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Cover design: Author Cover image: Author This book is printed on cartridge paper Copyright Š 2020 by Radin Fatihah Syuhadah Published in Malaysia
No part of this publication can be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, photocopying, reprinted or scanned, except as permitted by the Malaysia Copyright Act, or prior written permission from the author. Any requests for permission should be addressed to fsradin2@utm.my Liability/ Disclaimer: The author has given the best effort and accuracy in the process of the dissertation preparation, but the readers should consult with a professional where appropriate. The author is not liable for the damages ascended.
Syuhadah, R. Fatihah, 1993Interactive Multi-Storey Dwelling: Encouraging Multigenerational Social Interaction. – First edition. Printed in Malaysia Font: Gelion Light, 12 pt
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INTERACTIVE MULTI-STOREY DWELLING: ENCOURAGING MULTIGENERATIONAL SOCIAL INTERACTION
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To Mama, Norshifah Abd. Razak and my pacemaker, Ahmad Azim Ashar.
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Abstract
Social sustainability is a critical issue that needs to be addressed especially at multi-storey housing. The social spaces are usually limited and monotonous. There is an urgent need for sustainable and quality development of an affordable housing scheme within the key urban areas. The objective of this paper is to explore the level of social interaction in Prima Precinct 11, Putrajaya and to configure the appropriate design guidelines for the future multi-storey housing. In this regard, questionnaires are designed and the aforementioned apartment residents were the respondents for this survey. The result showed that the level of interaction can be improved by creating more intermediate spaces and creating meaningful spaces through the theory of placemaking. The study also suggested that more social spaces need to be created to encourage social sustainability for a more resilient community in Malaysia.
vii
Abstrak
Pembangunan lestari merupakan isu kritikal yang harus ditangani terutamanya berkenaan kelestarian sosial di pembangunan rumah
berbilang
tingkat.
Ruang-ruang
sosial
yang
tersedia
kebiasaannya terhad dan juga tidak menarik. Pembangunan lestari dan berkualiti untuk skim rumah mampu milik adalah penting lebih-lebih lagi di kawasan bandar-bandar utama. Objektif kajian ini adalah meneroka tahap interaksi sosial di perumahan bertingkat melalu kajian kes Prima Presint 11, Putrajaya dan mengkonfigurasi garis panduan reka bentuk yang sesuai untuk perumahan berbilang tingkat di masa hadapan. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahawa tahap interaksi dapat ditingkatkan dengan mewujudkan lebih banyak ruang perantaraan dan mewujudkan ruang yang bermakna melalui teori perwujudan tempat (placemaking theory). Kajian itu juga mencadangkan agar lebih banyak ruang sosial perlu diwujudkan untuk menggalakkan kemampanan sosial bagi melahirkan masyarakat yang lebih berdaya tahan di Malaysia.
viii
Acknowledgement
All praises are to Allah, without His Mercy and Guidance, surely I would not have the strength to complete my thesis. This thesis is completed with the direct and indirect help from lecturers, friends and family.
I would like to express my utmost gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Abdullah Sani Ahmad for his encouragement and guidance for my thesis project. A special thank you to my Co-Supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr Syed Ahmad Iskandar Syed Ariffin for his enlightenment and advice in the process of completing the dissertation. Thank you to my pre-thesis workbase master, Dr Roshida Abdul Majid for her wisdom and trust on my ability in moving forward to the next stage. With this opportunity, I would like to thank Dr Alice Sabrina Ismail, Ar. Chan Wai Lai, Dr Sharifah Salwa Syed Mahdzar, Dr Leng Pau Chung, Dr Khairul Anwar Mohamed Khaidzir, Mr Azari Mat Yasir and Ar. Razin Mahmood for their advice, critiques and knowledge. An appreciation goes to Madam Jamilia Marsin for her exposures and time in going through pages of my writings.
I would not be where I am today without the support from my families and friends. Heartfelt appreciation goes to my beloved mama, Norshifah Abd Razak and bapak, Jameel Abdulla. Thank you to my ix
dearest husband, Ahmad Azim Ashar, for being there, in the thunderstorm and fair-weathered days. Thank you to my siblings. Last but never least, to my best friends, Khairunniza Mahya, Nurul Ain Yusri, Siti Khadijah Hashim and Afiq Farhan Rosli, may we strive harder to be better each day.
I dedicated this thesis to all. May this particle of knowledge be the seedlings that bloom in the future. Allah bless.
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ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGMENT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES
viii x xv xvi
01 INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Background Study
2
1.2 Problem Statement
3
1.3 Research Question
4
1.4 Research Objective
5
1.5 Research Gap
5
1.6 Scope of Research
7
1.7 Significance of Research
8
1.8 Thesis Structure
8
1.9 Research Framework
10
1.10 Summary
11
02 LITERATURE REVIEW
12
2.1 Introduction
14
2.2 Sustainable Development: A Concept
14
2.3 Sustainability Aspects
14
2.4 Social Interaction in Architecture
16
2.4.1
Definition of Social Interaction
17
2.4.2
Social Interaction in Family Unit
20
2.4.3
Social Interaction between The Neighbours
21
2.4.4
Social Interaction Throughout the
22
Multi-Storey Dwelling xi
2.5 Physical Setting in Encouraging Social
22
Interaction 2.6 Multi-storey Housing in Malaysian Context
25
2.6.1
Types of Multi-Storey Housing
25
2.6.2
Social Demographic
26
2.6.3
Education and Income Background
28
2.7 Summary
29
03 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Research Paradigm 3.3 Research Procedure 3.4 Summary
30 32 32 32 35
04 FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
36
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
Introduction DATA ANALYSIS: CASE STUDY DATA ANALYSIS: QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY DATA ANALYSIS: SPACE SYNTAX Summary
05 DESIGN STRATEGIES 5.1 Introduction
38 38 42 58 60 62 64
5.2 Recommendation of Theoretical Framework for
64
Spacemaking in Encouraging Social Interaction 5.3 Summary
65
xii
06 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Limitation 6.3 Recommendations 6.4 Conclusion
66 68 68 68 69
References
70
Appendix
73
xiii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1
Research done by previous scholars.
5
Table 2.1
Group Interaction Progress.
18
Table 2.2
Factors of placemaking.
24
Table 2.3
Types of high-rise and its characteristics
25
Table 2.4
Social Demographic Profile
26
Table 2.5
Education level and Household income.
28
Table 4.1
Skycourt image preferences.
53
Table 5.1
Attributes of Placemaking.
64
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1
Research Framework.
10
Figure 2.1
Sustainable Development Goals as Developed
15
by United Nation. Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3
Steps in community contact. Place elements by Relph.
21 22
Figure 2.5
Variables of Physical Design.
24
Figure 3.1
Prima Precinct 11.
33
Figure 4.1
Surau as the interaction node of Prima
39
neighbourhood Figure 4.2
The corner provided by the occupants to linger
40
Figure 4.3
The open house gathering blocking the corridor
40
Figure 4.4
Typical plan of Precinct 11 Apartment. The core
41
placement affecting the movement of occupants. Figure 4.5
Number of neighbours known at the same level.
42
Figure 4.6
Number of neighbours known at other levels.
43
Figure 4.7
Relationship with neighbours through actions.
43
Figure 4.8
(i), (ii): The necessary facilities in an apartment
45
according to the residents. xv
Figure 4.9
The time the facilities are used the most.
46
Figure 4.10
Activities done during weekends by the
47
respondents. Figure 4.11
Outdoor activities during weekends.
48
Figure 4.12
Spaces necessary to be close by to the units
49
according to the residents. Figure 4.13
Opinion of residents on the relationship of
50
space to the level of interaction. Figure 4.14
Number of neighbours to share the balcony with.
51
Figure 4.15(a) Skycourt preference by the residents.
52
Figure 4.15(b) Reason skycourt preference by the residents.
52
Figure 4.16
Respondents’ gender.
55
Figure 4.17
Ownership status.
56
Figure 4.18
Duration of stay
57
Figure 4.19
Relation with home members.
57
Figure 4.20
Age group of occupants.
58
Figure 4.21
VGA Map of Prima Precinct 11.
59
Figure 4.22
Figure 4.22: Connectivity and Integration value
60
xvi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
xvii
“All things exist in one or two basic forms: either as product or process.� Kevin Mark Low (2010)
1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1
Background Study The architectural dwelling history in Malaysia can be traced back
from the traditional Kampung houses. Since then, a plethora of transformation has been taken place. A modern housing typology emerged in Malaysia as a result of the demand, land availability, economic and political factors. This is supported by Ju and Omar (2011) where modern urban housing prototypes such as high-density flat and apartment introduced in the 1980s and 1990s with the rapid industrialization and urbanization. The social interaction among the occupants of the modern dwellings has been weakening over the years. This issue is more significant in the multi-storey living as space for social interaction to happen is limited compared to the terrace housing. The greater number of dwellers per block also contribute to the issue (Aw and Lim, 2016).
The rising issue of the current multi-storey dwelling in Malaysia is the social sustainability among the neighbourhood is close to nonexistent. This is due to the insufficient and inconvenient social spaces provided at the apartment compound. Besides, there are no intermediate or transitional spaces between the individual units, invading the occupant's privacy and does not encourage interaction. The spaces such as lift lobbies are not accommodating quality interaction to be developed, as space is monotonous and utilitarian, 2
leaving meet-ups with neighbours to remain momentary (Kuo et al, 1998). The ground level is designed primarily for vehicles; lively static activities are an uncommon sighting.
Achieving social sustainability is important as it contributes to increasing the standard and quality of living and social cohesiveness. It also reduces the negative impact and preventing further severe pollution to the environment. Meanwhile, in the economic factor, social sustainability helps in economic growth, leading to a resilient community locally and globally. To achieve social sustainability, the environmental conditions for social rebirth are examined. From the study, it is found that meaningful spaces are crucial for social activities to occur.
1.2
Problem Statement In an ideal circumstance, the dwellers of multi-storey housing
can have more social interaction and create a closer bond due to its community density. But in reality, the community activities and the level of social interaction is discouragingly low. This is because the current physical environment is utilitarian and functional without taking into consideration the intangible social and psychological aspects. The abrupt transitional spaces from private to public as a result of maximising the sellable area compromising the people’s privacy, leading to shut doors and no interaction occur (Aw and Lim, 2016).
3
Meanwhile, in the social aspect, multi-storey living in Malaysia hinders the children development and compromising their safety. Gibson (1994) posited that poor accessibility and visibility of play areas resulting in restricted freedom that affect the key life skills that best acquired through self-directed experiences. Also, Rasdi (2007) stated that open corridors and balconies are welcoming danger for the children.
Without better design intervention soon, the social cohesiveness worsens. The dwellers are deprived of social spaces and the existing homes are lacking in terms of safety and security. By having a thoughtful social spaces design for the multi-storey dwellers, meaningful social interaction can happen and this leads to social sustainability.
1.3
Research Question The following are the research questions: a.
What is the definition of social interaction?
b.
What are the social interaction problems faced by the occupants in the multi-storey dwellings?
c.
What are the ways to inculcate social interaction in multistorey housing?
4
1.4
Research Aim and Objective This study aims to elevate social sustainability in the multi-storey dwelling. From the research questions, the research objectives were derived as a direction for the study. They are as follows: a.
To identify the definition of social interaction.
b.
To identify the social interaction problems faced by the occupants in the multi-storey dwelling.
c.
To develop a design and program framework that encourage social interaction.
1.5
Research Gap Table 1.1: Research done by previous scholars Author
Ghazzeh, T. M. A. (1999)
Context Multiple familyhousing at Abu Nusseir,
Matter Site design and the effects on the residents’ social quality
Amman, Jordan
5
Outcome The arrangement of spaces determines the level of interaction, not the number of open spaces. Site and layout of the building have profound effects on residents.
Measured parameter Design parameters, behavioural construct
Author
Context
Matter
Huang, L. High rise
Study on the existing S. C. social (2006) spaces, design parameters William, J. CoCo-housing uses design (2006) housing and social structure in creating social interaction Reid, S. MultiExamining the level of (2015) Owned social Properties interaction (MOPs) in Australia
Abdul A., Ahmad. A, Abdullah Sani Nordin, Tajul Edrus
Low cost Flat outdoor spaces are flats a crucial factor in determining the rate of social interaction
(2017)
6
Outcome Lift lobby as a social enabler
The scale of community and participation affects the level of interaction Social interactions are affected by privacy, resident homogeneity, tenure type, the safety and security Corridor remains the most active space for activities observed
Measured parameter Design parameters
Design parameters, behavioural construct
Behavioural construct
Design parameters, behavioural construct
Overall, the previous research suggested that physical spaces are the major factor in encouraging social interaction. Lacking in userfriendliness and overcrowding may cause withdrawal by the residents. This is supported by William, J. (2006) where he mentioned the lack of semi-private spaces can create a negative attitude towards the community and disrupts the social ties.
1.6
Scope of Research The study involved the multi-storey dwellers of Malaysia,
particularly medium-cost dwelling with some form of social spaces such as sky court, mosque or recreation areas. The low-cost housing was not within the scope of the study as it has a different set of issues pivoting on poverty such as crimes and sanitation. Although Malaysia has numerous racial and cultural background, this research will be focusing on homogenous community. This is due to the outcome of previous research on the matter, where residents’ homogeneity plays an important role in social ties as the residents share the same values and social norms. The dwellers were interviewed to grasp the current issues and their suggestion for a better home. The expected outcome of the interview was to determine the current level of social interaction, the existing housing condition and the dwellers' aspirations for future housing designs. Through understanding the needs of the occupants, this study will benefit the multi-storey living of Malaysia.
7
1.7
Significance of Research The study is essential in creating a framework and better solution
towards the taxing issue of social sustainability in the multi-storey dwelling of Malaysia. It is also important in defining the attributes of meaningful spaces that need to be created for future housing projects. Through the application of the findings in this study, it is hoped that the level of social interaction can be improved and fostering unity among multi-storey dwellers.
1.8
Thesis Structure The thesis is consisting of 6 chapters that will be discussed on
encouraging social interaction in the multi-storey dwelling of Malaysia.
The current chapter covers the background study, the question raised, thesis aim and objectives, previous research done on the matter, the scope of research and its significance.
The second chapter will be the literature review that will be discussing the concept of sustainability and how social interaction can lead to a common goal. The chapter also will cover the social interaction in family, neighbours and throughout the multi-storey dwelling. It is important to understand the social behaviour of these social units so that suitable social spaces can be created in the future. The chapter also will explain on the physical setting that leads to social interaction. It ends 8
with the demographic study of Malaysian living in the multi-storey dwelling.
Next, Chapter 3 will be the methodology of the study. This chapter will discuss the research paradigm and research procedure that has been applied in the study.
The following chapter will be chapter 4, which is the findings and analysis. The chapter will be fractioned into 3 parts, they are the findings of the case study, questionnaire survey and the space syntax outcome. The findings will be analysed and summarize at the end of the chapter.
Chapter 5 will be the design strategies, as the synthesised data from the literature review and fieldwork. A framework will be formed to be applied in the future design of the multi-storey dwelling in Malaysia.\
Lastly, chapter 6 will be elaborating on the conclusion and the limitation of the research. The recommendation will also be laid out to conduct a better study on social interaction.
9
1.9
Research Framework Below is the research framework that guides the research
process. Interactive Multi-Storey Dwelling: Encouraging Social Interaction Through Placemaking
Problem Statement Research Question Research Objective Research scope Significance of study Literature review Data Collection Design Framework/ Attributes Design Process Findings and Conclusion
Figure 1.1: Research Framework
10
1.10
Summary
The need for Paradigm Shift The current design of affordable housing is insufficient to fully maximise interactions. The housing scheme needs to undergo a paradigm shift and focus on the social aspect that can contribute to a greater cause instead of considering only the functional aspects.
Therefore, future multi-storey dwelling needs to be the birthplace in encouraging social interaction and cohesiveness. Through the placemaking theory, meaningful spaces can be created to encourage social interactions as a way forward for social sustainability in Malaysia.
11
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
12
“Space is a social formation, shaped by social relations, expressing them and respectively structuring.� Henri Lefebvre (1974)
13
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1
Introduction The chapter will be discussing the concept of sustainable
development and its importance. It will also dissect the concept of social interaction starting from the family unit and the physical settings needed as a catalyst for social interaction.
2.2
Sustainable Development: A Concept Sustainability is a condition of maintaining the resources at an
optimum state. It is about conserving actions and avoiding depletion of natural resources. The sustainable development concept was developed by the United Nation in 2015 as a ‘blueprint to achieve a better future for all’, intended to be achieved by the year 2030.
2.3
Sustainability Aspects The aspects of sustainable development are environmental,
economic and social. While the environmental and economic aspects are easily quantifiable, social sustainability is the most complex, with prejudices and most immediate impact especially concerning social housing. (Manoochehri, 2015).
Social sustainability is a process of holistic community betterment. It is a process of creating a sustainable place that promotes well-being, by understanding people’s needs from the places where they 14
work and live (Woodcraft, 2011). Another definition on the matter is the cycle of the life-enhancing condition within the communities and a process within the community itself that can achieve social sustainability (McKenzie, 2014). It is important to promote economic and social sustainability to generate socially cohesive nation to adapt the future challenges ahead.
The process of social sustainability is rooted in community interactions. Interactions lead to a well-informed neighbourhood that aware of their surrounding conditions. But, a more complex and meaningful interaction is needed to form a well-functioning community.
Figure 2.1: Sustainable Development Goals as Developed by United Nation. (Source: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300)
15
2.4
Definition of Social Interaction Social interaction is a fundamental form of the communicating
act within individuals or group hemmed in by space. It is concerning to the interdependencies between individual judgements or behaviour. It is also relating to the decisions and characteristics of others within a common group, defined within the spatial basis and neighbourhood (Vera-Toscano & Ateca-Amestoy, 2008).
Rummel (1976) described social interaction as the acts, actions or practices of two or more people mutually oriented towards each other's selves, that is, any behaviour that tries to affect or take account of each other's subjective experiences or intentions. The social interaction demonstration and interrelationship is complex in manner, involving expression cues as such smiling, winking and also actions the like of discussing, talking, negotiating, debating and even fighting (Rummel, 1976). Less intense social interaction would have lower values in the basic dimensions of behaviour.
Space and physical qualities display a vital role in assisting and promoting social interaction. This is supported by Rummel (1976) where he remarked the space as a medium for human behavioural manifestation. According to Abdul Aziz, Ahmad and Nordin (2017), a
16
particular type of configuration does affect residents’ behaviour, further affecting the levels of social interaction.
The
importance
of
social
interaction
is
creating
an
understanding of the surrounding environment, improving the mental health and well-being of the occupants (Modi, 2018). Also, social interaction can foster unity and harmonizes the community in a neighbourhood (Rasidi, 2012).
2.4.1
Social Interaction in Family Unit
Social interaction in children The social interaction happens in all ages including children. The children interact through playing and learning. The physical environment needs to assist children development by enhancing exploration, experiments and observations by the children (Modi, 2018).
Social interaction in youth Social interaction in youth is essential for the positive development of future generation. The youths are interested in physical activities such as sports and hanging out in their leisure time among the peer group in commercial areas. Commercial areas are constantly fully utilised and have a high dependency by the youth (Omar et al, 2017). Thus, it is important to provide 17
sufficient commercial spaces in encouraging youth interaction and sense of place.
Social interaction in adult
Interaction in an adult is commonly happening in twoperson and small social groups. Therefore, it is recommended that more personalised spaces are created to accommodate adults. The social spaces that can be created for adults are reading pods, outdoor workstation and yoga spaces. Tuckman (1965) suggested that there are four main phases of social interaction group progress. The scheme is as tabulated as follows:
Table 2.1 Group Interaction Progress (Source: adapted from Tuckman, 1965) Group structure
Task/ activity
Forming
There is anxiety, dependence on a leader, testing to find out the nature of the situation and acceptable behaviours
Members find out what the task is, the rules outlined and the appropriate methods
Storming
Sub-groups conflict, an uprising Emotional resistance against the leader, opinions are to the demands of polarised, conflict against intimacy the task
Norming
Development of group cohesion, Open exchange of norms emerge, resistance overcome views and feelings; 18
development of cooperation begins Performing Interpersonal problems are resolved, the interpersonal structure is a tool of task activity, roles are flexible and functional.
The emergence of solutions to problems, constructive efforts after the task, energy is channelled to meaningful work
Social interaction in the elderly Contradict to the notion of the elderly in Malaysia are lonely and lacking social support, they are highly involved in social interaction activities (Minhat & Mohd Amin, 2012). The elderly in Malaysia interact through recreational (physical), productive, cognitive and social activities. The recreational activities such as exercise, sports and going for walks are the lowest among the other activities whilst the highest form of activity is a social activity as such spending time with grandchildren, visiting friends, window shopping, religious activities and conversing when relaxing (Minhat & Mohd Amin, 2012). Other forms of activities that involve interaction in elderly are productive activities namely cooking for pleasure, gardening,
19
handcrafting, cleaning and fishing. Also, reading, playing cards, writing and drawing for an instance of cognitive activity.
2.4.2
Social Interaction between The Neighbours A good relationship with neighbours fosters a dynamic
sense of community. The indicator of good social interaction between the neighbours is friends in the neighbourhood, frequency of visits between neighbours, exchanges norms between neighbours such as exchange of foods and lastly, conversation with neighbours on personal problems as the most in-depth form of social contact (Farida, 2013). To achieve social sustainability, a positive cohesion and understanding among the neighbours are important to be fostered. The following is the level of positive contacts that should occur in the neighbourhood:
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• Passive contact • Unintentional encounter with other residents (Ghazzeh, 1999) • Feeling of convenience and safe • Formation of friendship and bond
1st step
• Active contact • Intentional through common activities (Fleming, Baum et al., 1975) • Active participation in communal organisation.
2nd step
Figure 2.2: Steps in the community contact (Adapted from Flaming, Baum et al., 1975) 2.4.3 Social
Interaction
Throughout
the
Multi-Storey
Dwelling Proximity greatly influences the level of interactions (Homans, 1968). Immediate neighbours tend to communicate more with each other than residents living further apart. Residents living in the middle of a row of houses communicate with the other residents more than those who live at the edge of the community. Isolation tends to occur to those living at the edge of the community. In the case of a multi-storey dwelling, the resident living in the middle of the block tends to socialize with the immediate neighbours whilst the residents living next to the
21
stairwells are more inclined to socialize with residents from lower levels (Homans, 1968; Baum & Valins, 1977).
2.5
Physical Setting in Encouraging Social Interaction There is a close relationship between social sustainability and
places. Meaningful spaces can encourage meaningful interaction among the community that can strengthen the bonds and lead to social sustainability. Thus, the act of placemaking is crucial in the social spaces, especially in multi-storey dwellings.
The modernity and internationalization create ‘placelessness’, a term referring to the lacking sense of place and insincere physical spaces (Relph, 1975). The three elements of a place identified by Relph were physical setting, activities and meanings.
Figure 2.3: Place elements by Relph. (Adapted from Relph, 1975)
22
A more complex ‘facet theory’ developed by Canter consists of four interrelated place facets: functional differentiation, place objectives, the scale of interaction and aspects of design, each with subcategories that further supports the aspects. Gustafson (2001) further elaborates on the attributes of meaningful placemaking and mapped into three ends of self, others and the environment. Meanwhile, Hertzberger (2002) cited that place indicates an additional value to space. He further explained that place has a particular meaning to individuals who feel the attachment and develop a feeling of solidarity. Space and place can relate to ‘competence’ and ‘performance’, interdependent in a way that brings the other awareness, enables the other to exist as a phenomenon (Hertzberger, 2002).
Designers need to consider the attributes that lead to quality, active places within the multi-storey housing. Hertzberger (2002) highlighted the issue of creating collective spaces- a term he coined for social space- are making them look welcoming and drawing the people’s attention to the fact that the spaces are accessible by the public.
The following are the factors that can contribute to meaningful spaces extracted from the placemaking theory:
23
Table 2.2: Factors of placemaking Factors
Description
Functional differentiation
Central and Peripheral
Place objectives
Various objectives
Scale of interaction
Various scale from large to private
Aspects of design
Different design aspects to be considered while designing the 3 other facets
Other than that, Flaming et al (1975) developed a variable of physical design in multi-storey dwelling that encourage social interactions. The variables are as follows:
Opportunity for contact between residents
Availability of appropriate space to interact
Proximity of the apartments
Figure 2.4: Variables of Physical Design. (Adapted from Flaming, Baum et al., 1975) 24
2.6
Demographic of Multi-Storey Inhabitants of Malaysia The demographic of Multi-storey inhabitants in Malaysia is
collected based on the review of recent data. The data is essential in identifying the end-users’ social background in order to design spaces that best accommodate their daily life. The data is as follows:
2.6.1
Types of Multi-Storey Housing The typologies of housing in Malaysia is based on the
National Property Information (NAPIC). The residential properties are categorised by NAPIC into four types, they are terrace, highrise, semi-detached, detached houses. According to Im (2018), the typical categorisation of high-rise housing in Malaysia includes apartment, condominium and flat. Below are the commonly found high-rises sub-categories as adapted from Im (2018): Table 2.3: Types of high-rise and its characteristics Type of highrises Apartment
Common characteristics Multi-storey housing; medium to lower range; lift provided; common GFA of 700 sqft to 1200 sqft. Basic facilities are provided, namely garden and playground; either non-gated or gated and guarded community; podium carpark
25
Condominium
Multi-storey housing; medium to higher range; common GFA from 450 sqft to 1000 sqft, 2000 sqft for luxury units. Variety of facilities provided namely swimming pool, gym, clubhouse; podium carpark; 3-tier security.
Flats
Multi-storey housing; lower to low range; no lift provided; commonly 4 – 5 storeys, common GFA 500 sqft to 650 sqft; basic amenities such as playground; non-gated; outdoor parking.
Based on the categorization, the relevant type of housing for the study is the apartment as the scope of research is targeted towards the mid-range neighbourhood. 2.6.2 Social Demographic Profile The population is adapted from Im (2018) from 1015 samples by using a face-to-face convenient sampling survey from 3 major cities of Malaysia; Johor Bahru, Kuala Lumpur and Penang. Table 2.4: Social Demographic Profile (Adapted from Im, 2018) Variables
Percentage (%)
Age 20 – 29 years old
22.1 26
30 – 39 years old
55.4
40 – 49 years old
14.7
50 – 59 years old
3.6
Above 60 years old
4.2
Gender Male
58.3
Female
41.7
Occupation No permanent employment
4.8
Retiree
2.2
Labourer
14.9
Businessmen
21.7
Managerial
15.7
Professional
40.8
Living Condition Single with parents
33.8
Single staying alone
9.5
Single staying with friends
17.7
Married without children
19.0
Married with children
15.5
Others
4.5
Number of a family member One person
33.8
Two persons
9.7 27
Three persons
17.7
Four persons
19.0
Five persons
15.5
Six persons
4.3
Preferred GFA (sqft) Below 750
6.7
Below 1000
25.6
Below 1250
27.7
Below 2000
33.9
Above 2000
6.1
2.6.3 Education and Income Background Below is the education and income background of the occupants: Table 2.5: Education level and Household income. (Adapted from Im, 2018) Variables
Percentage (%)
Education Level Lower secondary and below
3.4
High school
14.8
Certificate, diploma
23.8
Bachelor degree
46.2
Postgraduate degree
11.7 28
Household income
2.7
RM6,000 and below
55.6
RM6,001 – RM10,000
25.0
RM10,000 – RM14,000
14.1
RM14,000 above
5.3
Summary To summarize the literature review, it can be said that the
physical design of the multi-storey dwelling, including the site, orientation, quality of social spaces creates a tremendous effect on social interaction. Failure to create a suitable environment for the community can lead to irreversible social tension and mitigation steps may not be convenient. Thus, it is important to have public participation in designing multi-storey housing to understand future owners’ needs.
29
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
30
“A new idea can only be created out of dismantling a previous one.” Herman Hertzberger (2000)
31
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 3.1
Introduction
The chapter will discuss the methodology involved in order to obtain the data for the study.
3.2
Research Paradigm The research paradigm will be interpretive where there will be no
single reality or truth in this study. The reality must be discussed and interpreted, to discover the underlying activities and meaning of events (Patel, 2015). The method for the study is based on the grounded theory involving observation, interview and series of data collection (Corbin & Strauss, 2014).
3.3
Research Procedure
Primary data
The quantitative data were obtained through questionnaires. The questionnaire was created with 4 sections: section A referring to the level of social interaction consisting of 3 items, section B referring to the existing housing condition consist of 5 items, section C on the future improvement comprises of 4 items and section D on the respondent’s detail is having 6 items. The questions are constructed in a closedended form that allows the respondents to answer easily compared to 32
the open-ended questions. The case study is also observed diligently in terms of activities happening in the compound and the spatial arrangement.
Case Study
Figure 3.1: Prima Precinct 11. (Source: field study)
The case study chosen is Prima Precinct 11, Putrajaya. The primary selection criteria of the case study were affordability with the price range RM200, 000.00. It is the first Prima affordable housing scheme completed in 2015. The housing compound consist of 560 units 33
shared into 3 blocks with supporting amenities such as mosque, multipurpose hall, shop lots and nursery. In this study, the case study was observed.
Respondents The respondents are the residence of PRIMA Precinct 11, Putrajaya. The data were collected face-to-face and the questions were explained thoroughly to ensure the respondents’ comprehension. The final sample consists of 30 respondents with 100% response. 30 respondents are selected as it is the minimum number to process results in SPSS tool. Through the methods of survey, questionnaires and observations, a relationship study is conducted to achieve the objective of the study by linking the connection between the findings and the literature review. The obtained data from the questionnaires were tabulated and analyzed. Then, it was synthesized to form a theoretical framework for future affordable housing in Malaysia. Space Syntax Space Syntax is a method to interpret and analyse the urban environment through lines, whereby the line is the basic representational element of Space Syntax (Heath, n.d). Space syntax will help in analyzing the visibility and connectivity measurement of the case study design.
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3.4
Summary The methodology will be clear guidance in conducting the
research procedures. The case study is important as it is an approach of post-occupancy evaluation, where the disadvantages need to be addressed in the future design of multi-storey dwelling of Malaysia. Through the methods stated, the data is obtained and discussed in the next chapter; the findings and analysis.
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CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
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“I believe that the way people live can be directed a little by architecture.� Tadao Ando
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CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS 4.1
Introduction In this chapter, the findings for the study is dissected and
discussed to understand the social interaction levels in the case study.
4.2
Data Analysis: Case Study Demographic Background
The age of occupants, multigenerational demography and duration of stay have a significant association with the level of interaction in the neighbourhood. This is supported by Hazlina et al (2013) where diversified backgrounds increase the social capital, which is the positive consequences on family and societal well-being. There is a strong community of the surau as the occupants are largely middle and senior citizens. This can be related to the findings of common leisure activity by the elderly which is a religious social activity. From the well-maintained compound and corridors, it can be said that there is a high sense of belonging as the housing unit ownership mean is 0.7667.
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Figure 4.1: Surau as the interaction node of Prima neighbourhood Through observations, the social spaces for the residence of PRIMA Precinct 11 are limited. A large number of residents responded to the surau as their main social space. Parallel to the background study, it is found that the utilitarian form and design of the lift lobby only allows brief conversation with the neighbours.
The cultural gatherings or open houses are carried out in their homes and the crowds overflowed to the corridor, blocking the movement of other neighbours of the same level. It is suggested that the future vertical housing need to provide intermediate spaces between the corridor and the units so that cultural gatherings can take place. This intermediate space also can provide a transition between public and private. Thus, avoiding direct visual connection from the passers-by to the unit interior.
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Figure 4.2: Open house blocking the corridor. Analysing the linear layout placement of the typical level, there is no social interaction space or breathing space for the occupants. Sitting corners were created at the corridor from the occupant’s initiative for static activities such as hanging out and smoking.
Figure 4.3: The corner provided by the occupants to linger
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Figure 4.4: Typical plan of Precinct 11 Apartment. The core placement affecting the movement of occupants
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4.3
Data Analysis: Questionnaire Survey A.
Social Interaction level
Figure 4.5: Number of neighbours known at the same level (Source: field study) Figure 4.3.1 shows the number of neighbours known at the same level as the largest portion responded with the range 11-20 and 4-6, sharing the highest mean of 0.3000. It can be said that half of the occupants known half of the units on a particular level. The factor that may hinder the occupants to get to know all the occupants on the same level may be due to the placement of core in between the level, separating the level into 2 sections. This also results in lesser movement from the individual unit to the other wing and vice versa.
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Figure 4.6: Number of neighbours known at other levels Figure 4.3.2 shows the number of neighbours known at the other level with the significant portion showing mean of 0.3000 responded knowing 4-6 units. The second highest response is 11- 20 units with a min of 0.2667. The least response of none and 7-10 units have the same mean of 0.1333 respectively.
0.4
0.3 0.2 0.1 0
Figure 4.7: Relationship with neighbours through actions.
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There is a considerable connection tie that has been formed within the neighbourhood. The highest response was shared by watering plants and casual conversation with a mean of 0.3000. Casual conversation is the elementary form of social interaction. Meanwhile, watering plants and exchanging of foods are higher forms of interaction that require trust and develop with time. From the findings, the relationship ties with the neighbours could be elevated in a shorter period if there is more social space. The spaces such as seatings among lush greeneries, pocket garden and sky court are the catalyst for social activities. The location and orientation of these spaces also need to be easily accessible by all residents and provide sufficient micro comfort to the users.
B.
Existing Housing Condition
(i) min
Necessary Facilities in an Apartment
0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
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(ii) Key: Restaurant
Post office
Shop
Laundry
Multipurpose hall
Parking
Swimming pool
Children daycare
Fitness centre
Playrooms
surau
Package
Figure 4.8 (i), (ii): The necessary facilities in an apartment according to the residents.
There are mixed responses to the necessary facilities in an apartment. But the most preferred facilities are shops, surau, laundry service and children daycare with a mean of 0.5. Parking spaces, package service and playrooms for children fall on the same mean of 0.45. The least preferred facilities are a swimming pool and fitness centre as the residents were concerned about the monthly maintenance and services.
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Before working hours Mean: 0.4000
During working hours Mean: 0.3000
After working hours Mean: 0.5667
During weekend Mean: 0.5000
Figure 4.9: The time the facilities are used the most.
The most preferred time of using such facilities mentioned in figure 4.8 is after working hours with a mean of 0.5667, which is in the evening and night. The design of the facilities needs to consider proper lighting and environmental factors so that to provide a comfortable environment for the users. The least period is during working hours with the mean of 0.3000, this is the time where most of the housewives carried out their routine of going to the laundry and buying groceries.
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Activities during weekends (indoor)
min 0.4500 0.4000 0.3500 0.3000 0.2500 0.2000 0.1500 0.1000 0.0500 0.0000 Q3.1 (rest)
Q3.2 (onl. Shop)
Q3.3 Q3.4 Q3.5 Q3.6 Q3.7 Q3.8 (sports) (games) (cook) (books) (repair) (others)
Figure 4.10: Activities done during weekends by the respondents.
According to figure 4.10, the most popular activity during the weekend is resting with a mean of 0.45. The second activity is others, which is explained by respondents as cleaning the house. From the data, the designers need to design a better interior space for the family to get together. Crammed space and improper air ventilation can create discomfort and each member of the family to part with their activities. Although the repair activity is the least with the mean of 0.05, the designer needs to provide tool storage or space to repair such the garage that can be found in the terrace houses, which is lacking in the current multi-storey dwelling.
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Activities during weekends (outdoor) 0.6000 0.5000 0.4000 0.3000 0.2000 0.1000 0.0000
min
Explore
Picnic
Shop
Hometown
Jog
Relax at the cafe
Outdoor entertainment
Others
Figure 4.11: Outdoor activities during weekends. Based on figure 4.11, the most preferred activity during the weekend is others with mean of 0.53. The residents responded with playing futsal, gotong royong, spending time at ‘Pusat kejiranan’ and going to hajj course. It can be concluded that their outdoor activities are social and collective activities that can foster social interaction and social sustainability. Another popular option is going back to hometown and jogging with a mean of 0.46 respectively.
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Spaces necessary to be close to units Q4.5 (others) Q4.4 (surau) Q4.3 (nursery) Q4.2 (grocery) Q4.1 (lobby)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Figure 4.12: Spaces necessary to be close by to the units according to the residents.
According to figure 4.12, the most popular opinion on the space necessary to be close to the units is the surau. This is considering most of the residents are Malay. The second preferred space is the grocery with a mean of 0.34. Grocery is essential to be close by to provide convenience and reduce the carbon emission by avoiding driving to the shopping centres. The other option includes a playground as the residents were concerned for their children safety and security. With the playground close to the units, the surveillance increases and improving the safety.
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Quality spaces generate interaction
No idea Mean: 0.1333
Yes Mean: 0.7667
No Mean: 0.1000
Figure 4.13: Opinion of residents on the relationship of space to the level of interaction.
From figure 4.13, most of the residents with mean 0.7667 agreed that quality spaces generate interaction. This response shows that the residents are well-aware and well-informed on how the physical environment can affect the quality of their social life. Only 0.1333 residents responded with no idea and mean of 0.100 respondents disagreed.
C.
Future Improvement
In this section, the respondents were asked on the future improvement that they hope to see in the multi-storey dwelling of
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Malaysia. This is also a part of post-occupancy evaluation method with a focus on social interaction spaces. Number of neighbours willing to share balcony with 2 neighbouring units Mean: 0.0333
More than 4 neighbouring units Mean: 0.1000
3-4 neighbouring units Mean: 0.0333 Figure 4.14: Number of neighbours to share the balcony with.
Figure 4.14 shows the number of neighbours willing to share their balcony. It is shown that the residents preferred to share their balcony with 4 neighbouring units, with a response of 0.1000 mean. This shows that they prefer to socialise with their neighbours instead of living in isolation. However, some of the residents voiced their concern about the safety of sharing a balcony. Thus, the future designer needs to consider a few aspects before designing a shared balcony.
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Sky Court preference
Not sure Std deviation: 0.35
Yes Std deviation: 0.5
No Std deviation: 0.45 Figure 4.15(a): Skycourt preference by the residents.
Figure 4.15(a) shows the skycourt preference by the residents. The highest preference is with the answer ‘yes’, followed by the opposing option the reason for skycourt is unsafe for children. Breathing space Std deviation: 0.48
Reason for option yes
Convenient Std deviation: 0.47 Aesthetic Std deviation: 0.48
Closer with nature Std deviation: 0.48
Meditative qualities Std deviation: 0.38
Others Std deviation: 0.30
Figure 4.15(b): Reason skycourt preference by the residents. 52
Table 4.1: skycourt image preferences.
1
Std deviation: 0.51
2
Std deviation: 0.47
3
Std deviation: 0.45
4
Std deviation: 0.31
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5
Std deviation: 0.51
6
Std deviation: 0.41
Next, the residents were asked on the preferred image of future skycourts. Images were selected and included in the questionnaire as a communication tool to help the respondents understand better. Referring to table 4.1, the most preferred image is the image (1) and image (5) with a standard deviation of 0.51 respectively. Improvement to the units is needed as the current units are having a fixed module of design which does not personalised to the culture, number of occupants and spatial requirements. Therefore, the proposed improvement to be considered in the future is by having modular design, where the occupants can personalise to their own needs. For example, create flexible and open plan units that allow the spaces to be altered or customised in the future.
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The entrance of the units needs intermediate spaces rather than a current design where the entrance is exposed, facing directly towards the corridor. With the intermediate space, it will provide sufficient privacy to the homeowners.
Doors can be opened and interaction with
neighbours can take place more easily than the current situation
D.
Respondents’ Detail Respondents' gender
Man Mean: 0.3667
Woman Mean: 0.6333
Figure 4.16: Respondents’ gender.
Based on figure 4.16, the women respondents are more than their men counterparts where the mean for women is 0.6333 while the men with 0.3667.
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Ownership
Tenant Mean: 0.3667
Owner Mean: 0.6333
Figure 4.17: Ownership status.
From figure 4.17, it can be seen that most of the residents are owners of the house they live in with a mean of 0.6333 compare to 0.3667 to the tenant. It can be said that stronger ties and more participatory in social activities in the Prima Precinct 11 are because the residents are mostly owners and they feel a sense of belonging to the community. The amenities and spaces also are well maintained and not vandalized. From figure 4.18, the residents mostly have been staying for more than 3 years. Therefore, some social activities are happening between the neighbours where they exchange foods, keeping the parcel and watering the plants.
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Duration of stay 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0
min
Q4.1 (1 year)
Q4.2 (2 years)
Q4.3 (3 years)
Q4.4 (4 years)
Q4.5 (others)
Figure 4.18: Duration of stay
Acquaintances Mean: 0.067
House members
Family Mean: 0.900
Friends Mean: 0.033
Figure 4.19: Relation with home members.
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Age Group 1.4000 1.2000 1.0000 0.8000 0.6000 0.4000
0.2000 0.0000
min
INFANT TODDLER PRE-SCH PRIMARY
TEENS
Q6.1 (children)
Q6.2
YOUNG
MIDDLE
SENIOR
Q6.3 (adults)
Figure 4.20: Age group of occupants.
The most common age group in the Prima Precinct 11 household is middle-aged adults. However, the children and teenagers made up half the occupants of the household. Therefore, a multigenerational social space needs to be included in the housing area to cater to user needs. Also, based on figure 4.19, the relationship with the home members are mostly family. Family ties are stronger compared to acquaintances and friends, thus, creating a sense of belonging and homely in the neighbourhood.
4.4
Data Analysis: Space Syntax Space syntax analysis is conducted to understand the rate of
connectivity and visibility in the current PRIMA precinct 11 housing layout. 58
Figure 4.21: VGA Map of Prima Precinct 11.
The VGA map shows high visibility at the corridor as the corridor is linear and unobstructed from one end to another. Although it is a
59
positive point through the perspective of depth map, it is an issue to the residents as the narrow, linear corridor invades the privacy of the occupants.
Figure 4.22: Connectivity and Integration value
Based on figure 4.22, the connectivity and integration value [HH] of Prima Precinct 11 is relatively high with R-value of 0.801756. It has a high correlation value which indicates that the space is highly recognizable and suitable to create a gathering space. It is suggested to create a node and buffer zone to benefit from the good connectivity and increasing the privacy of the occupants. 4.5
Summary In conclusion, the residents of Prima Precinct 11 have an existing
bond with their neighbours. This is due to active participatory in local gotong-royong and religious activities. However, there is a need for a 60
stronger relationship with the neighbours to foster social sustainability in the future. New communal activities should be injected into the community to create more positive social cohesion.
As for the physical setting, the community hope for more communal spaces. This can be shown through their preference towards the shared balcony and realization of quality spaces creates better interactions. Unfortunately, the physical built of the apartment is utilitarian, where the developer concern more on maximising the GFA rather than considering the privacy and social needs. It is hoped that the next generation can live in a more communal-friendly space.
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CHAPTER 5: DESIGN STRATEGIES
62
“One of the essential difficulties and fascinations of designing is the need to embrace so many kinds of thought and knowledge� Lawson (2005)
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CHAPTER 5: DESIGN STRATEGY 5.1
Introduction In this chapter, the findings for the study is dissected and
discussed so that a framework for social interaction can be formed and applied to the future development of multi-storey dwelling.
5.2
Recommendation of Theoretical Framework for Spacemaking in Encouraging Social Interaction
Below is the theoretical framework suited to the cultural, climate and behavioural context of the case study that has been carried out:
Table 5.1 Attributes of Placemaking Attributes
Description
Functional differentiation
Main space with the supporting, more secluded space that allows multiple activities occur concurrently Eg: badminton court supported by smaller intimate space such as congkak wakaf
Place objectives
• Considering the different aspects of the goals the person be in a place. • Focusing on individual, social and culture. 64
• Relating to a personal level • Eg: relating down to the cultural aspect, such as seating
Space for youth to express themselves. Scale of interaction
Allowing interaction with different experiences
Aspects of design
Personal comfort, ability to adapt to other activities,
5.3
Summary The future multi-storey dwelling needs to consider the age and
cultural background to cater and relates to a personal level. Personalisation creates a sense of belonging that will encourage the residents to spend more time in the social spaces instead of their housing units. More residents in the social space can lead to more surveillance and security in the neighbourhood. The sense of safety and security will create trust and participation in the community. 65
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION
66
“Whatever good things we build, end up building on us.” Jim Rohn.
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6.1
Introduction This chapter will conclude the study that has been conducted.
Also, the objectives will be responded and discussed. The limitation and recommendation are stated as follows. 6.2
Limitation The limitation of this study is in the theoretical phase and the
limited number of respondents. Further study can be done by carrying out a pilot study on the attributes that have been highlighted into existing local multi-storey housing. The Prima Precinct 11 has shown a form of social interaction that can leads to social sustainability with more social spaces. Potential social spaces such as corridors and lift lobbies can be redesigned to accommodate interaction as they are currently they are designed in a narrow and utilitarian way.
Therefore, this multi-storey dwelling needs to be the birthplace in encouraging social interaction and cohesiveness through the meaning of place theory as a way forward for social sustainability in Malaysia.
6.3
Recommendation It is suggested that the future of affordable housing in Malaysia
need to consider providing multi-generational social spaces early in the planning and design to overcome the issue of lacking social sustainability. Through this suggestion, the problems of lacking social interaction can be resolved. 68
6.4
Conclusion
First Objective: To identify the definition of social interaction. The definition of social interaction is the acts, actions or practices of two or more people mutually oriented towards each other's selves, that is, any behaviour that tries to affect or take account of each other's subjective experiences or intentions.
Second Objective: To identify the social interaction problems faced by the occupants in the multi-storey dwelling. The identified problems faced by the occupants in the multistorey dwelling are the social sustainability among the neighbourhood is close to non-existent. This is due to the insufficient and inconvenient social spaces provided at the apartment compound. Besides, there are no intermediate or transitional spaces between the individual units, invading the occupant's privacy and does not encourage interaction.
Third Objective: To develop a design and program framework that encourage social interaction. A framework based on functional differentiation, place objectives, the scale of interaction and aspects of design is developed to increase social interaction and achieve social sustainability. Personalisation and understanding of user need through social participation can solve the issues of inconvenient social spaces.
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Reference Alnusairat, S. (2018). Approaches to Skycourt Design and Performance in High-rise Office Buildings in a Temperate Climate (Doctoral dissertation, Cardiff University) Aziz, A. A., & Ahmad, A. S. (2012). Low-Cost Flats Outdoor Space as Children Social Environment. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 38(December 2010), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.346 Canter, D. (1977a). The Psychology of Place. London: Architectural Press. Canter, D. (1997). The facets of place. In G. T. Moore & R. W. Marans, (Eds.), Advances in Environment, Behavior, and Design, Vol. 4: Toward the Integration of Theory, Methods, Research, and Utilization. New York: Plenum, pp. 109-147. Dastbaz, M., Strange, I., & Selkowitz, S. (2015). Building sustainable futures: Design and the built environment. Building Sustainable Futures: Design and the Built Environment, 1–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19348-9 Fleming, R., Baum, A. & Singer, J. E. (1985) Social support and the physical environment, in: S. Cohen & S.L. Syme (Eds). Social Support and Health (New York: Academic Press). Ghazzeh, T. M. A., (1999). Housing Layout, Social Interaction, and the Place of Contact in Abu-Nuseir, Jordan. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19(1), 41–73. Heath, T. (n.d.). In-between spaces and social interaction: a morphological analysis of Izmir using space syntax.
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Woodcraft, S. 2011. Design for Social Sustainability: A Framework for Creating Thriving Communities. London: The Young Foundation.
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Appendix A Questionnaire survey: The quantitative data were obtained through questionnaires. The questionnaire was created with 4 sections: section A referring to the level of social interaction consisting of 3 items, section B referring to the existing housing condition consist of 5 items, section C on the future improvement comprises of 4 items and section D on the respondent’s detail is having 6 items. The questions are constructed in a closedended form that allows the respondents to answer easily compared to the open-ended questions. The case study is also observed diligently in terms of activities happening in the compound and the spatial arrangement.
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75
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Appendix B Design works
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80
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2