Small But Perfect Toolkit 8: Circular Design, Manufacturing & Supply Chain Processes

Design, Manufacturing & Supply Chain Process

Background

Circular Supply Chain Processes

What is a Supply Chain?

A conventional fashion supply chain is a network between a company and its suppliers to produce and distribute a specific product to the final buyer. This network includes different activities, people, entities, information, and resources. The fashion supply chain also represents the steps it takes to get the product from its original state to the customer. Supply chains are developed by companies so they can reduce their costs and remain competitive in the business landscape. It is important to understand how to manage the supply chain in the right way (Morris, 2020).

Supply chain management (SCM) is the management of the flow of goods and services and includes all processes that transform raw materials into final products. It involves the active streamlining of a business’s supply-side activities to maximize customer value and gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace. SCM represents an effort by suppliers to develop and implement supply chains that are as efficient and economical as possible.

Supply chains cover everything from production to product development to the information systems needed to direct these undertakings. SCM is based on the idea that nearly every product that comes to market results from the efforts of various organizations that make up a supply chain. Although supply chains have existed for ages, most companies have only recently paid attention to them as a value-add to their operation.

A Circular supply chain is fuelling systems that recirculate products and support circular production processes and material flows. It is focused on creating circular products that are made to last, from safe, recycled and more sustainably sourced materials (i.e. either naturally grown, cultivated or created using renewable processes) that can recirculate multiple times. A circular supply chain also targets post-consumer processes by providing accessible ways to experience and engage in circular fashion where products are used more, repaired, reused, and recycled.

What is happening at the moment?

The production and consumption of textile products continue to grow and so does their impact on climate, on water and energy consumption and on the environment. These negative impacts have their roots in a linear model that is characterised by low rates of use, reuse, repair and fibreto-fibre recycling of textiles, and that often does not put quality, durability and recyclability as priorities for the design and manufacturing of apparel. The shedding of microplastics from synthetic textiles and footwear during all stages of their lifecycle further adds to the environmental impacts of the sector. (EU Strategy for Sustainable & Circular Textiles, COM, 2022) The prevalent economic model is linear based on take, make, dispose.

The world will deplete many natural resources in the foreseeable future if there is no change in the way products are sourced, produced, delivered, used, reclaimed and regenerated (Hazen et al., 2017 )

In a supply chain we often see that due to lack of information, suppliers, manufacturers, salespeople and customers have an incomplete understanding of what the real demand of an order is. the effects of poor system understanding and poor communication for even a relatively simple and idealized supply chain result in a number of inefficiencies in the supply chains, like

• high (safety) stock levels

• poor customer service levels

• poor capacity utilization

• aggravated problems with demand forecasting

• ultimately high cost and low levels of inter-firm trust

The excessive textile and garment waste that results also from inefficient conventional supply chain management processes is huge. About 5.8 million tonnes of textiles are discarded every year in the EU, approximately 11kg per person, and every second somewhere in the world a truckload of textiles is landfilled or incinerated.

How do Circular Supply Chain Processes work?

The solution, to the aforementioned problems, is a transition to circular and ethical supply chain processes. Circular Supply Chain Management has been defined as: “the coordinated forward and reverse supply chains via purposeful business ecosystem integration for value creation from products/ services, by-products and useful waste flows through prolonged life cycles that improve the economic, social and environmental sustainability of organizations” (Batista et al., 2018).

A circular supply chain involves a company reusing or repurposing waste and customer returns to convert those into new or refurbished products. A circular supply chain aims to minimize the use of raw materials and minimize discarded waste materials.

A number of concepts, such as sustainable supply chains, green supply chains, environmental supply chains, and closed-loop supply chains, have been introduced and used interchangeably. The graph below shows how a linear fashion supply chain creates loops, at different stages, and transforms into

Case study

Patagonia

As stated in Kearny’s report on the CFX (2022) Patagonia’s improved score reflects a new equipment rental program with the gearrenting platform Awayco and its use of an even higher share of recycled fabrics”.

Kearney highlighted the company’s commitment to recycling materials within its supply chain, as well as the roll out of innovative new rental and second-hand offerings. As Patagonia uses a high share of recycled materials – for example, 36% of cotton or 90% of nylon. Meanwhile, a new equipment rental program with the gear-renting platform Awayco has further helped its use

of an even higher share of recycled fabrics. Considering supply chain accounts for the biggest slice of the firm’s carbon footprint – 97% with 86% stemming from raw materials alone – having to source materials for one particular regularly used jacket, instead of five sporadically used ones, is a big step forwards. Patagonia has also created its own mechanism to promote the second-hand sale of its goods. Beyond challenging consumerism by extending the lives of its products, this sees the firm even put out ads with catchlines like, “Don’t buy this jacket” alongside one of their products, reminding shoppers about responsible consumption.

(Consultancy.uk, 2023 )

Having to source materials for one particular regularly used jacket, instead of five sporadically used ones, is a big step forwards.

Goals and potential shifts

How can you practically manage circular and ethical fashion supply chains?

Regulation on Ecodesign for Sustainable Products announced by the EU is at the heart of the new regulations. As product design dictates up to 80% of its life-cycle environmental impact the proposal extends the scope of the Ecodesign framework to cover the broadest possible range of products. It foresees setting minimum criteria not only for energy efficiency, but also for circularity and an overall reduction of the environmental and climate footprint of products.

According to the recently published EU Sustainable Textile Strategy the vision for Europe is that by 2030 textile products placed on the EU market are long-lived and recyclable, to a great extent made of recycled fibres, free of hazardous substances and produced in respect of social rights and the environment. Consumers benefit longer from high quality affordable textiles, fast fashion is out of fashion, and economically profitable re-use and repair services are widely available. In a competitive, resilient and innovative textiles sector, producers take responsibility for their products along the value chain, including when they become waste. The circular textiles ecosystem is thriving, driven by sufficient capacities for innovative fibreto-fibre recycling, while the incineration and landfilling of textiles is reduced to the minimum.

What buyers should know:

Procurement management requires that suppliers respect human rights and the environment. This can be incorporated across different stages of the procurement cycle addressing the different scope of types of goods and services bought. (A toolkit on Human Rights for Procurement, Morris 2020).

What can we do to better manage our Supply Chains:

• reduce the number of stages in a supply chain, eg a direct to consumer strategy

• building long term relations with suppliers can reduce risk and improve trust and transparency

• having smart production lines that reflect real demand predictions

• product development to make use of more generic trims and materials and to create longer lasting lines

• utilize digitalisation of fashion where necessary to resolve complex processes e.g

• ERP systems that improve visibility and access to the whole supply chain actors

• 3D-printing allows more flexibility and late customisation

Reflection exercise

Some topics to consider and reflect on:

Design for circularity

Procurement & Circular Supply Chain Management (CSCM)

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Biodegradable packaging

Circular supply chain collaboration & coordination

Drivers & barriers of CSCM

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Circular consumption

Product liabilities & producer’s responsibility

Technologies and CSCM

To accelerate your supply chain skills try to play the traditional Beer Game exercise available online beergame.masystem.se/

“There is no beauty without truth and there is no truth without transparency.

Carry Somers

Founder and Global Operations Director Fashion Revolution

Fashion Transparency Index, 2019

How could you switch or implement changes to your supply chains and procurement practices based on the considerations (left)?

Who are the appropriate suppliers that you need to work with?

What are the skills that your team needs to possess to implement those changes?

Background

Circular Design & Manufacturing

Circular Fashion Design is a holistic model that aims to reduce waste and close the loop on production through the responsible manufacturing, reuse, and recycling of garments. Regulation on Ecodesign for Sustainable Products announced by the EU is at the heart of the new regulations. As product design dictates up to 80% of its life-cycle environmental impact the proposal extends the scope of the Ecodesign framework to cover the broadest possible range of products. It foresees setting minimum criteria not only for energy efficiency, but also for circularity and an overall reduction of the environmental and climate footprint of products. The Digital Product Passport (DPP) is key to the EU’s transition to a circular economy and will provide information

about products’ environmental sustainability. It aims to improve traceability and transparency along the entire global value chain. Digital product passports will be the norm for all products regulated under the ESPR, enabling products to be tagged, identified and linked to data relevant to their circularity and sustainability. The ESPR will also enable the EU to set labelling requirements, like the Digital label and EU Ecolabel.

Mandatory Ecodesign requirement for sustainable products regulation highlight the need for design to achieve product durability, reliability, reusability, upgradability, reparability, ease of maintenance and refurbishment (EU Ecodesign for Sustainable Products (2022).

Versatility

This strategy is about keeping products in use through versatility: designing products to have more than one function, or to be worn by more than one customer, or in different styles. Different shapes, components or features give the wearer options for styling, and they can adapt the piece based on changes in their moods, needs or trends. This also helps to make inclusive pieces that are more accessible for the next person to use it, like one-size-fits-most and unisex products that any gender and any shape can wear. The result is design that aims to increase use by reducing the number of products a person needs (through fulfilling multiple functions), and/or by increasing the number of people that can wear the piece over time.

Versatility is also a way to enhance the emotional durability of a product. Versatility enables a garment to be adapted across changes in a wearer’s shape, size, aesthetic, style or lifestyle, so they adjust it to fit their needs or creative inspiration at the time.

Durability

To design for durability, select materials, finishes and construction methods that will allow the product to endure wear and care over a long period of time. This includes selecting quality fabrics that are easily washed, dryed and mended by the consumer. Strength and quality of yarns play an important role in the durability and longevity of the fabric.

Modular Design

Modular design is a design approach that creates things out of independent parts with standard interfaces. This allows design to be customized, upgraded, repaired and for parts to be reused. With modular design one product has the potential to be re-configured in a multitude of different ways. This can be whole garments or products –or an approach to creating the textiles themselves. (John Spacey, 2016)

Mono Material

A barrier to successful product recycling and material re-use is the difficulty to take apart complex products, which are composed of many different types of material. Additionally some materials are easier to recycle than others.

Disassembly

If it’s not possible to get a product to 100% mono-materiality, this strategy offers another route to ensuring that materials are reused or recycled. Disassembly focuses on making it easier to take products apart, remove components, and separate different materials ready for recycling or remanufacture. For example, a cotton shirt with sheer polyester sleeves can still be recycled if you can take the sleeves off quickly and easily for separate recycling processes. To start designing for disassembly, first look at simplifying products by reducing their material complexity (the number of components, trims, or fibres used).

Upcycling

This strategy keeps materials in use by giving them a new lease of life as a new product. Re-manufacture or upcycling (also known as ‘repurposing’) makes use of preconsumer materials like offcuts, or post-consumer waste like secondhand garments or vintage fabrics. This design strategy aims to prevent textile waste from ending up in landfill, and helps to reduce the need for new fabrics.

This isn’t a one-size-fits-all strategy. Designers will need an open mind and a creative approach to looking at waste materials, creating tomorrow’s looks with yesterday’s fabrics. Upcycled materials can be built into the design in a visible way (as a design feature) or in an invisible manner without any impact on the external look of the garment (for example hidden internal sections like pockets). Transforming low-value waste into a desirable product is a truly creative circular challenge.

Seasonless Collections

There is a growing need for seasonless collections and collaboration to fit with the global goals for sustainability. A few of the key benefits of adopting seasonless clothing are:

Repair

According to the EU Ecodesign for Sustainable Products (2022), the main reasons that customers throughout their clothes are torn stitches, broken buttons, faulty zippers. Things that could be easily mended by tailors. More and more brands offer repairing services to their customers and retail stores have introduced mending centres. The goal is to extend the end life of products.

Zero-Waste Design Pattern Cutting

Layplan

Zero waste pattern cutting is a technical process that involves pattern development, fit, grading and size ratios. Zero waste patterns can be created most easily with square-cut pieces: the pattern is made up of rectangular or triangular pattern pieces. Some zero waste patterns use curved pieces instead to create a more form-fitting or tailored garment, with the pattern pieces nested into each other.

Zero waste design has been around for centuries (well-known examples include the traditional Japanese kimono) but it has not been widely explored by the mass market or large fashion brands. Many of the contemporary zero waste designers profiled in the seminal text Zero Waste Fashion Design by Holly McQuillan and Timo Rissanen (Bloomsbury, 2015) are researchers, students, academics, and smaller brands, including Zandra Rhodes and Maja Stabel.

Pattern alteration means customizing patterns to fit according to body shape. For example, shortening arms or lengthening a top. Patterns are prepared according to a standard measurement chart which are based on average sizes. After measuring the human body and adding needed ease, compare this measurement to the pattern’s measurement. (Kiron, 2023)

Zero-Waste Design Pattern Alteration

Patterns Alteration Standards

• Original grain-lines are saved.

• Patterns are kept in balance and proportion.

• Change is created only where needed and is not obvious.

• Designer’s lines are protected.

Principles of Pattern Alteration

As far as possible make changes within the pattern by slashing and spreading or slashing and lapping. Patterns can also be altered by redrawing the edges of the pattern. (This is the method adopted for altering garments at the time of fitting.) But the first method is by far the best in altering paper patterns.

To preserve the original grain line, make all slashes and folds parallel or perpendicular to the grain line (to center front line, center back line etc.).

Where there are darts, make changes between the tip of the dart and the outside edge.

If an alteration in length is made along one edge of the pattern, take care to make an identical alteration in the adjoining edge. For example, if back shoulder seam is shortened the front shoulder seam should also be shortened.

When tucks or darts are used for making a pattern smaller, remember that the width of these should be just half the amount to be removed.

Digital design and Innovations

One emerging aid in the implementation of zero waste design in the industry is the use of 3D modeling technology such as that offered by companies such as Lectra, CLO3D and Optitex. Digital 3D software enables for the simultaneous design of 2D zero waste pattern and the resulting 3D form. This action used to take place primarily in the mind of the designer until constructed in some form as a sample or toile.

The additional benefit of utilizing digital prototyping and design tools such as CLO3D is that it can significantly reduce the use of materials for design and sampling. It can replace many of the initial sampling processes and speed up translation from idea to accurate form without the need for cutting cloth.

Rather than having to undergo a time-intensive physical iterative process of alteration/ sample/ alteration/ sample, this occurred entirely digitally and very rapidly.

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Circular Production

Transparency and Traceability elements to consider when managing manufacturing & production:

• Disclose first-tier manufacturers

47% of biggest brands do according to FTI*

• Disclose raw material suppliers

11%

• Disclose processing facilities

27%

• Clothing take-back schemes in place

32%

• & what happens to the clothes received

22%

• Reducing the use of virgin plastics for packaging 36%

• & for textiles

• Carbon footprint in their own facilities

• & at raw material level

*The Fashion Transparency Index analyses and ranks 250 of the world’s largest fashion brands and retailers based on their public disclosure of human rights and environmental policies, practices, and impacts, in their operations and supply chains www.fashionrevolution.org/about/ transparency/

• Company’s vendor/supplier policies covering human rights and environmental standards across the supply chain (e.g. Code of Conduct, Terms of Engagement, Supplier Guidebook)

• Governance

(e.g. Contact details for the department the company that has responsibility for human rights and environmental issues).

• Traceability from buyer (e.g. production units, Cut Make Trim (CMT) facilities, garment sewing, garment finishing, full package production and packaging and storage) and to processing activities (e.g. ginning and spinning, knitting, weaving, sub-contractors, dyeing and wet processing, tanneries, embroidering, printing, fabric finishing, dye-houses, laundries, etc.) to raw materials production such as fibres, hides, rubber, dyes, metals, etc. (e.g. raw material providers, farms, slaughter houses, sewing yarn suppliers, filament and staple, chemical suppliers, etc.)

KNOW, SHOW and FIX

• What brand is doing to remediate any issues identified.

• How the company assesses implementation of its supply chain policies?

• Discloses findings from its facilitylevel assessments

• Discloses description and status of the remediation process

DECENT WORK and PURCHASING PRACTICES

• Living wages

• Gender and racial equality

• Overconsumption, waste and circularity

• Water and chemicals

• Climate change and biodiversity

• Decarbonisation, deforestation and regeneration

• Carbon emissions

• Energy use

Circular Materials to use, Fashion trends identification and design techniques.

Sustainable and innovative textiles, collaborating with responsible & certified suppliers and local producers are placed below with details for their composition.

Cotton

Cellulose-based fibres: focus on suppliers with Lenzing Certified and can provide Ecovero and Refibra Lyocell fibres.

Plant-based linen, hemp, nettle and cypress are some nature based fabrics

Animal-free leather

Wool

Keep wool in our supplied materials mainly caring for animal welfare certifications and mulesing-free production

Silk

Polyester

Opt for recycled polyester, from trusted suppliers.

Pineapple leather is an artificial or semi-synthetic leather made from pineapple waste, PLA and petroleum based resin.

Soy Cashmere

Soy fibre is also known as vegetable cashmere or soy silk because it’s very soft, lightweight, and breathable

Orange peel silk

It’s a silky and very light material full of innovation and visionary spirit.

Marine cotton

Also known as algae cotton or seaweed fabric, fibres made from algae are more environmentally friendly materials for textile than regular cotton. They are made from fibrous algae that rapidly grow with water, light, and nutrients.

Linear vs Circular Fashion Manufacturing

The comparison of the two most applied Fashion models as an approach on how to use the material in the fashion industry value chain, is showcasing the positive impact of the circular fashion model among different phases of the fashion design value chain.

The Linear Fashion model

Clothing design and production processes are full of opportunities to minimise waste, extend the life of products, and support recycling down the road. But in a linear system, the apparel is not designed to be recycled. This approach leads to unfair working conditions for garment workers, waste as there are millions of tons of textile waste every year.

The Circular Fashion Model

In the perfect circular economy, no waste escapes, and no new materials are needed. Everything is created from responsibly sourced existing materials, produced with care for people and the planet, designed to minimize waste, built to last, and eventually, fully recycled. A circular fashion system has a positive impact every step of the way (Fashion Brands Transition From Linear to a Circular Economy, 2022).

The Circular Fashion Model

The considerations to be done are about Rethink, Redesign, Repair and take a slow fashion approach.

Rethink: Are these textile factories conscious and accountable for the waste that they create? Are offcuts and scraps being recycled? Is the dyeing process using water efficiently?

Redesign: If brands take the time to consider things such as: how can this be cut to use as much fabric as possible, or “where else can we send our offcuts”.

Repair: Making items that can be repaired or restored throughout their lifetime aids in ensuring a reduction of new textiles and garments being created, therefore inherently reducing waste.

Slow fashion: making fewer items, releasing new lines less frequently, focusing on the quality of the pieces and a general awareness and consciousness about producing better quality garment. (Fashion Brands Transition From Linear to a Circular Economy, 2022)

Case studies

Case Study of Circular Production:

SOFFA

Social Fashion Factory-SOFFA was founded in 2015 and is a creative tailoring production studio, a cooperative of fashion designers and professionals aiming to create sustainable fashion garments with great social and environmental impact! SOFFA targets the empowerment of women victims of human trafficking and women in risk of exploitation.

It is a B2B manufacturing studio, its customers are Sustainable Brands ad Designers. It offers to its customers mending facilities for their collect-back schemes and upcycling re-designing possibilities.

Protocols include SOFFA Impact

Evaluation Metrics, Bribery & Corruption Policy, Due Diligence process, Living wage structure, SOFFA Fashion Production Islands, Zero Waste design, Recycling processes. SOFFA has signed the EU Charter for Diversity & Inclusion.

www.soffa.gr

Case Study of Circular Design: Wear Your Origins (WYO)

WYO is an example of an ethical brand whose garments designs are inspired by the stories of its fashion designers, being women victims of human trafficking and exclusion. WYO was founded in 2021 and is advocating for the elimination of gender-based violence and the exploration of women. “The hidden faces behind our clothes” is the central focus of Wear Your Origins. Every garment narrates a story, the story of the women who designed it. Wear Your Origins designers are selected through Wear Your Origins Award from safehouses of victims working with Civil Society Organisations. As the brand says the design reflects “a cultural meeting centred on clothing.. an opportunity to express the thoughts and the soul through clothing… a visual journey of the culture, tradition and histories of these women”. Wear Your Origins is a sustainable luxury brand with a strong environmental, social, and cultural impact combining different cultural heritage features. For the design of its collections it uses textile waste from a collaboration with the Greek Association of Ready Made Garments, its sales model is built around the rental approach.

www.wearyourorigins.com

Goals and potential shifts

How can you tackle greenwashing?

Green claims, claims in the textile, garment and shoe sector suggested that 39% could be false or deceptive. Information at the point of sale about a commercial guarantee of durability as well as information relevant to repair, including a reparability score, prohibit traders from making certain types of environmental claims deemed to be misleading, claims allowed only if underpinned by recognised excellence in environmental performance type I ecolabels, third party verification or by public authorities.

• Get certifications for your claims to show them to investors and consumers

• Certifications don’t necessarily cost much

• Best Certification: B-Corps

- tests core environmental processes

• - requires lot of work not a lot of money

• - 1000$ for 3 years

• Get advice from a professional consultant

• Run Life-cycle assessment studies on your products (costings are high but it is a way to test if your processes are carbon neutral or carbon negative).

What are the new technological trends in manufacturing today?

Necessary to use technology to be more efficient

• Learn about the hidden costs throughout the production time - each product has an embodied energy, energy that is stored throughout the lifecycle

• Use Machine-learning to acquire data for all manufacturing processes

• Use RIV Control systems to follow your customers and manufacturing process

• Use AI systems that help you understand what your consumers want

• Try local decentralized manufacturing – to be resilient to change or shutdowns

8 wastes of manufacturing

• Defects

• Overproduction

• Waiting time

• Non utilized talent

• Transportation

• Inventory costs

• Motion

• Excessive processing

Reflection exercises

Please take a moment to answer to the below questions

How ready are you to scale (Production-wise) & to what level do you use digital processes?

What are your biggest challenges related to production & manufacturing?

What are the changes you would need to make to your manufacturing process if you would be asked to (please list the decisions you would need to make in all stages of your supply chain).

In which activity of your supply chain, how it would be affected, and how would your impact change?

Scale to produce 100,000 items monthly

Use

Implement

Self-administered exercise

Do you have a digital pattern and a technical pack for every design?

Do you publish on your website the details of your product and textile/ raw materials manufacturers?

Have you checked the social certifications of your suppliers (eg Fair Trade)?

Do you have an appointed person on sustainability with their contact details on your website

Have you checked the environment certification of your suppliers eg GOTS?

Do you have a whistleblowing process visible on your website with the name and contact details of the board member responsible to investigate the claim?

What are the new trends in manufacturing that you had adopted?

Worksheet, Tools & Templates

Checklist for Regenerative design

The need for regenerative design today is crucial to go further. Sustainability is not enough today, therefore the need to actively promote a multi-species approach in which humans and nonhumans co-habit holistically is continuously increasing. Take some time to write down your goals on regenerative design:

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Here are some ideas you may find useful:

Achieve net-positive impacts for ecology, health and society.

Adapt its concepts for all project types (including existing buildings) and sizes.

Generate decisions that are metric based and driven by unique site data.

Produce projects that continuously evolve and renew.

Incorporate and build upon existing paradigms, including:

• Triple net zero (energy, water and waste).

• Carbon balancing (embodied and operational carbon).

• Health and wellness design.

• Materials transparency.

• Resiliency.

• Social equity.

Engage and involve the community on a continuous basis.

What to consider when designing: Can you share fabrics across multiple garments, and/or distribute offcuts across a capsule of styles?

YES NO

Can you use fullness, gathers, pleats, darts or tucks to create shape, instead of panels or offcuts?

YES NO

Can you cut on crosswise grain to get pieces to fit together?

YES NO

Will adjusting seam or hem allowance help your zero waste pattern to work?

YES NO

Are you manufacturing at scale?

YES NO

Can you design for one- size-fits-most?

YES NO

Can you start the design process by considering the fabric first?

YES NO

Are you manufacturing more than one size at a time?

YES NO

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Further resources & references

Inspirational Speeches

Alvertos Revach

Impact Investor Founder

Humble Holdings Luxembourg

www.humble-holdings.com/us/en/ who-we-ar

Find Alvertos Revach’s speech on Small but Perfect Online Module

“Circular Fashion Manufacturing and Production” here

Garyfalia Pitsaki

Co-Founder

3QUARTERS

3quarters.design/

Find Garyfalia Pitsaki’s speech on Small but Perfect Online Module

“Circular Fashion Manufacturing and Production” here

Salty Bag, the first and multiawarded re-use and circular economy brand in Greece upcycling boat sails

saltybag.com/store-locator-saltybag-corfu/

Find more Stratis Andreadis’ speech on Small but Perfect Online Module

“Circular Fashion Manufacturing and Production” here

Nikos Kyriakoulis Founder, Managing Partner

Core Innovation

Find Nikos Kyriakoulis’ speech on Small but Perfect Online Module

“Circular Fashion Manufacturing and Production” here

Stratis Andreadis Founder

EU Strategy for Sustainable and Circular Textiles

environment.ec.europa.eu/ publications/textiles-strategy_en

EU Ecodesign your product op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/ publication/4d42d597-4f92-44988e1d-857cc157e6db

EU Regulation on Ecodesign for Sustainable Products commission.europa.eu/energyclimate-change-environment/ standards-tools-and-labels/ products-labelling-rules-andrequirements/sustainable-products/ ecodesign-sustainable-products_en

Morris, D.

2020

Driving Change Through Public Procurement; A toolkit on human rights for procurement policy makers and practitioners, Denmark: The Danish Institute for Human Rights.

Fashion Transparency Index 2022 www.fashionrevolution.org/about/ transparency/

The environmental impact of textiles www.europarl.europa.eu/resources/ library/images/20201214PHT93872/ 20201214PHT93872 _original.jpg

Fashion Brands Transition From Linear to a Circular Economy

www.weavabel.com/blog/how-canfashion-brands-transition-from-alinear-to-a-circular-economy

Textiles and the environment: the role of design in Europe’s Circular Economy

www.eea.europa.eu/publications/ textiles-and-the-environment-the

World Economic Forum

2022

5 ways the circular economy will transform your fashion habits

www.weforum.org/

agenda/2022/01/5-ways-the-circulareconomy-will-transform-yourfashion-habits

CULTURAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INITIATIVE

www.culturalintellectualproperty. com/library

WGSN

The world’s leading consumer trend forecaster

www.wgsn.com/en

Designing buildingsRegenerative design

www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/ Regenerative_design

Pattern Cutting Studio patterncuttingstudio. com/2017/07/11/apparel-tech-packsspec-sheets/

Free cutting n.d Roberts, J. researchonline.rca.ac.uk/3060/1/ FREE-CUTTING-Julian-Roberts.pdf

Fashion Capital

2022

Layplan - Fashion Capital

www.fashioncapital.co.uk/tools/ layplan/%3E

Designer Eileen Fisher

www.eileenfisher.

com/?country=GR&currency=EUR

Patagonia

www.patagonia.com/our-footprint/

Vivify brand

www.vivifybrand.com/