Doww

‫ا‬ ‫ا‬

‫وْل ا‬ ‫رْحْ ِ‬

‫نْ‬

‫ِ​ِ‬

‫‪Direct Current‬‬

‫‪D.C‬‬

‫آ‬

‫رُوقْ ْ‬

‫ْ‬

‫ل ا ْ َاآ‬

‫"!‬

‫ا‬

‫ق‬

‫‪..........‬‬

‫&‪ !%‬ة “ا ّ ) ” !ﯖ‬

‫أ‬

‫ْ ْا ّ ِ ( 'ا‬

‫& ا ‪ #$%‬ل‬

‫& ّ ش ‪ ...............‬أش ‪#+‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫‪ 3 0#‬رز‪2 .‬ش ‪ ...........‬وا ‪ ( 0 1‬ز‪.‬‬ ‫أش ‪#+‬‬ ‫وا‪)7‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫‪ .................‬أ ‪ #! 5%+‬ك‪.‬‬ ‫‪........ ........‬‬

‫& ا‬

‫‪ 6) 0‬ك ‪.‬‬

‫( َ'‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ا‪ -َ 'ْ .‬وْ ُ‪ ، ,‬ﯕ‬

‫) ِ! ْ !!‬

‫‪ْ+:‬ﯖ ‪!8‬‬ ‫‪./ُ0ْ 1‬‬ ‫َه دِي ا ْ ّة ا > >‪ 2‬أ< ; دي ‪ّ ْ 7َ !ِ ْ8ْ 0,‬ار‪ 0ُ . ْ ،2َ6‬نْ ا ْ ‪4‬ة اّْ‪ْ ْ 2 ْ 3‬‬ ‫@ ْ أّْ ُه َ ا‬ ‫‪ْ)A‬‬ ‫‪ A‬ا ْ‪ ْ B‬وَا ْ‬ ‫َه دْ ا ْ ّة ; دي ْ‪ُ ,‬وزْ َا ْ‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫‪F ْGH‬آ> 'َ‪2‬‬ ‫آِ!‪ ْD‬ا َ‪ -‬دَة ا = َضْ ْ ْ َه دْ ا ‪ I40‬شْ ُه َ أ‪ّ , Iِ ,‬‬ ‫دَاآ <‬

‫ْ‪ E‬رْ َ‪ 2‬ا‬

‫سْ عْ َه دْ ا ‪.ْ B‬‬

‫‪4 ْ ُ 0, ْ +‬ار‪َ ْ ْN-ْ ْ 2َ6‬ا ْ'‪.ْM‬‬ ‫" ‪ ،‬وْ ‪ َ L‬لْ وَا ْ‬ ‫ْ شْ ‪5 ?ْ ْ8 0ْ I‬ار َ‬

‫( ْ ُ ْ‪ " 2َ 30‬دَاآ ‪4Pْ " 8‬افْ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ُ Q‬و ‪ْ I‬‬ ‫" أوَا َ‪ ,‬آ‪ ْ ْ/7ْ Bْ I‬شْ ‪ْ 7ْ I ْR!ِA‬‬ ‫‪< A‬ي ‪5 ?ْ ْ8ْ 0I‬ار َ‬ ‫وْ َ ْ‬ ‫أو ْ‪ Nْ-‬ا ْ ّاتْ ‪?ْ ْSْ I‬‬

‫ْ‬

‫" ( ْ َ ا ْ! ْ‪َ &ْ 8 'َ B‬ا ِ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ L‬آ‪َ 2َ 3‬‬ ‫‪4‬ار‪ Uَ 3I َ R!ِA 2َ6‬شْ ِ‬

‫وْ ْ‪ Nْ-‬ا ْ ّاتْ ‪ْ ِ ْ = ?ْ ْSْ I‬‬ ‫وْ ا‪F‬آ> 'َ‪2‬‬

‫( ْ ُ ! َ‪I 7‬ﯖ‬ ‫ْ& ْ ا ‪ !َ #ِ6‬آ ْ( َ وْ ْ ‪ْ , َ 2ْH‬‬

‫‪ L‬آ‪ َ 3‬تْ َ‪ 7‬دْ ا ‪ I40‬شْ َ‬ ‫ل ِ‬ ‫ا ‪ ،/7‬إ َ‬ ‫‪2َ6 A‬‬ ‫‪َ L‬‬ ‫ل ِ‬ ‫إَ‬

‫ل )ْ‪. َ #‬‬ ‫ل & َ ِ وْ ‪4‬‬ ‫‪ 'َ C‬وْ ّ‬ ‫‪4‬ار‪ Uَ 3I R!ِA 2َ6‬آ‪ 2 3‬أ‪ْ & 7َ 3ْH‬‬

‫‪ ُ 1‬آ مْ‪ ،‬ﯕ‬ ‫ْ‬

‫آِ‪ " 2َ 3‬دَاآ ‪. " 8‬‬

‫ِ َ َ شْ ‪ 7 ّ ْ ,‬م وْ ; دِي ‪ 7ُ ّْ ْ ,‬م إ َل ا ْ! ْ‪ُ ' ?ْ 'َ B‬ه َ‪.‬‬

‫@ َى‪.‬‬ ‫‪Gْ ْ 2َ !ِ-H‬وه وْ دُوزو َ ‪ 2َ6‬ٱ ْ‬ ‫‪ 0 6‬مْ ْ‬ ‫‪ Y‬بْ َ‬ ‫َْ‬

‫‪ 7َ !ِ ْHI‬ا ْ‪E‬‬ ‫‪ ْHI‬وْ ( ْ‪ّ B‬‬ ‫‪ 6‬تْ ‪ْ Bْ J‬‬ ‫‪َ A‬‬ ‫‪َ ْGH‬‬ ‫‪ُ Iِ ْ 7ْ !ْ < ْR!A‬ه َ أ‪ّ ,ُ Iِ ,4‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫( ْ &‪.ْ0(ْ .ْ5J َ !ْ 1‬‬ ‫‪ 3ْH \4A‬ا ‪ّ 3‬‬ ‫َو ِ‪ َ ْ 0‬ﯖ‪ُ ْ-‬وشْ َ وْ ِ‪ ,‬هِ! ْ ‪PUI‬و ْ‬ ‫‪ّ +‬‬ ‫ل‪َ & K‬‬ ‫َه دْ ا ‪ I0‬ش َ ِ دْرْسْ وْ ّل ُ ّرْ‪ُ ،‬ه َ ْ َ ‪4‬‬ ‫دَاآ <‬

‫‪. Q‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫‪ْB‬‬

‫‪ M‬عْ !!‬ ‫‪ْ 1‬جْ ‪ '#ْ+‬ا ُ! ُ‬ ‫ل دِ' َ ‪ْ J‬‬ ‫‪4 َ ْ ْ/0ْ َ %‬‬ ‫ْ شْ ; دِي ' ْ‬

‫وْ ‪ َ L‬لْ ْ ْ ْ ‪4‬ة َ ‪I‬ﯖ ^ْ آ‪ِ #‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫َو ِ‪َ ْ 0‬ه دْ <‬

‫‪ 6‬تْ َ ش ‪(َ 8 ُ J (َ ) 3<(,‬‬ ‫‪َ A‬‬ ‫‪َ L‬‬ ‫ْ‪ِ \3‬‬

‫س َ? شْ ْ( ‪ %ُ #‬إ َل ْ? َ= وْ‪.‬‬

‫; دِي ‪ Uَ 3‬وْ ٱ‪ ,‬ءْ ا‪ .‬ا ‪ .85‬وْ ا ّزا & ‪. َ ْ51‬‬ ‫َ ْ! ْ‪ ْ^!ِI-‬أ‪ْ & OْPّ &ْ Iِ ,4‬زَا َ ‪َ ْS0ْ -ْ ْ ،‬‬

‫ل ‪َ ْ5!ْ J‬ر‬ ‫ل & ' ُ ا ‪ I40‬شْ ‪ ْQ Jِ َ َ 8 J‬وْ ‪4‬‬ ‫إَ‬ ‫‪ُ Q‬و ْ‪ُ aْ !ِ3‬ه َ ا‬ ‫ا ُ‪ ْ/7‬ا ‪ ْ B‬أ< ; دِي ‪ْ 7ْ ,‬‬

‫ْ?‪ ; Rْ (ُ ْ3‬دِي ‪, 0‬‬

‫( ْ َ‪2‬‬ ‫` '‪ْ 2U‬‬ ‫ْ​ْ ا ‪4‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫‪.Electricité 2َ!Y‬‬ ‫‪ \َ %‬ا ‪ ?َ َ $ْ 6‬ء وْ ْ ‪ِ ,َ B‬‬ ‫ْ ‪ْ B‬‬

‫` ;ْ‪َ ْ ْ ْ ً ' U ُ 3‬ا'ْ‪U 1800 2‬دي‪.‬‬ ‫‪َ ْ Q‬ا ْ! ْ‪ِ -‬‬ ‫َه دْ ا ‪ ْ B‬ا ْ ْ‪ُ -‬وفْ ْ ]‬ ‫‪ %‬وْ ُ ا ‪W‬‬ ‫‪َ I Iَ 'ِ ْ I<ْ H‬‬ ‫‪ً %‬‬ ‫@ ُ‬ ‫‪ ْGH‬ا‪F‬وْجْ دْ َ' ‪ ،‬وْ ُ‬ ‫وْ َ‪ 7‬دْ ا &ِ! ‪ 2013 Iِ -ْ 'ْ 2‬وَا ْ‬ ‫ا ُ ِ‪ْ ْ/7‬‬

‫‪2َ' 1‬‬ ‫` ّلْ ْ‪ ; /ُ0!ِ3‬دِي ‪ُ ,‬وزو ألْ ا ْ ‪4‬‬ ‫َ ‪ْ ,‬‬

‫? ‪U‬ت ‪J‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫‪. Q‬‬ ‫ْ ْ ْ​ْا ]‬

‫‪ X‬ا َ! َ لْ‪.‬‬ ‫( ْمْ ْ ْ‪ّP‬افْ ‪ ،23ِ>ْ F‬وْ ِآ َ!ْﯖ لْ ا َ>‪ G‬ا َ‪َ ِ َ -‬و ِ? !ِ‪ Y‬لْ َ( ّ ِ ُ‬ ‫‪ Gّ7Y‬وْ ‪ْ ,‬‬ ‫; دِي ‪ َ ,‬وْلْ ْ‪ْ ,‬‬ ‫ِآ ا َ‪ -‬دَة َ‬ ‫‪ْ U ْH ِ Bْ J L‬رُو دِ' َ ‪َ J‬ا ْ‪ ِ #‬فْ ‪:‬‬ ‫ل ‪ْ I‬آ مْ ِ‬ ‫إَ‬ ‫‪takicours@gmail.com‬‬ ‫‪Facebook : Farouk Elmerrakchi‬‬

‫ا ّ ْ‪# #‬‬ ‫‪(1‬‬

‫‪ -‬ا ّ ْ! َ‬

‫‪1............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ - (1-1‬ا‬ ‫‪ - (1-2‬ا‬

‫‪- (2‬‬

‫‪ ?َ َ $‬ءْ ا ِآ َ ‪3..................................‬‬ ‫‪ \َ %‬ا َ‪ْ 6‬‬ ‫ا ْ! ْ‪ّ 6‬نْ ْ ُ‪ْ B‬‬ ‫‪4................................. Zِ ?َ َ $‬‬ ‫‪ \َ %‬ا ‪ Y‬رْ ا َ‪ْ 6‬‬ ‫ا ّ رْحْ ْ ُ‪ْ B‬‬

‫‪ W‬ر َ( ا َ‪َ Zِ ?َ َ $ْ 6‬‬ ‫‪ \َ %‬ا َ‪ّ %‬‬ ‫‪َ I‬ة ْ ُ‪ْ B‬‬ ‫ا ْ​ْ‬

‫‪...........................................................................................‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪َ I‬ة ْ‪َ5=ْ %ْ J‬ادْ ‪7..............................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ - (1-2‬ا ْ ْ‬ ‫‪10..................................................... W‬‬ ‫َ‪ J‬عْ ﭬ َ‬ ‫‪َ I‬ة وْ ّل ا‬ ‫‪ - (2-2‬ا ْ ْ‬

‫‪(3‬‬

‫‪ \َ %‬ا ُ! َو َ‬ ‫‪ -‬ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬رْ ْ ُ‪ْ B‬‬

‫‪......................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪11‬‬

‫‪............................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪12‬‬

‫‪ - (1-3‬ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬رْ‬

‫أ ‪]َ" ُ -‬ة أورْ ْ ِ ‪12 ...................................... ْ5‬‬ ‫ب ‪ -‬أوم ‪ ْ %ْ Bْ ْ J‬ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬رْ ‪15 .....................................‬‬ ‫ن ‪]J‬ومْ ‪16 ............................................‬‬ ‫ت‪-‬ا‬ ‫‪َG ِ - (2 - 3‬انْ ا ْ!ْ` ‪18 ..........................................................................................‬‬ ‫أ ‪ -‬ا ْ‪ %َ B‬رْ ‪20 ....................................... ْ`!ّ ْ ّ J‬‬ ‫ب ‪ -‬ا ْ‪ %َ B‬رْ ‪ J‬رْحْ ‪21 ........................................‬‬ ‫ت ‪ -‬ا ْ َ بْ ‪ (ّ Gّ J‬رْ ا ﯖ (‪25 ........................ ْ3‬‬ ‫ث ‪ . -‬ن ا ُ= ْزَة‪29 ............................................‬‬ ‫‪37 .................................................... ْ` C‬‬ ‫ج‪-‬ا َ ِ‬

‫‪(4‬‬

‫‪ -‬ا ْ‪َ ِ 6‬ا‪ J‬رْ ‪ J‬عْ ُ ‪ J‬رْ ا ‪# %ُ W‬‬

‫‪...................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪39‬‬

‫ط ‪39 .....................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ J ُ - (1- 4‬رْ ا َ! زو ْ‬ ‫‪ - (2- 4‬ا ّ ْ ّ!`ْ ‪44 .............................................................................. %ْ َ ْ J‬‬ ‫أ ‪ -‬ا ّ ْ!`ْ ‪46 ................................... UPVS1‬‬ ‫ب ‪ -‬ا ّ ْ!`ْ ‪46 ................................. UPVS2‬‬ ‫‪ ( P‬ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬رْ ا ﯖ (‪47 ............................ ْ3‬‬ ‫ت‪َ -‬‬ ‫ث ‪ -‬ا ْ َ بْ ? ْ‪ ْ ( $‬ا ّ !`ْ ‪50 ...................‬‬ ‫ج ‪ -‬ا ْ!‪51 ................................................ ْO !ِ #ْB‬‬

‫‪- (5‬‬

‫ا!‬

‫‪..................................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪55‬‬

‫‪ - (1‬ا ّ ْ! َ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ Iُ L‬ا ْ ْقْ ِ! َ‪ /ُ7 I‬؟‬ ‫‪ُ Iَ L‬ه َ ا ْ‪'َB‬؟ أُو ْ‬ ‫؟ أْ‬

‫‪ُ Iَ L‬ه َ ا‬ ‫أْ‬

‫‪ Q‬وْ ا ْ‪ ،\َ-‬وْ َه دْ ا ْ‪ْ B‬قْ َ ْ! َ نْ ْ ْ‪ّP‬افْ ْ ‪.23ِ>ْ F‬‬ ‫ْ ّار‪َ 2َ6‬آ ْ‪ُ 'ِ I‬و ا ْ‪ْ B‬قْ ِ! ْ ا ]‬ ‫َ> ا ُ‪%‬‬

‫ْ ُ ‪ ،2‬ا‬ ‫وْ‪ْIَ R!ِA‬ﯖ‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫‪ c‬رْجْ ْ ْ‪. 7َ I‬‬ ‫‪ 7َ !ِ ْ`c‬وْ ا ْ‪ُ 'َB‬ه َ ِّ َ‬ ‫ُه َ ِ َ‪ُ ْ5ْ J‬‬ ‫) ْ‪ ْ`B‬ا‬ ‫ْ‬

‫‪ Iِ -ْ !ْ َ ،‬دْ ّوزْ ا‬

‫‪ْ 1‬جْ ْ ْ َ‪ $‬ا ْ‪.'َB‬‬ ‫‪ َ 2 ُ 3‬شْ ْ( ْ‬

‫@ ْ ِ ُه َ ا ّ ّ‪B‬‬ ‫‪ْ )َ A‬‬ ‫‪ G>َ ْ \ّA‬وَا ْ‬ ‫وْ َه دْ ا ْ ْ‪ Uَ 3Iَ \َI-‬وْ‪ْ e‬‬

‫‪ Q‬وْ ِ& َ‪ِ $‬ه ْ ا ْ‪.'َB‬‬ ‫‪ L‬رَة‪ 7َ !ِ َ ،‬شْ ا ]‬ ‫ْ َ‪ُ -‬‬

‫; دِي ْ' ُ‪ 0‬نْ ا ْ‪ ْd(ِ5‬دْ َ( َ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ، ِ Iْ g‬وْ َه‪َf‬ا ُه َ < َ‬ ‫‪ ْeْ ْ!< Y‬ا ْ ِ‬ ‫‪ ْ -ْ ْ ، Q‬ا ْ ‪4‬اتْ َ ْ‪ْ I‬‬ ‫ُ ِ‪ُ ْ/7‬ه َ أّ‪ُ Iَ ْ 7ْ !ْ َ ِّ aُ ,‬ه َ ا ]‬

‫‪ُ Iَ L‬ه َ ا‬ ‫أْ‬

‫؟‬

‫‪ُ Iَ L‬ه َ ا‬ ‫‪ ْ/0ُ !ِ ْ Y‬أ ْ‬ ‫َ شْ ْ‪ّ Bْ ,‬‬

‫‪.ْe ُ ْ 6‬‬ ‫‪ ْ A‬ا ِ> لْ ْ ْ‪ ً ' U‬ﯕ عْ ا ّ‪ I‬سْ َ ْ! ْ‪ ْe ُ ْ -‬وْ ْ‬ ‫( ْمْ ْ َا ْ‬ ‫; دِي ْ‪ْ ,‬‬ ‫‪َ ،‬‬

‫‪ 7َ ْ ْ Y‬دْ ا ِ> لْ ْ ْ‪ ً ' U‬ﯕ عْ ا َ ‪2‬تْ < َ ْ! ُ‪ 0‬نْ ِ! َ‪ 7‬ا‬ ‫; دِي ْ‪ّ Bْ ,‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪ُ Y‬و ا ]‬ ‫ل ْ‪ْ Bْ ْ ُ !ِE‬‬ ‫ُ ِ‪ ْ/7‬إ َ‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫‪.ْR ِ c‬‬ ‫‪ 0ُ 'ْ Y‬نْ ْ‬ ‫‪َA‬‬ ‫‪ ْ ْ ،ْ !ِEH‬ا‪ْ F‬‬ ‫‪ْ Jْ ْR(ّ P‬رْ َ‪ْ ْ .‬‬ ‫@ ُو ْ ِ ُ‪ #‬وْ ِْ‬ ‫; دِي َ ْ‬ ‫‪َ ،ْ A‬‬ ‫ِ وَا ْ‬

‫‪َ I‬ا ؟‬ ‫‪ g‬دِي ْ( ْ‬ ‫` ّْ'‪ْ ْ ْD‬رْ&َ‪ ،2‬أشْ َ‬ ‫‪ ْig‬وْ ْ‪ ْ ْ ْf ِ ?ْ ّ .‬ا ّ‬ ‫ل رَا ْ‬ ‫‪ْ g‬وَا ‪ i‬وْ ‪4‬‬ ‫‪ْ jَ ْ 3ُ!ِ Y‬‬ ‫‪ ِ 68 e‬ا ْ‬ ‫ل ْ‬ ‫إَ‬

‫‪1/‬‬

‫‪Uْ+. 3ُ!ِ Y‬شْ ؟‬ ‫‪ْ ْ ْkY‬‬ ‫‪ْ 3ْ 'ْ 6‬‬ ‫` ّْ'‪ْ ْ ْD‬رْ&َ‪ ْG$ْ Jْ 2‬وْ َ‬ ‫ن ِ!‪ /ُ0‬أ‪ aُ ,4‬ا ّ‬ ‫; دِي ْ' َ ِ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫@ َة‪.‬‬ ‫‪ْ )َ A‬‬ ‫‪ 2َ 1‬وْ ْ‬ ‫‪ُ ,ْ ،ْ -ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ Y‬وزُو ْ ْ‬ ‫; دِي ْ‪ّ Bْ ,‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫‪َ I‬ا‪.‬‬ ‫‪ g‬دِي ْ( ْ‬ ‫‪ ،2َ 1‬أشْ َ‬ ‫‪َ5(ِ5ْ ?ْ 3!ِ Y‬ة‪ ،‬وْ َ وْدْ َ‪ ,‬ا ّ ْ‬ ‫ل ْ ّ َ‪ I‬ا ْ‬ ‫دَا َ إ َ‬

‫` ّْ'‪ْ ْ ْD‬رْ&َ‪Gْ$Jْ َ 2‬اتْ َ وَاُ ‪.‬‬ ‫ن ِ!‪ /ُ0‬أ‪ aُ ,4‬ا ّ‬ ‫; دِي ْ' َ ِ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫; دِي ْﯖ ُ وَا‪ِ ْh‬آ َ شْ ؟‬ ‫َ‬ ‫‪ ْ ْ/0ُ !ِ ْ Y‬شْ‪.‬‬ ‫; دِي ْ‪ّ Bْ ,‬‬ ‫إ َو ْه َ‪َ ْ !ِ I‬آ ْ'‪ 2َI‬ا ‪َ ،2َ !ِ-3‬‬ ‫" َ ‪?ْ ْh‬‬ ‫) رْ ِ‬ ‫ل َ‬ ‫‪ Q‬وْ ّ‬ ‫‪] ْ ْh َ ْ !ّ +‬‬ ‫‪ْ Y‬وَالْ ْ‬ ‫‪ jَ ْ 3!ِ Y‬ا ّ‬ ‫‪ Iَ !<0A‬ا ْ‬ ‫ْ ْ ّة ا ‪ْIَ 2 ْ 3‬ﯖ ُ أّ‪ْ ْR!ِA aُ ,‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫‪. -ُ m‬‬ ‫‪ّ 6ْ ْ Uَ ْ 3ُ!ِ Y‬نْ ْ ُ ْ‬ ‫‪ jَ ْ ْ^A‬ا ْ‬ ‫‪ْ​ْg‬‬ ‫‪ْ َ Q‬‬ ‫وْ َه َاكْ ا ]‬ ‫‪َ َ ْ !ّ +‬ه ْ?‬ ‫‪ْ Y‬وَالْ ْ‬ ‫‪ Iَ !<0A‬ا ْ ِ' َة ْ َ‪ j‬ا ّ‬ ‫أ ‪ّ ْ ْ 4‬ة ا > ْ‪ْIَ 2َ!,‬ﯖ ُ أ‪ْ ْR!ِA aُ ,4‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫َو ِ‪َ ْ 0‬ه دْ ا ْ ّة ا ]‬

‫‪. Q‬‬ ‫‪ L‬رْ‪َ Iَ !ِ6‬ه ْ ]‬ ‫ل َ‬ ‫وْ ‪4‬‬

‫‪ Iَ !ِ36‬وْدَازْ ا‪F‬رْضْ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ْ​ْ o‬‬ ‫ْ ْحْ ْ َ‪ j‬ا ْ ِ' َة وْزَادْ ْ ْحْ ْ َ‪ Iَ '< 'ْ j‬وْ ْه ْ ْ‬

‫‪: Q‬‬ ‫‪ 6‬جْ ْ َ ‪p‬تْ َ عْ ا ]‬ ‫ْه َ‪ُ ,َ ْ Iْ ْ I‬‬ ‫‪َ ْ !< Y‬ه ا َ‪ ?َ َ $ْ 6‬ءْ ا‬ ‫‪ْ Iْ َ \َ %‬‬ ‫‪ّ 6ْ ْ Q‬نْ‪ْ Bُ ْ ،‬‬ ‫ا َ ‪ 2‬ا ‪ 0ُ !ْ َ 2 ْ 3‬نْ ِ! َ‪ 7‬ا ]‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫ا َ ‪ 2‬ا > ْ‪ 0ُ !ْ َ 2َ!,‬نْ ِ! َ‪ 7‬ا ]‬

‫ِآ َ ‪.‬‬

‫‪َ ْ !< Y‬ه ا ّ ّ رْ ا َ‪. Zِ ?َ َ $ْ 6‬‬ ‫‪ْ Iْ َ \َ %‬‬ ‫َ رْحْ‪ْ Bُ ْ ،‬‬

‫‪!! Isolant 2َ!Y‬‬ ‫‪ +‬زلْ ْ َ‪ِ ,َ B‬‬ ‫‪َ \َ %‬‬ ‫‪ّ ْ ْ 3!ِ Y‬زْ ُ‪ْ B‬‬ ‫‪ ْ !< Y‬ا ْ‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ْ ْ‪ّ 0‬نْ َ ْ‪ْ I‬‬ ‫َْ ‪2‬ا ]‬ ‫‪Jْ ْ`i‬‬ ‫‪ ْ !< Y‬ا ْ ' ة ّ ّ‬ ‫‪ Y‬رح َ ْ‪ْ I‬‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ‪4‬‬ ‫َْ ‪2‬ا ]‬

‫‪\َ %‬‬ ‫ُ‪ْ B‬‬

‫‪!! Conducteur 2َ!Y‬‬ ‫‪ `i‬آ‪ِ ,َ Bَ ْ Z ? $‬‬

‫‪. َe‬‬ ‫; دِي ْ‪ْ ْ ,‬حْ ْ? ّ‪ُ ْ0 .ِ ْ5‬آ ّ` َ‬ ‫دَا َ َ‬ ‫‪2/‬‬

‫‪ \َ %‬ا َ‪ ?َ َ $ْ 6‬ءْ ا‬ ‫ا ْ! ْ‪ّ 6‬نْ ْ ُ‪ْ B‬‬

‫‪ - (1-1‬ا‬

‫ِآ َ ‪:‬‬

‫‪.ْ Y‬‬ ‫‪ْA‬‬ ‫‪ َ ?َ I‬شْ ْ‪ْ ُ 7ْ Bْ ,‬‬ ‫‪ ْA‬ا ّ ْ‬ ‫آِ!‪ ْD‬ا َ‪ -‬دَة ْ‪َ ْ ,‬اوْ ْ َا ْ‬ ‫‪َ 1‬ا ؟‬ ‫; دِي ْ' ْ‬ ‫‪ ،ْR(ّْ P‬أشْ َ‬ ‫‪ 3ُ!ِ Y‬وْ ْ& ّ ْ ِ! ْ‪ ْ ْ a‬آُ` ّ‬ ‫‪ ِ !<0A‬ا ْ‬ ‫ل ْ‬ ‫‪ Eَ H‬ر‪ ،‬إ َ‬ ‫‪ Bَ 'ّ r‬تْ ْ ْرْ&َ‪ْ ْ 2‬‬ ‫" جْ ِْ‬ ‫‪ 3ُ!ِ g‬وْ ُ‬ ‫@ ُو ْ‬ ‫; دِي َ ْ‬ ‫دَا َ َ‬ ‫; دِي ْ' َ ُ‪َ5ْ ْ Jَ ْi!ِ ,‬ا ْ& ُ‪!! B‬‬ ‫‪َ ْ/7ُ ْ !4Q‬‬ ‫` ' َ‪ B‬تْ ْ ْ‪ِ -‬‬ ‫‪ ِ ْ ّ &ْ G‬ا ْ‬ ‫‪ِ ،ْD'ّ r‬و' َ‬ ‫‪ْ G‬‬ ‫‪ّ 6ْ ْ Q‬نْ ْ ُ‪4 0‬‬ ‫‪] ْ 2َ' L‬‬ ‫‪ْ k‬‬ ‫آِ!‪ ْD‬ﯕ ِ!‪َ ْ !ْ َ 23‬‬ ‫‪َ 1‬ا ؟‬ ‫; دِي ْ' ْ‬ ‫` ّْ'‪ ،ْi'< !ِ ْ/7ُ Iْ ْ ْD‬أشْ َ‬ ‫‪ ْA‬ا ْ‬ ‫‪ ِ -ْ ْ 6‬وَا ْ‬ ‫ل ْ‬ ‫ِإ َ‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫َه َاكْ ا ]‬ ‫ْ'‪Iْ-‬‬

‫; دِي ْ( ْ ْحْ ‪ْ 3‬ضْ !!‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ْ ْ‪ّ 0‬نْ َ‬ ‫‪ ، Q‬إ َو ا ]‬ ‫‪ ْ`i‬ا ]‬ ‫‪ْ g‬حْ ‪ Iَ ْ ْR!ِA‬دْمْ ‪ّ J‬‬ ‫‪ ْ !ِ k‬إ ْ‬ ‫; دِي 'ْ‪َ 3‬‬ ‫ْ ْ‪ّ 0‬نْ ْ ْرْ&َ‪َ ،2‬‬

‫; دِي ْ( ْ ْحْ ‪ْ 3‬ضْ وِز' ْ ْ َ ُ !!‬ ‫‪ َ Y‬بْ ‪ I‬دْمْ‪َ ،‬‬ ‫ْ‬

‫‪ ْf &ِ .ِ ?َ ِّ ْR(ّْ W‬ا‬ ‫ل ْ‪ ِ ?ْ ّ .‬ا ْ‬ ‫ْ ْ ْ ْ‪ ْ -‬إ َ‬

‫` ّ'‪ِّ ْD‬‬ ‫ْ! ْ‪ّ 6‬نْ ْ َ‪ j‬ا ْ‬

‫; دِي ْ' َ ُ‪ Iْ ْ Jَ ْi!ِ ,‬رو !!‬ ‫‪ْ Iَ Y‬ه^ْ‪َ ،‬‬ ‫ْ& ْ‬

‫‪ ْ ْ %‬وْ ا ْ‪ 6‬نْ ْ ْ‪ْ U‬رُو ُ ‪. 3ْH‬‬ ‫‪ I‬رّة‪َ ،‬و ِ‪ْ ْ 24' ِْ ْ ْ 0‬‬ ‫ُه َ ْ َ‪ َ َ ْ .َ 2َU!ِU‬شْ ْ‪َ5!ْ ?ْ Uُ !ِ-‬ا ْ& َ‪ B‬وْ ا ْ! َ‬ ‫‪< L‬‬ ‫; دِي ْ' َ نْ ِ! ُ‪ ْ/0‬أ‪َ aُ ,4‬ه دْ <‬ ‫ْه َ‪َ I‬‬

‫‪ِ ْ !ْ &ْ \4A‬‬ ‫‪ْ ْe ُ ُ Iْ َ Iَ !ِU‬‬

‫‪.ْj P‬‬ ‫‪ \َ %‬ا ِ! ْ= َ ِ‬ ‫ْ ُ‪ْ B‬‬

‫‪ !َ Uِ Y‬تْ َ‪َ5ْ ْ J‬ا ْ& ُ‪: B‬‬ ‫‪ ُ I‬بْ ْ ْ‬ ‫‪ ُ I‬بْ ْ َ َ‬ ‫ل َ‬ ‫ل ْ ْ‪ !َ ) ,َ ْ I‬لْ ْ َ ) َ! لْ وْ ‪4‬‬ ‫‪ ،2َ!Uِ Y‬إ َ‬ ‫وْ َ ْ‪ ُ ْ -ْ I‬أ‪ْ ْ ْ aُ ,4‬‬

‫‪ 1‬ر]و‪.‬‬ ‫‪ !َ Uِ Y‬تْ َ ْ! ْ َ‬ ‫‪ ُ I‬بْ ْ َ ) َ! لْ ْ ْ‬ ‫ل َ‬ ‫‪ ُ I‬بْ و ‪4‬‬ ‫‪ !َ ) ,َ ْ Iْ ْ G‬لْ ْ َ َ‬ ‫و' َ‬ ‫` ْ' َ‪ B‬تْ َ‪َ5ْ ْ J‬ا ْ& ُ‪. B‬‬ ‫ل َ ْ‪ ْk.ْ َ ْk.‬ا ْ‬ ‫ل ْ ْ‪ ,َ ْ I‬زَا ْ(‪ ْ5‬زَا ْ(‪ ْ5‬وْ ‪4‬‬ ‫‪ْIَ ، Q‬ﯖ ُ أ‪ aُ ,4‬إ َ‬ ‫‪ُ Y‬و َه دْ ا ‪] ْ 2َ !ِ-3‬‬ ‫ل ْ‪ْ Bْ ,ْ Iَ !ِE‬‬ ‫إَ‬ ‫‪ 1‬ر]و ‪:‬‬ ‫` ْ' َ‪ B‬تْ َ ْ! ْ َ‬ ‫ل َ ْ‪ ْk.‬زَا ْ(‪ ْ5‬ا ْ‬ ‫‪ ,َ ْ Iْ ْ G‬زَا ْ(‪ ْk.ْ َ ْ5‬وْ ‪4‬‬ ‫ِو' َ‬

‫‪3ْU-ْ ,ْ Iَ %‬‬ ‫@ ْ‬ ‫ُ ِ‪ْ < ْ/7‬‬

‫‪ I‬رو‪.‬‬ ‫ل َآ ُ‪ ,‬ا ْ َاوْ ْ! ْ‪َ ْ ْ Jَ ،ْ3 ِ Yْ1ْ ْ3 ِ ْ 6‬‬ ‫ْ‪ُ aْ !ِ3‬ه َ أ‪ aُ ,4‬إ َ‬ ‫‪3/‬‬

‫‪ - (1-2‬ا‬

‫‪ \َ %‬ا ‪ Y‬رْ ا َ‪: Zِ ?َ َ $ْ 6‬‬ ‫ا ّ رْحْ ْ ُ‪ْ B‬‬

‫‪. Q‬‬ ‫‪ْ Y‬حْ ا ]‬ ‫; دِي ْ‪ِ ُ ُ ,‬آ َ شْ وْ‪Uْ+‬شْ َ ْ! ْ‬ ‫دَا َ َ‬ ‫ل ْ ْ‪ ,َ ْ I‬وْ‪ i‬لْ ا‬ ‫‪ِ Q‬إ َ‬ ‫; دِي ْ' َ نْ ِ! ُ‪ ْ/0‬أ‪ْ ْ ْ Jَ aُ ,4‬حْ ا ]‬ ‫‪ 2َ 1‬ا ‪َ5(ِ5ْ J 2 ْ 3‬ة َ‬ ‫‪ْ ّ ْ ُ Uْ Uّ A‬‬ ‫ل ْ‬ ‫إَ‬ ‫ْ! َ نْ‬

‫‪2َ 1‬‬ ‫اّ ْ‬

‫َ ِ ا ‪َ Qْ7‬ة !!‬

‫ل زَا ْ(‪.ْk.ْ َ ْ5‬‬ ‫‪َ m‬اوْ ْ ْ‪ ْ !ِB >ْ(ْ ْ !ِ,ْ 0‬وْ ‪4‬‬ ‫" جْ ْ‬ ‫‪ (َ ْGْ ْ`i‬نْ ِ! ْ ُ‬ ‫ل ْ ْ‪ ,َ ْ I‬وَا ْ‬ ‫‪ْ ْ ْ Jَ Q‬حْ ِإ َ‬ ‫نا ]‬ ‫ْ ِ' َة أ ‪4‬‬

‫‪ُ 0ُ -ْ ْ ْ 3!ِ Y‬آ ؟‬ ‫‪ (َ ْGْ ْQe‬نْ ا ْ‬ ‫‪ i‬ﯖ آ ْ‬ ‫‪ْ %‬رُو ْ َ‪َ 'َ -‬‬ ‫دَا َ ْ ْ‬

‫ْ شْ ا‬

‫‪ْ, H‬ﯖ ]آ ؟‬ ‫‪َ jَ ْ ْle‬‬ ‫‪ْ ْ ْ َ 3!ِ Y‬‬ ‫ْ! ْ‪ّ 6‬نْ ْ ْ‬

‫‪ +‬نْ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 3!ِ Y‬وْ‪ i‬لْ ْ‬ ‫‪ aُ ,ّF‬ا ْ‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ْ ْ‪ّ 0‬نْ ْ ‪F‬رْضْ !!‬ ‫‪ 3!ِ Y‬وْ ا ّ‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ْ ْ‪ّ 0‬نْ ْ ْ‬ ‫‪, H‬ﯖ ]آ ْ( ْ ْ ّْ!`ْ ا ْ‪ْ B‬قْ ! ْ ا ّ‬ ‫@ صْ َ‬ ‫‪َ 3!ِ Y‬‬ ‫‪ َ Y‬بْ ا ْ‬ ‫وْ ْ ْ‬ ‫‪ \َ %‬ا ّ َ‪ J‬ا َ‪. Zِ ?َ َ $ْ 6‬‬ ‫‪ْ Bُ ْ ْeْ !< Y‬‬ ‫ل ا ْ ْقْ ْ‪ْ Iْ َ ْ`!ْ ْ J‬‬ ‫ا ّ َ!` وْ ّ‬ ‫‪.Tension ou différence de potentiel 2َ!Y‬‬ ‫ْ َ‪ِ ,ْ َ B‬‬ ‫‪Jْ ْ3 !ِ #ْB!ْ #ْJ َ ْ51‬‬ ‫‪َ Q‬ة‪ ُ ْ ْ ،‬أ‪ ً ' Uْ ْ ُ ْ 7ْ ْ ْ/0ُ ,4‬ا ّ‪ْ Jْ ْk‬‬ ‫ل ْ ْ‪ 'َ ْPْ ُ ْ 7‬نْ َه دْ ا ْ‪ْ 7‬‬ ‫إَ‬ ‫‪َ 2َ' ْ ْ ْ Y‬ه دْ ا ‪ َ 2َ !ِ-3‬عْ ا ‪ ّ Y‬رْ ا َ‪ Iِ -ْ 'ْ ، Zِ ?َ َ $ْ 6‬ا‬ ‫; دِي ْ‪ّ Bْ ,‬‬ ‫دَا َ َ‬

‫ا‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫رْحْ‪.‬‬

‫ِ> لْ ْ‪ْ %ْ J‬قْ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪. m‬‬ ‫‪ ?َ %َ M‬آْ‪َ %‬ة وْ‪َ #ْg‬‬ ‫‪ %‬وْبْ ! ُ‪ْ ْ/7‬‬ ‫‪ َ َ Y‬تْ وْ َ ْ! َ‬ ‫‪ ْjْ 1‬ا ْ‬ ‫ْ& ْ‪ ْt!ِ`ْ َ ْG‬ا ْ َ ‪ ،‬ا ‪ْ !ْ َ ْX(8‬‬ ‫ل ا ْ‪َ $‬اء ا‬ ‫‪ْ ?ْ 2َ َ Q‬دْ ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ َ‪ ، 7‬هَ‪f‬اكْ ا ْ ْقْ ْ‪ُ %ْ J‬و ِد َ( َ ْ!(ْ‪ ْk3‬ا ُ‪ ْ (ِ5ْ 6‬وْ ‪4‬‬ ‫وْ َ!ْ‪ 0‬نْ ا ُ‪ B‬قْ ْ ْ‬

‫رْحْ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪4/‬‬

‫ل ا ْ‪َ $‬اء ا‬ ‫"‪ ،ْn‬ا ْ‪ْ B‬قْ ْ ْ ُو ِد'َ‪ ْ !ِ 2‬ا ّارْ وْا ّ‪ ْk3ْ(!ْ َ 2َU,ْ P‬ا ُ‪ ْ 'ِ Iْ 0‬وْ ‪4‬‬ ‫ل ‪ َ #ْe‬ا ّ ْ ْ‬ ‫‪َ 1‬ا ِإ َ‬ ‫ْ‪ ْSBْ ,‬ا ‪ْ ْ َ 2َ !ِ-3‬‬ ‫ا ْ‪َ $‬اء ا‬

‫` َ‪ ، 7‬وْ ?ْ‪ْ Y6‬ةْ َ َ‪ َ ْ ْ J‬كْ َ ْ!(ْ‪ ْk3‬ا‬ ‫‪ْ g‬‬ ‫رْحْ ‪ َ ْ ْ Jَ 2 Q‬كْ ُ ْ‬

‫رْحْ !!‬

‫‪: 3!ِ Y‬‬ ‫ا ْ! ْ‪ّ 6‬نْ ْ َ لْ ا ‪ْ ْ 2َ !ِ-3‬‬

‫‪ 2َI!ِ0Y‬ا ْ ْقْ ْ‪!! `ْ!ْ J‬‬ ‫; دِي ّ‪ْ ْ `ّ!ْ J‬‬ ‫‪َ 2َ Q‬‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ْ ْ‪ّ 0‬نْ ْ ْ ْ ‪ ،‬ا ْ‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ْ ْ‪ّ 0‬نْ ْ ُ‪ B‬قْ ْ‪ \3ْ ْR Yْ1‬ا ]‬ ‫نا ]‬ ‫وْ َ أ ّ‬ ‫ا ْ! ْ‪ّ 6‬نْ ْ ُ‪ B‬قْ وْ ا ْ ْ ْ‪.‬‬

‫) َ( ْ‪J‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬ي ْ‬ ‫‪ْ Jْ 7َ %‬‬ ‫( ْ‬ ‫‪ْ !ْ َ ،2َ َ Q‬‬ ‫‪ ْ Yْ6ْ Jَ 2 !ِ& ْ A‬ا ْ ْ!`ْ ْ‪ \3‬ا ّ‬ ‫وَا ْ‬ ‫ِآ َ شْ ‪ ْ (ِ5ْ J‬ا ْ َ‪ ?َ %‬؟‬ ‫َ ْ(ْ‪ 3‬ا‬

‫‪ Q‬ا ْ ْ‪ّ 0‬ن )ـ(‪ُ 2َU!ِUَ ْ ،‬ه َ‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ْ ْ‪ّ 0‬نْ )‪ (+‬وْ ا ]‬ ‫ْ( ْ ْحْ ! ْ ا ]‬

‫َو ْ ْ‪َ I‬ا ُآ‪َ ،ْ/‬ه دَاكْ ا‬

‫ا‬

‫‪ُ 'ْ $َ #ِ+‬وزْ ‪:‬‬ ‫َ‪Gّ %ْ ْ J‬زْ ْ‬

‫ل ا ْ ْقْ !!‬ ‫رْحْ َ ِ ُه َ ا ْ‪ 'َB‬وْ ّ‬

‫‪َ 1‬ا ْ َ لْ ْ ‪ُ !ْ َ I<ْ ،ْi!ّ3ّY‬وزْ ا‬ ‫َ ْ! ْ‬

‫ل ا ْ‪ْ %‬قْ‪.‬‬ ‫( ْجْ ا ّ‪ \َ-‬وْ ّ‬ ‫ا ّ رْحْ َ ْ! ْ‬ ‫‪: ْ` C‬‬ ‫ا َ ِ‬

‫ا ‪ َ ْ ْ %َ .ِ B‬آّ‪ُ 2‬ه َ ا ّ َ!`‪ ،‬وْ ا َ‪ُ G] ْ ّ ْ 2َ &ِ -‬ه َ ا‬

‫ا‬

‫‪ Y‬رْحْ ُه َ ا ْ‪.'َB‬‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ‪4‬‬ ‫رْحْ‪ ،‬وْ ا َ‪] ْ 2َ &ِ -‬‬ ‫‪5/‬‬

‫‪ W‬ر َ( ا َ‪َ Zِ ?َ َ $ْ 6‬‬ ‫‪ \َ %‬ا َ‪ّ %‬‬ ‫‪َ I‬ة ْ ُ‪ْ B‬‬ ‫‪ - (2‬ا ْ ْ‬ ‫‪ 6‬ا‬ ‫(ُْ‬ ‫‪َyY‬الْ ُه َ وَاشْ ‪ ْ ْ 4 ُ p‬ا ْ ّ‪ 6‬نْ َ شْ ْ‪ْ ,‬‬ ‫دَا َ ا ]‬ ‫‪َyY‬الْ‪ ،‬ﯕ‪#‬ﭭ‬ ‫ْ‪ \3‬ا ]‬

‫‪ 6‬وْبْ ﯕ‪#‬ﭭ‬ ‫َ‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫ا ْ! ُ‪ّ 6‬نْ ؟‬

‫‪َ 1‬انْ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ %‬بْ َ ع ا ْ‬ ‫‪َ I‬انْ وْ َ ْ! ُ فْ ا‪َ ْ F‬‬ ‫` !‪َ ْ8‬آ نْ َ‪ّ ْ ْ J‬حْ ا ْ‬ ‫‪ ْA‬ا ْ‬ ‫ُه َ وَا ْ‬

‫‪ 6ُ %َ ْ A‬نْ ْ‪: ْ5(ِ5ْ ْ3‬‬ ‫‪َ 1‬انْ ْ ْ ّحْ ْ? ْ‪ َ ْ Jْ ْQ#‬سْ ْ َا ْ‬ ‫وْ َآ نْ َ‪ ْ0#ْBْ J‬ا ْ‬

‫‪َ 1‬انْ ْ ْ ّحْ ْ' ْ‪Iِ -‬‬ ‫‪َ 1‬انْ َ‪ُ (ّ Gْ ْ J‬و و‪ ، ُ #ّ ْ J‬وْرَا‪ ْe‬زْ ْ َ‪ /‬ا ْ‬ ‫‪ 1‬ضْ ْ ْ‬ ‫ُه َ ْ' ْ َا َ ْ! َ نْ ِ! ْ‪ a‬ا ْ َ‬

‫ِ ّ‪!! ْO‬‬

‫‪َ 1‬ا‪ 2َ,‬ا ْ ْ ْ‪ 2َA‬ا َ‪ 6 %‬نْ‪.‬‬ ‫( ضْ َ ْ ْ ْ&‪ ْj‬أ ْ& ْ ّ َ‪ ْOْ .‬ا ْ‬ ‫وْ َه دْ ا َ َآ‪َ Bْ 2‬‬ ‫‪ُ ْ5e‬ه َ < َآ ْ' ْ!!‬ ‫‪ M‬وَا ْ‬ ‫‪ W‬وْ ﯕ لْ أ ّ‪ُ 2‬‬ ‫‪ 6‬ﭬ َ‬ ‫‪َ ،ْ8َ Y‬‬ ‫‪َ َ e‬ا ِ ُه َ ا ‪4‬‬ ‫‪َ M‬‬ ‫‪ُ L‬‬ ‫ُه َ 'ْﯖ لْ ﯕ‪ ِ َ #‬أّ‪ 0ُ 'ْ ْ 0ْ ْ 'ْ aُ ,‬نْ ِ‬ ‫‪ a! 2َ Y‬ا‬ ‫‪ W‬أ‪ >ْg‬ذْ ْ ‪ ،ْi'P!ِB‬وْ ْ ّ‪ْ I‬‬ ‫َه دْ ﭬ َ‬

‫‪َ I‬ا َ !!‬ ‫‪ُ # ِ ْ &ْ 8‬ه َ ْ ْ ُ ‪ْ &ْ 8‬‬

‫‪ W‬ر َ( ا َ‪. َ Zِ ?َ َ $ْ 6‬‬ ‫‪ \َ %‬ا َ‪ّ %‬‬ ‫‪َ I‬ة وْ ْ ُ‪ْ B‬‬ ‫‪ H‬وْبْ ا ّ ْ ِ َ ‪ّ ْ ،‬ار‪ 2َ6‬ا ْ ْ‬ ‫َ شْ ْ' ّْ! ْ ﭬ `َ‪ 2‬ا ِ‪َ 0ْ B‬ة َ ُ ‪َ ،‬‬ ‫ﭬ `‪2‬‬

‫‪َ 1‬ا‪ &ِ !ْ َ 2َ,‬ا ْ َ َ ْ َ‪ j‬ا ْ‪َ5(ِ5‬ة‬ ‫‪ْ ْ ْq1‬‬ ‫ق |‪ a,‬ا ْ ْ‬

‫وْ ْ ْ ْ ْ‪ ْ -‬ا‬ ‫ْ' ْ‪Iِ -‬‬

‫ْ ْ‪ ,َ ْ I‬ا‬

‫ا ْ! ْ‪ّ 6‬نْ ْ ْ‪ 2َg َ I‬وْ ا‬ ‫ا‬

‫(‪!! ْN‬‬ ‫‪ْ Bْ ْ e‬‬ ‫ا ْ! ْ‪ّ 6‬نْ ْ ْ ِ' َة َ‪ُ ْ ْ ْ J‬‬

‫‪!!ْq1‬‬ ‫(‪ ،ْN‬وْ ا َ‪ِ ُ -ْ َ %َ .ِ B‬ه َ ا َ َ َآ ْ‪ْ ْ J‬‬ ‫رْحْ )ا ّ ّ رْ ا َ‪ْ Bْ ْ ( Zِ ?َ َ $ْ 6‬‬

‫ْ' ْ‪َ Iِ -‬ه دْ ا ْ ّة ا َ‪Jْ 2َ &ِ -‬‬ ‫وْ ﯕ‪#‬ﭭ‬

‫‪ 0‬ن‪.‬‬

‫ا‬

‫رْحْ ِه َ ا َ َ َآ َ ِ ا ْ‪ْ ْ ْ ،\َ-‬ه َ‪َ ْ I‬اتْ ِ ْ‪َ 0‬ة ا ُ! ُ رْ ْ‪J‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫‪َ َ e‬آ !!‬ ‫‪ Y‬رْحْ ْ' ْ ْ‪ 6ُ Jْ ْ 0‬نْ َ‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ‪4‬‬ ‫ن ا َ‪] ْ %َ .ِ B‬‬ ‫ط ِ! ْ‪َ a‬ه دْ ا ‪ َ 2َ !ِ-3‬عْ أ ‪4‬‬ ‫‪ْ ْY‬‬ ‫َ ْ َ‪ E‬شْ ّ ْ‬

‫‪ُ َ 68 e‬ه‪ ْn‬؟‬ ‫‪ّ 6ْ ْ M‬نْ ْ ْ‪ 2َg َ I‬وْ ْ ْ ِ' َة َ َ‪ j‬أ‪ aُ ,4‬ﯕ عْ َ ْ‬ ‫‪ H‬أ‪ِ aُ ,4‬آ َ شْ ْ ْ‪ُ ,َ ْ I‬‬ ‫‪ً %‬‬ ‫@ ُ‬ ‫وْ ُ‬ ‫‪ Iَ Bْ L‬ﯕ !‪ 23‬أ‪ aُ ,4‬ا‬ ‫‪ُ َ 68 e‬ه‪ْ ،ْn‬‬ ‫و' ﯕ عْ ْ‬

‫َ َ ْ! ْ َ‪ U‬شْ ْ ْ‪ّ 6‬نْ‬

‫ْ ِ' َة‪ ْ !ِA ،‬ا ْ‪ 5(5‬وْ‪ i‬لْ ا‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫‪. W‬‬ ‫‪َ 1‬ة َ عْ ﭬ َ‬ ‫لا ْ​ْ‬ ‫‪ ْ Y‬ا ْ ِ َ وْ ّ‬ ‫‪َ I‬ة ْ‪َ5=ْ %ْ J‬ادْ‪ َ ،‬دْ ْ‪ّ Bْ ,‬‬ ‫‪َ ْ Y‬ه دْ ا ‪ْ ْ ?ْ 2َ !ِ-3‬‬ ‫; دِي دَا َ ْ‪ّ Bْ ,‬‬ ‫َ‬

‫‪6/‬‬

‫‪َ I‬ة ْ‪َ5=ْ %ْ J‬ادْ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ - (1-2‬ا ْ ْ‬ ‫‪ ْ A‬ا ﯖ‪ Uَ #‬وْ َه ْ& ْ‪َ5=ْ %‬ادْ وْ َ‪ْ J‬ﯖ‬ ‫‪َ 1‬ة ْ ْ ْ‪َ E‬ادْ ِه َ وَا ْ‬ ‫ا ْ​ْ‬

‫‪ ,َ L‬سْ َ‪ 7َ !ِ ##ْ ْ J‬ا ‪ْ ?ْ ْ ْ 4‬‬ ‫أ‪َ aُ ,4‬آ ُ‪ِ ,‬‬

‫ل ا ‪ْ ْr‬ه‪.ْH‬‬ ‫وْ ‪4‬‬

‫ل ا ‪ْ ْf‬ه‪ jَ َ ،ْ8‬أ‪ ْ/7ُ ,4‬هِ! ْ ْ ْ‪!! ْ3 #ِ#‬‬ ‫‪ %‬وْ ! ْ ْ ْ ْ‪ 24QB‬وْ ‪4‬‬ ‫وْ ْ ْ ْ ْ‪َ -ُ ! !ْ َ ْ -‬ه دُوكْ ‪ َ ْ ْ ْ 4‬لْ ْ َ‬ ‫( ْمْ َه دْ ا ﯖ‪: #‬‬ ‫‪ُ Iَ A‬ه َ ِآ َ شْ َ ْ ْ‬ ‫ا ُ ِ‪ْ Iَ ْ 7ْ !ْ َ < ْ/7‬‬

‫نا‬ ‫‪ %‬رَة أ ‪4‬‬ ‫; دِي ْ' َ نْ ِ! ُ‪ ْ ْ ْ/0‬ا ]‬ ‫َ‬ ‫‪Jْ 2َ' L‬‬ ‫‪ْ ُ ْ -ْ ,ْ Iَ %‬‬ ‫@ ْ‬ ‫ُه َ ْ َ‪ْ 2َU!ِU‬‬

‫ا ْ! ْ‪ّ 6‬نْ َ ْ! ْ ْ‪ 0ُ ' ْ^Iْ 0‬نْ ْ(ْ‪ 6ْ ?ْ ْk3‬نْ !!‬ ‫ل ا ِ‪ َ !ِ 6‬ء َ شْ ْ‪. ُ 7ْ Bْ ,‬‬ ‫! وْ ‪4‬‬

‫‪ْ g‬ه‪: ْG‬‬ ‫ا َ‪ َ ْ8 U‬عْ َه دْ ا ﯖ‪ 23‬ا ْ ْ‪َ E‬ا ِد'َ‪َ 2‬‬ ‫‪َ 1‬ا ِ! َ‪ 7‬؟‬ ‫‪ o‬ا َ ءْ‪ ،‬أشْ َ ْ! ْ‬ ‫‪ْ g‬‬ ‫‪َ 'ِ A‬ة ُ ْ‬ ‫` ْ‬ ‫‪] ْ Iْ َ ْ !ِA‬‬ ‫‪4 r‬اتْ ْ ْ ْ‪!! \َH‬‬ ‫‪ َ ْ ،ْ !ِIg‬لْ ا َ ْ‬ ‫َ‪5ْCْ J‬ا ْ ْ ْ ْ‪ِ ْ -‬‬ ‫‪ َ H‬بْ ا ‪ !َ ِ !ِ0‬ءْ َ!ْﯖ‬ ‫ْ‬

‫ن ا ْ ِ' ْ ‪ْ ]َJ‬آ َ َ‪ ،5‬وْ َ!ْﯖ‬ ‫أ‪4‬‬

‫ن ا‪ْ 7‬آ َ‪َ5‬ة َ ْ ْ‪َ ْj‬ه دْ ا ‪: .َ UَB‬‬ ‫أ‪4‬‬

‫" ا‬ ‫‪ُْ1‬‬ ‫‪ L‬ا ُ ِ‪ُ ْ/7‬ه َ ْ ْ‪ ُ 7ْ B‬ا َ‪ ،2َ& -‬ا ُ ِ‪ُ ْ/7‬ه َ أّ‪ ُ 7ْ Bْ ْ ْ/0ُ ,‬أ‪ْ5ْ ْ I4,‬رُو ْ ْ‬ ‫َ ِ‬

‫ا ْ! ْ‪ّ 6‬نْ ْ? ِ‪ َ !ِ 6‬ءْ‪.‬‬

‫‪4 %‬ا ا ْ ِ' َة ْ? ّ‪G‬رْ َ? ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ْ َْ ، َ ْ e‬‬ ‫‪َ 2َ6 A‬‬ ‫‪َ L‬‬ ‫ل ِ‬ ‫ل دْرْ َ‪ 2ْH ْ ْ ,‬ا َ ءْ‪ َ ،‬ءْ ْ ْ ْ ْ وْ ّ‬ ‫وْ إ َ‬ ‫ْ' ْ‪ُ Yْ6ْ Jَ Iِ -‬و ا‬

‫ا ْ! ْ‪ّ 6‬نْ‪ ،‬دَا ْآ <‬

‫‪!! ْHْ Bْ Jْ ْ C‬‬ ‫ْ شْ َ ْ‪ُ ْ -ْ I‬و ا ﯖ‪ِ Bَ ?ْ 23‬‬ ‫‪7/‬‬

‫ا ُ ِ‪ ْ 7ْ !6 ْ/7‬ا ْ‪َ5(ِ5‬ة ْ ْ‪ ,َ ْ I‬ا‬

‫ا ْ! ْ‪ّ 6‬نْ )‪ ،(-‬وْ ‪ ْ 7ْ !6‬ا ْ َ َ‬

‫ْ ْ‪ ,َ ْ I‬ا‬

‫ا ْ! ْ‪ّ 6‬نْ )‪: (+‬‬

‫‪ْ r ?ْ 23ْYIْ Y‬ه‪: ْH‬‬ ‫وْ َه آِ! َ‪ B‬شْ َ‪ ## ْ J‬ا ْ ْ‪َ E‬ادِ'! ْ ا ّ‬

‫‪ Q‬ا ْ ْ‪ّ 0‬نْ )‪.(+‬‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ْ ْ‪ّ 0‬نْ )‪ jَ ْ (-‬ا ]‬ ‫‪ 23ْYIْ Y‬وْ ا َ ءْ ‪ْ f‬ه‪ ْ8‬وْ ا ْ‪ْ f ْ8!ِQU‬ه‪ ْ .ِ Uْ Jَ ْ8‬ا ]‬ ‫ا ‪ِ 2َ !ِ-3‬ه َ أ‪ aُ ,4‬ا ّ‬ ‫; دِي ْ( ‪ `#‬ا ّ ْ ْ‪ْ ْf ْ #‬ه‪ْ8‬‬ ‫‪ّ H‬ا ا ْ ِ' َة ﯕ !‪َ ،23‬‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ْ ْ‪ّ 0‬نْ َ‪ْ ْ ْ J‬حْ‪ ،‬وْ آِ!‪ْ ْD‬‬ ‫ْ ْ ْ ْ‪ ْ -‬ا ]‬

‫آ ْ' ْ ْ& َ! ء ا !َ‪!! 6ِ #‬‬

‫‪َ 2َ Y‬آ نْ َ ْ( ْ! ْ‪rْ ْlْ 6‬و? ا ‪ْ r‬ه‪ ،ْH‬وآ ‪ 33 !ْ َ ,‬هِ! ْ ْ? ْ َ سْ‪.‬‬ ‫َو ‪ 0‬دِ'‪ ْi‬ا ‪4‬‬ ‫‪! ، ُ A‬ﯖ‬ ‫‪ ّ e‬ن ا‪ْ ْ 'ْ .‬‬ ‫" ? ?ْ‪َ 3‬‬ ‫ُه َ ْ' ْ‪ ْG‬ا ُ ِ‪َ ْG0‬‬

‫" ْ‪B‬‬ ‫~‪ َ f! 3‬عْ َ‬

‫‪َ !ِBA‬ر ُ ل ا‪ t‬ص‪.‬‬ ‫‪ C‬دِق َ‬ ‫ا ّ‬

‫‪ W‬رْ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ e 4 g‬ا‪ّ Bْ !ْ َ ،ْ0 %ْ u‬قْ ! ْ‪ a‬ا ْ َا ْ'‪َ ْ Jْ 2َ!Iِ Uْ ْ 2َ`3ْ(ْ ْM‬‬ ‫‪ ْ A‬ا ّوّازْ ْ‬ ‫‪ e‬نْ وَا ْ‬ ‫‪ H‬وْبْ ْ?‪ْ ْ3‬‬ ‫َ‬

‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪ ْ A‬ا ْ ُ! ِ‬ ‫‪ ُ A‬وَا ْ‬ ‫‪ ّ e‬نْ ا‪ْ ْ 'ْ .‬‬ ‫‪ْ 3‬‬ ‫‪ W‬رْ @ ج ا ْ? ُ‬ ‫? َْ‬ ‫‪ !َ m‬تْ‪ ،‬وْ ‪!ِA‬‬ ‫‪ v‬ا ُْ ِ‬ ‫وْ ْ ْ ْ ْ‪ْ #ْ1ْ Jَ ْ -‬‬ ‫وْ درُوآ آ ْ' ْ ْ‪4P‬افْ ‪ I4‬سْ ِّ‬

‫@ ة ْ‪ ْ3‬ا ْ‪.ْO( %ْ 6‬‬ ‫‪ 2!ِm ُ A‬وْ‪ْ ) A‬‬ ‫ْ‪ ْ3‬ا !ْ‪ َ #‬وْ ْ‬

‫‪ْ r‬فْ ‪ْ f‬ه‪rْ Jَ ْ8‬وبْ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ْ L‬‬ ‫‪ِ P‬‬ ‫‪َ #َ1 &ْ o‬‬ ‫َ ْ! ْ ْ‬

‫( ْ ُ ْ ‪2َ !ِ-3‬‬ ‫ْ! ْ‬

‫‪َ 1‬ة َ شْ '‪ 3ْYE‬ا ّ ْ َة و ' ْ‪ -ْ6‬ه ‪.ْ !ْ # J‬‬ ‫ْ​ْ‬ ‫‪8/‬‬

‫` ْ‪َ ْ ّ J 2َU3ِ-‬ة وْ َو َرقْ ا‪ !ُ ِ7‬مْ‬ ‫‪]A‬‬ ‫ْ‬

‫َ ءْ ا َ! ‪: ْX‬‬

‫‪ Q‬ا‬ ‫; دِي ْ< ا ّ ة ‪ ْ !ْ # J‬هِ! ْ ْ ]‬ ‫ل رْ ْ? َ‪َ ،0( .ْ5 J B‬‬ ‫وْ ‪ 2~ > ً ' U‬وْ ّ‬ ‫; دِي ْ‪ُ 7ْ Bْ ,‬‬ ‫‪َ I‬ا َ ‪ْJ‬ﯖ‪َ ، ِ َ #‬‬ ‫‪ْ Iَ -ْ 6‬‬ ‫ل دَا َ رْ ْ‬ ‫إَ‬ ‫& ْ‪َ5(ِ5‬ة‬

‫‪ 0‬ن ْ ْ‪ ,َ ْ I‬ا‬

‫رْحْ وْ ْ‬

‫‪!! 7َ Y‬‬ ‫َ ‪ْ !ِU‬‬

‫‪َ 1‬ا‪ّ ْ ْ 2َ,‬كْ وَا‪. َ ْ ِ c‬‬ ‫ْ شْ ا ْ‬

‫ا ْ! ْ‪ّ 6‬نْ )‪ ،(-‬وْ ‪ ْ 7ْ !6‬ا ْ َ َ‬

‫‪َ 1‬ا‪ ,َ ْ Iْ ْ 2َ,‬ا‬ ‫‪ L‬د‪4‬ة ا ْ‬ ‫َ‬

‫ا ْ! ْ‪ّ 6‬نْ )‪.(+‬‬

‫‪َ I‬ا َ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ْ ْ‪ّ 0‬نْ‪ ،‬وْ ‪ّ ْ J‬كْ ا ْ‬ ‫‪َ 1‬ا‪ 2َ,‬ا َ ُ‪ 0‬نْ َ‪ْ ْ ْ J‬حْ ا ]‬ ‫وْ ّْ‪ ْj ِ Jَ I‬ا ْ‬ ‫ْ'‪Iْ-‬‬

‫‪ ْ (ّ Gْ Jَ ،GU~ L‬ا ‪ َ 2َ-3ّQ‬شْ ْ( ْ ّ!`ْ ‪:‬‬ ‫ل ْه‪ِ ْP‬‬ ‫‪ ْA‬إ َ‬ ‫‪ L‬وَا ْ‬ ‫‪َ 1‬ة‪ ،‬آَ! ْ ْ ّكْ‪ َ ْ ،‬لْ ِ‬ ‫(‪ ْ`!ّ ْ (ْ ْN‬ا ْ ْ‬ ‫ش ا‪ْ B‬‬

‫‪ v‬وْ ‪: ُ 0ْ I‬‬ ‫‪ ْ5e‬ﭬ ْ‬ ‫‪ ْe Iَ !< g‬وَا ْ‬ ‫‪ ،ْ5e‬وْ ْ‬ ‫‪َ 1‬ة ا ْ ْ‪َ E‬ا ِد'َ‪ `ّ!ْ ْ Jَ 2‬وَا ْ‬ ‫‪َ 1‬ة ‪َ5J‬ا ْ `ْ ْ َ لْ ا ْ ْ‬ ‫نا ْ​ْ‬ ‫وْ ّ ْ ْ‪ \3ْ Iَ U‬أ ‪4‬‬ ‫‪1 Volt‬‬ ‫‪. W‬‬ ‫‪َ I‬ة َ‪ J‬عْ ﭬ َ‬ ‫أ‪ !6‬دَا َ ْ‪ ُ ُ ,‬ا ْ ْ‬ ‫‪9/‬‬

‫‪: W‬‬ ‫َ‪ J‬عْ ﭬ َ‬

‫‪َ I‬ة وْ ّل ا‬ ‫‪ - (2-2‬ا ْ ْ‬

‫‪ِ 2َ Y‬ه َ َ ِ‪َ َ 6‬ر ْ ْ‪َ5‬انْ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ 2 ) ْ 7ْ L‬دِ'‪ ْi‬ا ّ‬ ‫‪ Q‬هِ! ْ ? ْ ّ‪ 6‬نْ‪ ،‬وْ أ ْ‬ ‫‪ 6‬ا ]‬ ‫(ُْ‬ ‫‪ ، W‬آ‪ْ I I4‬‬ ‫ْ‪َ &ُ ْ3ْ ْ`%ْ .‬‬

‫َ ِ‪َ َ 6‬ر ْ ْ‪َ5‬انْ ‪Machine de Ramsden‬‬ ‫ُ `َ‪ُ 2‬ه َ ّ‬

‫‪ 6‬ا ُ ْ ْ‪ّ 6‬نْ‪.‬‬ ‫(ُّ‬ ‫‪َ 1‬ا‪ 2َ,‬أّ‪ َ !ِ 6ِ ?ْ aُ ,‬ء ‪ْ Uْ,‬رو ْ‪ْ ,‬‬ ‫َ قْ ْ ْ ا ‪ْ ْ 2َ !ِ-3‬‬

‫‪: ْX(ْ َ C‬‬ ‫‪ %‬وْ َ‪ َ َ ِ ْ J ْ ْ 2‬عْ ا ْ‬ ‫‪َ 1‬ة ِآ ِ! َ ِ‪َ ْ َ Z‬‬ ‫‪ ْA‬ا ْ ْ‬ ‫‪ H‬وْبْ وَا ْ‬ ‫‪َ ،2َ!m‬‬ ‫وْ َ ش (ْ‪َ 3ّْ %‬ه دْ ا َ‪ِ U‬‬

‫ْ ْ‪ ْjْ ْ ,َ ْ I‬ا َ‬

‫‪ ْ 7ْ !6‬ا ْ َ َ‬

‫‪َ 1‬ة ا ْ ْ‪َ E‬ا ِد'َ‪2‬‬ ‫ْ ْ​ْ‬

‫ْ ْ‪ ,َ ْ I‬ا‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫ا ْ! ْ‪ّ 6‬نْ )‪ ،(+‬وْ ‪ ْ 7ْ !6‬ا ‪ G‬ﯔ ْ ْ‪ ,َ ْ I‬ا‬

‫ا ْ! ْ‪ّ 6‬نْ )‪ ،(-‬وْ ا َ‪ُ ْ !ِ%-‬ه َ ‪ K‬بْ َ& زْڭ ْ? َ ْ‪. ْq‬‬

‫‪.PILE 2َ!Y‬‬ ‫‪ 7َ !ّ Y‬ا ّ ْ َ ْ َ‪ِ ,ْ َ B‬‬ ‫‪ َ !ِB%‬تْ‪ُ ،‬ه َ ْ' ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ْ ْ‪ّ 0‬نْ ْ ّ‪4P ْR‬اف‬ ‫وْ َ شْ (ْ‪ ْ ْ ْ Y6‬ا ّ‬

‫‪: ْ` C‬‬ ‫ا َ ِ‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا‬ ‫ا ‪ ! 6 Jْ 2َ &ِ -‬ء ُه َ ا ّ َ!`‪ ،‬وْ ا َ‪ُ `!ْ ّ Jْ 2َ &ِ -‬ه َ ا ]‬

‫‪ Q‬ا‬ ‫رْحْ‪ ،‬وْ ا َ‪] ْ 2َ &ِ -‬‬

‫رْحْ ُه َ ا َ َآ ‪.‬‬

‫‪َ M‬اوْ ْ ْ‪ $ُ Jْ َ ? ْ3 ِ Yْ1ْ ْ3 ِ ْ 6‬مْ وْ‪ i‬لْ ْ‪ (َ ْG‬نْ ِه َ ا ّ ا‬ ‫‪ I‬جْ ْ‬ ‫ن ا َ‪ُ J 2َ &ِ -‬‬ ‫وْ ا ‪ُ ` C‬ه َ أ ّ‬

‫رْحْ‪.‬‬

‫‪10/‬‬

‫‪ \َ %‬ا ُ! َو َ " ‪: " La résistance‬‬ ‫‪ - (3‬ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬رْ ْ ُ‪ْ B‬‬ ‫‪ Y‬رْحْ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ‪4‬‬ ‫‪ ْ`i‬ا ّ‬ ‫‪ُ Q‬و ْ‪ \3‬ا ّ ا ْ! ْ‪ّ 6‬نْ وْ ا ّ ا ّ رح‪ ،‬وْ @ْ‪ّ ْ ْ Jَ 8 Iَ !3‬‬ ‫‪ْ 7ْ Iْ َ Iَ A‬‬ ‫‪ َ %‬حْ وْ ْ‬ ‫ْ​ْا ْ‬ ‫ن‪:‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬ربْ ا ‪ْ ،ْ !!ِ,pْ 3‬آ‪ I4‬ﯕ‪ Iَ 3‬أ ‪4‬‬ ‫ْ ‪َ4‬‬ ‫َْ ‪2‬ا‬ ‫َْ ‪2‬ا‬

‫‪ +‬زلْ !!‬ ‫‪َ \َ %‬‬ ‫‪ّ ْ ْ 3!ِ Y‬زْ ُ‪ْ B‬‬ ‫‪ ْ !< Y‬ا ْ‬ ‫ا ْ! ْ‪ّ 6‬نْ َ ْ‪ْ I‬‬ ‫ا‬

‫‪ ْ !< Y‬ا ْ ' ة وْ‪ i‬لْ ا‬ ‫رح َ ْ‪ْ I‬‬

‫ِ َ أ‪ُ Iَ ْ 7ْ !ْ َ < aُ ,4‬ه َ ِ& ‪ْ ْ ْ Jَ ْ3‬حْ ا‬ ‫‪ُ Q‬و ْ‪ \3‬ا‬ ‫وْ ِ َ أ‪ ; aُ ,4‬دِي ْ‪ْ 7ْ ,‬‬

‫‪\َ %‬‬ ‫ُ‪ْ B‬‬

‫‪ `i‬آ‪!! Z ? $‬‬

‫; دِي ْ‪ ُ ُ ,‬دَا َ وْ‪ i‬لْ ا‬ ‫‪َ ،‬‬ ‫ا‬

‫; دِي ‪ْ,‬ﯖ‬ ‫رْحْ‪َ ْ^!ِ& َ َ ،‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫; دِي ‪,‬ﯖ‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ْ ْ‪ّ 0‬نْ‪َ ،‬‬ ‫ا ]‬

‫ا ْ ْ!`ْ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .ِ e‬دَة ا ّ ّ رات ‪:‬‬ ‫‪َ ْ 'َ C‬‬ ‫‪ e‬ا ‪ C‬ﯕ نْ ْ? ُ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫‪ ،ْkْ C‬إ‪ 4‬؟‬ ‫‪ْ U َ ،ْ` # &ْ 23! ُ r‬رْشْ ْ ُ فْ وَاشْ ْ& ّبْ ْ( ْ َ دَا ِ ‪َ ِ ْQ‬‬ ‫ل ُ‬ ‫‪ْ' H‬ﯔ ُ ُ رْ وْ ّ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ل آ ْ‪ِ I‬‬ ‫إَ‬ ‫‪: Tableau de bord 2َ!Y‬‬ ‫‪ e‬ا ‪ C‬ﯕ نْ ْ َ‪ِ ,ْ B‬‬ ‫‪ %َ C‬حْ ‪ْ #J‬‬ ‫‪ \َ %‬ا ِ! ْ‬ ‫‪ ِ 3ْ-L‬ا ‪ْ Bُ ْ # %8‬‬ ‫إ‪ p‬إل ْ‬

‫آِ! َ‪ B‬شْ َ ْ ْ‪َ Gْ-‬ه دْ ا ‪: # %8‬‬

‫‪َ 1‬ة‬ ‫لا ْ​ْ‬ ‫ا َ ي وْ ّ‬

‫‪َ 1‬ة ْ ْ‪َ E‬ا ِد'َ‪Gْ 2‬ادْ(‬ ‫ْ ّ‪ َ ْ Iِ -ْ 'ْ ،12 V ْG‬لْ ْ ْ‪ْ ْ 12 ,َ ْ I‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫‪J 7َ %‬‬ ‫@ ْ‬ ‫` َ‪َ I‬ه ْ <!‪َ ،23‬ه دِ'‪ ْi‬ا <!‪ْ 23‬‬ ‫‪َ 1‬ة ‪ Iِ -ْ 'ْ ،12 V ْ`!ّ ْ J‬أّ‪ aُ ,‬إلَ رْ ْ ْ‬ ‫لا ْ​ْ‬ ‫ا َ ي وْ ّ‬

‫ْ!ّ` ‪.12 V‬‬

‫‪ %‬ﯕ نْ ‪ّ ْ J‬كْ ا ّ‪Bِ &ْ 'َB‬‬ ‫ا ُ ‪ Gِ0‬دَا َ ُه َ أّ‪ Nْ-ْ aُ ,‬ا ْ ّاتْ ْ َ‪ j‬آ‪ْ Y‬ة ا ‪Uْm‬مْ‪ ُ ْ 1 ْR!ِA ،‬فْ ‪ 2ْA‬ا ]‬

‫‪.ْQ‬‬

‫‪11/‬‬

‫‪2َ!Y‬‬ ‫‪ِ ,َ B ْ ْ5$ْ I‬‬ ‫‪ َ ِ \َ %‬سْ ا ُ‬ ‫‪َG ِ 7َ !< g‬انْ ا ْ!ْ` ْ ُ‪ْ B‬‬ ‫‪ ْ A‬ا ِ!‪ْ 23‬‬ ‫‪َ Iَ !3ْA‬ه دْ ا ُ ْ ِ‪َ ْ ْG0‬ا ْ‬

‫‪: Potentiomètre‬‬

‫‪ُ Iَ L‬ه َ ه د ِ ‪َG‬انْ ا ْ!ْ` ؟‬ ‫أْ‬ ‫; دِي ْ‪ْ Uْ ْ ْ ْ J‬رْ ‪.12 V `!ْ ّ J‬‬ ‫; دِي ْ ْ ّ‪َ Iِ -ْ 'ْ ،12 V G‬‬ ‫ن ا <!‪َ 23‬‬ ‫ﯕ‪ I3‬ﯕ !‪ 23‬أ ‪4‬‬ ‫‪َ1‬؟‬ ‫; دِي ْ' ْ‬ ‫‪ \3ْ `ْ!ْ ْOC‬ا <!‪ 23‬وْ@ْ‪ ْ`!ّ ْ J 7َ ْ !3‬هِ! ْ ‪ ،6 V‬أشْ َ‬ ‫ل ْ​ْ ْ‬ ‫إَ‬ ‫; دِي ْ' ُ‪ 0‬نْ ا ْ‪ َ 'َB‬عْ ‪ ْ ْ ْ`. 6 V‬ا ْ‪ َ \َ-‬عْ ‪.12 V‬‬ ‫; دِي ْ‪ ْ ْ J‬ا !‪ْ Uْ ْ 23‬رْ ‪َ Iِ -ْ 'ْ ،6 V `!ْ ّ J‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫‪. e‬‬ ‫‪ %‬ﯕ نْ وْ ا ْ‪َ &ْ َ ,‬ا َ‬ ‫; دِي ْ( ْ ّكْ ا ّ‪ ،ْ` # &ْ ْQ ِ Bِ &ْ 'َB‬وْ ْ‪ْ U‬رْ ْ ُ فْ ‪ 2َA‬ا ]‬ ‫وْ ْ َ‪ 7‬دْ ا ‪َ ْ^!ِ& َ َ 2َ !ِ-3‬‬ ‫‪ ْ A‬ا ْ‪ْ5‬رْ ‪ \3 ْ`!ْ ْ J‬ا <!‪ 23‬؟‬ ‫) َ ِه َ َه دْ ا ِ ‪َ; < #‬دِي ْ ْ‪ ْP7‬وَا ْ‬ ‫ا ُ ْ ِ‪ ْG0‬دَا َ ُه َ أ ْ‬ ‫‪ُ %ْ BْJ ْi%‬و ْ? ِ! ‪َG‬انْ !!‬ ‫@ ّ‬ ‫‪ ْP7ْ َ ْGْ &ْ R!ِA 2َ!ْ Y‬ا ْ ْ‪ْ ْG‬‬ ‫‪َG ِ 7َ !< g‬انْ ا ْ ْ!`ْ‪َ 7َ !ِ`ْ ،‬ه دْ ا ّ‬ ‫َه دْ ا ِ!‪ِ 23‬ه َ < ْ‬ ‫‪ Y‬سْ عْ َه دْ ِ!‪P‬انْ ا ْ ْ‪ُ G‬ه َ ا ‪ (ّG‬ر‪.‬‬ ‫ا ّ‬ ‫‪G ِ ْ Y‬انْ ا ْ!ْ`‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ْ Y‬ا ‪ (ّG‬ر َ دْ ‪ّ B,‬‬ ‫; دِي ‪ّ Bْ ,‬‬

‫‪ - (1-3‬ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬رْ " ‪" La résistance‬‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫‪.v‬‬ ‫‪َ 1‬ة ْ‪َ E‬ا ِد'َ‪ِ 2‬ه َ ‪ ً ' U‬وَا‪ 5ْe‬ﭬ ْ‬ ‫‪ْA‬‬ ‫ن ْ‬ ‫ْ ْ درُوآ ْ‪ ُ ْ -ْ I‬ا ْ‪ %َ B‬رْ ‪ ْ`!ّ ْ ّ J‬وْ ْ ْ ‪ I‬أ ‪4‬‬ ‫@‪ Iْ%‬دَا َ ‪ ُ ْ -ْ ,‬ا ْ‪ %َ B‬رْ ‪J‬‬ ‫ْ‬

‫ا‬

‫رحْ ؟‬

‫‪ Y‬رْحْ ُه َ َه ‪ ْj‬أورْ ْ ِ ‪.Hans Œrsted ْ5‬‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ّ‬ ‫‪ َ ْ A‬قْ |‪ْ U, aُ ,4‬رُو ‪ُ ْ -ْ ,‬و ا ]‬ ‫أ ّولْ وَا ْ‬

‫أ ‪]َ" ُ -‬ة أورْ ْ ِ ‪: ْ5‬‬ ‫‪َُ%‬‬ ‫‪ o‬أورْ ْ ِ ‪ْ ْ5‬‬ ‫‪ ْ A‬ا ْ‪ 7َ I‬رْ ّْ! ْ‬ ‫وَا ْ‬

‫‪ I‬ربْ ‪.ْQ(G ِ J‬‬ ‫‪َ J 24' L‬‬ ‫‪4‬ارْ َ شْ ْ' ْر<' ُ‪ْ ْ/7‬‬

‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪ 2َ 1‬ا ‪ ،2 ْ 3‬وْر‪4‬ا ُه‪ ْ/‬آِ! َ‪ B‬شْ ا‪7‬رْضْ دَا ْ' َة ْ َ لْ ِ‬ ‫ّْ‬

‫‪: 7َ ! ْ^I!ِU'ْ َ َ Iَ A‬‬ ‫ْ ْ ِ َ آ‪َ %‬ة وْ هْ! ْ ْ‬

‫‪12/‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪ ْ !ِ g‬وَا ْ‬ ‫‪ o‬أرْ ْ‬ ‫‪ْ A‬‬ ‫ْ‬

‫‪: $َ I‬‬ ‫‪ ْ A‬ا ] آ‪ 2‬وْ وْر‪4‬ا ُه‪ ْ/‬أ‪ 7َ ,4‬آ ْ‪ُ5‬ورْ وْ آ ُ ﯕ‪ ْR‬دِ( َ! ْ& َا‪ 5ْe‬ا ‪8‬‬ ‫ْ‪َ %‬ة ْ ْ ِ َ ُ ڭ وَا ْ‬

‫‪َ ْ !< Y‬ه ا َ‪ ، #َiْ %‬آ ُ‪,‬‬ ‫َه دْ ا ‪ْ I 2َ !ِ-3‬‬

‫وْ !ْﯖ لْ ا ! (‪G‬ي ا‪A ' .‬‬ ‫و‬

‫ا@ ا ‪I‬‬

‫‪ 1‬مْ ْ‪: ْ3 %ْ 1‬‬ ‫ل ا‪ُ I‬‬ ‫‪ ْ ْ %ْ & ْ0( W‬إ َ‬ ‫ْ‪ 7َ ! ُ ْ -ْ !ْ ْ !ِ 3ْY‬ا ْ‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ J‬آ ‪ H‬ا != ‪ \3 j W‬ا ‪.aYBI 2U‬‬

‫‪ /3‬ا‬

‫‪ , 0‬ا ' ‪ 3‬ن ‪5(5e‬ة ‪ ،20 g G0L \3 2 1‬و' ‪ E‬ن‬ ‫~‪G -' /‬‬

‫‪ /‬ا ‪ L 20 Y‬ء‬

‫•ن ا ‪ 20 Y‬إذا و‪-m‬‬

‫&!‪ 76 7U‬ا ‪ U‬رة‪.‬‬

‫= ‪ ،5 " j W‬و( ‪.j W =! ? f & Q‬‬

‫ا ء دارت وا‪ 3 U g‬ا ‪ 8`U‬ا ‪I1‬‬

‫‪ 7 B‬وا‪g‬‬

‫ت ا ‪ HW‬ا !‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪13/‬‬

‫آ ‪ G‬ا َ ا‪ &ِ ْO .‬ٱ ْ ِ َ‪ B‬بْ ا َ! َا ِ‪: ْO .‬‬

‫ْوْ َه )شْ !ْﯖ لْ ا ُ! ذنْ إ ْ?‪ B! ْ3‬ن ‪0‬‬

‫‪.Induction Q‬‬ ‫‪ Y‬سْ عْ ا ِ= (‪ّ ْ ْG‬‬ ‫‪ &ْ H‬ت دَا َ ا ْ! ْ ِ َ ِه َ ا ‪4‬‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫وْ ْ ‪ 0 َ 2ْH‬نْ هِ! ْ ْ‪ ، َ #‬وْ‪p‬تْ ِه َ ا‬ ‫‪ ?َ I‬ا ‪Y‬‬ ‫‪ ْ !ِ g‬وْ ا ّ ْ‬ ‫‪َ -ُ 6‬د َ ‪F‬ورْ ْ‬ ‫ْ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬

‫سْ عْ ا ُ‬

‫‪.Induit Q‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫رْ‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫‪َ Q‬اوْ ا ْ‪ْ !ِ,ْ 0‬‬ ‫ل ‪ َ .ِ 2‬ا ّْ‬ ‫‪ ْ !ِ g‬أ‪ aُ ,4‬إ َ‬ ‫ْ َ‪ْ 'ْ E‬ر<' ُ‪ ْ/7‬أورْ ْ‬

‫‪.ْ 7ْ 1‬‬ ‫‪ ْ31‬ا ‪ ْGْ i3ّY‬ا ّ‬ ‫; دِي ْ( ْ ُ‬ ‫‪َ 1‬ة ْ? ْ‪َ ،Q#‬‬ ‫ْ​ْ‬

‫‪!! ْ31‬‬ ‫; دِي ْ' َ نْ ِ! ُ‪ 0‬مْ أ‪ aُ ,4‬ا ‪ْ ْ ْ J ْi3ّY‬‬ ‫‪َ ُْ ّ 6‬‬ ‫ل ْ‬ ‫إَ‬ ‫‪ُ5 J 2َ!Uِ Y‬ورْ !!‬ ‫‪َ 1‬ة‪ ،‬ا ! ْ َة ا ْ ْ‬ ‫‪ ْ !ِ g‬ا ْ ْ‬ ‫ا َ ‪ 2َ6‬ا َا ْ َة ُه َ أ‪ aُ ,4‬أو& ‪ .َ 2 4‬أورْ ْ‬

‫‪14/‬‬

‫‪َ I‬ا ‪7‬رْضْ !!‬ ‫‪ 2َ6 A‬آ ْ‬ ‫‪َ L‬‬ ‫‪ِ g‬‬ ‫‪ 3‬ل ‪ ْ #ْ1J‬أورْ ْ ِ ‪ ْR!ِA ،ْ5‬ﯕ ل ْ َ‪ j‬رَا ُ‬ ‫َ دْ ْ ْ ْ ْ‪ َ ْ -‬قْ |‪ aُ ,4‬ا‬

‫رْحْ ُه َ ا َ‪.ْH%‬‬

‫ا‬

‫; دِي ْ‪ُ %ْ B‬و ا‬ ‫وْ ْ َ‪ 7‬دْ ا ‪ّ F 2َI!ِU 2َ !ِ-3‬ولْ ْ ‪4‬ة آِ!‪ B‬شْ َ‬

‫‪J ْ5$ْ I‬‬ ‫‪ Y‬بْ ا ّ‬ ‫‪َA‬‬ ‫‪َ ْ !3 I‬ة آ ْ ّلْ ْ‪ْ \3‬‬ ‫‪ R!A‬ا ْ‪َ ( B‬‬

‫ب ‪ -‬أوم ‪ ْ %ْ Bْ ْ J‬ا ّ‪(ّ G‬‬ ‫‪ < ْG6‬ٱ ْه ْ‪ %َ Bْ ?ْ ْ/‬رْ ‪J‬‬ ‫ا ّا ْ‬

‫ا‬

‫ا‬

‫رْحْ ْ?‬

‫‪:v‬‬ ‫ّ ْ‪ْ %‬‬

‫رْحْ ‪:‬‬

‫رْ ‪:‬‬ ‫ا‬

‫رْحْ ُه َ أومْ ‪.Georg Simon Ohm‬‬

‫‪: 2َ 1‬‬ ‫‪ %‬وْبْ َه دْ ا ْ‬ ‫‪ Y‬رْحْ‪ُ ،‬ه َ ْ' َ‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ‪4‬‬ ‫‪o‬ا ]‬ ‫‪ْ ْQ‬‬ ‫< آ نْ ْ! ْ‪ ْ/7‬أومْ ُه َ أ‪ْ Uْ' aُ ,4‬رْ ْ( ْ ْ‪ّ ْ ْH‬‬

‫( ُ‪ I‬شْ ْ‪4P‬افْ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ْY‬‬ ‫‪َ I‬ة وْ اِ ْ‪َ %‬ة ا ْ! ْ ِ َ وْ ‪ َ %ْe‬تْ ْ‪G J‬وَاقْ َ شْ ا ‪ 3ْY‬آَ‪ْ 'ْ َ 2‬‬ ‫‪ْe‬‬ ‫آِ!‪ َ ْD‬نْ ِ! ُ‪ْ ,َ ْ Iْ ْ ،ْ/0‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪ W‬لْ ‪ 3ْY‬آَ‪ ،2‬وْ ا ْ‪َ ( B‬‬ ‫‪ ْq#= ?ْ H‬وْ ا ّ‬ ‫‪ %‬ا ً‬ ‫@ ُ‬ ‫‪ّ 6‬بْ أومْ ْ‪4P‬افْ ‪ 3ْY‬آَ‪ ،2‬وْٱ ْه ْ‪ُ ْ/‬‬ ‫ْ‬

‫‪.2َ!Uِ Y‬‬ ‫ِ! ْ َة ا ْ ْ‬ ‫‪15/‬‬

‫‪ 2َ 1‬أومْ ‪:‬‬ ‫ا َ‪ ْG!ِ%‬عْ ْ‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪5% J‬ل ا ْ‪َ ( B‬‬

‫‪ W‬لْ وْ ا =‪.ْi3ّY ْq#‬‬ ‫‪ Y‬بْ ا ْ! ْ‪ْ5B‬نْ ‪ ،‬ا ّ‬ ‫‪َA‬‬ ‫‪ْ \3ْ 2َ!Uِ Y‬‬ ‫ِ! ْ َة ا ْ ْ‬

‫‪I‬‬ ‫و'‪ Iَ 'ِ @ G‬ا ّ‪ ْ ْ ْQ#‬وَا‪ 5ْe‬ا ْ! ْ‪ْ5B‬نْ وْ ْ ْ ْ َ‪ ,‬ا ْ‪َ ( B‬‬

‫‪J ْ5$ْ I‬‬ ‫‪ I-' 2َ!Uِ Y‬ا ّ‬ ‫ِ! ْ َة ا ْ ْ‬

‫ا‬

‫رْح ‪:‬‬

‫‪ Y‬رْحْ ‪.ْkْ ْ ْ J‬‬ ‫‪4 ْ5$ْ I‬‬ ‫‪ ْA‬ا ّ‬ ‫‪ْ َ ْ`( P‬‬ ‫‪ ْ A‬ا ‪ْ ْi3ّY‬‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫‪ Y‬رْحْ ‪.ْ5(Gْ J‬‬ ‫‪ّ ْ5$ْ I‬‬ ‫‪ ْA‬ا ّ‬ ‫‪ ْ A‬ا ‪ْ َ ْq #ِg ْi3ّY‬‬ ‫َ ْ‬

‫ل دَا ْآ < < زدْ َ ‪ W & ْh‬لْ ُه َ <‬ ‫َه دْ ا َ‪ Iِ -ْ 2& -‬أ‪ aُ ,4‬إ َ‬

‫‪J ْ 7ْ 1‬‬ ‫‪ ْq#ِ= &ْ ْh َ C‬ا ّ‬ ‫ْ‬

‫رْحْ ! ‪ُ k‬ه َ ُه َ‪.‬‬

‫‪ \َ %‬ا ُ! َو َ !!‬ ‫‪ !< g‬ا ‪ (ّG‬رْ ْ ُ‪ْ B‬‬ ‫‪ Y‬رْحْ ْ‪ ْSBIْ ْ 'ّP‬ا ‪ (ّG‬رْ‪ْ ،‬‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ‪4‬‬ ‫‪ I‬جْ ا ]‬ ‫ْ' ْ‪2 َ &ْ Iِ -‬تْ ْ? ُ‬ ‫َه دِي ِه َ أ ّولْ ‪.Uَ+‬‬

‫ت‪-‬ا‬

‫‪ ْ ! 2َ& َ k‬ا ْ ّ!`ْ وْ ا ّ رْح وْ ه دْ ا ‪ (ّG‬رْ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ، Q‬وْ ا ْ‪]J ْ/7‬ومْ ُه َ أ‪َ 3ْ' aُ ,4‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫` تْ ‪ْ B‬‬ ‫ّْ‬

‫ن ‪]J‬ومْ ‪:‬‬

‫@ دْ أوم ْ‪ّP‬افْ ‪ 3ْY‬آَ‪ ْjْ ْ ْ 2‬ا ْ! ْ‪ْ5B‬نْ وْ ْ‪ ْj‬ا =ْ‪.ْq#‬‬ ‫‪ W‬لْ ‪.ْi3ّY‬‬ ‫‪ Y‬بْ ا ّ‬ ‫‪َA‬‬ ‫‪ Y‬رْحْ آ ْ! ْ ّلْ ْ‪ْ \3‬‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ّ‬ ‫]‬ ‫َ‪ 7‬دْ ا َ ‪ ،2‬ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬رْ‬ ‫‪k‬‬ ‫وْ َ‪ 7‬دْ ا ‪ ; 2َ !ِ-3‬دِي ْ' َ وْلْ أوم 'ْ‪َ 3‬‬

‫‪ W‬ل ‪ 3Y‬آ‪.2‬‬ ‫&‪ ! 2‬ا ْ ّ!`ْ وْ ا ّ رْح وْ ا ّ‬

‫‪ ،I 7َ !< g‬وْ ْ ْ ْ ْ‪5ّ %ْ ْ J ْ -‬لْ ا ‪ W‬لْ ‪ 3ْY‬آَ‪ 2‬وْ ا َ‪5َ B‬دْ‬ ‫‪ِ ،2َ!Uِ Y‬ه َ ِّ ْ‬ ‫‪َ ْ !ِ3 I‬ة ا ْ ْ‬ ‫‪ ْ5e‬ا ْ‪َ ( B‬‬ ‫وْ ْ‪ ْ/3‬وَا ْ‬

‫‪َ 1‬اتْ‪.‬‬ ‫ْ​ْ‬

‫وْ ه‚ش ْ` َ‪ %َ Bْ ,‬رْ ‪:‬‬

‫‪16/‬‬

‫ل ‪Iَ !6‬‬ ‫إَ‬

‫‪< L‬‬ ‫‪َ ْ C‬ه دْ ِ‬ ‫ْ ِ‬

‫ن‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ; Iَ !ِU‬دِي ‪ َ #‬وْ أ ّ‬

‫وْ َ أّ‪ aَُ ,‬ا ‪ 3ْY‬آَ‪ ْjْ ْ3ْ 2‬ا ْ! ْ‪ْ5B‬نْ وْ ْ‪ ْj‬ا =ْ‪ ،ْq#‬ا ّ‪ 'ّP‬رْ‬

‫‪ W‬لْ ‪: ْi3ّY‬‬ ‫‪ َ e‬بْ ا ّ‬ ‫‪ Y‬رْحْ ْ! ْ ّلْ ‪ْ '#ْ+‬‬ ‫ْ ُ‪ 7‬مْ ‪4‬‬

‫‪ Y‬رْحْ ُه َ ا ‪5‬ر ‪ (ّ Gّ J‬رْ &‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ّ‬ ‫]‬ ‫‪ْ5$ْ I‬‬ ‫نا ّ‬ ‫وْ ْه َ‪ َ !ْ I‬نْ ِ! َ‪ I‬أ ‪4‬‬

‫ْ ّ!`ْ ‪:‬‬

‫وْ َه دِي ِه َ ‪ .َ Uَ+‬أومْ ا ْ ْ‪ُ -‬و َ‪ 7َ ْ 2‬دْ ا ‪: 2َ ْ 0‬‬

‫‪َ I‬ة‪ ،‬أومْ ُه َ <‬ ‫‪ H‬وْبْ ا ْ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫‪ُ W‬ه َ <‬ ‫ﭬ َ‬

‫ْ ْ ْ ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬رْ وْ أ ْ| ْ ُه َ <‬

‫ْ ْ ْ ا ّ رْحْ ‪:‬‬

‫ل ‪, Iَ !6‬ﯖ ُ َه دْ ‪َ ْ $ْ ?ْ .َ UَB‬ة‪ْ U, ،‬رُو ‪,‬ﯖ ُ ‪:‬‬ ‫إَ‬ ‫<‬

‫‪ ْ5e‬أ ْ| ْ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ْ Y‬حْ ِ! ْ‪ a‬وَا ْ‬ ‫; دِي ْ' ْ‬ ‫‪ ْ5e‬أوم‪َ ،‬‬ ‫‪ v‬وْ ‪ ْ 'ّْP‬وَا ْ‬ ‫‪ ْ5e‬ﭬ ْ‬ ‫ْ ّ‪ ْG‬وَا ْ‬

‫<‬

‫‪ ْ5e‬أ ْ| ْ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ْ Y‬حْ ِ! ْ‪ a‬وَا ْ‬ ‫; دِي ْ' ْ‬ ‫" جْ أوم‪َ ،‬‬ ‫‪ v‬وْ ‪ُ ْ 'ّْP‬‬ ‫" جْ ﭬ ْ‬ ‫ْ ّ‪ُ ْG‬‬

‫" جْ ﭬ ‪: v‬‬ ‫‪ g‬رْ‪ ْ ْ ّ ُ p ، 2َA‬ا ّ‪ 'ّP‬رْ أّ‪ُ ْGّ ْ ' aُ ,‬‬ ‫‪ ْ5e‬أ ْ| ْ ْ‬ ‫" جْ أوم زّْ' ات وَا ْ‬ ‫ل ُ‬ ‫إَ‬

‫‪ I‬جْ أوم‪.‬‬ ‫‪ Y‬رْحْ أ‪ُ ?ْ ْ 'ّْPْ 'ْ aُ ,4‬‬ ‫‪ g‬رْحْ‪ ْ ْ ّ ْ p ،‬ا ‪4‬‬ ‫‪ ْ5e‬أ ْ| ْ َ‬ ‫" جْ ﭬ ‪ \َ`ْ ْGّ ْ ّ v‬وَا ْ‬ ‫ل ُ‬ ‫إَ‬

‫‪17/‬‬

.ْ‫ أوم‬.َ Uَ+ ‫ َه‬Iَ !< g ْ Q ] ‫ ْ ا‬Bْ 2& َ ْn‫ْ شْ أ َه‬

< ‫ دَاآ‬،ْ‫ ُه َ أوم‬G0 ‫ د ا‬7 Q ّ ‫ ْ ا‬Bْ ْ‫ْ ا ْ َ ب‬G@ ّ ْ‫د‬ 0 ْ‫وْ َه أشْ !ْﯖ لْ أوم‬

: " die galvanische kette mathematisch bearbeitet "

Ich hatte das Glück, zu leihen gegen diese allgemein anerkannte Weise und mit der wunderbaren Werkzeug der Mathematik, entdecken Beziehungen zwischen Elementen der elektrischen Kette, die im Widerspruch, die zuvor gefunden. : 26‫ار‬ ،ْ A ْ \4A aِ ْ‫ ْف‬Bْ ْ ْlْ ‫ْ َ َآ‬0( W ْ ‫ْ ا‬5e ْ ‫ ْ وَا‬-ْ ّ

Iِ ,4F ْ ‫ْ ْه‬P ‫ ي ا‬Iْ ْ ْ‫" َآ ن‬

ْ < Q ] ‫ م‬3-ْ ‫ِ! ْ َ َ& تْ ! ْ ا‬U ،ْ‫ َ ت‬M ِ (َ ْ J ْ‫وْ ْ? ْ َ بْ وْ ا ]وزَان‬ " .ْ‫ ُوف‬Bْ ْ ْ‫ َآ ن‬8 ِ ‫ْ دَا ْآ‬5M .Le potentiométre `ْ!ْ ْ‫َان‬G ِ ُ ُ ‫ رو‬U, ،ْ‫ |وم‬2َ& -َ ‫ َد َ َه دْ ا‬I ْ ْ

Iّْ

: `ْ!ْ ‫َانْ ا‬G ِ - (2 - 3 : ْM'ْ ‫ْ َا‬

KUY? ُ ْ ( ْI Q ] ْ Bْ

.ْ‫ و ا ْ ّ!`ْ وْ ا ّ رْح‬U3, ْ‫ ْ ُ ا ْ َ بْ َ ش‬Q ْ I : Analyse 2!Y, B ْ‫ َ! ت‬m ِ 'َ ْ . Bَ %W ‫ْ ْ ُ? لْ ا‬ .ْ‫ّ!`ْ وْ ا ّ رْح‬

‫ا ْ َ بْ وْ ا ّوزان‬

ْ‫ َ و‬,ْ ْ‫ و‬Iَ % ْ @ ْ < ‫ ْرُو ا ]وزَان‬C ْ ْ ْ J Iِ -ْ 'ْ : Simulation 2!Y, B ` Y! ‫ا‬

‫ ْ ُو ا‬-ْ Iْ ْ‫ ّ`ْ و‬6ِ ‫ ْ ا‬A ْ ‫ وْ ُ وَا‬% َ I

Iِ -ْ 'ْ : Prototypage 2!Y, B ْ`ّ 6ِ ‫ َ رْ وْ ا‬-ْ .ْ` Yِ !ْ ‫هِ! ْ ْ? ْ َ بْ وْ ا‬

(, ‫ ; دِي‬Iَ A ْ

: Le potentiométre ْ`!ْ ْ ْ‫َان‬G ِ ْ‫ وْب‬% َ ْ ْ‫ َا َ ش‬-ْ ْ ْ‫ ْ َاو‬,

18/

‫‪ ?ُ 6َ J َ ِ i‬نْ‬ ‫‪ %‬وْبْ ِ!‪P‬انْ ا ْ ‪ْ ْ ْ G‬‬ ‫ْ َ‬

‫‪ Y‬رْحْ وْ ‪5ّ %ْ J‬لْ ا‬ ‫; دِي ‪ ْ 'ّP‬ا ‪4‬‬ ‫َ‬

‫‪ 6‬تْ ُه َ ا ُ َ‪J‬‬ ‫(َْ‬ ‫‪ 6‬جْ ْ‬ ‫" تْ‪ُ ،‬‬ ‫‪َْ1‬‬ ‫‪َ ْ I 2َ !ِB%‬ه ‪ْ J KUK‬‬ ‫َه دِ'‪ ْi‬ا ْ‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ ا َ سْ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪َA‬‬ ‫!` ْ‪ْ \3‬‬

‫( ْ‪ َ J 2َ6‬سْ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ْA‬ا ْ‬ ‫‪ 2َ !ِB%‬وْوَا ْ‬ ‫ْ‬

‫‪: ْ/g‬‬ ‫‪ 7َ ْ 2َ !ِB%‬دْ ا ّ ْ‬ ‫‪َ #Yْ!ْ J‬ه دْ ا ْ‬

‫; دِي ‪ُ ُ ,‬‬ ‫دَا َ َ‬

‫‪َ 1‬ة ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ّ 3‬ل ا َ‪َP!ِ ` B‬انْ ا ْ ْ‪ jَ ْ ْG‬ا ْ ْ‬

‫‪ \ %‬ا َ‪Iَ ْ %‬‬ ‫‪ ْ A‬ا ْ! ْ‪ْ Bُ ْ ْ~ْ ْ %‬‬ ‫( ْ ُ ْ َا ْ‬ ‫‪ ; ، Q‬دِي ‪ْ ,‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫َ شْ ‪َ 3>ْ ,‬ه دْ ا ‪4‬ا ْ' َة‬

‫ْ َ‪.Logiciel 2!ِY,َ B‬‬

‫‪ ƒ 7َ !ِ g‬و !!‪.PROTEUS S‬‬ ‫‪ ْ A‬ا ْ ْ ْ ْ‪ ْ ْ ْM‬ا ْ‪ْ < 23!ِ0‬‬ ‫‪َ ْ !ِّ g‬ه دْ ا ْ ْ ْ ْ‪ ْM‬إز'‪ ،ISIS S‬وْ ُه َ وَا ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫‪< Q‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ا َ ‪ 2‬ا ‪ِ 2 3‬ه َ ه د ا ‪4‬ا ْ' َة‬

‫ْ>‪ 7َ ْ 3‬فْ ‪: ISIS‬‬

‫‪19/‬‬

‫أ ‪ -‬ا ْ‪ %َ B‬رْ ‪: ْ`!ّ ْ ّ J‬‬ ‫‪.Voltmètre 2َ!Y‬‬ ‫‪ %ّ +‬رْ ا ْ ْ!`ْ ْ ‪ \ %B‬ا ﭭ ‪ !W‬وْ ا َ‪ِ ,َ B‬‬ ‫‪ْ ْ !< Y‬‬ ‫‪ْI‬‬ ‫‪ َ ِ C‬آ َْ‪. #‬‬ ‫َ ‪ 2‬ا ‪ 4ْ 2 3‬رْ ا ْ ْ‪ ْ ْ -ْ !ْ ْG‬ا ّ ْ ّ!`ْ ‪ْ J‬‬ ‫ن ِ!‪َP‬انْ ا ْ ْ‪ Iِ -ْ 'ْ ،12 V ْGّ ْ ْ G‬ا ْ ّ‪G‬‬ ‫; دِي 'ْ‪ 0‬نْ َ نْ ِ!‪ 0‬مْ أ ‪4‬‬

‫‪َ 1‬ة آ ْ‪. #‬‬ ‫ْ​ْ‬

‫ل ا ْ ْ‪(+) ْG‬‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ْ ْ‪ّ 0‬نْ وْ ّ‬ ‫‪ 6‬يْ ِ َ نْ ْ ْ ا ّ‬ ‫) دْ & ّ‪َ < ْQ#‬‬ ‫َ ْ'‪ aُ ,ّF ،2َI‬ا ‪ !َ U‬سْ َ‬ ‫ْ' ْ‪ Iِ -‬ا ْ‪ْ5‬رْ <‬

‫‪َ 1‬ة ‪.‬‬ ‫ْ​ْ‬

‫` َ‪ ,‬ا ْ>ِ!‪ ْG‬عْ ‪ %ْ+‬رْ ا ْ ْ!`ْ ُه َ َه َاكْ‪.‬‬ ‫َْ‬

‫ل آ نْ ا ‪ !َ U‬سْ & ّ‪ْk‬‬ ‫أ‪ 6‬دَا َ ‪ ُ ُ ,‬إ َ‬

‫ِ!‪َP‬انْ‬

‫ْ ْ‪: ْG‬‬

‫‪. َ ِC‬‬ ‫َ‪ 7‬دْ ا َ ‪ 2‬ا > ‪ %ْ+ 2َ!,‬رْ ا ْ ْ!`ْ ْ! ْ‪ ْ ْ -‬ا ّ ْ ّ!`ْ ‪ْ J ْkّ J‬‬ ‫‪َG ِ ُ !< g‬انْ ا ْ ْ!`ْ‪.‬‬ ‫; دِي ْ' َ نْ ِ! ُ‪ ْ ْ/0‬شْ ْ‬ ‫ْه َ‪َ I‬‬ ‫إل ا ْ‪ !َ U‬سْ & ّ‪ ّْ ،ْk‬رْ ا ْ ْ‪ Iَ !ِ`-ْ !ْ ْG‬ا ّ‪ J ْk‬عْ ا ْ ّ!`ْ‬

‫‪َ 1‬ة < ُه َ ‪.6 V‬‬ ‫ْ​ْ‬

‫@ ْ ‪.6 V‬‬ ‫‪ ،6V ْGّ ْ ْ !ْ 2َ !ِB%‬وْ ا ّ‪ ْ…I‬ا„ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ' ْ‪ Iِ -‬ا ّ‪ْ…I‬‬ ‫أ‪ 6‬دَا َ ‪ُ ,‬‬

‫@ْ‪:‬‬ ‫ل آ نْ ا ‪ !َ U‬سْ ْ ‪ ْ Iْ U‬ا„ ْ‬ ‫إَ‬

‫َ‪ 7‬دْ ا َ ‪ 2‬ا > >‪ %ْ+ 2‬رْ ا ْ ْ!`ْ ْ! ْ‪ ْ ْ -‬ا ّ ْ ّ!`ْ ‪.ْQ#ّ J‬‬ ‫‪20/‬‬

‫ن ِ!‪َP‬انْ ا ْ ْ‪ َ َ ،12 V ْGّ ْ ْ G‬نْ ِ! ُ‪ 4ْ ْR!ِA ْ/0‬رْ ا ْ ْ‪ ْ ْ -ْ !ْ ْG‬ا ّ ْ!ّ` ‪. ْQ#ّ J‬‬ ‫; دِي 'ْ‪ 0‬نْ َ نْ ِ!‪ 0‬مْ أ ‪4‬‬ ‫ن ا ‪ l#ّ!ْ ْ ْ َ ْi3ّY‬وْ ِ!‪َP‬انْ ا ْ ْ‪ aْ !ِ3ْ ْP7ْ !ْ ْG‬ا ْ ْ‪. G‬‬ ‫وْ ْه َ‪ َ 'ْ I‬نْ ِ! ُ‪ ْ/0‬أ ‪4‬‬ ‫دَا ْآ <‬

‫ْ شْ ا ْ‪ْ5‬رْ ّ ْ ّ‪ُ ْi3ّY ْG‬ه َ ‪.0 V‬‬

‫ب ‪ -‬ا ْ‪ %َ B‬رْ ‪J‬‬ ‫دَا َ ; دِي ‪ُ ,‬‬

‫رْحْ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ # َ 1‬رْحْ َ‪ 7‬دْ ا َ ‪2‬تْ ?ْ‪J KUY‬ﯖ‪: # %‬‬ ‫أشْ ْ! ْ‬

‫ا َ‬

‫ا َ‬

‫ا‪. ْ#‬‬

‫ا‪. َ Y‬‬

‫‪ %ّ +‬رْ ا ّ رْحْ ْ ‪ \ %B‬ا‪| 7‬‬ ‫‪ْ ْ !< Y‬‬ ‫‪ْI‬‬

‫ا َ‬

‫ا‪. Y Y‬‬

‫‪.Ampéremètre 2َ!Y‬‬ ‫وْ ا َ‪ِ ,َ B‬‬

‫‪ Y‬رْحْ ُه َ ‪.0,12 A‬‬ ‫‪ i‬ﯕ ‪ ،‬ا ‪ْ U‬رْ دْ َ' لْ ا ّ‬ ‫‪ Y‬رْحْ َ‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ‪4‬‬ ‫‪k‬ا ]‬ ‫َ‪ 7‬دْ ا َ ‪p‬تْ ْ> ~‪َ ْ ! 2‬‬ ‫‪21/‬‬

:

J ‫ّا ْ( َة‬5 ‫ دْ ا‬7َ 2َI'ْ ‫]وم آ‬J .َ Uْ+ ْ‫ ُ ُ وَاش‬, Iَ !6 ‫ل‬ َ‫إ‬

. ْ‫رْق‬Gّ ?ْ 7َ ْ‫ْ وْ< دْ ّور‬Gْ ْ ‫َانْ ا‬P!ِ ‫ َا‬A ْ 2َ ُ 0ْ

< 100 َ ‫ ِه‬100 Ω ْi'ِ‫َه د‬

.‫@ َى‬ ْ ‫ دِ' ْ ٱ‬Uَ َ ْ !ِU ْ‫@ ْ ُآ ن‬ ْ ) ‫ّ' ر‬Pّ ْ‫ ْ& ْر‬L ِ ْ‫ ُآ ن‬aُ ,4F ،ْ‫ أوم‬.َ Uَ+ْ ‫ْ ْ ْ ْم‬G!ِ>ْ ‫إ َذنْ ا‬ : ْkّ &ْ ْGْ ْ ‫َانْ ا‬P!ِ ْ‫ نْ ا َ س‬0ُ !ْ ْ‫َ ش‬

.50 Ω

, I!6 ‫> إل‬

َ ‫ ُه‬2َ !ِB% ْ ْ‫ّ( ر‬G J k ّ ّ ‫وا‬

: ْ‫ْ شْ ﯕ لْ أوم‬

ُ 7ْ Bْ ‫ ; دِي‬Iَ ‫ْه‬

leuchten "die Fackel der Mathematik" der Physik zu "beleuchten dunkle Bereiche". " ْ3 !ِ #mْ! ‫ْ ا‬k(ْ Uْ% ‫ي ا‬8 ْ (ْ ‫ْ ش‬i'P!ِB ‫\ ا‬3ْ ‫ِ! ت‬m 'َ ْ

'َBْ ‫ ا‬U3`, "

: 26‫ار‬

4 ‫ ْ ُو ُآ‬-ْ , ْ !ِ6 ْ ْ ْ^!ِ& َ َ ْ‫ ْ? ْ َ ب‬aُ ,4‫أ‬p .‫ ْ ّة‬G 22/

‫‪َ 1‬ة ‪:‬‬ ‫; دِي ‪P!ِ ْ .ِ U‬انْ ْ ْ‪ jَ ْ ْG‬ا <!‪ 23‬وْ ا ْ ْ‬ ‫; دِي ‪ ُ ُ ,‬دَا َ آِ! َ‪ B‬شْ َ‬ ‫َ‬

‫ْ? !‪ ` Y‬فْ ‪: ISIS‬‬

‫ل ِ ‪| ]ِ#‬‬ ‫‪ ; 2َ6 A‬دِي َ نْ ِ! ُ‪ُ ْ/0‬ه َ أ‪ aُ ,4‬ا‪ ِ | 7‬وْ ‪4‬‬ ‫أ ّولْ َ‬ ‫ْ' ْ‪ Iِ -‬ا ‪ْ5‬ر‬

‫‪ َ ْ ّ ْ ،‬ش ‪ ْ3ْ Y‬ا ْ‪ َ -‬رْ‪.‬‬

‫‪ Y‬رْحْ & ِ! ‪َG‬انْ ا ْ ْ!`ْ ْ َ‪ُ U‬ه َ ُه َ ‪:‬‬ ‫ا ‪4‬‬

‫شْ َه دْ ا ‪ْ U‬رْ َ ْ ّ ^ْ ؟‬ ‫!‪P‬ان ا‬

‫‪|ْ ] #ِ ِ ْ3( ْ +‬‬ ‫‪ْ Y‬حْ ِ! ْ‪ َ ْ a‬وْ ْ‬ ‫; دِي ْ' ْ‬ ‫‪ v‬وْ ْ‪]J َ !ْ ? ْ 'ّْP‬وم‪ْPّ ،‬زْ َ‬ ‫‪ ْGّ ْ ْ G‬ٱ‪ K‬ش ﭭ ْ‬

‫‪ g‬رْحْ ِ! َ‪7‬‬ ‫ا َ ‪ 2َ6‬ا > ْ‪ِ 2َ!,‬ه َ أ‪ aُ ,4‬ا !‪ \ A 23‬ه َ‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ‪.‬‬ ‫ْ َْ‬

‫‪. |ْ ] #ِ ِ ْ3( ْ +‬‬ ‫ْ َ وْ ْ‬

‫‪ L‬؟‬ ‫أشْ ْ! ْ‪َ Iِ -‬ه دْ <‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫َه دْ <‬

‫ن ا ْ‪ْ U‬رْ ‪ (ّ Gّ J‬رْ <!‪ُ 23‬ه َ ْ َ أومْ ‪:‬‬ ‫ْ! ْ‪ Iِ -‬أ ‪4‬‬

‫‪23/‬‬

‫‪ Y‬رْحْ أ‪ َ !ْ ?ْ ْ 'ّْPْ 'ْ aُ ,4‬أوم‪.‬‬ ‫‪ g‬رْ‪ ْ ْ ّ ْ p ،2ْA‬ا ‪4‬‬ ‫‪َ ْ |ْ € ِ ْ3( ْ +‬‬ ‫` تْ ْ َ وْ ْ‬ ‫ل ٱ‪ K‬ش ﭭ ‪َ ْ ْGّ ْ ّ v‬‬ ‫إَ‬ ‫‪ 1‬ة وْ دا@‪ُ 7! G‬ه َ ْ َ ‪ ْ3ْ J‬وْ رْ ْ? ِ‪. |ْ ]ِ# ِ ْ3 B‬‬ ‫@ رْجْ ْ ْ ا ْ ْ‬ ‫‪ Y‬رْحْ < َ‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ‪4‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ن ا ‪ْ5‬رْ‬ ‫ا َ ‪ 2َ6‬ا > >‪ِ 2‬ه َ أ ‪4‬‬ ‫‪َ A‬ى ْ َ ‪ ْ3ْ J‬وْ رْ ْ? ِ‪|ْ ]ِ# ِ ْ3 B‬‬ ‫وْ َه دِ'‪ْ < ْk.ِ ْi‬‬

‫ن ا ِ!‪ِ !†ْ |ِ3‬‬ ‫ْ‪ Iِ -‬أ ‪4‬‬

‫‪ Y‬رْحْ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ‪4‬‬ ‫‪ 2ْ7!6 ْj6ْ +‬ا ]‬ ‫‪ْ aْ 6‬‬ ‫] ْ‬

‫` ‪240 mA‬‬ ‫‪ِ -ْ 7َ %‬‬ ‫@ ْ‬ ‫‪ُ5e‬و‪ ،‬وْ ْ<‪ I‬زْدْ َ‪ ,‬ا <!‪ 23‬وْ‪p‬تْ َ‬ ‫` ‪ َ 120 mA‬شْ َآ نْ ِ!‪َP‬انْ ا ْ ْ‪ْ ? ْG‬‬ ‫‪َ 1‬ة ْ‪ِ -‬‬ ‫ْ شْ ﯕ !‪ 23‬ا ْ ْ‬

‫؟‬

‫) ؟‬ ‫أشْ ‪َ ِ Bْ ْ J‬ه دْ ‪8‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫َه دْ <‬

‫‪َ 1‬ة‪.‬‬ ‫‪ْ ْ 3 ْj6‬‬ ‫‪ْ ْ !ْ R!ِA jْ 1‬‬ ‫‪ 6‬جْ وْ ْ!ّ ْ‬ ‫‪ Y‬رْحْ ‪ّ ْ ْ J‬قْ ْ‪ُ \3‬‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ‪4‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ْ! ْ‪ Iِ -‬أ ‪4‬‬

‫‪َP!ِ ْ ْ G‬انْ ا ْ ْ‪ ْG‬وْ ا !‪.23‬‬ ‫` ‪ّ 0ُ 120 mA‬‬ ‫‪َ 1‬ة أ‪ِ -ْ 7َ ,4‬‬ ‫‪ َ Y‬بْ ‪ .َ Uَ+‬أوم‪ َ ّ ُ p ،‬ا ْ ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫‪ َ ْ ?ْ L‬بْ ‪:‬‬ ‫ل ‪َ ُ ْ 0, Iَ !6‬ه دْ <‬ ‫إَ‬

‫‪َ ْ !< Y‬ه َ‪ ُ .‬نْ ا ْ‪َ5ْ B‬ة‪.‬‬ ‫َه دْ ا َ‪ْ Iْ 2َ& -‬‬ ‫ل آ> ْ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ Y‬رْ‪ ْ !ِA‬وْ ‪4‬‬ ‫‪ 6‬جْ ‪4‬‬ ‫‪ Y‬رْحْ ْ‪ُ \3‬‬ ‫‪َ5 +‬ة ‪ #ْ J‬آ ‪ّ ْ ْ J ،‬قْ ا ‪4‬‬ ‫‪ْ ِ ْGH‬‬ ‫‪ Y‬رْحْ وْ ْ‬ ‫ْ' ْ‪ Iِ -‬وْ& ّ ا ّ‬ ‫) َ لْ ْ‪ْ5‬ر ‪J‬‬ ‫‪ْ ْ -ْ , Iَ !ِEْ G‬‬ ‫و' َ‬

‫رْحْ <‬

‫‪ -ُ ْ 1‬ﯕ عْ ا ّ‪ 'ّP‬ر' ْ &‪ (G‬رْ وَا‪.5ْe‬‬ ‫‪ّ Y‬احْ‪ْ Iْ ،‬‬ ‫ْ‪ I]ْ &ُ ْ B‬ا ّ‬

‫; دِي ْ' َ نْ !‪P! I‬ان ا‬ ‫‪َ 1‬ة‪َ ،‬‬ ‫ل ‪ 2ْ7!6 ْ ْ Iَ !6‬ا ْ ْ‬ ‫َ ‪ Iَ -ْ 2‬إ َ‬

‫‪.ْ5e‬‬ ‫ل زْ( رْ وَا ْ‬ ‫‪ G‬و ا !‪4 َ ْ 23‬‬

‫‪.La résistance équivalente 2َ!Y‬‬ ‫‪ ْ !< Y‬ا ‪ 'ّP‬ر < ﯕ ' ْ ْ ِ!‪َP‬انْ ا ْ ْ‪ ْG‬وْ ا <!‪ ،23‬ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬رْ ا ﯖ (‪ِ , B ْ ْ3‬‬ ‫; دِي ‪ْ ,‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫‪ Y‬بْ ‪ .Uَ+‬أوم‪ ،‬ا ‪ (ّG‬ر ا ﯖ (‪ 7َ ْ 3‬دْ ا َ ‪ 'ّPْ 2‬بْ ‪ 50‬أوم ‪:‬‬ ‫‪َA‬‬ ‫ْ‪ْ \3‬‬

‫‪ Q‬ا‬ ‫‪ 3ْ7Y‬ا ْ‪U‬بْ ْ‪ \3‬ا ]‬ ‫َه د ا ‪ 2َ !ِ-3‬عْ ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬رْ ا (‪ 7َ ْ aُ ,4F 24 7ِ ُ ْ3‬دْ ا ‪ َ 2َ!Iِ U‬شْ ‪ْ I‬‬

‫" ْ‪ ْO$‬ا ِ! ‪ِ |ْ ]ِ#‬‬ ‫وْ ‪ I<ْ ُ L‬و ّ‬ ‫دَا َ وَاشْ ‪ Uْ ,‬رُو ‪ Uَ 3,‬وْ ?‬

‫رح وْ ا ْ!ّ` ‪:‬‬

‫‪َ A‬ى ْ َ! ْ! ْ وْ رْ ْ‪. !†ْ |ِ3!ِ ْ !ِ-‬‬ ‫‪ Y‬رْحْ َ ْ? َ ‪ْ < ْk.ِ lJ‬‬ ‫‪ 2َ7!<1‬ا ‪4‬‬

‫ب ا ‪ْ U‬رْ َ عْ ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬رْ ا (‪ْ ْ3‬‬

‫ل ْ‪ُ %ْ B‬و‪.‬‬ ‫َ نْ !ْ‪ #Y‬وْ ّ‬

‫إّ' ْ‪ْ U, a‬رُو ْ ْ ُ‪.ْh %‬‬ ‫‪24/‬‬

‫ت ‪ -‬ا ْ َ بْ ‪ (ّ Gّ J‬رْ ا ﯖ‬

‫(‪: ْ3‬‬

‫‪ْ Y‬حْ ِ!‪ُ R!ِA ،ْa‬ه َ ْ‪َ ْ Bْ ?ْ ِ 'ّP‬ة ‪ ْ3(ْ Uْ!#J‬أومْ ‪.10 MΩ‬‬ ‫‪ g‬رْحْ ْ' ْ‬ ‫‪َ L‬‬ ‫(‪ِ ْ^!ِ3‬‬ ‫ّْ رْ ا ْ ْ‪ْ !ْ َ ْG‬‬ ‫‪ %َ +‬رْ‪ ،‬وْ ‪ Uَ 3, Iَ !ِE‬وْ ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬رْ ا ِ (‪ ْ3‬هِ! ْ ْ? ْ َ بْ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ْ 'e‬‬ ‫‪ْ َ ْ5 +‬‬ ‫ل َ ْ‬ ‫دَا َ ; دِي ‪ُ 'ِ ,‬و ْ َ ‪4‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬جْ َ‪ & -‬ت‪ ُ . ،‬نْ ا ْ‪َ5 B‬ة وْ ‪ .Uَ+‬أوم‪.‬‬ ‫(ُْ ْ ُ‬ ‫; دِي ‪ْ ,‬‬ ‫وْ َ‬ ‫‪ Y‬بْ <‬ ‫أ‪ 4‬ا ْ َ‬

‫‪َ ْ %ْ I‬و ا ُ! َ ?َ‪ Uَ 3 ْ/0ُ !ِ ْ 0ْ ْ 'ْ ، #‬وْ ا ْ ِ ْ ْ? ّ‪.Q Jِ !َ ِ 8 J ) 6& ْ0 .ِ ْ5‬‬ ‫‪ o‬عْ ا َ‬ ‫‪ْ g‬‬ ‫ْ​ْ‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ ْ ْ‪ُGْ ْ J ْ/0ُ !ِ ْ 0ْ 'ْ ْ5ّ B‬و‪ h‬وْدّوزو ْ ْ ْ ْ‪.ْ -‬‬ ‫‪ َ G‬نْ ِ! ُ‪ ْ/0‬ا ْ َ‬ ‫و' َ‬ ‫أ‪ ْ !6‬دَا َ‬

‫‪< ْ81‬‬ ‫ُ ُ ْ‪ْ -‬‬

‫‪.ْ %ْ I‬‬ ‫( ْجْ ْ ْ ‪ .َ Uَ+‬أومْ وْ ا ‪ !َ Iِ U‬تْ ‪َ J‬‬ ‫ْ! ْ‬

‫` '‪ 2َU‬ا ْ ْ ِ& َ ‪.‬‬ ‫` '‪ 2َU‬ا ّ‪ َ !ِ .‬وْ ا ّ‬ ‫` ْ َ& نْ‪َ ،‬آ ْ'‪ 2َI‬ا ‪4‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬جْ ّ‬ ‫‪ Y‬بْ ْ ُ‬ ‫‪ ُْ Q‬ا ْ َ‬ ‫ُ ِ‪ْ I ،ْ/7‬‬ ‫` '‪ 2َU‬ا ّ‪َ !ِ .‬‬ ‫وْ َ أ‪ aُ ,4‬ا ‪4‬‬

‫; دِي ‪َ ْ ,‬اوْ ! َ‪. 7‬‬ ‫ْ‪َP'P‬ة ْ‪ \3‬ا ّ‪ I‬سْ‪َ ،‬‬

‫` '‪ 2َU‬ا ّ‪. َ !ِ .‬‬ ‫; دِي ‪َ ْ ,‬اوْ ْ ‪4‬‬ ‫ُ ِ‪ ْ/7‬دْرُو َآ َ‬ ‫‪25/‬‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ َ‪ ُ .‬نْ ا ْ‪َ5 B‬ة وْ ‪ .َ Uَ+‬أوم ‪:‬‬ ‫‪َA‬‬ ‫ْ‪ْ \3‬‬

‫" ْ! ْ‪ ,ُ &َ ْ3 ? َ B‬نْ ا ‪َ Uْ-‬ة وْ َ &َ‪ 2‬أوم ‪:‬‬ ‫و'‪ْ G‬‬

‫‪ُ < ْ A‬ه َ ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬رْ ا ْ (‪.ْ3‬‬ ‫‪ $ُ I‬لْ وَا ْ‬ ‫ل ْ ْ‪ ,ْ I‬هِ! ْ ْ ْ‬ ‫‪ ,ُ &َ ْ ! Iَ -ْ ْ 6‬نْ ا ‪َ Uْ-‬ة وْ َ &َ‪ 2‬أوم‪ ،‬وْ ‪4‬‬ ‫ْ<‪ْ I‬‬ ‫‪ُْ Q‬‬ ‫وْ دْرُو َآ ‪ْ ,‬‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ ‪:‬‬ ‫َْ‬

‫ا ‪ (ّG‬ر ا ﯖ (‪ 7َ ْ 3‬دْ ا َ ‪ 'ّPْ 2‬بْ ‪ 50‬أوم‪.‬‬ ‫‪26/‬‬

‫‪ َ ( W‬ا ْ ْ ِ& َ‬ ‫‪ُ ,‬وزُو دَا َ لْ ا ّ‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ َ‪ ُ .‬نْ ا ْ‪َ5 B‬ة وْ ‪ .َ Uَ+‬أوم ‪:‬‬ ‫‪َA‬‬ ‫ْ‪ْ \3‬‬

‫‪َ 1‬ة َو ا ْ ِ!‪َP‬انْ َو ا ْ<!‪3ْ ْ !ْ 23‬‬ ‫وْ ْ‪ a4,| ُ ْ -ْ I‬ا ْ ْ ْ‬

‫‪َ ْ !< Y‬ه دْ ا ْ ّ‪: U G‬‬ ‫ْ‪ ْj‬ا ّ ْ!ّ`‪ ; ،‬دِي ‪ْ ,‬‬

‫" ْ! ْ‪ ,ُ &َ ْ3 ? َ B‬نْ ا ‪َ Uْ-‬ة وْ َ &َ‪ 2‬أوم ‪:‬‬ ‫و'‪ْ G‬‬

‫‪ُ < ْ A‬ه َ ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬رْ ا ْ (‪.ْ3‬‬ ‫‪ $ُ I‬لْ وَا ْ‬ ‫ل ْ ْ‪ ,ْ I‬هِ! ْ ْ ْ‬ ‫‪ ,ُ &َ ْ ! Iَ -ْ ْ 6‬نْ ا ‪َ Uْ-‬ة وْ َ &َ‪ 2‬أوم‪ ،‬وْ ‪4‬‬ ‫ْ<‪ْ I‬‬ ‫‪َ ْ ْ 1‬و ا ُ‪: 23َ U‬‬ ‫‪ A‬ا ‪َ 2َ !ِ-3‬‬ ‫( ْ ُ ْ َا ْ‬ ‫; دِي ‪ْ ,‬‬ ‫( ى‪َ ،‬‬ ‫‪َ 3ْ7Y‬ه دْ ا َ‪ 2& -‬ا ‪ْ 3‬‬ ‫َ شْ ‪ْ ,‬‬

‫‪27/‬‬

‫َ أ‪َ aُ ,4‬ه دْ ا ْ‪ َ ْ 0‬تْ ْ َ لْ ْ َ لْ‪: Iِ -ْ 'ْ ،‬‬

‫ط أ‪ aُ ,4‬ا ِ!‪َP‬انْ َو ا <!‪3ْ ْ !ْ 23‬‬ ‫‪ْ ْ ْ ْ 2َ !ِ H‬‬ ‫‪َ aُ ,4| 3U‬ه دْ ا َ‪ْ 2& -‬‬

‫ْ‪ ْj‬ا ّ‬

‫ْ!ّ` ‪:‬‬

‫‪ \َ %‬ا ُ َ‪َ U‬و ت ُ‬ ‫ل َآ ُ‪ ,‬ا ّ‪ 'ّP‬ر' ْ ْ َ دْ( ‪ْ Bُ ْ ،ْ3‬‬ ‫( ْ ُ ْ َ‪ 7‬دْ ا َ‪ 2& -‬إ َ‬ ‫ْ' ْ‪ Iِ -‬أ‪ْ Iْ ُa,4‬‬

‫‪ ُ Y‬ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬رْ ا‬ ‫‪َ ِ H‬ه دْ ا َ‪ِ 2َ& -‬ه َ َ شْ ‪ْ ْ I‬‬ ‫أو َ‬

‫آ ْ'‪< ْ !ِI‬‬

‫!ْ‪ُ 'P‬و ‪2َ' L‬‬

‫از( ت ‪:‬‬

‫(‪: ْ3‬‬

‫@ ْ َ عْ ا َ‪ 'ّPّ 2َ& -‬رْ ا ْ‪.ْ ' U‬‬ ‫‪ْ)A‬‬ ‫) ْ‪ ْ`6‬وَا ْ‬ ‫‪ Y‬بْ َ شْ 'ْ‪ U3‬وْ ْ‬ ‫َْ‬

‫‪َ ْ^!ِIْ 1‬ه دْ ا ْ ْ‪: ْG0‬‬ ‫أ َ‪ َ ,‬آ ْ! ْ‪ْ -‬‬

‫‪28/‬‬

‫ورَا‪ ْSBْ , Iَ !ِ`-ْ !ْ ْe‬ا ‪ْ U‬رْ ّ‪ 'ّP‬رْ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ #( P‬وْ ِ! َ‪ 7‬آ> َة‬ ‫` '‪ 2َU‬ا ْ ْ ِ!َ‪ْ 2‬‬ ‫; دِي 'ْ‪ 0‬نْ َ نْ ِ! ُ‪ ْ/0‬أ‪َ aُ ,4‬ه دْ ا ّ‬ ‫َ‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ‪.‬‬ ‫َْ‬

‫ل ا <!‪ 23‬؟‬ ‫‪ ّ ْ 5ّ ?ْ \4A‬ا ّ‪ 'ّP‬رْ ِ!‪َP‬انْ ا ْ ْ‪ ْG‬وْ ّ‬ ‫ل ّْ ْ‬ ‫‪ -َ ْ ْkْ 4‬آُ‪َ ،/‬و ِ‪ ْ 0‬إ َ‬ ‫` '‪ 2َU‬ا ْ ْ ِ!َ‪ 2‬أ‪.2‬‬ ‫@ُْ ْ ّ‬ ‫` '‪ 2َU‬ا ّْ& ِ!َ‪ ،2‬أ ‪ 4‬ا ‪ I4‬سْ < ْ‬ ‫‪ Y‬بْ ُآّ‪ّ ْ #‬‬ ‫@‪ 0ْ%‬مْ َ‪ -‬وْدُو ا ْ َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫‪ َ ْ A‬قْ ْ? ‪َ 7‬ه ‪َ !8‬‬ ‫أ ّولْ وَا ْ‬

‫‪َ 1‬ارز‬ ‫` '‪ 2َU‬ا ْ ْ ِ!َ‪ُ 2‬ه َ ا َ‬ ‫ّ‬

‫‪ُ 7َ Uْ ّr‬ه َ دِ( َ‪ 6‬رْتْ ‪.‬‬ ‫ا‪ ، A ' .‬وْ < ْ‬

‫( ْ ُ ْ َ‪ 7‬دْ ا ‪: .UَB‬‬ ‫ل َآ ُ‪ ,‬ا ّ‪ 'ّP‬ر' ْ ْ َ دْ( ‪ْ Iْ ْ3‬‬ ‫` '‪ 2َU‬ا ْ ْ ِ!َ‪ُ 2‬ه َ أ‪ aُ ,4‬إ َ‬ ‫‪4 ْ` C‬‬ ‫ا َ ِ‬

‫‪.2َ !ِB%‬‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫‪َ 1‬ا َ شْ ْ! ُ‪ 0‬نْ ا ‪ !َ U‬سْ ِ!‪َP‬انْ ا ْ ْ‪ْkّ &ْ ْG‬‬ ‫‪ ُ ُ ,‬دَا َ أشْ ; دِي ْ' ْ‬

‫ث ‪ . -‬ن ا ُ=‬

‫ْزَة ‪:‬‬

‫‪: 2َ !ِB%‬‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ا ‪ !َ U‬سْ ِ!‪َP‬انْ ا ْ ْ‪ْkّ &ْ ْG‬‬

‫‪29/‬‬

‫ْ? !‪ ` Y‬فْ ‪: ISIS‬‬

‫إ َو ْ‪ّP‬افْ‬

‫َ َ‪ U‬دِ' ْ ْ ْ ‪َ ،‬و ِ‪0‬‬

‫ْ<‪I‬‬

‫‪ ُ Y‬آ‪. ِ 3‬‬ ‫‪ ُ Y‬ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬رْ ا (‪ْ Uْ , ،ْ3‬رُو ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬ ‫ْ ْ َ‪ I‬دَا َ آِ! َ‪ B‬ش ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬

‫‪ ْ A‬ا ّ ْ َة ‪ِ c‬‬ ‫‪ Y‬بْ‪َ ْ ُ ُ , ،‬ا ْ‬ ‫‪ ُْ Q‬ا ْ َ‬ ‫ْ& ْ‪ْ , َ G‬‬

‫ل أ‪: p‬‬ ‫وَاشْ َه دْ ا َ‪ U‬دِ' ْ ْ ْ‪ ْ3 ِ B‬وْ ّ‬

‫‪َ 1‬ة ْ! قْ ْ َ‪ ْ3 ِ !ْ c j‬أومْ ّ‪ 'ّP‬رْ ِ!‪َP‬انْ ا ْ ْ‪.ْG‬‬ ‫‪ 6‬يْ ْ ْ ا ْ ْ‬ ‫‪ Y‬رْحْ َ‬ ‫‪ّ 3‬لْ ا ‪4‬‬ ‫‪ P‬و َ& ‪.‬‬ ‫" جْ ْ‬ ‫‪ ْ A‬ا ْ‪َ5 B‬ة وْ ~ ‪ّ Bْ !ْ /4‬قْ ْ‪ُ \3‬‬ ‫ق ْ َ‪ j‬وَا ْ‬ ‫ْ ْ ْ ْ‪َ !ْ -‬‬ ‫@‬ ‫‪ْ)A‬‬ ‫‪ْ r‬ف َو ْ‬ ‫‪ْ Y‬حْ &‪ ْ3 ِ !ْ 1‬أوم < ْ َ‪ U‬تْ ِ!‪َP‬انْ ا ْ ْ‪ ،G‬وْ ْ‬ ‫` ْفْ ْ! ْ‬ ‫‪ ْA‬ا ّ‬ ‫وَا ْ‬ ‫وْ َ أّ‪ُ aَ ,‬ا ّ‪ 'ّP‬ر <!‪ `ْ? ُ ْ 23‬ا ّ‪ 'ّP‬رْ َ ِ&‬ ‫‪ Y‬رح َ ِ&‬ ‫ا ْ‪ Uْ-‬لْ ُه َ أ‪ aُ ,4‬ا ّ‬ ‫‪ R!A‬ﯕ‪ ْ 3‬ا ْ! ْ‪ ُ B‬لْ ْ‪Iِ -ْ I‬‬

‫ن ا ‪J 5$I‬‬ ‫ْ! ْ‪ Iِ -‬أ ‪4‬‬

‫‪< L‬‬ ‫ه دْ <‬

‫رْحْ‬

‫!ْ‪ْ Y‬ح & ْ! َ ‪]J‬وم ّ‪ 'ّP‬ر ‪. # %8 J‬‬

‫ِ!‪َP‬انْ ا ْ ْ‪،G‬‬

‫‪ Y‬رْح‬ ‫ِ!‪َP‬ان ا ْ ْ‪ `ْ? ُ (ْ G‬ا ّ‬

‫<!‪. 23‬‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ ‪ .Uَ+‬أوم ‪:‬‬ ‫‪َA‬‬ ‫!‪ْ \3ْ a‬‬

‫‪َ 1‬ة وْ ْ! قْ ْ َ‪ ْ !ِYْ @ j‬أومْ ّ‪ 'ّP‬رْ ِ!‪َP‬انْ ا ْ ْ‪ ْG‬ه ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ 6‬يْ ْ ْ ا ْ ْ‬ ‫َ‬

‫َ ‪ %َ Bْ ً ' Uْ I!ِr‬رْ عْ ا ِ!‡ ْ†!! ِ ‪.‬‬

‫‪. َ ِi‬‬ ‫ْ ْ درُو َآ ا ْ>ِ!‪ Uَ I!ِr َ ْG‬دِ' ْ ‪ْ ً ' U‬‬ ‫أ‪ 6‬دَا َ ‪ُ ,‬‬

‫ا‬

‫‪ُ A‬ه َ ُه َ َه َاك ‪:‬‬ ‫!ّ` وَاشْ ْ‬

‫… ِ!‪َP‬انْ ا ْ ْ‪ ْG‬زْ ّ( ات ْ!‪ 2‬وْ رْ ْ‪ 2َ-‬وْ رْ ْ‪!† |!3!ِ ْ !ِ-‬‬ ‫ل ‪ ْ3 ِ !ْ c‬أومْ ّ‪ّ I‬‬ ‫إَ‬

‫‪، e‬‬ ‫ْ رْ َ‬

‫" جْ ‪ ُ Bْ J‬رْ ﭭ ‪: o‬‬ ‫… ِ!‪َP‬انْ ا ْ ْ‪ ْG‬أّ‪ Bَ %ْ ْ ْ`!ّ ْ ( aُ ,‬ﭬ ‪ o‬وْ ُ‬ ‫‪ ْ ْ ّ ُ p‬ا ّ‪ّ I‬‬

‫‪30/‬‬

‫ن ِ!‪َP‬انْ ا ْ ْ‪J 12 V ْ ْ 7,2 V ْGّ ْ !ْ ْG‬‬ ‫ْ' ْ‪ Iِ -‬أ ‪4‬‬ ‫ا َ َ ِ&‬

‫‪< L‬‬ ‫َه دْ ّ‬ ‫دْرُو َآ <‬

‫ْ! ْ ْ‪ 3‬ا ‪ # %8‬وْ ا ّ‪ ْk‬ا َ! َ‪.ِ %‬‬

‫ْ!ّ`‬

‫‪َ 1‬ة‪.‬‬ ‫ْ​ْ‬

‫ِ!‪َP‬انْ ا ْ ْ‪: G‬‬

‫‪ %ّ +‬رْ ا ْ!ْ` ْ' ْ‪ Iِ -‬ا ﭭ `‬ ‫ْ` ‪ْ ,‬‬

‫ْ ْ>ِ!‪.G‬‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ْ8' m‬ا ْ َ‬ ‫َ ْ! ْ ‪ّ .ْ ^3‬ة ا ْ َ بْ 'ْ‪ْ U‬رْ ْ( ْ ّ‪ْ ْG‬‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ ْ َ لْ آِ!‪ ْD‬دْرْ‪,‬‬ ‫‪ ُْ Q‬ا ْ َ‬ ‫; دِي ‪ْ ,‬‬ ‫دَا َ َ‬

‫َ ‪ 2‬ا‪: 2ْ3‬‬

‫‪ Y‬رْحْ‪.‬‬ ‫‪َ ْ ,‬اوْ ْ ‪ U‬بْ ْ‪ \3‬ا ‪4‬‬ ‫‪ Y‬بْ ‪ .َ Uَ+‬أوم ‪:‬‬ ‫‪َA‬‬ ‫ْ‪ْ \3‬‬

‫‪31/‬‬

‫َه َد ُه َ ا ْ ْ‬

‫ل ْ‪ Iَ !ِE‬ا ‪ْ U‬رْ عْ ا‬ ‫‪ Y‬بْ‪ ،‬إ َ‬ ‫َْ‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ وَا‪. c:5ْe‬‬ ‫‪َA‬‬ ‫‪ْ ُْ Q‬‬ ‫‪ْ , Iَ %‬‬ ‫‪ْ @3e‬‬ ‫رْ ِ‬

‫(‪،2َB!ِB‬‬ ‫‪َ Q‬ة ا ْ‬ ‫آ!‪ ْD‬آ ْ‪ ْ I‬ﯕ‪ْ Iّ ْ ْ 3‬‬ ‫‪ْ W‬فْ‬ ‫‪ ْ5e‬ا ّ‬ ‫وا ْ‬ ‫` ْفْ ا‪@F‬‬ ‫وا ّ‬

‫‪َ 1‬ة ‪ #ْ!ْ ْ J‬ا ّ‪َG !ِ J ْk‬انْ‪،‬‬ ‫ْ​ْ‬

‫ْ ْ‪ْG‬‬ ‫ْ ْ‪ْG‬‬

‫‪َ 1‬ة ‪ h #ْ!ْ ْ J‬ا <!‪ 23‬وْ ا ّ‪ ْ…I‬ا َ َ ِ&‬ ‫ْ​ْ‬

‫ِ!‪َP‬انْ ا ْ ْ‪.G‬‬

‫‪.Loi des mailles 2َ!Y‬‬ ‫‪َ ْ !< Y‬ه ‪ ُ .‬نْ ا = ْزَة ْ َ‪ِ , B‬‬ ‫َه دْ ا ‪ ; 2َ !ِ-3‬دِي ‪ْ ,‬‬ ‫& ُ= ْزَة ا ‪: 2َْ 3‬‬ ‫` ْفْ ‪J‬‬ ‫‪ ْA‬ا ّ‬ ‫وا ْ‬

‫` ْفْ ا‪@F‬‬ ‫‪َ I‬ة ْ! ْ ْ‪ 3‬ا ّ‪َG !ِ J ْk‬انْ و ا ّ‬ ‫ْ ْ!`ْ ‪ْ ْ J‬‬

‫ْ ْ‪ 3‬ا ‪. # %8‬‬

‫& ُ= ْزَة ا > ‪: 2!,‬‬ ‫` ْفْ ‪J‬‬ ‫‪ ْA‬ا ّ‬ ‫وا ْ‬

‫` ْفْ ا‪@F‬‬ ‫‪َ I‬ة ْ! ْ ْ‪ 3‬ا ّ‪َG !ِ J ْk‬انْ و ا ّ‬ ‫ْ ْ!`ْ ‪ْ ْ J‬‬

‫! ْ ْ‪ 3‬ا ّ‪ ْk‬ا َ! َ‪.ِ %‬‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ وْ ‪ Uَ 3,‬و ا ‪ْ5‬رْ ‪J‬‬ ‫‪ ُْ Q‬ا ْ َ‬ ‫‪ Iَ ْ Y‬ﯕ !‪ْ U, ،23‬رُو ‪ْ ,‬‬ ‫‪ْA‬‬ ‫دَا َ ْ َ‪ 7‬دْ َ‪ ُ .‬نْ ا ُ= ْزَة وْ دَاآ < < ْ‬

‫ِ!‪َP‬انْ ا ْ ْ‪.G‬‬

‫‪.3 e‬‬ ‫رْ ِ‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ُْ Q‬ا ْ َ‬ ‫أ‪ْ , 6‬‬

‫‪32/‬‬

‫‪J 5ْ$I‬‬ ‫‪ ُY‬ا ّ‬ ‫‪َ ِ H‬ه دْ ا َ‪ِ 2َ& -‬ه َ َ شْ ‪ْ ْ I‬‬ ‫أو َ‬

‫رح & ‪: # %8‬‬

‫وْ ْه َ‪ َ 'ْ I‬نْ ِ! ُ‪ ْ ْ/0‬شْ ْ َ بْ ُ ِ‪ْ R!ِA ،ْn$‬‬

‫َ ‪ُ ْ -ْ ,‬و ‪ْ UْI‬رُو ْ‪ &ُ ْ B‬ا ْ‪ْ5‬ر‪.‬‬

‫‪ k‬أومْ ا ‪< .UَB‬‬ ‫وْ ‪ ْSBI‬ا ْ& ْ ْ? ْ‪ %َ B‬رْ َ شْ َ‬

‫( ْ ُ ! َ‪ َ ْ & 7‬بْ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ْI‬‬

‫دَاآ ِ‬

‫‪ 6‬أ ْ َ بْ وْ ا ْ‪ %َ B‬رْ‪.‬‬ ‫ْ شْ َ‪ 7‬دْ ا ( ْ َ‪ 2‬دْ َ' ‪ُ ْ I ، I‬‬

‫‪ Q‬ا ّ رح ّ‪ ْ…I‬ا َ َ ِ&‬ ‫]‬ ‫‪5ْ$I‬‬ ‫‪ ُY‬ا ّ‬ ‫‪ Y‬بْ‪ ،‬وْأ َر ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬ ‫‪ -ُ 6‬دَا َ أ ْ َ‬ ‫‪ْ​ْ,‬‬

‫‪`!ْ ّ J ْ5$ْ I‬‬ ‫‪ ُY‬ا ّ‬ ‫وْ دَا َ ْ?‪ .UَB‬أوم ‪ْ U,‬رُو ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬

‫ل ّ‪ ْ…I‬ا َ َ ِ&‬ ‫<!‪َ 23‬و َ‬

‫ِ!‪َP‬ان ا ْ ْ‪: G‬‬

‫ِ!‪َP‬ان ا ْ ْ‪: G‬‬

‫‪ I‬جْ ) َ‪ 6‬لْ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ Y‬رح ْ‪َP!ِ ْ…I‬ان ا ْ ْ‪ُ ? G‬‬ ‫‪ Q‬ا ّ‬ ‫]‬ ‫‪5ْ$I‬‬ ‫‪ ُY‬ا ّ‬ ‫وْ دَا َ ‪ U,‬رو ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ُْ Q‬ا ْ َ‬ ‫‪ْ ,‬‬

‫‪33/‬‬

‫وْ دْرُو َآ َ نْ ِ! ُ‪ ْ/0‬أ‪ْ & aُ ,4‬رْ َ‪,‬‬ ‫'‪0‬‬

‫‪َ ْ %ْ +‬ه‬ ‫ْ ْ ُ‪ %‬ﯕ عْ ا َ‪ U‬دِ' ْ < ْ‬

‫ّ ْ>ِ!‪.ْG‬‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ ؟‬ ‫( ْ ُ ْ? = ْزَة ا ‪ َ َ ْ Y‬شْ ‪ Uَ 3‬وْ ُه‪َ ْ ْ ْ/‬‬ ‫ْ‬

‫‪ ُ Y‬ا ‪ 'ّP‬ر < ﯕ (‪َP!ِ ْ ْ3‬انْ ا ْ ْ‪ ْG‬وْ ا <!‪.23‬‬ ‫أ‪ 6‬دَا َ ‪ ُ ُ ,‬آِ! َ‪ B‬شْ ; دِي ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬ ‫‪َ ْ ,‬اوْ ْ ‪ 'ّP‬ر < ﯕ ' ْ ْ‪. %!#‬‬

‫ِ!‪َP‬انْ ا ْ ْ‪ ْG‬وْ ا ‪. # %8‬‬

‫‪ I‬جْ ) َ‪ 6‬لْ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪َ ُ Y‬ه دْ ا ‪ (ّG‬ر ا ﯖ (‪ ْ3‬ا ‪ #‬ل ? ُ‬ ‫‪ْ U,‬رُو ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ُْ Q‬ا ْ َ‬ ‫أ‪ْ , 6‬‬

‫‪ ْG0ْ ْ ُ Y‬ا > ِ‪: ,‬‬ ‫ك‪ْ ْ ,‬‬ ‫وْ درُو َ‬

‫‪34/‬‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ُْ Q‬ا ْ َ‬ ‫أ‪ْ , 6‬‬

‫‪4P ْ ُ ْ (I‬افْ ْ?‬

‫ل ْ َ رْ ُ ْ‪.ْ0%‬‬ ‫‪ Y‬بْ وْ ‪4‬‬ ‫‪َA‬‬ ‫‪ْ L‬‬ ‫‪ `6‬ا ‪ّ #‬لْ ‪ ^ْ6 ّ ّ َ aُ ,4p‬ألْ ِ‬

‫‪ < Q‬وْ‪p‬تْ ْ‪ ,َ ْ I‬ه ‪:‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫دَا َ ا ‪4‬ا ْ' َة‬

‫‪.En série 2َ!Y‬‬ ‫‪ِ ,َ B ْ 3 ِ ُ \َ %‬‬ ‫ْه َ‪ I‬ا ّ‪ 'ّP‬ر' ْ ْ‪G‬ادْ( ‪ْ B ْ ْ3‬‬ ‫أو َ‬

‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪ِ \4A‬‬ ‫‪ْ ,َ ْ I‬‬

‫‪ ُ Y‬ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬رْ ا ﯖ (‪ ,ُ 0ُ !ْ R!ِA ْ3‬ا ّ‪ 'ّP‬ر'!‬ ‫َ &َ‪ َ 2‬شْ ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬

‫‪L‬‬ ‫أ‪ َ , 6‬وْ ‪ Uَ 3,‬وْ ِ‬

‫ْ‪َG‬ادْ( ‪.ْ3‬‬

‫‪َ 7َ ! ُ Y‬ه دْ ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬ر ا ﯖ (‪: ْ3‬‬ ‫َ &َ‪ْ ْ , 2‬‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ُْ Q‬ا ْ َ‬ ‫أ‪ْ , 6‬‬

‫‪35/‬‬

‫‪ ُ Y‬ا ّ‪ 'ّP‬رْ ا ﯖ '‬ ‫ْ' ْ‪ Iِ -‬إل ْ‪ْ ْ , Iَ !ِE‬‬

‫‪ ُ Y‬ﯖ ' ‪ َ !ْ #J‬دْ( ‪ َ ْ3‬دْ ﯖ ' ‪َG!ْ #J‬ادْ( ‪: ْ3‬‬ ‫‪ْ ْ , Iَ %‬‬ ‫‪4‬ا ْ' َة آ‪ْ @ 7َ 3‬‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ُْ Q‬ا ْ َ‬ ‫أ‪ْ , 6‬‬

‫‪ ُ L‬وَاشْ ْ? ْ! ِ‪ ; ْ` Y‬دِي ‪ Uَ 3,‬وْ ْ‪ ْj‬ا ْ‪ %َ B‬رْ ‪:‬‬ ‫ُ‬

‫‪. W‬‬ ‫‪ ُ L‬آِ! َ‪ B‬شْ ا ّا ْ' َة وْ‪p‬تْ ْ? ِ َ‬ ‫وْ هْ‪ ; I‬دِي ْ' َ نْ ِ! ُ‪ ْ ْ/0‬شْ ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬ر ا ﯖ (‪ّPْ ْ/7ِ ُ ْ3‬افْ‪ُ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ْ/0ُ !ِ ْ Y‬ا‬ ‫‪ %‬ﯕ نْ أ ‪ّ B, Iِ ,4‬‬ ‫‪ A‬وْ ْ ْ َ>‪ 2ْA 3 ْG‬ا ]‬ ‫ُ ِ‪ ْ/7‬أ َ‪َ ,‬‬

‫‪َ ْ/3ْ- 'ْ Eَ ْ 3 Q‬ه دْ ا ‪.ْ3‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫سْ‬

‫‪36/‬‬

‫‪C‬‬ ‫ج ‪-‬ا َ ِ‬

‫`ْ ‪:‬‬

‫‪.ْ (ّ Gْ Q‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫‪ ْ A‬ا ّ رْحْ‬ ‫‪ُ !ْ ، Q‬وزْ وَا ْ‬ ‫]‬ ‫أو& ‪ْ & ,َ ْ Iْ 4‬قْ ‪ْ`!ْ ْ J‬‬ ‫ا‪ Ju‬ق ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .َ Uَ+‬أوم ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .‬ن ا ‪ْB‬ﯖ‪َ5‬ة ‪:‬‬

‫‪37/‬‬

‫‪ .‬ن ا ْ= زة ‪:‬‬

‫ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬رْ ا ﯖ (‪: ْ3‬‬

‫‪38/‬‬

: # %ُ W ‫ رْ ا‬J ُ ْ‫ ع‬J ْ‫ ر‬J‫ ِ َا‬6ْ ‫ ا‬- (4 .‫ط‬ ْ ‫ َ! زو‬J ْ‫` ُ ! ت‬ ّ ‫ ا‬H ً % ُ @ ْ‫ و‬،‫ اء‬7 ‫ ث‬3> ‫‚ و ا‬

‫ ا‬/‫ ه‬-

>‫ وْ آ‬،ْ‫` ُ ! ت‬ ّ ‫ دْ ا ْ& ْ آْ> و ا‬7َ

: ‫ال‬ƒّ ‫ دْ ا‬7َ ُ ْ @ ْ‫ و‬،‫! ت‬ ‫ط؟‬ ْ ‫ َ! زو‬J ْ‫ّاف‬G?ْ l#‫ آ‬J َ ْ &ْ ‫ْ ا‬SBI ْ‫ ّثْ و‬3> ‫ْ‚ وْ ا‬

` ] ‫ عْ ا‬IّH ْ ‫ و‬0B' َ ‫ُه‬

‫ْ ا‬3ْ ْk J ‫ ; دِي‬23! ُ ` ّ ‫ شْ ا‬Bَ !ِ‫آ‬

: ‫ <! ْ َه‬Y ْ !ْ %َ ‫ ا ّ ْ ِآ‬A‫الْ ُه َ وَا‬y]Y ‫ َابْ عْ َه دْ ا‬1 ْ ‫ا‬ HDI : High Pressure Direct Injection " Citroën, Peugeot ".

TDI : Turbocharged Direct Injection " Volkswagen, Audi ".

JTD : uniJet Turbo Diesel " Fiat, Alfa Romeo ".

TDCi : Turbo Diesel Common rail Injection " Ford ".

CDI : Controlled Diesel Injection " Mercedes ".

DTI : Diesel Turbo Injection " Opel ". dCi : Diesel Common rail injection " Renault ".

D-4D : Direct Injection 4 cylinder common cail Diesel engine " Toyota ".

( : " #(‫ ْو‬6 ‫ ْ " ا‬7ْ 1 ّ ‫ْ ا‬Gْ o ْ Eْ Q ّ ‫ِ! نْ وْ ا‬, ْ‫( ن‬ ّ ْ ‫ ا‬: ْ~ ?ْ .‫ط‬ ْ ‫رْ ا َ! زو‬

ُ َ ‫ ُه‬Iَ L‫ َا أ‬-ْ ْ ُ ُ , 6‫ أ‬، %َ ‫ ْ َه دْ ا ّ ْ ِآ‬Y ّ B, َ ْGْ &

: ‫ط‬ ْ ‫ رْ ا َ! زو‬J ُ ." ‫ " دَا ْ( َة‬2‫ لْ " َ َآ‬P ُ " 2‫ ْ ا َ َآ‬A ْ ‫ وَا‬7َ !

ْ ْI

< 2U' ` ّ ‫ر ِه َ ا‬

ُ

- (1- 4 2ّ 7ُ ‫ ا‬2 !-3 ‫ا‬

: Systéme bielle manivelle 2َ!Y ِ ,َ Bَ ْ ْ` ‫ `ْ َ ِ ِﭭ‬8 ?ْ 2U' ` ‫!<! َه دْ ا‬Y ِ ,َ B ‫ ! ا‬Yْ!

. ُA ْ ْ 'ْ .‫ري ا‬GَI ‫ ُه َ ا‬# ِ ‫\ َه د ا‬3ْ ‫ ُو‬Q ْ ‫ِ!! ْ < ْه‬,pْ 3 ‫ سْ ا‬I4 ‫ْ ْ ا‬ ." `

‫ ا‬2 IH

& ‫ ا‬/3- ‫ و ا‬n#B ‫ ! ا‬j 1 ‫" ا‬

0 23!ِ ‫ و َه دْ ا‬U3I

. " la science et l'ingénierie en construction mecanique " 2!Y, B 39/

‫‪ ْ Q‬ا ‪P1‬ري ‪َ \3‬ه دْ ا ِ!‪ 1 !ِ & 23‬ا ‪ I G‬وا ‪25‬ء ‪:‬‬ ‫وْ ْ! ْ‪ْ 7‬‬

‫ل ا ‪ ُ I4‬رَة ُه َ أ‪ B#ْW I4,‬ا َ ء أ ُ‪ B‬قْ عْ ا ّارْ‪.‬‬ ‫ا َ‪َ E‬ضْ ْ ْ َه دْ ا ُ ْ َ‪ 2‬وْ ّ‬ ‫‪ H‬وْب ا ‪Pَ1‬ري ا و?‬ ‫وْ ْ ْ ْ ْ‪َ -‬‬

‫َ شْ 'ْ( ّجْ ا َ ءْ ‪:‬‬

‫‪40/‬‬

: 2َ ْ ] ‫ َه دْ ا‬2َ ‫ا‬4 @ ْ ْ‫ ش‬Bَ !ِ‫ ُ دْ; َ! ك آ‬Y ْ B, َ ‫ دَا‬6‫أ‬

. ‫ َه‬-َ ْ

1' ‫ ْ ا ْ ْ ْ! ْ ِ و‬A ْ ‫ْو' َة وَا‬

kْgp ،‫ ري آ ْ! ْ ّورْ ا ْو' َة‬1 َ ‫ا َءا‬

.ْ‫آ ُوم‬G ‫ ا‬2َ6‫ تْ ْ ار‬6 َ pPِ

ْ‫ ج‬6 ُ ْO.ْ ‫ْ ا‬j & j ْ 'ْ ‫ و‬1ْ! ْ ْ ‫ا‬

: ْ/7ِ ُ ‫ ُوزو دْ; َ! ك‬, ْ‫ َ ش‬Gّ7Y ْ ُ ْ‫ ْح‬L ‫ْ َه َد‬/7ِ ُ ،ْ‫ ق‬B3 ْ‫ ا َ ء‬Cْ!ْ J ‫ ز‬, ‫وْ ْ َ لْ ا ﭭ‬ : ْ !<Y ‫ فْ ا‬2َ ْ ُ ‫ دْ ا‬7َ ْG!ِ>ْ ‫ ْ ا‬A ْ ‫ْ ُ ُ وَا‬/0ُ !ِ ْ 0ْ ' http://www.veoh.com/watch/v299449kkx4Ztb7?h1=La+pompe+a+eau+d%27Al-Jazari+

41/

‫‪ H‬وْبْ ْ‬ ‫‪ ُ A‬وْ َ‬ ‫‪ ِ J 6‬ا ‪ 3(85‬ا‪ْ ْ ' .‬‬ ‫َ‬

‫" تْ ' ْ‪Iِ -‬‬ ‫‪َ 2Gِ! J‬‬

‫ُ‬

‫رْ ? ْ ‪ْ5 U 8 J‬رَاتْ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ْ A‬ا ْ>ِ!‪ 7َ ْG‬دْ ا ُ‪ %َ ْ %‬فْ ا ‪: ْ !<Y‬‬ ‫' ْ‪ ُ ُ ْ/0ُ !ِ ْ 0‬وَا ْ‬ ‫‪http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSvMB2q9-Q4‬‬ ‫` ُ !‪.ْG‬‬ ‫‪ َ W‬شْ ' ُوْرُو ا ْو(‪َ5‬ة ]‬ ‫" تْ ‪ Bُ #Wْ J‬و( ْ‪ُ %ْ $‬‬ ‫; دِي 'ْ‪ 0‬نْ َ نْ ِ!‪ 0‬مْ أ‪ aُ ,4‬ا ُ! ‪ J‬رْ ُه َ ْ‪4P‬افْ ‪َ 2G !ِ J‬‬ ‫ا ‪ً َ ْS0ْ-‬‬ ‫دَا َ ا ُ‬

‫رْ‬

‫‪ Y‬سْ ع ُ‬ ‫ا ّ‬

‫لا ِ‪#‬‬ ‫ُ ْ َ‪َ ،2‬و ِ‪ ْ 0‬ا ّ ْآِ! َ‪ 2‬وْ ّ‬

‫‪ِ ً ' U k‬ه َ ِه َ‪.‬‬ ‫َْ‬

‫ط‪:‬‬ ‫َ زو ْ‬ ‫‪ 6‬جْ‬ ‫ط ُه َ ُ‬ ‫رْ ا َ زو ْ‬

‫ا'‪ ،M‬ا | ْ نْ وْ ا ‪ْ5 U 8‬رْ ‪.Le piston et le cylindre 2!Y, B‬‬

‫ا‬

‫‪2َ 4 %‬‬ ‫ا‪: ْ#‬ا ّ‬

‫ا‬

‫ل ا ‪P‬آ ُومْ ‪ ْj?ْ 6ْ J‬ا ْ‪َ 7‬اء‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ْ Y‬وْ ا ْ‪pP‬جْ و ‪4‬‬ ‫‪ 2َ 4 %‬آ ْ‬ ‫ا‪: َ Y‬ا ّ‬

‫ا‬

‫ط ‪ْ ْ ْ J‬ﯕ ْ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،ْoEْ Q‬وْ هِ! ْ ‪ 1ْ% J‬ا َ زو ْ‬ ‫ا ‪ : Y Y‬ا َ‪ 7‬اء ‪ّ ْ ْ31ْ ْ J‬‬

‫ا‬

‫‪2َ 4 %‬‬ ‫ا ا ْ? َ‪ : B‬ا ّ‬

‫ْ‪ G‬وْ ا ْ‪َ 7‬اء ‪ْ ْ ْ J‬حْ‪.‬‬

‫ْ‪ َ G‬شْ ( ْ ّ‪ ْj‬ا ‪ْ , !<Y‬رْ ْ ْ ْ ْ‪ -‬ا ْ‪ْ B‬ﯕ!‪.ْj‬‬ ‫‪42/‬‬

‫‪ ْŠg‬وْ ا ‪ #Y‬ث ّ‪ BI‬سْ !ْ‪1‬‬ ‫ا ْ​ْ‬ ‫وْ ا ْ (‪ْ0‬‬ ‫ل ْ‪Iَ !ِE‬‬ ‫ْ' ْ‪ Iِ -‬إ َ‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ ا ْ ْﯕ ْ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪َA‬‬ ‫ْ ْ وْ آ ْ! ْ ّل ْ‪ْ \3‬‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ ا ِ‪. 7! Iَ !<(ْ < َ .‬‬ ‫‪َA‬‬ ‫ط < ْ(<! َ‪ I‬وْ ْ‪ْ \3‬‬ ‫‪ Y‬بْ ا ‪ْ5‬ر ‪ !َ J‬زو ْ‬ ‫‪َA‬‬ ‫ْ‪ْ B‬ﯕ!‪ّ ْ !ْ ْj‬لْ ْ‪ْ \3‬‬ ‫‪ُ -ْ 3, Iَ %‬‬ ‫‪ ْ3ْ C‬ا ‪ّ #Y‬ثْ وْ ا ْ ْ‚ @ ْ‬ ‫ْ ُ‬

‫‪7َ !3ْ ,َ ْ Q‬‬ ‫ا ْ‪ُ ْG‬ه َ ا ْ ِآ َ‪ْ < %‬ه ْ‬

‫‪ 1‬نْ‪.‬‬ ‫ط وْ ا ِ‪ّ %ْ J َ .‬‬ ‫ْ‪ \3‬ا ‪ْ5‬ر ‪ !َ J‬زو ْ‬

‫‪ّ 3‬لْ ‪: HDI‬‬

‫َه دْ ا ّ ْآِ! َ‪ِ 2‬ه َ ‪ ْSBْ , ً ' U‬ا ّ ْآِ! َ‪ َ 2‬عْ ا ‪ W‬ا ِ‪< e U‬‬

‫‪.goute à goute 2َ!Y‬‬ ‫‪َ ْ !< Y‬ه ﯕ تْ أ ﯕ تْ ْ ‪ِ , B‬‬ ‫‪ْI‬‬

‫ط‪.‬‬ ‫( ا َ! زو ْ‬ ‫( ا َ ء‪] ْ I ،‬‬ ‫هِ! ْ ْه َ‪‹ ْ , َ 2ْH ْ I‬‬ ‫<‬

‫‪ 1‬نْ‪.‬‬ ‫ط وْ ا ِ‪ّ %ْ J َ .‬‬ ‫‪ ْ8Y‬ا ‪ْ5‬رْ ‪ !َ J‬زو ْ‬ ‫; دِي ' ْ ْ‬ ‫ْ! ْ‪ 7َ Iَ ْ 7‬دْ ا ْآ! ‪ 2‬آُ‪ُ 7َ 3‬ه َ ا ْ َ ْ‪ُ R!A ، %‬ه َ < َ‬

‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪ْ Y‬‬ ‫‪َ ْ8Y‬ه دْ ا ْ َ‬ ‫َو ِ‪ َ ْ 0‬شْ ' ْ ْ‬ ‫‪ \َ %‬ا‬ ‫` ُ !‪ْ Bُ 23‬‬ ‫‪ْ( i‬ﯔ ا ّ‬ ‫< َ‬ ‫ا ‪( C‬ﯔ وْ ا ْ َ ْ‪َ ْ %‬‬

‫‪.ْ8Y‬‬ ‫‪ْ' < ْ5e‬ﯖ لْ ِ! ْ‪ a‬أشْ ْ َ‪ْ ْ 'ْ ْe E‬‬ ‫) وَا ْ‬ ‫‪ِ H‬‬ ‫@ ]‬ ‫َ‬ ‫‪ ْ0Z‬ه <‬

‫‪.ْHْ ْ ( %‬‬ ‫‪ ِ g‬أشْ @ ]‬ ‫‪ْ Y‬‬ ‫!ْﯖ لْ أ ْ َ‬

‫‪.Calculatrice 2َ!Y‬‬ ‫ْ َ لْ ا ‪ r !ِ #Y‬وْ ا ْ َ ْ‪ِ ,َ B ْ َ %‬‬

‫‪ , r‬تْ‬ ‫ا >‪ْ %ْ J ْ !ْ 3‬كْ ‪ '#ْ+‬ا ُ ُ‬

‫ل ا ‪َ !ِY0‬ا ُ رْ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ْ ! 1‬وْ ‪4‬‬ ‫‪ْ' %‬ﯔ ‪ '#ْ+ ْjْ Bْ ْ J‬ا †<! ‪ْ 2‬‬ ‫‪ 2َ! g‬وْ ا ‪4‬‬ ‫‪ْ Y‬‬ ‫َْ‬

‫‪ '#ْ+ ْjْ +‬ا ‪5 |8‬‬ ‫‪ْ' %‬ﯔ ْ‬ ‫لا ‪4‬‬ ‫‪َ 1‬ا إ َ‬ ‫أ‪ ُ ُ , 6‬أشْ ْ! ْ‬

‫ل ا ‪َ !ِY0‬ا ُ رْ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ْ5 %ْI J‬وْ ‪4‬‬

‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪ْ Y‬‬ ‫‪ ; ،ْ ! 1‬دي ( !` ا ْ َ‬ ‫‪ْ' %‬ﯔ ْ ْ‪ \3ْ ْSB‬ا †! ‪ْ 2‬‬ ‫لا ‪4‬‬ ‫إَ‬ ‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪ْ Y‬‬ ‫‪ Y‬وي ا ْ َ‬ ‫‪ Y‬بْ ا َ!ّ`‪ ; ،‬دِي ' َ‬ ‫‪َA‬‬ ‫وْ ْ‪ْ \3‬‬

‫‪ ْ A‬ا ‪ْ5‬رْ ‪J‬‬ ‫وَا ْ‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫‪ A‬ا ِ‪.‬‬ ‫ط َا ْ‬ ‫‪ ْ A‬ا ‪ْ5‬ر ‪ !َ J‬زو ْ‬ ‫ا ُ ْ َ‪ َ 2‬ش ‪ ْ‚%ْ J‬وَا ْ‬

‫?‬

‫‪.v‬‬ ‫ّ ْ‪ْ %‬‬ ‫‪43/‬‬

‫‪ - (2- 4‬ا ّ ْ ّ!`ْ ‪%ْ َ ْ J‬‬ ‫<‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫ل ‪!! ُ !ِY,‬‬ ‫‪ْ Iَ A‬ه َ‪ُ I‬ه َ ِآ َ شْ ‪ ْ %ْ Bْ J‬ا ‪ 5َ |8‬ا َ!ّ` ؟ َ ْ'‪َG !ِ ? 2َI‬انْ ا ْ ْ!`ْ وْ ‪4‬‬ ‫ْ! ْ‪ْ Iْ 7‬‬

‫ا ّ َ​َ!` ‪: %ْ َ ْ J‬‬

‫‪ْ' %‬ﯔ ْ' ُ‪ 0‬نْ &ْ‪ َ U‬نْ ‪:‬‬ ‫@ ْ‪ ،‬وْ ْ َ‪ 7‬دْ ا ْ ْ‪ ْG0‬ا ‪4‬‬ ‫‪ \3ْ ْS-ْ 'ْ ْ A‬ا‪ْ p‬‬ ‫" جْ ِ ‪َG‬ا َ تْ ‪ َ ْ`!ْ ْ J‬شْ وَا ْ‬ ‫ا †<! َ ‪ُ 7َ !ِ 2‬‬

‫‪Y‬‬ ‫وْ َ شْ ْ' ْ‪] -‬‬

‫‪ُ ْ/7ُ !ِ ْ A‬ه َ ا ّ‪J ْk‬‬ ‫‪ H‬وْ ‪ُ I‬ه‪ 0ُ 'ْ ْR!ِ ْ ْ/‬نْ ا َ!` َا ْ‬ ‫‪ 7ُ !4Q‬مْ‪َ ،‬‬ ‫ْ‪ِ -ْ ْ \3‬‬

‫‪َ ُ Y‬ه دْ ا ّ ْ!‪ْ3ْ #‬‬ ‫‪ْ U,‬رُو ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬

‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪ْ Y‬‬ ‫َْ‬

‫‪ 1‬جْ ‪ 0َ L‬لْ‪?ْ 4 •' ،‬‬ ‫ُ‬

‫!` „@ ْ ‪:‬‬

‫ل ْ? ّ‪ (ّ G‬رْ ا ﯖ (‪.ْ3‬‬ ‫َا ِ ‪ ،ْ3‬وْ ‪4‬‬

‫( ْ ْ ‪ G0‬ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬رْ ا ﯖ (‪.ْ3‬‬ ‫‪ ْ A‬ا ّ ْ ]‪ ْG0 ْ ْG‬ا َا ِ ‪ ْ3‬وْ ا ّ ْ ّ‪ ْG‬ا ‪ْ 3‬‬ ‫‪ ُ Y‬وَا ْ‬ ‫; دِي ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫‪ Y‬بْ ْ ‪ ْG0‬ا َا ِ ‪.ْ3‬‬ ‫‪ ُْ Q‬ا ْ َ‬ ‫أ‪ْ , 6‬‬ ‫‪44/‬‬

‫أ ‪ -‬ا ّ ْ!`ْ‬

‫‪: UPVS1‬‬

‫; دِي ‪َ ْ ,‬اوْ ْ َ ‪< 2‬‬

‫‪:ْ1‬‬ ‫‪'e‬ا‪ّ #‬‬ ‫‪ '#ْ+ ْj&ْ +‬ا ‪ْ 5َ |8‬‬ ‫‪ْ' %‬ﯔ َ‬ ‫!ْ‪ 0‬نْ ِ! َ‪ 7‬ا ّ‬

‫‪ Y‬رح & ‪5‬ا ْ( َة ا ‪#‬‬ ‫‪ ّ ْ 4 h I‬ت وْ ّ‬ ‫‪َ ْ ,‬اوْ ْ‪ ْ/!ِg‬ا‪َ J8 u‬‬

‫‪ ْ A‬ا ُ‪ْ E‬زة َ شْ ‪,‬‬ ‫أ‪ >ْ(, 6‬رُو وَا ْ‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫‪ ُ Y‬ا ّ ْ!`ْ ‪: UPVS1‬‬ ‫وَاشْ ‪ْ U,‬رو ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬

‫‪ْ U ُ Y‬رْ ‪J‬‬ ‫‪ ُ Y‬ا ّ ْ!`ْ ‪ْ ْ , Iْ%@ UPVS1‬‬ ‫ل ْ‪ْ ْ , I!ِE‬‬ ‫ْ' ْ‪ Iِ -‬إ َ‬

‫رْحْ ‪ُ I‬ه َ ا ‪ّ 3‬لْ‪.‬‬ ‫‪45/‬‬

‫@ َة َ شْ ‪,‬‬ ‫‪ْ)A‬‬ ‫; ْزة وْ ْ‬ ‫أ‪ >ْ(, 6‬رُو ُ‬

‫‪ Y‬رْحْ ‪: I‬‬ ‫‪ ُ Y‬ا ‪ْ U‬رْ ‪4‬‬ ‫وَاشْ ‪ْ U,‬رو ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ُْ Q‬ا ْ َ‬ ‫أ‪ْ , 6‬‬

‫و ‪ I‬دروآ‬

‫‪ ُ Y‬ا ّ ْ ]‪: UPVS1 ْG‬‬ ‫‪ Y‬رْحْ ‪ْ U, ،I‬رو ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬ ‫‪ , I‬ا ‪ْ U‬رْ ‪4‬‬

‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪ْ Y‬‬ ‫@ صْ ا ْ َ‬ ‫‪َ ،ْ 1‬‬ ‫‪'e‬ا‪ّ #‬‬ ‫‪ '#ْ+ ْjْ +‬ا ‪ْ 5َ |8‬‬ ‫‪ْ' %‬ﯔ ْ‬ ‫لا ّ‬ ‫ْ'‪ Iْ-‬أ‪ a4,‬إ َ‬ ‫‪ ُ Y‬ا ْ!` ‪%ْ َ ْ J‬‬ ‫أ‪ 6‬دَا َ ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬

‫ب ‪ -‬ا ّ ْ!`ْ‬

‫ْ ْ ‪َP!ِ 2ْ7!6‬انْ ا ْ ْ‪ G‬ا ‪Y‬‬

‫' ْ ّ‪4 V ْG‬‬

‫‪. Q‬‬ ‫]‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫‪: UPVS2‬‬

‫‪ 2َ Y‬لْ ا ‪5‬ا ْ( َة ا ‪Y‬‬ ‫ْ ‪ْI‬‬

‫` '‪: 2َU‬‬ ‫‪ ْSBIْ ُ Y‬ا ‪4‬‬ ‫; دِي ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬

‫‪ْ U ُ Y‬رْ ‪J‬‬ ‫‪ ُ Y‬ا ّ ْ!`ْ ‪ْ ْ , Iْ%@ UPVS2‬‬ ‫ل ْ‪ْ ْ , I!ِE‬‬ ‫ْ' ْ‪ Iِ -‬إ َ‬

‫رْحْ ‪ُ I‬ه َ ا ‪ّ 3‬لْ‪.‬‬ ‫‪46/‬‬

‫‪ Y‬رْحْ ‪: I‬‬ ‫‪ ُ Y‬ا ‪ْ U‬رْ ‪4‬‬ ‫وَاشْ ‪ْ U,‬رو ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬

‫@ َة َ شْ ‪,‬‬ ‫‪ْ)A‬‬ ‫; ْزة وْ ْ‬ ‫أ‪ >ْ(, 6‬رُو ُ‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ُْ Q‬ا ْ َ‬ ‫أ‪ْ , 6‬‬

‫و ‪ I‬دروآ‬

‫‪ ُ Y‬ا ّ ْ ]‪: UPVS2 ْG‬‬ ‫‪ Y‬رْحْ ‪ْ U, ،I‬رو ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬ ‫‪ , I‬ا ‪ْ U‬رْ ‪4‬‬

‫‪ُ ْ A‬ه َ ا ّ‪ْk‬‬ ‫; دِي ْ' َ نْ ِ! ُ‪ ْ/0‬أ‪ aُ ,4‬ا ّ‪ 'ّP‬ر' ْ ْ‪ C‬وْ? ‪ َ 3‬شْ ْ' ُ‪ 0‬نْ ا ‪َ G] َ 4‬ا ْ‬ ‫ه‪َ I‬‬

‫‪( P‬‬ ‫ت‪َ -‬‬

‫ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬رْ ا ﯖ (‪ْ3‬‬

‫‪ ُY‬ا َ ‪< 2‬‬ ‫وْ دَا َ ; دِي ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬

‫]‪: ْ @„ G‬‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫‪ ' e‬لْ ا‬ ‫‪ '#ْ+ ْj&ْ +‬ا ‪ْ 5َ |8‬‬ ‫‪ْ( C‬ﯔ َ‬ ‫!ْ‪ 0‬نْ ِ! َ‪ 7‬ا ّ‬

‫ّ‪: ْk‬‬

‫‪ (ّ Gّ J KUK ُ Y‬ر( ‪ 3‬ا ﯖ ( ‪. 3‬‬ ‫‪َ ْ ,‬اوْ ْ ‪4‬ا ْ' َة ا ‪ U, ،2 3‬رُو ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬

‫‪47/‬‬

‫‪ ُ Y‬ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬ر ا ﯖ (‪5 J 3‬ا ْ( َة آ‪: $َ #‬‬ ‫‪ْ​ْ,‬‬

‫‪ ُ Y‬ا ّ‪ 'ّP‬ر'! ا ﯖ '‪ !I‬ا !‬ ‫‪ْ​ْ,‬‬

‫‪ ُ Y‬ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬ر ا ﯖ (‪3‬‬ ‫وْ ْ' ْ‪ْ ْ , Iَ !ِ ْ 0‬‬

‫‪: ْ3 W‬‬ ‫ِْ‬

‫‪ @)َ A‬ة ‪:‬‬ ‫` '‪ 2َU‬وْ ْ‬ ‫‪4‬ا ْ' ة آ‪َ ْ 7َ 3‬‬

‫‪ ' e‬لْ ا ّ‪.ْk‬‬ ‫‪ْ' %‬ﯔ َ ْ‪ \3ْ ْS‬ا †<! َ ‪ْ 2‬‬ ‫‪ ُ Y‬ا ّ ْ ]‪ 0ْ! ْR!ِA UPVS1 G‬نْ ا ّ‬ ‫; دِي ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬ ‫أ‪ 6‬دَا َ ‪ ُ ُ ,‬آِ! َ‪ B‬شْ َ‬ ‫‪48/‬‬

: ‫ أوم‬.Uَ+ ْ‫ ب‬Y َA ْ \3ْ

: 2& -َ ْ ْ !ِ‫( ْ ُ ه‬, ‫ إ َو ; دِي‬،UEL9RINE-2 ْGّ ْ ‫ ُه َ ا‬UPVS1 ْGّ ْ ‫ ا‬a4,‫وْ َ أ‬

: ,َ ْ Iْ

<ْ !ْ #َ? !ُ ?ْ

: Le diviseur de tension 2َ!Y ِ ,َ B ْ ْ`!ْ ّ J َ ( $ْ ‫ <! َه ا‬Y ْ I 2& -َ ‫َه دْ ا‬

49/

‫‪ Y‬بْ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ُْ Q‬ا ْ َ‬ ‫أ‪ْ , 6‬‬

‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪ْ Y‬‬ ‫@ صْ ا ْ َ‬ ‫‪ ' e‬لْ ا ّ‪َ ،ْk‬‬ ‫‪ '#ْ+ ْjْ +‬ا ‪ْ 5َ |8‬‬ ‫‪ْ' %‬ﯔ ْ‬ ‫لا ّ‬ ‫ْ'‪ Iْ-‬أ‪ a4,‬إ َ‬

‫' ْ ّ‪2,2 V ْG‬‬

‫‪. Q‬‬ ‫]‬

‫‪ ُ Y‬ا ‪5‬ا ْ( َة ا ‪ 2ْY' 7ْ ْ َ ْ Y‬ا ّ ْ ّ‪.ْG‬‬ ‫أ‪ !6‬دَا َ ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬

‫ث ‪ -‬ا ْ َ بْ ? ْ‪ ْ ( $‬ا ّ !`ْ‬ ‫‪ ُ Y‬ا ّ‪ 'ّP‬ر'! ا ﯖ '‪ !I‬ا !‬ ‫‪ْ​ْ,‬‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫‪: ْ3 W‬‬ ‫ِْ‬

‫‪ ُ Y‬ا ّ ْ ]‪ 2ْY' 7ْ ْ UPVS2 G‬ا ّ ْ ّ‪: ْG‬‬ ‫; دِي ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬ ‫دَا َ َ‬

‫‪50/‬‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ُْ Q‬ا ْ َ‬ ‫أ‪ْ , 6‬‬

‫‪ُ ْ A‬ه َ ا ّ‪ْk‬‬ ‫; دِي ْ' َ نْ ِ! ُ‪ ْ/0‬أ‪ aُ ,4‬ا ّ‪ 'ّP‬ر' ْ ْ‪ C‬وْ? ‪ َ 3‬شْ ْ' ُ‪ 0‬نْ ا ‪َ G] َ 4‬ا ْ‬ ‫ه‪َ I‬‬

‫]‪: ْ @„ G‬‬

‫( ْ ُ ?ْ‪ ِ ( ْ J KUY‬تْ‪.‬‬ ‫ل ْ‪ %ُ ْ ْ J !ِE‬دْ‪ َ g‬كْ ا ّ ْ ] تْ @‪ 0ْ%‬مْ ْ‬ ‫‪ ; L‬دِي ْ' َ نْ ِ!‪ ْ/0‬أ‪ aُ ,4‬إ َ‬ ‫ْ ْ َه دْ <‬ ‫‪ .Uَ+‬ا ‪ 8‬أوم وْ ا ّ‪ (ّ G‬ر ا ﯖ (‪ 3‬وْ ا ْ‪.ْ`!ْ ّ J َ ( $‬‬ ‫‪ ُ Y‬دْ‪ َ g‬كْ ا َ ‪< 2‬‬ ‫وْ دَا َ ; دِي ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬

‫‪ ْ`+‬ا ‪. 5َ |8‬‬ ‫‪ْ( C‬ﯔ َه زْ رْ"ْ‪ْ f #‬‬ ‫!ْ‪ 0‬نْ ِ! َ‪ 7‬ا ّ‬

‫ج ‪ -‬ا ْ!‪: ْO !ِ #ْB‬‬ ‫‪ْ' %‬ﯔ َه زْ رْ‪ ْGْ a!3ْ6‬ا †<! َ ‪ 0ْ! ،2‬نْ ِ ‪َG‬انْ ا ْ ْ!`ْ & َ‪ $‬دْ ا َ‬ ‫لا ّ‬ ‫إَ‬

‫‪ ُ Y‬ا ّ‪ 'ّP‬ر ا ﯖ ' ا !‬ ‫‪ْ​ْ,‬‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫ْ‪: v‬‬

‫‪51/‬‬

‫‪ ُ Y‬ا ّ ْ ]‪ 2ْY' 7ْ ْ UPVS1 G‬ا ّ ْ ّ‪: ْG‬‬ ‫; دِي ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬ ‫دَا َ َ‬

‫‪ Y‬بْ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ُْ Q‬ا ْ َ‬ ‫أ‪ْ , 6‬‬

‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪ْ Y‬‬ ‫@ صْ ا ْ َ‬ ‫‪ ْ`+‬ا ‪َ ، 5َ |8‬‬ ‫‪ْ( C‬ﯔ َه زْ رْ"ْ‪ْ f #‬‬ ‫لا ّ‬ ‫ْ'‪ Iْ-‬أ‪ a4,‬إ َ‬

‫' ْ ّ‪0,4 V ْG‬‬

‫‪. Q‬‬ ‫]‬

‫‪ ُ Y‬ا ّ ْ ]‪.UPVS2 G‬‬ ‫; دِي ‪ْ ْ ,‬‬ ‫دَا َ َ‬ ‫‪ ُ Y‬ا ّ‪ 'ّP‬ر ا ﯖ ' ا !‬ ‫‪ْ​ْ,‬‬

‫ْ‪: v‬‬

‫‪52/‬‬

: ْGّ ْ ّ ‫ ا‬2ْY' 7ْ ْ UPVS2 G] ْ ّ ‫ ُ ا‬Y ْ ْ , ‫; دِي‬ َ َ ‫دَا‬

: ْ‫ ب‬Y َ ْ ‫ ُْ ا‬Q ْ , 6‫أ‬

: ْ @„ G]

ْkّ ‫ ْ ُه َ ا‬A ْ ‫ َا‬G] َ 4 ‫ نْ ا‬0ُ 'ْ ْ‫ َ ش‬3 ?ْ‫ و‬Cْ ْ '‫ّ' ر‬Pّ ‫ ا‬aُ ,4‫ْ أ‬/0ُ !ِ ْ‫; دِي ْ' َ ن‬ َ I‫ه‬

.2 َ !<† ‫\ ا‬3ْ ْj Bْ ‫ َ بْ ا‬e ْ '#ْ+ ْGّ ْ !ْ

%ْ َ ْ ‫ن ا‬ 4 ‫ْ أ‬/0ُ !ِ ْ‫ نْ َ ن‬0ْ' ‫ ; دِي‬،ْ/7ُ ‫ا‬

: Q ] ‫ <! ْ َه دْ ا عْ ْ ْ ا‬Y ْ I ،2 َ !<† 2‫\ ا َ َآ‬3ْ ْ‫ س‬+ َ ْ‫ ن‬0ْ! G] ْ ّ ‫َه َاكْ ا‬ .Electronique analogique 2َ!Y ِ ,َ B ْ ْ‫ س‬+ َ

8

. َ Bِ %W ‫ا‬

‫ا‬ َ ‫ْ ا‬jّ !ْ m ُ َ ‫ سْ ُه‬Bَ ‫ا‬

: % ] @ ْ ْ8Y ْ ْ 'ْ ْ‫ َ ش‬،ْ‫ س‬-َ ‫ ا‬Q ] ‫ دْ ا‬7َ ْ ْ^ْ Y ْ ْ !ْ َ .Electronique numérique 2!Y, B ْ‫ْ ّز‬ . .Tout ou Rien 2!Y, B ْ ‫تْ وَا‬p َ

8

g ْ Y َْ ‫نا‬ 4 ‫ْ ُه َ أ‬G0ِ ُ ‫ا‬

‫ا‬

J . َ ْ‫ْ ْ َ ل‬j` ّ Uْ ْ‫ ن‬0ْ! ْ‫ ّز‬Bْ

< Q ] ‫هدا‬

ْ‫ ج‬6 ُ ْ‫ ْ' ْ ! ْ َه د‬0َ ْ‫ و‬، َ & P ‫ وْ ّل‬#ْ+ ) Q ] 2&g َ ‫ ن‬0 4 •'

.ْHْ ْ (ْ ْ‫ْر‬5 (ْ ْ‫ ّزْ َ ش‬Bْ m ] -ُ 6 ْ ْ ' ‫َ سْ و‬ : ْ‫ب‬

< Q ] ‫ ّفْ ا‬C ْ (ْ

g ْ Y َ ْ ‫ @ صْ ا‬،ْ/7ُ ‫ا‬

g ْ Y َ ْ ‫ ون ا‬- ! ْ‫ َض‬Eَ ‫ َه دْ ا‬Q ِ U' ْ‫َ ش‬

.Analog Digital Converter (ADC) 2'P!3‫ﯖ‬I ْ ْ‫ سْ لْ ا ْ! ّز‬Bَ ‫ْ ا‬3ْ ْ‫ ّاف‬C ّ ‫ا‬ 53/

‫نا‬ 4 | ُ ‫ﯖ‬I

:

g ْ Y َ ْ ‫ ا‬jَ ْ ْ`c ْ ‫َا‬5ْ ْ‫ ّز‬Bْ ‫ سْ لْ ا‬-َ ‫ ّافْ ْ ْ ا‬% ّ ‫ ن ه د ا‬0!

.Central processing unit "CPU" 7!3ْ ْ‫ ب‬0ْ .Read only memory "ROM" et Random Access Memory "RAM" ْ ! 0ْ .ْ !ْ I َ ‫ َ ا‬#َ!Bَ & ْ‫ْ ْ َ ل‬8Y ْ​ْ .ْ '‫ ْبْ وْز' ْ وْز‬Q ّ ‫ْ وْ ا‬jْ 1 َ

< ‫ه‬

gY

?َ ْ ‫ا‬

< َ ‫ ا ْ! ّ وْ ا ْ ّ ُه‬mَ ْ !ِ ‫ا‬

ْ‫ ن‬0 ْ !ِA „ْ ْ J 7َ % ْ @‫ل‬ َ ‫ ا ْ ّ إ‬m ْ !ِ ? 2َ​َ Y ّ ْ ‫( ْمْ ا‬

َ ِ ‫ ارز‬1 َ ‫ ا‬7َ !ِ

‫ﯖ‬I ْ‫ ْ َ ب‬J َ ( W ‫ ا‬7َ !ِ ‫ط‬ ْ ` ُْ​ْ

.Oscillator "OSC / PLL" ْ‫ ب‬0ْ

< َ ‫ بْ ُه‬Y َْ

ْ !ِ ‫ ا‬m ْ !ِ ‫ ا‬4 ‫أ‬

ْ‫َان‬G !ِ ‫ل < ) دْ ا‬ ّ ْ‫ا !َﯖ َ و‬

.Control Area Network "CAN" 2َ​َ Y ّ ْ ‫ ا‬jَ ْ ْ‫ َ ت‬3ْ-ْ ‫ ْ' َ دْلْ ا‬Eَ ْ 3< ،‫ا َ! ُ رَة‬ .Ports "Port 0......Port 8" .ْ‫ر‬

54/

g ْ Y َ ْ ‫ ْ ا‬Iْ ْ ْ ْ ْ‫( ْج‬ ْ ‫ل‬ 4 ْ‫ْ و‬G@ ْ​ْ

ُ ‫ْ َ شْ ْ' ُ ّورْ ا‬3 c 8 %َ ‫ وْ ا‬%َ ْ %ُ ‫ا‬

ِ !ِEْ ‫ل‬ َ ‫ نْ إ‬%َ % ‫ ا‬،‫وْ أ@! ًا‬

g ْ Y َ ْ ‫ ْ َ وي ا‬J ،‫ ب‬Yْ ‫ ْبْ ا‬Q ْ 'ْ َ ْ -ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ/7ُ ‫ا‬

! ‫ ا‬- (5

: .ْ‫ْ َ ْ( َ ف‬f &ِ .ِ ?َ R!ِA Q ] ‫ د ا‬7ْ ‫ و‬U , ‫ يْ ; دِي‬1 4 ‫ شْ ا‬I40 ،ْ‫ س‬+ َ 8 : Q ]

‫ هِ! ْ ا‬Iَ BL ‫ْ ْ دْروآ‬

' @) Aْ‫ِ! تْ و‬A

, ‫; دِي‬

.La bobine 2!Y, B ْ Bَ ) ِ َ ‫ \ا‬% ْ Bُ ْ َ ? %ُ ‫ل ا‬ ّ ْ‫ و‬Q ] ‫ رة‬6ّ %ْ ‫ا‬ .Le condensateur 2َ!Y ِ , B ْ RY6ُ! ‫ \ ا‬%B ْ ْ‫ ر‬J َ 5َ 6 ‫ل ا‬ ّ ْ‫ و‬Q ُ ْ ْ‫س‬5ّ 6ْ! ‫ا‬ .Equations Différentielles 2َ!Y ِ ,َ B ْ

َ #ِM ُ َ ‫ َ\ ا‬% ْ Bُ ْ Jَ ْ‫ & تْ ا ْ! َ و‬-َ ْ ُ ْ (I ْ‫ ش‬B!ِ‫ ُ ُ آ‬, ‫وْ; دِي‬

.ْ`!ِ !ُ ‫ `ْ ا‬C ِ

?ْ ْ‫َة و‬5(ِ5" ْ ْ‫ َ و‬Bِ .ِ ‫ وَا‬#Yْ ]ْ? L < ْ‫ ُ َه د‬3ْ- , ‫ ا َ لْ ; دِي‬2ْ-! `ْ ْ‫و‬ . ْ‫ ّر‬Uُ pَ‫ا َ ِ دْرْسْ و‬fَ‫ ه‬،ْ‫ ّل‬3 ْ

.aْ ! jْ Y ْ !ْ

< Q ] ‫\ ا‬3ْ ْ c ْ :َ5e ْ ‫ وَا‬m ْ a! ‫ ْ' ن‬، Q ] ْ 2َ -ْ ْ

L ِ \4A ْ ‫ ُو‬Iْ -ْ َ

<

3‫ْ ﯕ‬D!ِ‫آ‬

Eْ ‫ن ا‬ 4 ‫ْ ُه َ أ‬/7ِ ُ ‫ا‬

. َ ‫ دَا‬-ْ َ !ّْ ‫ َه‬7‫ ّرْ وْ ا‬W ْ J ْ‫ ش‬Bَ !ِ‫ وْ آ‬Q ] ‫ ا‬6 َ ْ3 ِ ْ \3ْ ‫ َة‬0ِB ‫ ْ ا‬A ْ ‫ ُو وَا‬Iْ ْ ْ‫ ن‬0 ْ‫و‬ . &َ ْ ْ & ْ !-ْ 2َ' L ِ ْ 'ْ Eَ ْ 3< .ْ‫ س‬I4

!<`A ْ ْe‫ رَا‬، (3 ْ‫ ّةْ ا ْ َ ب‬. 4 ‫أ‬

(َ ) ْ !ِ‫@ ه‬ 4 ‫ وَا‬aْ ! -ُ ْ g ْ ‫ شْ وْ ٱ‬I40 ‫ مْ َه دْ ا‬6ُ %ْ I ْ+ ْ ‫ ن‬6ْ( . ْ ،/0!3ْ ْ‫` ّل‬ ْ , ْ 'P, َ

ْ ْ/7ِ ُ ‫ا‬

: Joseph fourier (ْ‫ْ & ر‬R(‫" ز‬ ُ ْ‫ ع‬2 ْ U ‫ دْ ا‬7َ ْ ْGّ 0, ‫; دِي‬ " L'étude approfondie de la nature est la source la plus féconde des découvertes mathématiques. " ".ْ‫ ِ' ْ & ْ َ ب‬1 ْ ّ ‫ َ ْ عْ ا‬-ْ ُ ‫ْ ا‬GH ْ F‫ ِه َ ا‬Bَ %W J 2َ 7َ B ‫" ا‬

55/

،n 6 ‫ ا در ا‬،n mB ‫ ا‬#B ‫ ا‬t 5! ‫َو ا‬ ،f #c Z

'#+ ‫ن‬

u‫ي آ م ا‬r ‫ا‬

. G ! ‫( ا‬G 3 f? fCc !?

‫ت‬

#B! ‫ا‬ : ? 6‫ا‬ .730 2Ig ‫! ن‬A

.1160 2Ig ‫ري‬Pَ1 ‫ ا‬، G! ‫ ا‬2 IH

‫ا‬

6 ،‫ اص‬1 ‫ء ا‬

‫آ بإ‬

j I ‫ ا‬/3- ‫ و ا‬/3- ‫ ! ا‬j 1 ‫ا‬

Die galvanische kette mathematisch bearbeitet, Georg Simon Ohm, paru en 1827.

Les Merveilles de la science , Louis Figuier paru en 1855.

A travers l'électricité , auteur inconnu paru en 1900.

Nouveau cours de Physique Elementaire, J.Faivre - Dipaigre - E.Carimey, paru en 1905.

Two early arabic sources on the magnetic compass, Petra G. Schmidl paru en 1998.

Ismail al jazari machines and new technologies, UZUN & VATANSEVER, paru en 2008.

L’acte de naissance de l’électromagnétisme, Samueli & Moatti, paru en 2010.

Concours Général des Lycées "Section Electronique", paru en 2010.

:O http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/parcourspedagogique/zoom/galvanivolta/index.php

http://bricetcroc.over-blog.com/article-nettoyer-l-argenterie-46961803.html http://www.veoh.com/collection/HistoireTechnologie/watch/v299449kkx4Ztb7

http://www.history-science-technology.com/notes/notes%202.htm

7‫ا‬