ADVANCED RESEARCH STRATEGIES
CAN A DESIGN HELP PROMOTE ENGAGMENT WITH OUR SURROUNDINGS? Fatima Albuhmaid | Interior Design | 2018
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INTRODUCTION My chosen research topic addresses an increasing issue I feel very strongly about. Being an Island native, I have always been around the ocean and it is a great source of inspiration to me. However, it saddens me to see how the community mistreats the environment. The deteriorating environmental state of the ocean results in the harm of marine organisms, ultimately resulting in severe negative effects on humanity. Through excessive pollution we are destroying our oceans. And, with the rise of plastic consumption nowadays, it is extremely important to raise awareness about the topic. Spreading awareness and educating the public about the severity of ocean pollution is exactly what I intend to do through my design. I aim to create an engaging concept that promotes interaction with our environment, that pushes people out of their comfort zone and encourages them to study their physical environment first hand. Hopefully, this engagement would result in the changing the public’s behaviour.
Fatima Albuhmaid | Interior Design | 2018
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Literature review
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Ecology of the seashore
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Plastic Pollution
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Survey
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Cleanup Bahrain
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Design Brief
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Case Study
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Location
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Conclusion
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Bibliography
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Fatima Albuhmaid | Interior Design | 2018
CONTENTS
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LITERATURE REVIEW
OCEAN POLLUTION
The Increasing Threat of Plastic Waste Over the last half century, the use of plastic has rapidly expanded and infiltrated various aspects of our daily lives. Ranging from eyeglasses and computers to clothing items, the plastic industry grew sharply and is being employed heavily by almost all existing fields and businesses due to its inexpensiveness. The severity of this extensive use of plastic has led to the appropriate characterization of this current era as the “Age of Plastics” (Moore, 2015). Despite the fact that there has been an undeniable growth in awareness on this topic, there seems to be minor to almost no signs of slowing down in the plastic industry in the foreseeable future. This is mainly shown in the emergence of laser printing which uses plastic “ink” in order to create three dimensional objects (Moore, 2015).
‘‘Global plastic production Ocean pollution is a worldwide epidemic that poses a serious threat has increased exponentially to the overall environment, marine over the last decades, and life and ecosystems as well as human health. In recent years, there has been there is no reason to think that exponential growth a growing concern and awareness regarding ocean pollution, with an will slow. So the main aim emphasis on plastic pollution in should be to prevent particular, and its adverse harmful plastic from going into the effects on ocean health and our societies as a whole. Nevertheless, ocean in the first place.” – the severity and magnitude of the Oceanographer Erik van Sebille issue is often imprecisely portrayed. Thus, this report will focus on In addition, the real threat lies within the fact that plastic lasts for a long time before somewhat of an in-depth discussion degrading for instance, a paper published in the journal Science Advances calculated regarding plastic pollution and that the total volume of all plastic that has been produced is approximately 8.3 billion methods that can be implemented in tonnes. Even more alarming, it was calculated that around 6.3 billion tonnes still exist order to help mitigate this problem. as waste in landfills and in our natural environments; proving further the extremity of the situation and the dire need of replacing plastic as it has negative aesthetic and economic impacts alongside its ecological impacts (Wilcox et al.,2016). Fatima Albuhmaid | Interior Design | 2018
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Effect on Marine and Human Life Moreover, plastic pollution can unfavourably affect humans as well as marine animals for example, it can cause a disruption in human hormone levels especially if consumed. In the UK alone, approximately 5 million tonnes of plastic are consumed each year. Regarding marine animals, they are affected through direct digestion of the plastic waste, entanglement or exposure to chemicals within plastics that disrupt their biological functions. Marine turtles are amongst the most vulnerable to plastic pollution as their rates of ingestion of fragmented plastic particles continues to increase.
‘‘This is a planetary crisis... we are ruining the ecosystem of the ocean” –
UN oceans chief Lisa Svensson from her BBC interview
Fatima Albuhmaid | Interior Design | 2018
Furthermore, sea turtles are unable to tell the difference between plastic bags and jellyfish, which is part of their diet, which often leads to mistakenly directly digesting them. It was found that more than one third of dead sea turtles had ingested plastic and the rates have doubled over the past 25 years (Schuyler et al.,2014). As fish ingestion of plastic waste increases, humans are consequently affected through the ingestion of this fish; a recent survey by Plymouth University found that plastic was found in a third of UK-caught fish, including cod and mackerel (Eagle et al., 2016). On the other hand, the effect on humans of eating fish that had previously ingested plastic waste remains largely unknown
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ECOLOGY OF THE SEASHORE
HELL HELL
I aim for my design concept to address the fact that a vast majority of our oceans are still unexplored, and argue with the misconception that the ocean is uninspiring. I want to bring peoples attention to how fascinating seashore ecology could be and try to push them to interact more with that physical environment. For this reason, I have read into a book about the topic; A student’s guide to the seashore (J.D Fish and S.Fish). My design concept for the upcoming NMP project relies heavily on tidal waves. The concept is for visitors to interact with both the underwater and seashore aspect of the ocean. The physical factors of the shore change rapidly, and it is on the shore where visitors have the oppertunity to observe and study some of the most fascinating adaptations shown by plants and animals. The most dominating force on the shore is the rise and fall of the tidal waves. These tides are a result of gravitational forces between the moon and the sun, as well as the seas and the oceans on the Earth’s surface. Fatima Albuhmaid | Interior Design | 2018
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PLASTIC POLLUTION Plastic waste is the biggest factor of ocean pollution, and the factor that causes the most damage to marine life and the environment. Because of the widespread use of plastic on a global scale, millions of tonnes of plastic waste end up in the ocean per year. This is extremely problamatic because marine animals often mistake the waste as food, most commonly mistaking plastic bags for jelly fish, resulting in them getting poisoned. Plastic pollution ultimately results in disturbing the food chain, since it affects even the smallest of organisms and also has an impact on our drinking water. It costs millions of pounds to clean the plastic waste each year in means of water conservation, an amount of money that could instead be invested into improving work and living standards. Plastic pollution can also impact the economy as the contaminated beaches, lakes, and rivers do not attract tourist attention. Fatima Albuhmaid | Interior Design | 2018
Despite all of the disadvantages that come with excessive plastic use, plastic is still globally produced and consumed. The following figures in pages 8-9 demonstrate the extent of plastic pollution, why plastic is widely used, as well as a possible solution.
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These astounding figures are a result of the high volume plastic use worldwide. The modern life has required the production of single use plastic items that have been incorporated into our everyday lives. An example of these items include water bottles, cotton buds, food packets, cutlery and many more. 8 million metric tons of these items ultimately end up in the ocean. What could make these figures even more shocking is the fact that plastic has only existed for the past 70 years. Fatima Albuhmaid | Interior Design | 2018
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WASTE DECOMPOSITION
Fatima Albuhmaid | Interior Design | 2018
Plastic is widely used because its durable, disposable, and long lasting. While all of these qualities are benificial in one sense, they are extremely harmful to our environment. The durability of plastic makes it almost impossible to biodegrade and decompose into the earth. This results in a build up of plastic decay for years to come. The graph demonstrates an estimate of how long it would take for some everyday items, typically disposed in ocean waters, to fully dissintegrate. The most ideal and effective solution to plastic waste, other than spreading awareness, is the introduction of biodegradeable substitutes, and for us to integrate them into our everyday lives.
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OCEAN POLLUTION SURVEY I have conducted a survey that provides an insight to the public’s general knowledge regarding the issue of beach and water pollution. Many of the questions focus on each individual’s behaviour when visiting the beach, while other questions query marine conservation, personal outlooks on the situation, as well as possible solutions. - Used the website ‘Survey Monkey’ to collect the data. - Recieved a total of 55 answers.
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OCEAN POLLUTION SURVEY
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DATA ANALYSIS
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Fatima Albuhmaid | Interior Design | 2018
1. Most of the people have responded positively to this question. But while an overwhelming amount of people claim to not pollute, the 26% who do can still leave a great impact on our oceans without understanding the severity of the situation. 2. The results were rather disappointing as only 37% of people would do the right action, and 63% would choose to seemingly ignore the problem. 3. As shown in the graph, most of the participants are aware of how severely water pollution affects us and our globe with 61% agreeing that all the concerns mentioned were equally as important. 4. The graph demonstrates mixed results, with no answer having an overwhelmingly higher percentage. Participants have mixed opinions and outlooks on the marine conservation topic. This supports one of my aims of this research, which is to have people be more involved with sea life. 5. Main demographic who answered the survey are young adults between the ages of 18 – 25. While the demographic of people is rather broad and several other age groups have participated, one could consider this factor to affect the results of the data.
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OCEAN POLLUTION SURVEY
6. IN YOUR OWN WORDS, WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT OCEAN POLLUTION? ‘‘ It’s a global issue that affects the earth in different ways’’ ‘‘It is caused by littering and human behavior. It creates threats on the marine life including marine orgasims such as fish which we as human beings consume. This may subsequently lead to implications to our food chain, the ecological balance, and our diet.’’
Data Analysis - On the left I have included some of the answers submitted. Each of which presents a different outlook on ocean pollution. - Out of 55 people 12 participants responded with ‘‘Nothing’’. That forms 21% of the total answers. It seems like most of the participants, 79%, were somewhat well informed about the topic. However, 21% is still a significant number which justifies the fact that more awareness should be raised in regards to this issue.
‘‘It is a seriuos problem that requires coopration from everyone’’ ‘‘It is an increasing issue’’ ‘‘It’s bad and people don’t pay much attention to it’’ ‘‘I know that throwing waste into the ocean causes the living organisms in the ocean to die off’’ ‘‘That it is a serious threat to our environment and if not taken seriously could affect the lives of many different species including people all around the world’’ Fatima Albuhmaid | Interior Design | 2018
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OCEAN POLLUTION SURVEY
7. IN YOUR OPINION, WHAT SHOULD BE DONE TO HELP MINIMIZE WATER POLLUTION? ‘‘Raise awarness in a global level’’ ‘‘Make it against the law and fine people who do so’’ ‘‘Teach people about their responsibilities toward nature and earth. Let them know how every single action, no matter how small it may seem, has a great impact on nature, and then on different creatures’ lives. I would recommend using another way, other than ones used now. Quite frankly, I do not know what ways could be used, however, I do know that the ways of teaching people about pollution now is not affecting as many people as it should be.’’ ‘‘Use less plastic and have more bins around so people can throw trash easily instead of throwing it close by’’ ‘‘Find ways to incorporate biodegradable items into our everyday lives’’ ‘‘Reduce rubbish(recycling), help to keep beaches cleaner, support organizations that work on protecting the ocean.’’ Fatima Albuhmaid | Interior Design | 2018
Data Analysis All of the survey answers for this question were constructive. It seems as if the public is able to identify the issue as well as possible solutions. But the problem persists with implementing said solutions like introducing biodegradable items into our everyday lives.
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CLEANUP BAHRAIN Cleanup Bahrain is a voluntary group that regularly goes around beaches in the Island and cleans up debris and any form of waste. Environmental issues are often neglected in Bahrain and, unfortunately, no strict pollution laws are imposed. This has resulted in obscene amounts of pollution in public beaches because the community is either un- aware or disregardful. For this reason the campaign aims to: - Educate the community about the dangers of debris in the ocean and in the environment - Highlight the importance of recycling - Perserve the environment - Provide protection for marine organisms - Encourage public participation and responsibility Cleanup Bahrain was founded in 2016 by 17 year old student Ahmed Khan. It started off as a project he would carry out with friends and family, but has now expanded accross Bahrain. Currently, an average of 30- 50 volunteers attend per cleaning session. Fatima Albuhmaid | Interior Design | 2018
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Group photo from the clean-up I attended
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CLEANUP BH Images taken at Hamad Town, Malkiya beach. I wanted to photograph the reality and the severity of the issue in my home town as part of my primary research. Most of the waste is found not directly on the shore, but around 20 feet away from the ocean. This is because the waste is thrown by the shore but gets carried by the wind to the grounds leading to the sea. I was astonished by the sight. The shrubs were immersed in plastic bags, deteriorating water bottles, foil, food packets, plastic plates and cutlery all left behind by beach goers. The plastic waste has almost been integrated into the shrubs to the point where the plastic bags resembled flowers blooming out of the shrubs. Living directly next to this beach I have always known that the situation was bad, but I never knew that it reached this extent as it seems to continuously get worse. For this reason I decided to focus my research on the topic of ocean pollution. Fatima Albuhmaid | Interior Design | 2018
Image retrieved from the official Cleanup BH instagram page 15
CLEANUP BH
HELL
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The voluntary group does not only aim to bring awareness, but also to highlight on the importance of recycling as many of the plastic items are collected in a seperate bag to be recycled. Organisations like Cleanup Bahrain are demanding for stricter pollution laws to be implemented in the island, and urge the government to take more serious actions towards environmental preservation.
‘‘The campaign does not target a specific segment, but will benefit all sectors of society from beachgoers to tourists.” –
Dr. Jawahery, Gulf Petrochemical Industries Co. president from an interview with the Bahrain News Agency
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DESIGN BRIEF My design does not involve the use of a building, but rather of an existing pier. I plan on working on the lower secion of the pier to install a glass extension, somewhat resembeling an aquarium. The reason as to why I chose to work on the bottom of the pier and not above it is because I want my design to give visitors a different perspective on the ocean, a perspective they have never witnessed before. Between the Pier and the ocean is a no- man’s- land. That section is where the two worlds shared by seagulls and fish collide. A section of the ocean often not explored, and most certanly not witnessed in both dry and wet stages. I plan to play on the concept of being able to watch as the tides come in and out. Thus, it is important that the location of my design has frequent tidal waves. The design conccept provides a completely different experience than being in an artificial aquarium because it has more of an organic feel. I hope that through my design people are able to engage more with their environment. If the water beneath the pier is polluted and visitors are able to see that unfiltered I hope that it could encourage them to make a difference. And if the waters are clear, I hope to make visitors connect with their environment. Fatima Albuhmaid | Interior Design | 2018
A similar visual representation of the design concept
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CASE STUDY 1
HASTINGS PIER
dRMM Architecture
Hastings Pier after the redevelopment, 2016.
A devastating fire in 2010 resulted in completely destroying the structure of a 144 year old pier in East Sussex. But, after 6 years of redevelopment, the pier was regenerated and opened to the public once more. The architects behind this project transformed a century old and ruined pier into a new attraction. The Hastings pier garnered national attention, and the architectural firm dRMM has even received the 2017 RIBA sterling prize for their revival of the destroyed pier. 14 million pounds were invested into this project that aims to inspire visitors and locals, and to also create a one of a kind seaside experience. Instead of focusing on reconstructing the destroyed structure, the architects opted to reinvent the pier into a more modern and open space plan.
Hastings Pier after the fire, 2010. Fatima Albuhmaid | Interior Design | 2018
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CASE STUDY 1
“The architects and local community have transformed a neglected wreck into a stunning, flexible new pier to delight and inspire visitors and local people.” – Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) president Ben Derbyshire
The Hastings Pier project is most admirable for its innovative approach to a neglected space. The contemporary design of the pier has got the public’s attention and became a topic of conversation. Communities value historic buildings but do nothing when they are left to decay, and this design project has shed light on the concept of regenerating abandoned spaces.
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CASE STUDY 2
PIER 55
Thomas Heatherwick
Digital render of the completed Pier 55
This design fuses between a pier, a park and a public performance space. The concept behind the elevated scheme is for it to mimic a leaf floating in the water, thus classifying the pier as a biomimetic design. The location of this project, that is still in the works, is in New York ,USA. It is being built on the location of the original pier 54 where the survivors of the titanic docked. However, unlike he Hastings pier, this project is not a rejuvenation because it is being built between the two remaining functional piers. The project is a collaboration between arhitect Thomas Heatherwick and Mathew Nielsen Landscape Architects (MNLA). It was launched in 2016, but was cancelled in September 2017 for the fact that it was a highly ambitious landscape. Currently, the project has thankfully been revived on October 2017. The status is now on progress.
Remainings of the original pier 54 Fatima Albuhmaid | Interior Design | 2018
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CASE STUDY 2
HELL
Top view of Pier 55
Digital Render of the Performance Space Fatima Albuhmaid | Interior Design | 2018
Plan Elevation of Pier 55 Design brief was to create a 3- dimensional landscape that repurposes a standard pier into a public park with performance spaces. This design works well with the outdoor theatre as the levelled seating provides the audience with a better view. The Pier 55 project responds to the idea of using design to encourage people to engage with their surroundings. This is because the structure itself promotes exploring the space, as well as engage in several different activities.
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PLASTIC OCEAN
CASE STUDY 3
Closeup of the plastic waste
Visitor at the art installation
Tan Zi Xi
Fatima Albuhmaid | Interior Design | 2018
An engaging art installation created by the artist Tan Zi Xi from Singapore. Visitors step into the exhibit to find themselved submerged in plastic waste. Blue lighting is used to give the effect of being underwater, and the walls are covered with mirrors to maxemize the effect. This illusion of an infinite plastic ocean gives visitors a different perspective on the issue, and allows them to see it from an ocean creature’s point of view.
‘‘People are tired of reading and hearing about social and environmental issues, perhaps the impact of a physical encounter with a similar message will hit home.” – Zi Xi on the artwork
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Fatima Albuhmaid | Interior Design | 2018
Artist Zi Xi working on the installment
Zi Xi posing in the completed exhibition
Encountering this visual piece forces the public to think about the issue and understand the extent of it. It leaves more of an impact than data or statistics ever could. Around 8 million metric tons of plastic waste annually ends up in the ocean, yet the majority of the population continues to not change their habbits that harm the environment. This installation is inspiring to me because I would like my final design to leave this much of an impact on the public, and to spread awareness through the design.
Closeup of the plastic waste
CASE STUDY 3
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HELL
DESIGN LOCATION LLANDUDNO PIER, WALES UK The Llandudno Pier is known as the longest pier in Wales, and the fifth longest in the UK, measuring up to 700 M. I particularly chose this location because my vision for the design concept is for people to experience the ocean like they never have before. The instillation underneath the pier would have more dramatic effects the deeper it transgress into the ocean, because visitors could walk through an area that is not engulfed by water to a point where the whole installment is submerged underneath the ocean.The rather huge structure of the Llandudno pier could be challenging to work with, however I believe it is the best location to execute my vision. The Pier, originally built in 1877, holds great cultural value to the Welsh town residents. It was last rebuilt in 1969. For this reason, development and refurbishment to the original structure is considered controversial. I do not make plans to alter the original structure, but rather to enhance it by adding an extension to the lower half of the pier. Fatima Albuhmaid | Interior Design | 2018
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SITE PLANS Because my chosen site location is not a building with an existing floorplan, the site plans are retrieved through exporting a section of the Llandudno map on to AutoCad. Eleveations of the site are currently in the works as a visit to the location is needed to collect furher measurements. FIGURE A: Llandudno Bay, Wales
FIGURE B: Llandudno Pier Standard Measurements (in Meters)
Figure A is a general plan of the Llandudno bay and pier. It includes the surrounding water area, shore, roads, and buildings for future reference. The plan is benificial for giving an overview of the location, and provides an estimate for the scale of the pier in comparision to the surrounding objects. Figure B is a more detailed plan drawing of the pier itself. Provided are the overall length on the pier (700M), the distance between each kiosk (140M), and the standard length and width of the pavillion (130M, 160M).
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Graph showing the increase of the beach water quality in Wales
BEACH WATER QUALITY IN WALES The graph showcases the rise of designated bathing areas by approximately 3.2% annually over the past decade. While the change is gradually getting better, the percentage of increase per year is at an alarmingly low rate. Greater efforts should be put into increasing the percentage of positive rise to surpass 3.2%. While the positive change over the past decade cannot go unnoticed, there is always room for improvement.
There has been a total of 15% increase of the beach water quality in Wales, as shown by the diagrams. This rise was measured by the EU Bathing Water Directive. Today there is a total of 97 bathing areas classified as ‘good’ or ‘excellent’ in comparision to only 69 bathing areas classified as such in 2006. Fatima Albuhmaid | Interior Design | 2018
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There has been a 40% rise in beach water quality in Wales over the past decade. When the EU Bathing Water Directive was introduced stricter water quality standards were implemented, thus pushing both the authorities and the public to make more environmentally concious decisions. The timeline particularly focuses on Wales, UK as it is my considered design location. Fatima Albuhmaid | Interior Design | 2018
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CONCLUSION The figures and data I have collected have left me astonished by the massive extent of the issue of ocean pollution, and I was particularly taken aback by the statistics of how long it takes everyday items to biodegrade. My studies on this topic have made me reconsider a lot of my actions. I am now more concious of my use of plastic, and more involved in doing my part to save our environment. What could be classified as my favourite part of this research are the case studies, as I am fascinated by how innovative and well- executed the projects were. The case study research also led me to discover the works of Thomas Heatherwick, an architect with several projects that truly inspire me. Despite the fact that some statistics, like the beach water quality in Wales, show a positive increase, much could still be done in regards to further improving the epidemic on a global level, and that is what I wish to communicate in my NMP design.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY - MNLA. (2018). MN Landscape. Retrieved 12 January, 2018 from https://www.mnlandscape. com/projects/pier_55 - Dezeen. (2017). Dezeen. Retrieved 12 January, 2018 from https://www.dezeen. com/2017/10/25/barry-diller-launches-one-last-attempt-revive-thomas-heatherwick-pier-55new-york/ - 6SQFT. (2016). 6SQFT. Retrieved 12 January, 2018 from https://www.6sqft.com/ construction-update-pier-55s-535-concrete-columns-rise-from-the-hudson-river/ - One Green Planet. (2017). One Green Planet. Retrieved 12 January, 2018 from http://www. onegreenplanet.org/news/exhibit-shows-fish-in-plastic-trash/ - BNA. (2016). Bahrain News Agency. Retrieved 12 January, 2018 from http://www.bna.bh/ portal/en/news/710793 - Brave Fights. (2016). Brave Fights. Retrieved 12 January, 2018 from http://www.bravefights. com/brave-environmental-partnership/
- Moore, C. J. (2015). How much plastic is in the ocean? You tell me! Marine Pollution Bulletin,92(1-2), 1-3. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.11.042 - Wilcox, C., Mallos, N. J., Leonard, G. H., Rodriguez, A., & Hardesty, B. D. (2016). Using expert elicitation to estimate the impacts of plastic pollution on marine wildlife. Marine Policy, 65, 107-114. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2015.10.014 - Eagle, L., Hamann, M., & Low, D. R. (2016). The role of social marketing, marine turtles and sustainable tourism in reducing plastic pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 107(1), 324-332. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.040 Figures: - The Inertia (15 October 2015) Pollution in the ocean. Retrieved from https://www. theinertia.com/environment/study-shows-5-countries-account-for-as-much-as-60-ofplastic-ocean-pollution/ - UT News (June 9 2015) Garbage in the beach. Retrieved from https://news.utexas. edu/2015/06/09/trash-on-our-beaches-started-with-us-it-must-end-with-us - Kiwi Report (January 10 2017) water polluted with trash. Retrieved from http://www. kiwireport.com/50-horrifying-images-environmental-pollution/
- BBC. (2016). British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 12 January, 2018 from http://www. bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-38012038
- Mother Nature Network (October 5 2016) three bins in beach. Retrieved from https://www. mnn.com/earth-matters/translating-uncle-sam/stories/what-is-the-great-pacific-oceangarbage-patch
- Assembly Wales. (2015). Assembly Wales. Retrieved 12 January, 2018 from http://www. assembly.wales/research%20documents/qg15-004-water%20quality%20in%20wales/qg15004.pdf
- 3 Novices Europe (3 November 2017) Hastings pier. Retrieved from https://3noviceseurope.wordpress.com/category/design/page/109/
Natural Resources Wales. (2016). Natural Resources Wales. Retrievedf12dJanuary,d2018vfrom https://naturalresources.wales/guidance-and-advice/environmental-topics/water-managementand-quality/water-quality/bathing-water-quality/?lang=en
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- Oceanic Global (23 November 2016) plastics in ocean. Retrieved from http://oceanic.global/tan-zi-xi/ - Archinect (January 10 2018) New York’s Pier 55. Retrieved from https://archinect.com/news/tag/354290/thomas-heatherwick - 6sqft (23 May 2017) New York’s Pier 55. Retrieved from https://www.6sqft.com/pier-55-project-files-appeal-to-stop-work-order-durstsays-he-backed-opposition/ - A As Architechture (n.d) New York’s Pier 55. Retrieved from http://aasarchitecture.com/2014/11/pier-55-new-floating-island-parkthomas-heatherwick.html/pier-55-floating-island-park-by-thomas-heatherwick-03 - Heatherwick (n.d.) New York Pier 55. Retrieved from http://www.heatherwick.com/wp-content/uploads/heatherwick-Pier55-8224.jpg Books: - J.D Fish & S. Fish (1989). A students Guide to the Seashore. London: The Academic Division of Unwin Hyman Ltd. - Heatherwick, T., & Rowe, Maisie, author. (2015). Thomas Heatherwick : Making (Revised and expanded ed.). - Los Angeles Times (18 August 2018) plastic bags floating in ocean. Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com/sns-dailymeal-1799367healthy-eating-recycle-your-plastic-unless-you-want-end-eating-it-081817-20170818-story.html - Pictures And Images (n.d.) rocks at sea shore. Retrieved from http://pictures-and-images.com/content/sea-shore-rocks.html - Jianzhubang (4 November 2017) Hastings pier. Retrieved from http://jianzhubang.com/weixin/44845 - Urban 75 Blog (19 November 2012) Hastings pier. Retrieved from http://www.urban75.org/blog/hastings-pier-to-be-restored-after11m-lottery-grant/ - Evening Standard (1 November 2017) Hastings pier. Retrieved from https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/travel/10-reasons-why-youshould-visit-hastings-in-2016-a3263041.html
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