The De s ign Process Edited by: Fatima Alkabsh
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Electronic Pre-Press Production
1. Focus your attention on the materials you are studying. attention is one of the major components of memory. in order for information to move from short-term memory into long-term memory. you need to actively attend to this information.
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Chapter 1
Contents
Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter5
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+ Resolution Bite DPI-
Dots per inch
CPU- Central Processing Unit
C.1
Comp Comprehensive RAM- Random Access Memory
Line Art Solid LPI Lines per inch Bit Continuous-Tone
Halftone
Camera-Ready Art
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File Format/ Hardware/ Mearsurment/ CPU- Central Processing Unit Bit Bite
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LPI Lines per inch dpi- Dots per inch RAM- Random Access Memory Resolution
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Bit- In computer terms, a binary entity that is the smallest amount of information that a computer can manipulate.
RAM- Random Access Memory , temporary memory that can be “accessed” as needed to store data and instructions in a computer while it is turned on. An increase in RAM will allow the computer to work in increasingly complicated programs and with a faster speed.
Bite -The basic unit of computer memory representing a single alphanumeric character. One bite contains the equivalent of 8 bits. The most common groupings are 8, 16, 24 and 32 bit bytes.
Megabyte -Approximately one million
Rom Read Only Memory , a portion of a computer’s memory that is permanently recorded. Memory that can only be read, not changed by the user, and is not lost when the computer is turned off.
bytes, or one thousand kilobytes. (Specifically 1,048,576 bytes)
COMP Comprehensive , an accurate layout showing
CPU- Central Processing Unit , the “brains” or
Line Art Solid -color artwork or type,
circuitry section of the computer that controls the interpretation and execution of instructions.
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type, illustrations and photographs in position and suitable as a final presentation. with no tonal values.
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2. Avoid cramming by establishing regular study sessions. Studying materials over a number of session’s gives you the time you need to adequately process the information. Research has shown that students who study regularly remember the material far better than those who do all of their studying in one marathon session.
Halftone - The reproduction of continuous-tone artwork (such as a photograph) through the application of a screen that converts the image into dots of various sizes.
Continuous-Tone - Any photograph or
Camera-Ready Art - The process of preparing all elements (type, illustration, position photos, etc.) of a page into exact position on a flat surface prior to photographing for printing purposes.
illustration that contains a range of tones or gradation of tones in black and white or color.
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LPI-Lines per inch - The number of lines in an inch, as found on the screens that create halftones and four-color images, as in “printed at 150-line screen.” The more lines per inch, the more detailed the image will be. Typically, newspapers use an 85-line screen and publications use a 150-line screen. Fine art prints are frequently printed using a 175-line screen or higher. (A 150-line screen is equal to 300 dpi)
DPI- Dots per inch - referring to the resolution of the output. The more dots per inch, the more detailed the image will be. (i.e. Images to be printed should generally be at least 300 dpi.)
Resolution - The fixed number of pixels or dots available on an output device (display screen, imagesetter, etc.)
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+ HUE VALUE
TINT
C.2
RGB Red, Green, Blue. CMYK Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black. DUOTONE
PANTONE MATCHING SYSTEM (PMS) FOUR-COLOR PROCESS (CMYK) BLEED
COLOR SEPARATIONS
REGISTER
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Color Vector Raster
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3. Structure and organize the information you are studying. Researchers have found that information is organized in memory in related clusters. You can take advantage of this by structuring and organizing the materials you are studying. Try grouping similar concepts and terms together, or make an outline of your notes and textbook readings to help group related concepts.
Halftone continuous-Tone Duotone //////// Camera-Ready
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HUE - In color, the ability to perceive the main attributes of colors by using the human eye. (i.e. “red,” “blue,” “green,” etc.)
VALUE - The degree of lightness or darkness of a color or tone of gray.
TINT- A color obtained by adding white to the solid color. In printing, a photomechanical reproduction of a solid color by screening.
RGB Red, Green, Blue. - The primary colors, called “additive” colors, used by color monitor displays and TVs. The combination and intensities of these three colors can represent the whole spectrum. Mixing the three additive colors in equal amounts will produce white.
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CMYK- Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black .- The four process colors (technically, they are “subtractive� colors) that are used in four-color printed reproduction. Mixing the three primary subtractive colors (cyan, magenta, yellow)in equal amounts will produce black.
Duotone - A two-color halftone (generally black and a second color) made from a regular black and white photograph. The full range of tones are printed black, or the darker color, and the middle range of tones are printed in the second color. The result is an image with more richness and depth than a one-color halftone.
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4. Utilize mnemonic devices to remember information. Mnemonic devices are a technique often used by students to aid in recall. A mnemonic is simply a way to remember information. For example, you might associate a term you need to remember with a common item that you are very familiar with. The best mnemonics are those that utilize positive imagery, humor or novelty. You might come up with a rhyme, song or joke to help remember a specific segment of information.
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REGISTER - In printing, the accurate positioning of one film (positive or negative) or printing plate over another so that both are in the correct relationship, one to the other, and the effect of a “single image” results. When plates are printed off-register, or out of register, the printed image will become fuzzy, and if in process color change colors.
COLOR SEPARATIONS - Artwork separated into component BLEED - Area of a plate or print that extends (“bleeds” off) beyond the edge to be trimmed. Applies mostly to photographs or areas of color. When a design involves a bleed image, the designer must allow from 1⁄8” to 1⁄4” beyond the trim page size for trimming. Also the printer must use a slightly larger sheet to accommodate bleeds.
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plates ration number ration
of cyan, magenta, yellow, and black in prepafor process printing or into the appropriate of plates for spot color printing. Each sepaprints a single process or spot color.
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PANTONE MATCHING SYSTEM (PMS) Brand name for a widely used color-matching system. It provides designers with swatches for specific colors, and gives printers the recipes for making those colors.
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FOUR-COLOR PROCESS (CMYK) Method that uses dots of cyan, magenta, yellow and black (CMYK) to simulate the continuous tones and variety of colors in a color image. This results in four printing plates, one for each color, which when printed produce the effects of all the colors in the original art.
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Pre-press
C.3
Printing
Post-press
Letterpress printing
On-press Lithography
Gravure
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Printing Vector Post-press
gravure Offset lithography Pre-press
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On-press
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+ All printed materials, regardless of the process used, are produced in three operations: pre-press, on-press and post-press.
Pre-press operations include preparation of all art, photos, typography, halftone screening, scanning, color separations and corrections, assembly, imposition, proofing and plate-making.
On-press is where the actual transfer of image to paper occurs. On-press operations are concerned with precise positioning of plates, control of ink coverage, color control, registration and speed of impressions.
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5. Elaborate and rehearse the information you are studying. In order to recall information, you need to encode what you are studying into long-term memory. One of the most effective encoding techniques is known as elaborative rehearsal. An example of this technique would be to read the definition of a key term, study the definition of that term and then read a more detailed description of what that term means. After repeating this process a few times, you’ll probably notice that recalling the information is much easier.
Post-press operations cover all finishing work such as folding, trimming, collating, binding, stacking and packaging for shipment.
PRINTING PROCESSES
Printing is basically the action of reproducing images in quantity—the transfer of images from one surface, the printing plate, to another, the paper, through the medium of ink. This printing process can be accomplished through a number of different methods.
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Most printing is done with a plate. The four main types of printing methods are relief, where words or images are raised above the surface; intaglio, where they are etched through the surface; planographic, on the same plane as the surface; and stencil, or screen printing, cut below the plate surface. Words and images may also be printed electronically, using photocopiers and inkjet printers.
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LETTERPRESS
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Letterpress printing was the most common method from the time of Gutenburg until the mid-1960’s. Printing is done using cast metal type or engraving plates on which the printing image areas are raised in relief above the non-printing areas. Ink is applied by press rollers to the raised surfaces, the image areas, then transferred directly onto paper. (The non-printing areas are lower and do not receive ink.) Impression is sharp and clear, resulting in type or images that may actually be depressed or debossed into the paper by the pressure of the press.
Advantages • • • •
ink is dense and gives strong image good printing for high-quality books consistent quality throughout the run good for jobs requiring numbering and imprinting (tickets, forms, etc.) • used for die-cutting, slotting, perforating. embossing, debossing • proofing is relatively inexpensive • less paper waste than other processes
Disadvantages • high cost of printing plates and make-ready time • modern preparation methods better suited to other processes • requires higher quality paper
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Gravure
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Gravure is an intaglio process (the opposite of relief). The printing image is engraved into the plate and filled with liquid ink. Excess ink is wiped away, and a rubber cylinder presses the paper into the recesses of the plate to draw the ink out of the paper. The unique aspect of gravure is that all copy, continuous tone images, line art and type, must be screened. Thousands of microscopic dots are etched in acid to become cells. The cells vary in depth and diameter, creating tonal gradations of the printed image. The large deep cells hold more ink and therefore print darker; the small shallow cells hold less ink and print lighter tones. Gravure ink is a thin liquid and dries quickly through evaporation. Most gravure is done on web-fed rotary presses. The paper is supplied to the web-fed press in the form of reels or large rolls, as opposed to sheet-fed printing in which the paper is supplied in sheets of a suitable size for the press and job. Web-fed gravure is used for jobs with long runs (2 million copies or more) such as weekly magazines, newspaper inserts and mass-circulation catalogs. Sheet-fed gravure is used for highquality art books and fine art prints and postage stamps.
Offset Lithography
Lithography is based upon the principle that oil and water do not mix. Fine are lithographs are made by drawing on a highly polished limestone surface with a grease crayon. The stone is then sponged with a solution of water, gum arabic and acid. The solution is rejected by the greased image and absorbed by the non-image area. When the stone is inked, the ink is accepted by the image area. To print, a piece of paper is pressed against the stone and the ink is transferred to the paper. The commercial form of lithography, commonly known as offset, is based upon the same principle. The inked image on the metal plate is offset onto a rubber blanket wrapped around a rotating metal cylinder; the image is transferred from the blanket to the paper. The rubber blanket serves several functions: 1) preventing the delicate litho plate from coming into contact with the paper surface, which would wear the plate surface down quickly; 2) less water comes into contact with the paper; and 3) the rubber responds to irregularities in the printing surface.
Advantages
• richest blacks and widest tonal range of all printing processes • good reproduction of photographs and detail • economical for high-speed, long run jobs
Disadvantages
• plates or cylinders are more expensive • proofing is more expensive • corrections difficult and expensive
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cast coated
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Deckle Edge Felt Basis Weight Caliper Double-Thick Cover Stiff
C.4
Digital Papers
Cover Paper Heavyweight
Laid Finish bond
Coated Paper Smoothness Opacity Brightness Grain Direction Ink Holdout Genuine Felt Finish Formation Linen Finish Machine Felt Finish
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Paper Coated Paper
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6. Relate new information to things you already know. When you are studying unfamiliar material, take the time to think about how this information relates to things that you already know. By establishing relationships between new ideas and previously existing memories, you can dramatically increase the likelihood of recalling the recently learned information.
Basis Weight
Digital Papers Ink Holdout Cover Paper Heavyweight Grain Direction
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BRIGHTNESS - Brightness is measured as the percentage of light in a narrow spectral range reflected from the surface of a sheet of paper. It is not necessarily related to color or whiteness. A paper with a brightness of 98 is an extremely bright sheet with almost all light being reflected back to the viewer. Bright white papers illuminate transparent printing inks, giving cleaner, crisper color and contrasty blacks.
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CALIPER - Caliper is a measure of paper thickness expressed in thousands of an inch. The micrometer is used to measure caliper.
CAST COATED High gloss paper manufactured by casting the coating paper against a highly polished, heated steel drum.
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COATED PAPER Made with a surface coating, which allows for maximum smoothness and ink holdout in the printing process. Coated papers are available in a range of finishes from dull to matte and gloss.
COVER PAPER- Heavyweight coated or uncoated papers with good folding characteristics. Their diverse uses include folders, booklet covers, brochures, etc.
BASIS WEIGHT - The weight of 500 sheets (one ream) or a standard basic size. For example, the standard basic size for text papers is 25 in. by 38 in. Thus, ream of basis 70 text sheets in that size weighs 70 lbs. The basic size for cover papers is 20 in. by 26 in.
DECKLE EDGE- Produced in hand-papermaking by drainage under a wooden frame surrounding the hand mould. The rough edges on hand-made and some machine-made papers were originally considered an imperfection. The deckle edge came back in fashion with the handcraft revival in the last decade of the 19th century.
BOND - Originally a term applied to cotton-content paper used for printing bonds and legal documents, and distinguished by strength, performance and durability. Bond paper may now be made from either cotton, chemical wood pulp, or a combination of the two. Today, writing, digital and cutsize papers are often identified with the bond scale.
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DIGITAL PAPERS- Papers designed for the specific processes of the emerging digital printing technologies. Unlike traditional offset printing, the digital environment is centered in quick turnarounds, short runs and the ability to vary printed information within the run.
DOUBLE-THICK COVER- Stiff, durable cover papers produced by laminating together two pieces of equal-weight paper. The resulting sheet is heavy and strong, with excellent printing and folding characteristics.
FELT- Woven textile originally wool but now usually synthetic, used to carry the web while moisture is pressed from it. While on the paper machine, the felt acts as a support for the paper web. Felts, if they are rough, can impact the finish of the paper.
FORMATION- Refers to the uniformity and distribution of fibers within a sheet of paper. In a well formed sheet, solid ink coverage will go down smoothly. A poorly formed sheet will exhibit a mottled appearance when printed. Formation can be checked by holding the paper up to a light source. A well formed sheet appears uniform, while in a poorly formed sheet the fibers appear as clumps, giving a cloudy look.
GENUINE FELT FINISH- A finish applied to paper by means of marking felts while the paper web is still very wet. These felts impart their distinctive textures by gently rearranging the paper fibers. This creates a soft, resilient, textured surface suitable for printing and relief operations.
7. Visualize concepts to improve memory and recall. Many people benefit greatly from visualizing the information they study. Pay attention to the photographs, charts and other graphics in your textbooks. If you do not have visual cues to help, try creating your own. Draw charts or figures in the margins of your notes or use highlighters or pens in different colors to group related ideas in your written study materials.
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INK HOLDOUT- A characteristic of paper related to its capacity to keep ink sitting on its surface rather than absorbing into the sheet. Better ink holdout produces sharper printed images.
LAID FINISH- A linear pattern which is applied by a dandy roll while the paper is still wet, to mimic the effect of some hand-made papers. The laid dandy roll is comprised of wires that run parallel to the roll’s axis (laid lines), and chain lines, which connect the laid lines and run in the grain direction.
LINEN FINISH- One of the many textured effects
GRAIN DIRECTION- As the paper web is carried
that is produced by embossing a web of paper with a patterned steel roll. Embossing takes place off the machine as a separate operation.
forward on the machine, the majority of fibers orient themselves in the machine direction. When the web of paper is sheeted, the sheets will be grain long (fibers that follow the long side of the sheet) or grain short (they follow the short side). Grain direction should be considered during the design process for best results during printing, folding and converting.
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MACHINE FELT FINISH- Rubber marking rolls apply a felt-type finish to paper right before the dryer section. This technique yields a softer surface than embossing, and better bulk. The surface is slightly harder than with a genuine felt finish. Though less natural in feel, a machine-felt texture is more economical and provides greater ink holdout because of its compact surface.
OPACITY- Measure of the percentage of light passage through a sheet of paper. The more opaque a paper is, the less show-through there will be from printing on the sheet below. Basis weight, brightness, type of fibers, fillers, coatings and formation all influence opacity. Generally, opacity and brightness are inversely related to each other; the brighter the paper, the less opaque. Other factors that effect opacity are bulk, surface, smoothness and shade.
SMOOTHNESS- A surface quality of a sheet of paper, related to the flatness of the sheet. This characteristic of smoothness affects ink receptivity.
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IMPOSITION
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WORK AND TURN PICKING
collate EMBOSSING
DOT GAIN SIGNATURE
C.5
DENSITOMETER
FOIL STAMPING perforate
FORM
GUTTER
fold VARNISH score cut
TRAPPING
DIE-CUTTING HICKEY
FINISHING BLANKET
GHOSTING GRIPPER EDGE COLOR BARS IMPRESSION CYLINDER
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Process/ Problems/ Color bars
9. Pay extra attention to difficult information. Have you ever noticed how it’s sometimes easier to remember information at the beginning or end of a chapter? Researchers have found that the order of information can play a role in recall, which is known as the serial position effect. While recalling middle information can be difficult, you can overcome this problem by spending extra time rehearsing this information. Another strategy is to try restructuring what you have learned so it will be easier to remember. When you come across an especially difficult concept, devote some extra time to memorizing the information.
EMBOSSING
ghosting IMPOSITION HICKEY
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DIE-CUTTING
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GRIPPER EDGE - Margin or leading edge of a sheet of paper for press gripper clips to hold, feed and control the paper as it speeds through the press. No printing can take the place on the outside 3/8-inch of the paper on the gripper edge. BLANKET- A rubber surfaced cylinder on offset presses that receives and transfers the inked image from plate to paper.
IMPRESSION CYLINDER - The cylinder or flat bed of a printing press that holds the paper in contact with the printing plate or blanket.
COLOR BARS- Bars of color that appear on all four-color process jobs, used primarily to check registration of all colors, dot gain and to show density and evenness of ink across the press sheet. Color bars are placed outside of the trim area and are used as a guide for the platemaker and the pressman.
DENSITOMETER - A photoelectric instrument used throughout a print run to measure the optical density of ink on paper.
DOT GAIN - The tendency of the dots of halftones and four-color images to print larger than they are on the film or plate. If the printer does not compensate for this, images may be distorted, appearing darker or less vivid than intended.
PICKING - A problem generally resulting from using an ink that’s too tacky for the paper it’s printed on. The ink actually pulls tiny pieces of the paper off the surface of the sheet, causing white specks to appear in solid print areas.
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8. Teach new concepts to another person. Research suggests that reading materials out loud significantly improves memory of the material. Educators and psychologists have also discovered that having students actually teach new concepts to others enhances understanding and recall. You can use this approach in your own studies by teaching new concepts and information to a friend or study partner.
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GHOSTING- A problem where shadows and ghosted images can occur if a plate takes all the ink off the form rollers leaving a reverse print which may be transferred to another area of the plate. It will appear as a light or dark repeat of an image above or below the actual image.
HICKEY - An irregularity in the ink coverage of a printed page, caused by dust, paper, lint or dirt on the printing blanket which prevents the ink from adhering to the paper surface. The specific blanket must be cleaned to eliminate a hickey from printing on all consecutive sheets.
TRAPPING - printing ink over previously printed ink. Trapping is also used to describe the very slight overlapping of adjacent colors.
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VARNISH- A liquid lacquer coating printed on top of a sheet to protect it, add a finish and/or add a tinge of color. An entire sheet may be varnished or certain areas may be “spot varnished.” Varnish can be designated as having a dull or glossy finish. (Note: Varnish is an extra ink color on the press.)
GUTTER - Inner page margins between type and binding edge of a magazine or book.
FORM - A group of pages printed on a large sheet, front and back. The pages on a form will be in the correct order after the sheet is folded and trimmed.
SIGNATURE - Once folded and trimmed, a form becomes a signature. It is the collated pages of one folded and trimmed form, making up one section of a book, catalog or magazine.
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imposition - The planning, arrangement and configuration of a press form. Creating an imposition involves planning the printing job so that when printed pages are folded and cut, they are in the right order. Imposition planning also minimizes paper waste by printing as many pages as possible on a full-size, uncut sheet of paper.
work and turn - Prints the same set of pages on the front and back of a large sheet of paper. After the first run, the sheet is turned from side to side and the back is printed using the same plate. One gripper edge is used. Each large sheet yields two or more finished pieces when cut.
work and tumble- Prints the same set of pages on the front and back of a large sheet of paper. After the first run, the sheet is tumbled from bottom to top and the back is printed using the same plate. Two different gripper edges are used. Each large sheet yields two or more finished pieces when cut.
embossing - A finishing process that produces a raised image on the surface of the paper by using a metal or plastic die on a special press. There are actually two embossing dies used; one is relief, the other matching die is recessed. A raised, or embossed, image is created by striking the relief die from beneath the paper into the recessed die above the paper.
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foil stamping- The process of stamping an impression into paper using a foil sheet. Stamping separates the foil from its backing and makes it adhere to the paper. Foil may be clear or opaque, and it comes in a wide range of colors, including metallics and patterns. Foil stamping adds a shiny finish to the final stamped image.
die-cutting- Using a sharp, metal-edged die to precision cut special shapes into paper. The process of preparing, or “finishing� a flat, printed job for shipment. FINISHING
cut- to trim all pages to size using the crop marks. score- to crease a sheet of paper, especially cover paper, so that it can be folded cleanly and accurately. Scoring creates an embossed channel that acts as a guide for easier folding. The outcome is a straight, durable fold that doesn’t crack or break.
fold- to double up a sheet of paper so that one part lies on top of another.
perforate- to cut tiny holes into a sheet so that the paper may be easily torn along predetermined lines. Paper may be perforated either on or off the press, using steel cutting rules with teeth.
collate- to assemble pages together, in the correct order, for binding.
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10. Vary your study routine.Another great way to increase your recall is to occasionally change your study routine. If you are accustomed to studying in one specific location, try moving to a different spot during your next study session. If you study in the evening, try spending a few minutes each morning reviewing the information you studied the previous night. By adding an element of novelty to your study sessions, you can increase the effectiveness of your efforts and significantly improve your long-term recall.
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Notes
Let your creativity expand
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