay ahead of the game and a move away from the ‘one size fits all’ approach to slug control,” Lonza Business Development Manager Mike Swift says. “There’s a growing realisation that slug control should be part of the same, modern precision-led approach to crop protection that we adopt with products such as fungicides,” he explains. “Where several factors contribute to an effective decision-support system.” Axcela® is the new slug and snail product manufactured via a unique wet-extrusion process by Lonza. It combines the advantages of the specific mode of action of Meta® metaldehyde with the latest formulation techniques to give these pellets the highest levels of control of slugs and snails under a wide range of conditions. For more information, contact your Farmlands Technical Field Officer or the friendly team at your local Farmlands store. Article supplied by Lonza.

| Axcela provides high level control of slugs and snails.

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FORAGE AND ARABLE

Europe’s best selling beet is one to beat After achieving disappointing fodder beet yields in recent years, Cameron Kerr was keen to try something different in his farming system. With advice from his local Farmlands Technical Field Officer, he decided to establish a different variety of fodder beet in a bid to increase total dry matter production. Cameron has been growing 40ha fodder beet on his 500ha beef finishing and dairy support property near Athol in northern Southland for the past 7 years. The need for a high yielding and high quality feed, which fodder beet offers, is important for finishing beef bulls and wintering his mixed aged dairy cows and heifers from his dairy farm near Woodlands, east of Invercargill.

Cameron wasn’t achieving the uniformity or yield expectations he required, so he decided to seek out some agronomic advice from his local Farmlands Technical Field Officer, Jim Beer. Jim noticed that there were a few factors that could be improved for the following season to help increase yields – better insect control, of nysius in particular, earlier sowing date and using a different cultivar that was known to be more uniform and higher yielding. Cameron decided to put one of his designated paddocks into Jamon fodder beet, to compare for himself what he had been traditionally growing. Four months post-sowing, as the beet was starting to bulb up, Cameron was noticing a big difference between

Jamon and the other variety of fodder beet he had been growing. “Everything was sown at the same time and while Jamon wasn’t the first out of the ground, it soon caught up and passed the other five varieties I had sown and has been ahead in yield ever since. It is looking quite impressive, particularly after the dry summer we’ve had.” He has also noticed there are more plants and less gaps up the rows because Jamon is a hybrid with a mono-germ seed. Jamon has been Europe’s best selling fodder beet for many years and has been a popular choice within New Zealand farming systems for some time. It has proven to be a uniform, consistent performer, both on-farm and within Agricom’s extensive national trialling programme. Jamon has a high leaf holding capacity coming into the winter (which is highly desirable as the fodder beet bulb is very low in protein) and is classified as a medium type fodder beet with average bulb dry matter percentages ranging between 16-18 percent. With an orange, elongated, tankard shaped bulb, it generally sits about 50 percent above the ground in normal growing conditions, providing excellent access and utilisation for all classes of grazing animals. To learn more about incorporating Jamon fodder beet into your farm system, contact your Farmlands Technical Field Officer or the friendly team at your local Farmlands store. Article supplied by Agricom.

| Farmlands Technical Field Officer Jim Beer with a Jamon fodder beet from Cameron Kerr’s farm.

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ANIMAL MANAGEMENT

Body condition scoring ewes Although many farmers are still getting last spring’s lambs off to the works, it is now time to start thinking about next year’s lamb production, in particular getting ewes in good body condition for mating. The single most important factor influencing the number of lambs weaned and kilograms of lamb weaned per hectare is the percentage of ewes in good body condition at mating. Studies have shown that it is not a matter of increasing the overall or average Body Condition Score (BCS) of the ewe flock but reducing the size of the “tail end” in the flock. These studies also showed that this critical BCS level varies by breed but is generally between 2.5/5 and 3/51. Increasing an individual ewe’s BCS above this critical level does not increase her fertility. While we talk about the power of body

condition scoring ewes at this time of year, it is interesting to note that industry figures have shown that a common trait in the top 20 percent of sheep farming businesses by profit per hectare is that they regularly BCS their ewes right through the year. By body condition scoring ewes, a farmer can identify the “tail end” ewes and run a split flock approach targeting feeding based on ewe BCS. This results in efficient use of feed and not over-feeding ewes already in good body condition that will not show increased fertility from increased nutrition. Farmers should be body condition scoring ewes a month before the ram goes out to give the ewes time to benefit from any extra feeding required and get on a rising plane of nutrition at joining. Another consideration for ewes in poor

body condition leading up to mating is a drench for control of gastrointestinal parasites. Autumn rains combined with low pasture residuals after a dry summer can really increase the challenge from parasites that your breeding ewes may face. Younger stock, two-tooths and hoggets in particular, are more prone to the impact of gastrointestinal parasites and are more likely to show an economic response to a drench before mating. Converge® or Alliance® are two ideal choices for controlling gastrointestinal parasites in the autumn. Both of these drenches are combination drenches aiding in the prevention of development of drench resistance. The risk of developing drench resistance can also be prevented by only drenching a proportion of the flock based on age and BCS. The undrenched, better conditioned and older ewes are an excellent source of sensitive parasites or “refugia” for the worm population on the farm if they are able to graze pasture after the mob that was drenched has grazed it. Both of these drenches are excellent drenches for use with your beef weaners as well. Using the same drench in both your sheep and cattle reduces wastage and keeps things simple in your drench shed on-farm. For more information, contact your Farmlands Technical Field Officer or the friendly team at your local Farmlands store. ACVM No: A10119, A10249. ®Registered trademark. Schering-Plough Animal Health Ltd. NZ/CVG/0118/0001a. 1. P.R. Kenyon, S.K. Maloney and D. Blache. Review of sheep body condition score in relation to production characteristics. NZ Journal of Agricultural Research, 2014. Article supplied by MSD Coopers Animal Health.

| It is time to start thinking about getting ewes in good body condition for mating.

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ANIMAL MANAGEMENT

Improving dry cow management and fertility Milk fever (parturient hypocalcaemia) means a lowering of blood calcium levels around the time of calving. What is often not realised, is cows that have had milk fever have a reduced immunity and are therefore much more susceptible to a whole range of subsequent conditions such as retained placenta, mastitis, metritis and fatty liver syndrome – all of which can have negative effects on subsequent fertility. Milk fever is one of many livestock problems where “prevention is better than cure”. In the body, calcium is needed (amongst other things) to aid the release of the chemical messenger, which activates muscles. Lack of calcium results in a loss of muscle activity and it is no surprise therefore, that the clinical signs of milk fever are a lack of muscle function. Magnesium has an important influence on calcium homeostasis. During periods of low calcium intake, the body maintains normal blood calcium levels (homeostasis) by increasing the efficiency of calcium absorption from the gut. Mobilisation of calcium from skeletal reserves is also increased at the same time but this takes 10-14 days to be fully switched on. This increase in absorptive efficiency requires the presence of magnesium. Research has shown a tendency for low blood magnesium levels in dry cows. A cow need only be mildly hypomagnesaemic to greatly impair the efficiency of calcium absorption. A small reduction in blood magnesium levels can dramatically reduce the

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efficiency of calcium absorption and the amount of calcium mobilised from the skeleton by up to 40 percent. DairyNZ data suggests that for every 2 percent of downer cows a further 5 percent will have clinical hypocalcaemia but don’t become downer and a further 33 percent of cows will have sub-clinical hypocalcaemia (DairyNZ Tech Series, June 2012). Crystalyx Dry Cow contains a unique blend of magnesium salts, which have been shown by research conducted at Glasgow Veterinary School to have a superior availability within the cow (so the magnesium is more efficiently absorbed) than any pure calcined magnesite source. Crystalyx Dry Cow also contains generous levels of all essential trace elements to replenish body reserves prior to calving and help support and maintain a strong healthy immune system within the cow – important for calf health and vigour and to reduce the risk of mastitis in early lactation. The high levels of vitamin E and selenium also help to reduce the risk of retained afterbirth post-calving. Three research studies have been undertaken on New Zealand dairy farms, overseen by Dr. Mark Oliver from

| Research has shown a tendency for low blood magnesium levels in dry cows.

the University of Auckland. “Crystalyx Dry Cow is a viable alternative to traditional magnesium supplementation on New Zealand dairy farms,” Dr.

consuming Crystalyx Dry Cow and this should help with an easier and faster transitioning and improved production.”

should support improved immunity

For more information, contact your Farmlands Technical Field Officer or the friendly team at your local Farmlands store.

and disease resistance. Cows like

Article supplied by Crystalyx.

Oliver says. “Additional essential minerals, trace elements and vitamins are also provided in the block, which

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RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Preventative action keeps rodent populations in check Although rodents become more visible and annoying in autumn when their numbers are high and they are looking for new homes to escape the winter cold, sensible rodent control involves year-round preventative action to keep populations in check. Rodents spoil food, spread disease and cause damage by fouling and gnawing. Rodents will gnaw wood, wiring, pipe-work and food sources while mice urinate and defecate many times a day. Both rats and mice can cause extensive damage to property, as well as contaminating areas they reside in. Controlling rodent numbers with a proactive pest control programme helps to reduce numbers of predators on our farms, around

bush lines and other native areas. If rodents do not have access to alternative foods such as stock feed, garbage or human food scraps, bait is an effective way to ensure successful eradication. Before laying bait, look at the infested area to find the location of entry, nesting and feeding areas. Rodents are nocturnal and so are rarely seen during the day but look for signs that they are around, such as droppings, footprints, structural damage to buildings, damage to stored grain or other foods, tooth marks, burrows and holes. Rodents are habitual and tend to follow distinct paths or tracks between feeding, drinking and living areas. Inside buildings they have a tendency to move close to walls rather than along an open floor.

• Rodents are suspicious of human scent and may avoid baits that have been touched, so avoid handling bait with bare hands. • Maintain fresh baits by checking and replacing them every 2 to 3 days initially and later, every week or two. • Be particularly vigilant during autumn when the first cold and wet weather arrives, as this usually drives rodents indoors to find shelter and food. • To protect non-target animals from secondary poisoning, collect any dead rodent bodies and burn or bury them. • Spoiled or unwanted bait should be disposed of in a similar manner. • Rats and mice prefer fresh, highquality foods and will reject spoiled or low palatability foods when given a choice, so bait selection is important. A cereal based bait with brodifacoum as the active ingredient such as PestOff Rodent Block bait is a good option. PestOff bait is most effective when used in conjunction with the PestOff Dead Rat Café or Departure Lounge. The Dead Rat Café can be used either indoors or outside and the wire hoops provided will prevent rodents from removing any of the bait. The Departure Lounge is designed to be placed along a wall or building to take advantage of the typical hunting characteristics of rodents. It allows the rodent to feed inside without the fear of being discovered. For more information, contact your Farmlands Technical Field Officer or the friendly team at your local Farmlands store. Registered pursuant to the ACVM Act 1997, No. V005099. Article supplied by Bell-Booth.

| Both rats and mice can cause extensive damage to property, as well as contaminating areas they reside in.

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