THE NAIL by Fawn Rogers

THE NAIL

FAWN ROGERS

On the cover is a hand forged nail extracted in 2019 from the ruins of a 19th century mansion in Hydra, Greece.

Disclaimer This book is intended to view the development of human civilization through the eyes of the nail. Nail images in the book are not to size, many are enlarged in order so that one can see the life and history in the nail as though it were a sculpture. The Nail was assembled from a large assortment of sources. Please let us know if you find something misattributed, miscommunicated, or flat out wrong. If you would like to contribute to The Nail, it is intended to be an ongoing, open-source, not for profit endeavor. This book is made with a curious obsession and as a homage to one of the most invisible tools of human civilization as it pertains to our ongoing sculpting of what is our world. Thank you, Fawn Rogers 2021 www.FawnRogers.com

Fawn Rogers, 2017

Violent Garden, Fawn Rogers, plywood, miscellaneous nails, 2017

nail /nāl/ noun: nail; plural noun: nails a small metal spike with a broadened flat head, driven typically into wood with a hammer to join things together or to serve as a peg or hook. verb fasten to a surface or to something else with a nail or nails. INFORMAL expose (someone) as deceitful or criminal; catch or arrest. Old English nægel (noun) “tapering metal pin”, næglan (verb), of Germanic origin; related to Dutch nagel and German Nagel, from an IndoEuropean root shared by Latin unguis and Greek onux.

Violent Garden, Self-Portrait, Fawn Rogers, 2017

THE NAIL Human invention is defined by the intrinsic conflict and confluence of destruction and creation. Historically, perhaps no object better encapsulates this technological paradox than the nail. Since at least 3400 BCE, humanity has utilized the nail to build and to destroy, to repair and to wound. Designed to be both essential and imperceptible, the nail is the invisible, ubiquitous device by which bridges, couches, coffins, towers, homes, hospitals, ladders, libraries, electric chairs, violins, train tracks, weight racks, writing desks, horse shoes, mule shoes, war planes, children’s toys, and crucifixions are made possible. They are the devices by which paintings are hung. They are an interstitial artifact designed for connection and for over 5,000 years they have been an evolutionary marker of human civilization. The earliest nails, hand-wrought from iron, were fraught with imperfection and individuation, indelible flaws of human craftsmanship. By the first century CE, their use was so extensive that, upon abandoning the fort of Inchtuthil, the Roman Empire discarded nearly 900,000, more than seven tons of nails. In the third and fourth centuries, ‘magical’ Roman nails were hand-forged from bronze and etched with sacred symbols and inscriptions, intended to protect shrines and households. Alternately disposable and divine, nails connected individuals through commerce in Medieval England, where they served as a stable currency; the word ‘penny’ derives from the standard price for a hundred nails. In subsequent centuries, spurred by the Industrial Revolution, the nail has been transformed by automation, mass production, and uniformity. To chart the history of the nail is to map the course of human civilization. However, this is not strictly an anthropocentric history. In their inception, nails are materially derived from the natural world. In their application, they are used to redefine it. This tension between nature and industry, with humanity at the center, is emblemized in every phase of a nail’s existence, from its sourcing and production to its usage and eventual deterioration. The nail is both an elemental extension of nature and a device by which it is subjugated and transformed. In this sense, the nail functions not merely as an indicator of human technologies, histories, and ideals, but as a broader icon of evolution and invention. Arguably, the nail is to human civilization what the atom is to the human: an integral element of both creative and destructive potential. Omnipresent and ignored. Invisible and invaluable. Fawn Rogers

A nail can be fundamentally characterised as a common fastener for use in material construction. Consisting of a long, narrow piece of solid metal with a pointed tip and flattened head, it is deployed to secure two or more objects together. One seldom thinks about such quotidian objects, let alone historicises them, until need arises for their use. But nails in one form or another have been an integral component of civilization for several thousand years. They can thus lay claim to a long and complex material cultural history, having evolved from a simple peg of wood, bone or ivory to the wrought and headed bronze point of the Assyrians and Egyptians, and the iron clavus of the Romans. Bronze, copper alloy and wrought iron have been the primary metals from which nails have been forged over millennia, the latter’s propensity for rusting and fragmentation being the main reason why few ancient examples are today held in museum collections. The nail has complemented the development of other familiar tools, such as the plane, saw, square, chisel and, of course, the hammer. Following technological advances in building construction and materials the nail has accrued new forms and practices, most recently in the form of a fastener fired from a gun propelled by gunpowder or compressed air that was invented by Morris Pynoos in 1944. Conversely, in the two thousand years following the Roman-era, archaeological evidence shows that the nail maker’s anvil, hand held heading tools and the wrought nails themselves had undergone comparatively little change prior to the advent of cut versions. While in the twenty-first century wrought iron nails can still be readily obtained, fasteners can also be made from other metals such as aluminium, steel, copper, brass and silver and occasionally even wood. Time has not necessarily made nails better or more effective, only cheaper. A nail has remained generally recognizable, visually and functionally, as a nail.

The history of the nail’s development can be divided into three periods: • • •

The hand-wrought or forged nail, from pre-history to the turn of the nineteenth century; The cut nail, from roughly 1800 to 1914; The wire nail, from approximately 1860 to the present-day.

The word ‘nail’ entered regular usage around 1300 years ago to coincide with the introduction of hand-wrought spikes by blacksmiths to attach metal shoes to the horses’ hooves. Prior to this horses had worn a form of leather strap-on shoe with a short lifespan. A heated square iron rod would be forged and beaten to form a point. After reheating and trimming, the emerging nail would be forced into an opening and hammered in. This technique was steadily superseded from the late-eighteenth century by the introduction of guillotine machines to sheer nails before adjusting the bar sideways to produce a shank. Slitters would slice raw iron into an appropriate shape before passing it to a nailer for refinement. From 1810 iron bars would be flipped over after each stroke with the cutter set at an angle. Each nail would then shear off at a taper to allow for an automatic grip that formed their heads. Type A cut nails were produced in this fashion. This method was slightly altered in the 1820s when heads were pounded into place via a separate mechanical nail-heading machine. Type B nails were created this way. By 1886 ten percent of all nails manufactured in the United States were of the soft steel-wire variety. By 1892 these had overtaken iron cut nails as the preferred type for mass production to comprise ninety percent of all nails produced by 1913. Nails today are commercially manufactured on a mass scale by industrial machines that manipulate coils of wire with the capacity to produce up to seven hundred units per minute. These are typically made of steel - ordinary nails for wood are usually of a soft low-carbon or ‘mild’ steel - and often dipped, coated or galvanized to prevent corrosion in harsh conditions and to improve adhesion. Three processes are used during production: electro-galvanization, hot-dip galvanization and mechanical galvanization, all of which are designed to create a protective layer upon a nail’s surface.

reference

http://www.pasttools.org/nails.htm https://monroeengineering.com/blog/6-fun-facts-about-nails/ (Source: Barry Hillman-Crouch)

Types of Nails Aluminum nail – Made of aluminum in many shapes and sizes for use with aluminum architectural metals. Box nail – like a common nail but with a thinner shank and head. Brads - are small, thin, tapered, nails with a lip or projection to one side rather than a full head or a small finish nail. Clavus - (Roman) a nail. Floor brad (‘stigs’) – flat, tapered and angular, for use in fixing floor boards. Oval brad – Ovals utilize the principles of fracture mechanics to allow nailing without splitting. Highly anisotropic materials like regular wood (as opposed to wood composites) can easily be wedged apart. Use of an oval perpendicular to the wood’s grain cuts the wood fibers rather than wedges them apart, and thus allows fastening without splitting, even close to edges Panel pin - are fine gauge nails for undertaking delicate woodworking jobs as they are not likely to split the material being used. They are commonly used in cabinet making, joinery and attaching mouldings and veneer. Tacks or Tintacks - are short sharp pointed nails often used with carpet, fabric and paper. Nornally cut from sheet steel (as opposed to wire); the tack is used in upholstery, shoe making and saddle manufacture. The triangular shape of the nail’s cross section gives greater grip and less tearing of materials such as cloth and leather compared to a wire nail. Brass tack – brass tacks are commonly used where corrosion may be an issue, such as furniture where contact with human skin salts will cause corrosion on steel nails. Canoe tack – A clinching (or clenching) nail. The nail point is tapered so that it can be turned back on itself using a clinching iron. It then bites back into the wood from the side opposite the nail’s head, forming a rivet-like fastening. Shoe tack – A clinching nail (see above) for clinching leather and sometimes wood, formerly used for handmade shoes. Carpet tack - used to nail down carpets, a short nail with a sharp point and a large head. Upholstery tack – used to attach coverings to furniture. Thumbtack (or “push-pin” or “drawing-pin”) are lightweight pins used to secure paper or cardboard. Casing nail – have a head that is smoothly tapered, in comparison to the “stepped” head of a finish nail. When used to install casing around windows or doors, they allow the wood to be pried off later with minimal damage when repairs are needed, and without the need to dent the face of the casing in order to grab and extract the nail. Once the casing has been removed, the nails

can be extracted from the inner frame with any of the usual nail pullers. Clout nail – is a relatively short, thick nail with a large, flat head used for attaching sheet material to wooden frames or sheet. is a relatively short, thick nail with a large, flat head used for roofing and attaching sheet material to wooden frames or sheet. A typical use is fixing roofing felt to the top of a shed. Clouts are also used in timber fence palings. Clouts are also used in timber fence palings. Coffin nail – general name for a nail used in a Coffin, slang for a cigarette and/ or the final nail. Used less due to metal coffin manufacturing. Coil nail – nails designed for use in a pneumatic nail gun assembled in coils. Common nail – smooth shank, wire nail with a heavy, flat head. The typical nail for framing. Convex head (nipple head, springhead) roofing nail – an umbrella shaped head with a rubber gasket for fastening metal roofing, usually with a ring shank. Copper nail – nails made of copper for use with copper flashing or slate shingles etc. Corrugated fastener (wiggle nail) – a corrugated shaped piece of metal driven into miter joints in some furniture. D-head (clipped head) nail – a common or box nail with part of the head removed such as when assembled into a “stick” for some pneumatic nail guns. Double-ended nail – a rare type of nail with points on both ends and the “head” in the middle for joining boards together. Similar to a dowel nail but with a head on the shank. Double-headed (duplex, formwork, shutter, scaffold) nail – used for temporary nailing; nails can easily pulled for later disassembly. Dowel nail – a double pointed nail without a “head” on the shank, a piece of round steel sharpened on both ends.V Drywall (plasterboard) nail – short, hardened, ring-shank nail with a very thin head. Fiber cement nail – a nail for installing fiber cement siding. Finish nail (bullet head nail, lost-head nail) – A wire nail with a small head intended to be minimally visible or driven below the wood surface and the hole filled to be invisible. Gang nail – a nail plate. Hardboard pin – a small nail for fixing hardboard or thin plywood, often with a square shank. Horseshoe nail – nails used to hold horseshoes on hoofs.

Joist hanger nail – special nails rated for use with joist hangers and similar brackets. Sometimes called “Teco nails” (1 1⁄2 × .148 shank nails used in metal connectors such as hurricane ties). Lost-head nail – see finish nail. Masonry (concrete) – lengthwise fluted, hardened nail for use in concrete Oval wire nail – nails with an oval shank. Panel pin - are fine gauge nails for undertaking delicate woodworking jobs as they are not likely to split the material being used. They are commonly used in cabinet making, joinery and attaching mouldings and veneer. Gutter spike – Large long nail intended to hold wooden gutters and some metal gutters in place at the bottom edge of a roof. Ring (annular, improved, jagged) shank nail – nails that have ridges circling the shank to provide extra resistance to pulling out. Roofing (clout) nail – generally a short nail with a broad head used with asphalt shingles, felt paper or the like. Screw (helical) nail – a nail with a spiral shank. Shake (shingle) nail – small headed nails to use for nailing shakes and shingles. Sprig – a small nail with either a headless, tapered shank or a square shank with a head on one side. Commonly used by glaziers to fix a glass plane into a wooden frame. Square nail – a square shape cut nail. T-head nail – shaped like the letter T. Veneer pin - are designed, slim with flush heads, this is to help them to be discreet and also to reduce the veneer splitting or cracking when you are working with it. Wire (French) nail – a general term for a nail with a round shank. These are sometimes called French nails from their country of invention. Wire-weld collated nail – nails held together with slender wires for use in nail guns.

Sizes Nails have their own classification system, with a complete nail set ranging from 2d (one inch long) to 60d (six inches). The “d” stands for denarius, a Roman penny—a reference to how much they once cost—while the number assigned to a nail today indicates not only its length, but also the diameters of its shank and head. A 16d or 16-penny nail, for example, is 3.5 inches long, has a shank with a diameter of 0.165 inches, and a head with a diameter of 11/32 inches. Specialized nails are often graded using the 2d to 60d scale, though they may also be sold indicating their length in inches or some other dimension. Most countries, except the United States, use a metric system for describing nail sizes. A 50 × 3.0 indicates a nail 50 mm long (not including the head) and 3 mm in diameter. Lengths(measurements) are rounded to the nearest millimetre. In the United States, the length of a nail is designated by its penny size. Nails are usually sold b ased on their penny size. Back in the day, the penny size referred to the cost for 100 nails, and the system has stuck ever since, even though stores now sell them by the pound. Nails that are under 1 inch long are referred to as brads while anything more than 6 inches long is a spike. When determining the length of a nail to use, if the board you are fastening to another is not going to bear weight, the nail should be 1/2” longer than the board is thick. If it is going to bear weight, it should be 2-1/2 times the thickness of the material to be fastened. The length of nails produced and sold in the United States is measured in “pennies.” A 2d nail, for example, has a length of two pennies, whereas a 60d nail has a length of 60 pennies. With that said, you should interpret this measurement literally. A 2D nail is 1 inch longer, meaning it’s longer than two actual pennies (the currency). Penny sizes for nails originated in England where merchants would price their nails according to their length. The most commonly available nails range from 1 to 7 millimetres in diameter (0.04 to 0.28 inches) and 2 to 21 centimetres (0.8 to 8.3 inches) in length, and there are a wide variety of different types which are used for various and specific purposes. reference

https://www.doityourself.com/stry/nails-and-screws-101

Violent Garden, Fawn Rogers, plywood, miscellaneous nails, 2017

Materials Aluminum This is another good option for outdoor use and is used to install aluminum siding and often with cedar and redwood. (The zinc in galvanized nails will react with those woods, making aluminum a good alternative.) Brass This alloy of copper and zinc does not rust and so it has long been used on ships. Given their cost, they are generally only used in houses when they will be exposed and they provide a decorative accent. There are some rare situations where brass nails may be preferable over galvanized ones as the zinc in galvanized coatings may react with certain materials, for example, the copper in copper pipes. Carbon steel The high carbon content of this steel makes it harder and is used for masonry nails. Cement Also used on drywalls and gypsum board, the thin layer of cement on these coated nails heats up from the friction when they are nailed in place, increasing their staying power. Coatings Just as the materials used to make nails can improve their performance under certain conditions, the same is true of some coatings that are commonly used. Note that if a nail is described as “bright,” that means it has no coating and is typically intended for indoor use. Copper These nails are most often used on roofs as they are especially durable and resist the corrosive effects of pollution more than galvanized steel nails. They are more expensive than other options, but given that they can last for decades, they may be a better value over the long run. Galvanized steel Galvanized steel is dipped in zinc, which provides a protective layer against corrosion. If steel nails are going to be used outdoors, you’ll want either stainless or galvanized ones. Galvanized or hot-dipped galvanized nails are dipped in molten zinc. The resulting layer is six times as thick as the layer on zinc-plated nails making galvanized steel nails appropriate for outdoor use. The layer of zinc is sometimes called a “sacrificial coating” since, even if the underlying steel is exposed, the corrosion will attack the zinc before the nail itself.

Iron Blacksmiths created wrought nails individually from a square iron stock rod. To make a nail, the blacksmith would heat the rod until it was red hot and malleable, then the process of shaping the nail could begin. The resulting product tapered on all four sides, one of the defining characteristics of a wrought nail. Phosphate Drywall nails are often coated with phosphate, which increases the gripping power of the nails. (Note: phosphate coated nails should not be used on treated lumber.) Stainless steel The addition of chromium to steel helps it resist corrosion, though it can also reduce the gripping effect of the nail. Steel Most nails are made of steel, with several different options besides untreated steel. Vinyl A vinyl layer operates similarly to cement, although it has the added plus of acting as a lubricant for the nail during installation. Zinc A layer of zinc over steel will slow corrosion. While eventually the zinc will wear through, the rusting is delayed. There are two different ways in which zinc is typically applied: Zinc plating or electro-galvanization. When steel nails are dipped in a zinc acidic bath, a thin layer of zinc is left behind. This provides some protection against rust, though these nails are still usually intended for indoor use. Other Metals Some specialty nails are made of other metals, though they are not common in home construction. For example bronze nails are often used in the construction of boats while iron nails are still produced, but they are mostly used for the restoration of historic buildings.

Golden Fields, Fawn Rogers, plywood, miscellaneous nails, 2015 20

BEFORE COM ERA: NEOLITHIC STONE AGE BRONZE AGE IRON AGE

MMON Time may seem like a certain and easily definable thing, but different cultures across the world have different ways by which they articulate delineated separations between periods, and within those cultures further disputes arise. For the purposes of common understanding this book will refer to things based on Gregorian calendar notations as it is the worlds most widely adopted system. Before common era is a time defined as anything occurring prior to the year one. Its hard to conceptualize just how long the nail has been around making an impact by way of the human hand, both creatively and destructively. It extends thousands of years into the BCE period. Though history gets murky when your’e looking this far back, it is widely accepted that native cultures had developed many inventions coinciding with the nail which were not to be rediscovered until thousands of years later by what we think of as western civilizations. Often, these discoveries were a byproduct of the interactions between western and Native Peoples. Hand-wrought or forged nail (pre-history until the19th century) The First days of The Bronze Age began in the Near East roughly between 3000 BCE and 2500 BCE. The time and place of the nail’s invention is inconclusive, but archaeological evidence shows that bronze varieties were deployed in Ancient Egypt around 3400 BCE. Little has changed fundamentally since then with regard to their design. Hand-forged nails were among the first metal objects to made by humankind. Forged from iron by hand, the earliest nails were usually square in their sections. The head of the nail was formed either by simply turning it over to form an L-shape or by striking a hand-held mould or ‘bore’ over the end of the shank to produce a shaped-end. The hand-forged quality meant that the variety of shapes and forms could be unlimited. In each instance nails were expensive to produce and were thus used sparingly. Nails have been found within Greek grave paraphernalia dating from 1000 BCE and, of course, the Romans infamously used them for crucifixion rituals. The deployment of nails in boat construction at around the same time led to the later development of the rivet in shipbuilding.

INVENTIONS Precontact Precontact 13000 BCE 10000 BCE 10000 BCE 10000 BCE 8500 BCE 8000 BCE 8000 BCE 8000 BCE 5000 BCE 5000 BCE 3500 BCE 3100 BCE 3114 BCE 3400 BCE 3400 BCE

Hammock Mouthwash Dommesticated animals Slash And Burn Farming Cultivation of corn Reference to Ladder cav Oldest known house asbestos fibers Found in Asphalt First known tower (Towe annealing Evidence of first Coffin Invention of the wheel Couch/Sofa Mesoamerican Long Cou Bronze Nail Earliest writing system: C

s g

ve Painting

n clay pots

Pre-Colonial America Pre-Colonial America Pre-Colonial America Pre-Colonial America United Kingdom

Pre-Colonial America er Of Jericho) Jericho, West Bank Pre-Colonial America China Mesopotamia Egypt unt Calender Pre-Colonial America Egypt Cuneiform Mesopotamia

3000 BCE 2630 BCE 2300 BCE 2000 BCE 2000 BCE 2000 BCE 1900 BCE 1000 BCE 1069 BCE 1600 BCE 1350 BCE 1200 BCE 700 BCE 600 BCE 590 BCE 400 BCE 300 BCE 100 BCE 45 BCE

Concrete First pyramids bu Earliest known lib First Buttons Kayaks Last surviving ma Evidence of first Anesthetics Egyptians use na Evidence of rubb Ten Commandme Iron Nails proliferate R Cast iron First Use of Chem Horse Shoe With Papyrus paper Paper Julian Calendar

uilt brary Ebla

Egypt Egypt Syria Indus Valley

ammoth population goes extinct coal mine China Mesoamerica ails in coffins Egypt ber production Mesoamerica ents

Roman Construction China mical Warfare Greece Nail Europe Egypt China Europe 29

GHOMA Definition:

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A ghoma elevates beyond the contempo stop viewing the earth as “a thing to be e to be protected”—recognizing that both v and Ghomanidad exists as part of the ea integrally to it.

Origin: Theo Gibbs, Field Study #010 Ca 30

ANIDAD

d viewing itself as, a force that is d energizing.

t, or as a return to and older view of ctually separated humans from other

orary environmental shift that ask us to extracted from” and to view it as “a thing views are innately objectifying. Ghomas arth and can contribute positively and

alifornia, 2016 31

Detail Casket, Fawn Rogers, California top soil, nails, binders, plywood, oil paint 2018

Bronze nail headed pin date 3,000 BCE - 1200 BCE locale or culture England, Great Cheverell Down, Great Cheverell, Great Cheverell Down, Wiltshire type Hand-wrought material Iron, bronze, copper alloy photo Collection of The Salisbury name

The ancient Egyptians and Romans used organic glue for wood furniture, especially with decorative veneer techniques, but like much advanced technology, glue for wood became a lost art after the collapse of Rome in 476 until the Renaissance, around 1400, when glue and veneer techniques reappeared. Archaeologists have found hand made bronze nails from as far back as 3000 BC. The Romans made many of their nails from iron, which was harder, but many ancient iron nails have rusted away since. The hand-forged nail changed little until well into the 1700’s. https://www.harpgallery.com/library/nails.htm

Inscribed clay nail of King Enmetena date c. 2400 BCE locale or culture Sumerian, Ancient & Byzantine World, Asia, Sumer (Mesopotamia) type Hand-wrought material Terracotta name

photo

Harvard Art Museum

description

Terracotta cone-shaped foundation nail with a cuneiform inscription, written in Sumerian, in the upper half of the object, just below the nail head. The inscription is written in two columns around the shaft of the nail; the first column is the one adjacent to the head of the nail. The nail was broken into two pieces just below the inscription and has been repaired. The inscription commemorates the building of the Emush (“Temple: Foundation [of the land]”) for the goddess Inanna (“Lady of Heaven”) and the god Lugalemush (“Lord of the Emush-temple”). The latter is probably another title of the god Dumuzi, whose temple, the Emush, was in Bad-Tibira (modern: Tell alMada’in). The final seven lines also record a pact between Enmetena and Lugalkineš-dudu, and may be among the first written evidence for this kind of political accord. The text reads: For Inanna and Lugalemush, Enmetena, ruler of Lagash, built the Emush, their beloved temple, and ordered (these) clay nails for them. Enmetena, who built the Emush--his personal god is Shulutul. At the time Enmetena, ruler of Lagash, and Lugalkiginehdudu, ruler of Uruk, established brotherhood (between themselves). PHOTO pictured Ancient Egyptian wooden nail c. 2,000 - 1,000 BCE

Sumerian cuneiform is one of the earliest known forms of written expression. First appearing in the 4th millennium BC in what is now Iraq, it was dubbed cuneiform (‘wedge-shaped’) because of the distinctive wedge form of the letters, created by pressing a reed stylus into wet clay. Early Sumerian writings were essentially pictograms, which became simplified in the early and mid 3rd millennium BC to a series of strokes, along with a commensurate reduction in the number of discrete signs used (from c.1500 to 600). Cuneiform was used on monuments dedicated to heroic – and usually royal – individuals, but perhaps it’s most important function was that of record keeping. It was also used for votive purposes, as in the present case, to bless or commemorate a building, a deity and the ruler who had commissioned the structure in the first instance. These “nails”, more properly called votive cone inscriptions, are sometimes found in the foundations of important buildings, and in the fabric or repairs to the structure’s original matrix. The Barakat Gallery has secured the services of Professor Lambert (University of Birmingham), a renowned expert in decipherment and translation of cuneiform, to examine and process the information on these tablets. His translation is provided below. This particular example is slender and unusually well-marked. The inscription is from the reign of Gudea, ruler of the small state of Lagash in the far south of Sumer, c.2100 BC. The state had a patron god named Ningirsu, and it was the duty of the ruler to ensure that the temple of this god – called E-ninnu – was kept in good repair. This inscription records the fact for posterity: For Ningursu / mighty warrior of / (the god) Enlil / Gudea / ruler of Lagash / produced everything appropriate / built for him / E-ninnu / his shining Imdugud bird / and restored it. The Imdugud-bird was a mythical creature: a lion with an eagle’s head, and Sumerian scholars often used to use strange metaphors in referring to temples. The nail would have been placed in a hole in the temple wall with the head showing on the surface so that when repairs were necessary, as was often the case since sun-dried bricks were used, the fired nail would be taken out and read, thus perpetuating the memory of the ruler who had it put there”. The impressed cuneiform characters, which are well-spaced in the horizontal registers on the shaft of this votive nail, record in Sumerian the building of a temple to Gatumdu, a mother goddess local to Lagash, by Gudea, ensi of Lagash. The text indicates that the temple was built in an area here translated as the “Holy City,” but this was probably a precinct of or another name for the city of Lagash itself. Gudea, who ordered the building of the temple, ruled over the city-state of Lagash (in southern Iraq) in the second half of the 22nd century BCE (ca. 2144-2124 BCE). Fewer than one hundred examples of this text are known, appearing on nails and bricks, and the Walters Art Museum has two of those examples (this nail and 48.1461). Clay cones and nails were inscribed in the name of a ruler of a Mesopotamian city-state to commemorate an act of building or rebuilding, often of a temple for a specific deity. Deposited in the walls or under the foundations of these structures, the words of the texts were directed at the gods but would be found by later restorers. Edgar J. Banks, Alpine, New Jersey, [date and mode of acquisition unknown]; Henry Walters, Baltimore, 1929 [mode of acquisition unknown]; Walters Art Museum, 1931, by bequest. [Translation from composite text of Cuneiform Digital Library RIME 3/1.01.07.011] For Gatumdu, / the mother of Lagash, / his mistress, / Gudea, / ruler / of Lagash, / the ‘dog’ of Gatumdu, / her house of the Holy City / he built for her. [https://cdli.ucla.edu/P272896] Acquired by Henry Walters, 1929 Sumerian (Artist) ca. 2144-2124 BCE (Lagash II; Ur III) baked clay, impressed (Ceramics)

date

Clay nail, foundation peg 2300 – 2159 BCE locale or culture Mesopotamia (Syria) type Hand-made material Clay name

description

Used by Sumerians and other Mesopotamian cultures beginning in the third or fourth millennium BCE, clay nails, also referred to as dedication or foundation pegs, cones, or nails, were cone-shaped nails made of clay, inscribed with Cuneiform, one of the oldest systems of writing. The nails were stuck into mudbrick walls to serve as evidence that the temple or building was the divine property of the god to whom it was dedicated. Versions were also made of other materials including bronze castings with figurative designs. Additionally, uninscribed clay cones painted in different colors were used by Sumerians to create decorative mosaic patterns on walls and pillars of buildings, which also offered some protection against weathering. Similar funerary cones of ancient Egypt used the cone base as the major writing surface. 39

Egyptian Toy date 2040 BCE locale or culture Ancient Egypt material Wood name

description

Many toys were attached to pieces of rope or string. There were toy horses and chariots with riders in the New Kingdom (c. 1570-1069 BCE) after actual horses and chariots had been introduced to Egypt by the Hyksos during the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt (c. 1782-1570 BCE). Children also had toy cats, dogs, mice, frogs, and birds. One of these is known as the Saqqara Bird, dated to c. 200 BCE, which certain fringe theorists point to as evidence that the ancient Egyptians understood aerodynamics. Tests on models of the Saqqara Bird have proven that it is not aerodynamically sound, however, and never flew. Aviation expert Martin Gregorie, after exhaustive tests on a model, concluded that it was either a children’s toy or a weather vane. The toy is held together by wooden nails. Citation: Mark, J. (2017, April). Games, Sports & Recreation in Ancient Egypt. World History Encyclopedia.

Wood nail, dowel, peg, treenail, trunnel date 2,000 - 1,000 BCE locale or culture Ancient Egypt type Hand-wrought material Wood name

description

Wooden nails are also called “tree nail” or “trunnel”is a wooden peg, pin or dowel that swells when moist, used for fastening together timbers, as those of ships. Ancient shipbuilding used treenails to bind the boat together, minimizing decay usually accelerated and concentrated around metal fasteners. However, when the treenail was a different species than the planking, it usually caused rot. Treenails and iron nails were the most common until the 1780s when cooper nails over copper sheathing became more popular. As late as the 1870s the merchant navy ships used treenails and iron bolts, while the higher-class ships used the copper and yellow metal bolts and dumps. In the 1870s tradition, treenails were typically used in a ratio of four treenails to one bolt with the exception that sometimes the number of bolts was increased. In later corvettes the ratio was changed to two treenails to one bolt. Uses: fasten pieces of wood together, especially timber frames, covered bridges, wooden shipbuilding and boat building.

Copper nail date 1800 BCE - contemporary locale or culture Roman type Hand-wrought material Copper name

photo

description

The Portable Antiquities Scheme

Four copper alloy nails of post medieval c. 1500 CE. Nails have been forged from copper since pre-history. Copper is still used today with copper flashing or slate shingles.

Foot decoration from a funerary bed Nubian Classic Kerma 1700–1550 B.C. LOCATION FOUND Nubia (Sudan), Kerma, tum. X, tomb K 1035 MEDIUM/TECHNIQUE Gold DIMENSIONS Height x width x depth: 14.5 x 5.1 x 9.7 cm (5 11/16 x 2 x 3 13/16 in.) CREDIT LINE Harvard University—Boston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition ACCESSION NUMBER 13.3987 COLLECTIONS Ancient Egypt, Nubia and the Near East DESCRIPTION Hammered and chased gold sheet sheathing in the form of a bovine hoof, from the foot of a wooden funerary bed with tooled nails. PROVENANCE From Kerma, tum. X, tomb K 1035. 1913: excavated by the Harvard University– Boston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition; assigned to the MFA in the division of finds by the government of Sudan.

Nails for the decoration of walls 1500-1350 BCE locale or culture Hurrian, Byzantine World, Asia, Nuzi (Mesopotamia) type Hand-made material Glazed terracotta name date

photo

Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard-Baghdad School Expedition (1929-1930) description

This wall nail of buff terracotta consists of a square, tapered shaft and a wheel-made and glazed double-headed knob. The unglazed shaft would have been driven into a mudbrick wall, leaving the elaborate glazed knob exposed. The glaze has faded to a light greenish yellowish color. A section has broken off part of the head, and the lower part is chipped, revealing that the clay used for the nail was coarsely tempered. Excavated from Yorghan Tepe, Iraq in 1930. Dimension 6-1/2 x 3-3/8 in.

Upper Part of a Door Panel ca. 1479–1425 B.C. New Kingdom Metropolitan Museum of Art This upper portion of a shrine door bears the cartouches of Thutmose I (viewer left) and Thutmose II (right), parts of an inscription that has been incised and then filled with white paint. Certain anomalies in the inscription indicate that this panel was probabaly carved under Thutmose III to replace an original door in the funerary temple of Thutmose I. The original likely featured the cartouches of the latter king and his daughter Hatshepsut. The background of the door is painted red, with a black border around the top and sides. Fragments of linen cloth are still stuck to the paint. A line of holes for bronze nails is visible framing the front panel; on the back are five rows of pegs to hold cleats. Traces of gilt remain on one of the kheper (beetle) signs, and blue pigment is still visible in several other places.

Nail 1100 - 700 BCE locale or culture Greek, Laconian type Hand-wrought material Bronze name date

Gift of A. J. B. Wace, 1924, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York photo

description

Geometric period Greek nail dimension: 4-7/8 in.

Wall Nail date c. 9th century BCE locale or culture Nippor, Iraq type Hand-made material Terracotta name

photo Penn description

Museum

Terracotta clay wall nails, convex and button-shaped base. Uncovered in Babylonian Expedition to Nippur III, 1896.

Wall nail date c. 9th century BCE locale or culture Iran, Hasanlu type Hand-made material Ceramic, glaze name

photo description

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

1964, excavated by Robert H. Dyson Jr. on behalf of the Hasanlu Project sponsored by the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, the Archaeological Service of Iran, and The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Nail date 900 BCE locale or culture Iran type Hand-wrought material Copper, bronze name

photo

Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

description

Iron age nail found in Hasanlu, Iran. 1960, excavated by Robert H. Dyson Jr. on behalf of the Hasanlu Project sponsored by the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, the Archaeological Service of Iran, and The Metropolitan Museum of Art; acquired by the Museum in 1961, as a result of its financial contribution to the excavations. Reference Muscarella, Oscar W. 1988. Bronze and Iron: Ancient Near Eastern Artifacts in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, p. 79, no. 139.

Nail date 623–593 BCE locale or culture Nubian, Napatan Period type Hand-wrought material Silver name

photo description

Harvard University, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Two nails from a wooden box, silver with square with round heads. From Nuri, pyramid 6 (tomb of Anlamani). Excavated in 1917 by the Harvard University– Boston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition at Sudan, Nubia, Nuri, Tomb of Anlamani, Pyramid VI, reign of Anlamani, 623–593 BCE.

Nail date BCE locale or culture Mesopotamia, Nippur type Hand-made material Ivory or bone name

photo

description

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Excavated, 1957-58, on behalf of the Joint Expedition to Nippur (Baghdad School of the American Schools of Oriental Research and The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago); acquired by the Museum in 1958. Dimensions: 1.46 in.

Nail date 623–593 BCE locale or culture Nubian, Napatan Period, reign of Aspelta type Hand-wrought material Silver name

photo

Harvard University, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. description

Silver nail from Nuri, pyramid XXVII, room B. 1918: excavated by the Harvard University-Museum of Fine Arts Expedition; assigned to the MFA by the government of Sudan. Length x diameter (head): 4.6 x .9 cm (1 13/16 x 3/8 in.)

date locale or culture material name

Etruscan Horse Shoe 4th century BCE Italy More research needed

description

Horseshoes found in an Etruscan tomb dating approxiamately from the fourth century B.C., and may be the only ancient horseshoes in existence. Each shoe has three holes for attaching it to the foot. In three of the shoes the round hole is stopped up with oxidized iron from the nail or rivet used to fasten on the shoe. American Journal of Archaeology Vol. 6, No. 4 (Oct.‑Dec. 1902) Public Domain

date

Etruscan nail 500 - 480 BC locale or culture Etruria (Italian Peninsula) type Hand wrought material Bronze and iron name

photo

description

Fletcher Fund, 1929. Metropolitan Museum of Art New York

Archaic period, Etruscan nail once belonging to a chariot. Found with hook and fragments of the cart or chariot.

Forged nails date 4th century BCE locale or culture northern Sinai Peninsula. type Hand-wrought material Bronze or wrought iron name

photo description

Luxor Times, 2019

These forged nails were discovered in an ancient shipyard. A team of Egyptian archaeologists working at the site of Tell Abu Saifi, 3km to the east of Suez Canal, uncovered the remains of a limestone building between two dry docks, an acient workshop for boats and ships, dated to the Ptolemaic and Roman times, 4th century BCE. Wooden beams, shipwrecks, fish bones, and pottery were also found.

Nail date 468-435 BC locale or culture Nubian type Hand-wrought material Bronze name

photo description

Harvard University, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

One complete bronze nail and a fragment of another bronze nail. From Nuri, pyramid XXXI (Saka’aye), Napatan Period, reign of Nasakhma or Malowiebaman. Excavated in 1918 by the Harvard University-Museum of Fine Arts Expedition.

Nail date 3rd century BCE locale or culture Italic, Etruscan, Hellenistic Period type Hand-wrought material Iron name

photo

description

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

About 1879, discovered on property belonging to the Count Lucioli, Chiusi, Italy (one of a group of objects said to have been found together in a tomb near Chiusi, probably in the Colle Lucioli just east of Chiusi, MFA 13.2860-13.2901). By 1913: with Raoul Tolentino, 57 Via Sistina, Rome; purchased by MFA from Raoul Tolentino, November 6, 1913.

Nail date 380–332 BCE locale or culture Egypt, San el-Hagar, Late Period, Dynasty 30 type Hand-wrought material Bronze name

photo

description

Harvard University, Boston Museum of Fine Arts

Bronze nail with flat, circular head, end bent into a hook. From Tanis (San el-Hagar). Excavated in 1884, by William Flinders Petrie for the Egypt Exploration Fund; assigned to the Egypt Exploration Fund in the division of finds by the government of Egypt; October 28, 1885. Dimensions - length: 2 15/16 in.

date

Nail 300 BCE locale or culture From Egypt, Upper Egypt, Thebes, Asasif type Hand-wrought material Iron name

photo description

Rogers Fund, 1932, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Ptolemaic Period nail. Excavated by the Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition at the lower end of the Hatshepsut Causeway, Deir el Bahri Cache, 1915-16. Allotted to the Museum by the Egyptian Government in the division of finds. Shipped to the Museum and accessioned 1932.

BED OF NAILS THE STORY OF BHISHMA The history of the bed of nails, or kantaka-sayya (“bed of thorns”) can be traced to one of the two epic Sanskrit poems of ancient India, the Mahabharata, written between 400 and 200 BCE. To put the Mahabharata in perspective, it is about seven times longer than the Iliad and Odyssey combined, and an influential work for Hindus. Bhishma had been given the power to control the moment of his death as a result of his devotion to his father, and so he lay on this bed of arrows, and he continued a life and practice of the Dharma (the way of morality) until the auspicious time he chose to leave this earth. For Hindus, Bhishma is a symbol of refined wisdom and a devout follower of Dharma. Nail beds also used as spiritual practices that involved self-deprivation and immolation.

REFERENCE Nailed It: A Look At The Indian Bed of Nails https://www.dreaming.global/2017/01/16/nailed-it-a-look-at-the-indian-bed-of-nails/

KAVADI ATTAM Kavadi Attam originated in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, in a small town called Palani. The ritual dance is rooted in the tale of a giant Idumban who is believed to have carried the Palani hills across his shoulders in the form of a Kavadi. Following a scuffle with a child in which he was defeated, Idumban realised the child was none other than Muruga, the ruling deity of the region. In seeking pardon, he sought the boon that anyone who visited the hills henceforth to worship Muruga with an object similar to the two hillocks suspended by a load bearing pole, may be granted their heart’s desire. While granting Idumban’s wish, Murugan is also believed to have said that he would bless those who carry in the kavadi, items such as sandalwood, milk and flowers, in a kavadi. During Thaipusam, devotees would carry kavadis in a procession that starts at Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple on Serangoon Road and ends at Sri Thendayuthapani Temple on Tank Road. Often, the kavadi-bearers would carry sharp skewers pierced through their tongues, cheeks and bodies, signifying their wish for forgiveness, to keep a vow, or to offer to Lord Muruga. Reference: https://artsequator.com/10-things-kavadi-attam/

Disc with projecting nail date 100 BCE - 100 CE locale or culture Roman type Hand-wrought material Bronze name

photo David

Swingler donated The Getty Museum, 1980 description

Fawn Rogers, Violent Garden, plywood, mixed nails, California top soil, binders, mirror, oil paint, ash from burnt poppey field in California, 2017

SURBR

Definition: A powerful sense of co arises after one has already let go see the situation as larger than the they are already dead looking bac to be confused with a feeling of fa something very far from that. It is every action has consequence and right side of history— regardless o the pain of facing the sometimes d we face. Origin: Jane Kim, California, 2016

RACE

onviction to do the right thing that o of the outcome, because they emselves— almost as though ck at history. This is not at all atalism, or with giving up, but a well of inspiration, that one’s d power, and that to be on the of the outcome— is greater than difficult realities of the challenges

COMM ERA

1CEPRESENT

MON

The Common Era, extending from year one based on the gregorian calendar until the present, is when humans begin building their way towards the Anthropocene, the current geological era in which human influence has been a dominant and altering force upon the climate and environment. Things start off slow here, but technological development begins to accelerate exponentially, for better or for worse. Accompanying, enabling, and evolving with this crusade of human ingenuity, all along the way, is The Nail. It takes new shapes and sizes, becomes of different materials as metallurgy advances, and it fortifies the foundations of progress along the way. Early large-scale nail manufacturing is evident in the UK from the Roman-era. Any sizeable fortress would have its fabrica or workshop where blacksmiths would fashion metal items for martial application by the army. Seven tons of nails were left abandoned at the legionary fortress of Inchtuthil overlooking the River Tay in Perthshire. Iron ore would be heated with carbon to form a dense, spongy mass, which was then fashioned into the shape of square rods before being left to cool. This produced wrought iron. After re-heating the rod in a forge the blacksmith would cut off a nail length and hammer all four sides of the softened end to form a point. The hot nail would then be inserted into a hole in a nail-header or anvil and four glancing blows of the hammer would form the shallow pyramid shape of a rose-head. This had the benefit of four sharp edges on the shank, which could cut deeply into timber, while the tapered shank provided the necessary friction throughout its full length. The wood fibres would often swell when damp and bind around the nail to yield an extremely strong fixing. The fundamental form of the nail would remain unchanged through to the Tudor era, as evidenced by examples found preserved in a barrel of tar onboard the Mary Rose, the flagship of Henry VIII’s fleet built in 1509 and recovered from the Solent mud in 1982.

INVENTIONS 0-100 50 10-70 23- 70 70 Appx. 100 Appx. 100 100 108 128 Appx. 200 Appx. 200 280 322 347 Appx. 300

CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE

Vending Machine Flame Thrower Steam Turbine Mariners Compass Double Entry Bookke Crank Snow Goggles Crucifixion w/ nails c Big Game Sport Hun Apartment Block Woodblock printing Water Turbine Chess Stirrups featured in a Oil wells & borehole Fishing reel

eeping

common nting

art drilling

Alexandria India Alexandria Roman Empire Roman Empire China Pre-Colonial America Europe Roman Emppire Roman Emppire China Roman Empire India China China China 93

400 400 500 589

CE CE CE CE

Numerical Zero Horse Collar Nails gain common u Toilet Paper

India India use in furniture Europe China

KINCA

Definition: A person of any gender role in helping to raise children the whom they thoughtfully and lovingl biological chosen family who active of care. This nurturing involves eve everyday tasks of raising a child, to

Origin: Natasha Cucek, Canada & H United States, March 2017.

Kin (Germanic origin meaning one’ and Latin genus ‘race’) + Cara (Italian) meaning dear (Lati

ARA

who plays an active maternal ey have not physically birthed yet ly help to raise. They are nonely contribute to a constellation erything from helping with the o teaching, to unconditional love.

Heidi Quante, Zara Zimbardo,

’s relatives shared by Greek genos

in) meaning beloved. 97

Shrines, Fawn Rogers, mixed nails, foam, and acryllic paint, 2020

Hob nail date 1st century CE locale or culture Roman type Hand-wrought material Iron name

photo

The Portable Antiquities Scheme

A hobnail is a short nail with a thick head, used to increase the durability of boot soles. Pictured here is an iron hob nail with an irregular hemi-sperical head, 11.7mm wide, and a square sectioned shank, 3.1mm in thickness which is bent into a ‘J’ shape and tapers to a blunt point. Possibly Roman. description

101

Forged nails date 1st century CE locale or culture Roman - Inchtuthil, Caputh, Perthshire, Scotland type Hand-wrought material Iron name

photo

Getty Museum Credit Line: Gift of Norman J. Cowan

Square tapered nail with a large head. description

In the UK, early evidence of large scale nail making comes from Roman times 2000 years ago. Any sizeable Roman fortress would have its ‘fabrica’ or workshop where the blacksmiths would fashion the metal items needed by the army. They left behind 7 tons of nails at the fortress of Inchtuthil in Perthshire. Iron nails of all sizes were made by the Roman legion’s blacksmiths in their workshop by smelting the iron ore and forming the nails by hand, producing a square tapered nail with a large head. The larger nails were used to hold the wooden stockade around the fort in place. They were also used to bind the timber roofing of the fort buildings. At the Roman fort of Inchtuthil in Perthshire, a hoard of over 875,000 iron nails weighing 7 tonnes was found. (see image on following page) General Julius Agricola, governor of Britain, set out to defeat the Caledonians in the name of the Roman Empire during the first century CE. During this campaign, the 20th Legion of the Roman Army built the Legionary Fortress of Inchtuthil. This formidable fortress, one of the northern most forts of the Empire, would last as Agricola’s base of operations from around 83 - 87 CE. When the Romans abandoned the fort many of the nails from that site were unused, and in part at least the hoard must represent the contents of the legion’s “stores”. As they were too bulky to move south with the legion, they were hidden in a deep pit to ensure that the Caledonians would not find them. They were scared the Caledonians would melt the iron nails down and hammer them into weapons. The ploy worked as, although the fortress had been known about since the 18th century, the nails were not actually found until 1961. https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/rome-history/top-10-ancient-roman-inventions/ https://interestingengineering.com/19-greatest-inventions-of-the-roman-empire-thathelped-shape-the-modern-world https://www.fastenerdata.co.uk/nail

103

Inchtuthil,nails left behind at abandoned Roman Legionaire fortress in Scottland 100 CE

105

Nail date 1st century CE locale or culture Roman type Hand-wrought material Copper name

photo

The Portable Antiquities Scheme

A copper alloy Roman nail or stud, probably dating to v43-410 CE. It has a half rounded head with a plano convex cross-section. The shaft has a polygonal cross-section and tapers towards a chisel point. Probably from furniture upholstery. Length: 24.93mm Diameter of the head: 7.76mm Height of the head: 6.16mm Thickness of the shaft: 3.25mm Weight: 2.72g description

107

Twisted nail date 1st century CE locale or culture Roman, Pompeii, Italy type Hand-wrought material Bronze name

photo

J. Paul Getty Museum

Bronze nail twisted to secure the nail in place, 1-15/16 in. description

109

Date: 1st century CE First physical evidence of crucifixion The Romans practiced crucifixion - literally, “fixed to a cross” - for nearly a millennium. It was a public, painful, and slow form of execution, and used as a way to deter future crimes and humiliate the dying person. Since it was done to thousands of people and involved nails, you’d probably assume we have skeletal evidence of crucifixion. But there’s only one, single bony example of Roman crucifixion, and even that is still heavily debated by experts. The surprising lack of similar physical evidence for crucifixion elsewhere may be due to beliefs that crucifixion nails had magic properties. People in the ancient world might have collected the nails as amulets. In 1968, archaeologist Vassilios Tzaferis excavated some tombs in the northeastern section of Jerusalem, at a site called Giv’at ha-Mivtar. Within this rather wealthy 1st century AD Jewish tomb, Tzaferis came across the remains of a man who seemed to have been crucified. His name, according to the inscription on the ossuary, was Yehohanan ben Hagkol. Analysis of the bones by osteologist Nicu Haas showed that Yehohanan was about 24 to 28 years old at the time of his death. He stood roughly 167cm tall, the average for men of this period. Reference: https://www.forbes.com/sites/kristinakillgrove/2015/12/08/this-bone-providesthe-only-skeletal-evidence-for-crucifixion-in-the-ancient-world/?sh=13fbe3a2476d

111

Glass Nail date 1st century CE locale or culture Roman, Early Imperial type Drawn and tooled glass material Glass name

photo The

Metropolitan Museum of Art

Translucent amber brown and clear glass nail with circular cross section; upper end tooled into a large flat disk; lower end tapering sharply to a fine rounded point. Striations and a few bubbles; pitting and iridescent weathering. Dimensions: 3 3/4 × 3/16 in. description

113

Roman magical nails date 3rd - 4th century CE locale or culture Roman Empire type Hand-wrought material Bronze name

photo British

Museum, London

Description Roman Magical nails were ‘fixed’ permanently the power of magic. Some were used in shrines, others were probably driven into doors of houses to protect the household. The largest nail here has an incantation to the goddess Aremis, the others have words and signs borrowed from Paganism, Judaism and Christianity.

115

Votive nail or punch date 3rd - 4th century CE locale or culture Roman Empire type Hand-wrought material Copper alloy name

photo Harvard

Art Museum

description

The patina is a thin dark-green layer with areas of underlying brown and red visible. Microscopic spots of black sulfide are present. The surface is in good condition, and the nail is structurally sound There is no evidence of casting, but this solid nail could have been either cast or cold worked to its present shape. Most areas of the surface show file abrasions, perhaps marks from the original finishing. Decorative grooves up to 1 mm deep have been filed into two adjacent sides, and 1-mm circular punch marks decorate the other two adjacent sides. (2 7/8 x 1/4 x 1/4 in.) This nail or punch is decorated on two sides with incised zigzag lines; on the other two sides, it is decorated by wavy lines of small circular punches. The head shows lines radiating out from the center. The nail is square in section and tapers to a point.

117

Coptic nail date 4th century CE locale or culture Made in Kharga Oasis, Byzantine Egypt type Hand-wrought material Copper alloy with gilded head name

Rogers Fund, 1931. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York photo

description

Coptic nail found in coffin 3, Tomb LXVI, al-Bagawat, Kharga Oasis. Overall: 1 x 3/4 in.

119

Dead nail date locale or culture Cyprus type Hand-wrought material Bronze name

photo The

description

Cesnola Collection, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

“Dead as a Doornail” is a phrase that comes from the “dead nail”. A dead nail was one whose tip was clenched back into the wood. This was a common way to fasten door and gate hinges to prevent the nails from working loose. Dimensions: 2-3/4 in.

121

ATMOREL The At·mo·re·la·tion·al noun

Definition: A relationship with, or interpretation of the world th not object based. The Atmorelational Looks at the space or re things as the primary point of focus.

This idea offers that it is impossible to determine the exact beg its precise end and that there is a fluid porousness between w ends and another begins. The term The Atmorelational can be term Nature. IE “let the atmorelational take its course”.

The Atmorelational was influenced by the ideas conceptualize Caribbean poet and philosopher Édouard Glissant.

Usage: Faiza could feel the atmorelational at work all around h

Origin: Léopold Lambert and Field Study 010 participants, duri Field Studies, 2015

122

LATIONAL

hat is relational, and elationship between

ginning of a thing or where the body/self used in place of the

ed by the work of

her.

ing Paris COP21

123

MEDIE 6001500CE

EVAL The term medieval refers to the period of the middle ages and is often spoken of in a derogatory way, likely because it is a period of mass migrations, counter urbanisation, and declines in population. Though it seems like a time when development was in retreat, it is precisely the point when western civilization begins making its strongest foothold in its path toward hegemonic rule. It is also a time when the use of the nail begins to proliferate with usage in carpentry and ship building. Like the mimetic instrument of human utility that it is, the nail hadn’t quite evolved its form and function into what it is today, but in this period we see it begin to forge its roots. In medieval England nails were made into a great variety of shapes and forms and sold by the hundred. From this practice developed the classification of nail sizes according to their price, a system which seems to have been established by the fifteenth century. An article in The Ironmonger from 1915 provides a history of the ‘penny’ nail with details culled from the account books of church wardens and builders. The researcher examined records dating from 1477 and maintained by the Church of St Mary-at-Hill in the City of London. In 1471 he reports that “fippenynayl” were 4d per 100; in 1477 “xpenynayll” were 8d per 100; and by 1494 “sixpenynayle” were 5d per 100. Thereafter nails gradually became standardized by size rather than price. 125

INVENTIONS 600 600 678 800 850 900 950 600 1000 1023 1044 1050 1150 1200 1202 1250 1268

CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE

Almanac earthquake proof buildin Grenades Hour Glass Gunpowder Heavy Plow Windmills Porcelain Suspension Bridge First paper money printe Compass Crossbow First paper industry Clothing buttons Hindu-Arabic numbering First gun Eyeglasses

Pre-Colonial America Byzantium ng Byzantium Europe China Northern Europe Persia Northern China Pre-Colonial America China ed China France Spain

g introduced to Europe China Italy

127

1268 CE 1250 CE 1285 CE 1295 CE 1326 CE 1328 CE 1366 CE 1400 CE 1400 CE 1400 CE 1400 CE 1410 CE 1411 CE 1420 CE 1421 CE 1455 CE 1455 CE 1494 CE

Eyeglasses Mechanical clocks Windmills Modern glassmaking Canons Sawmill Scales for weighing Writing Desks First appea Rocket bombs, aerodyna Early piano (spinet) Carpenter’s brace Coil spring Trigger Oil painting Hoisting gear Printing Press Guttenberg Bible - first p Whiskey

Italy Northern Europe Italy China

ar amic wings China Europe Belgium Europe

Germany printed book Germany

129

NEOPAN neo-pan-jee–uh noun

Definition: A hypothetical way of thinking of the world Neopangea, borrows from the concept that there was 200 to 300 million years ago, named Pangea. Neopa trade routes and the regular use of cargo ships, plan geographic barriers (like the separation of continents and we have returned to what can be thought of as a think of species that are endemic to certain locations

Usage: The Cutbow Trout is a species that can be tho between two separate trout species the Rainbow and geographically separated. The human induced introd habitat poses a “serious threat to native cutthroat po Neopangean Cutbow. Synonym: Repangea, Globalism. Origin: Jason Groves, Alicia Escott, Anthony Shore,

NGEA

d as no longer geographically separated. s a “supercontinent” that existed approximately angea, is the concept that because of global nes, cars, trucks ex cetera, once insurmountable s) no longer exist in the way they have in the past, supercontinent like state. This affects how we s.

ought of as endemic to neopangea, it is a hybrid d the Cutthroat Trout’s that had, in the past, been duction of the rainbow into the Colorado Cutthroats opulation” as the two mate and produce the hybrid

California, 2015. 131

Iron Chair, 500-1500 CE

Medieval Rotating Torture Chair. This torture device was use by the Spanish Inquisition to extract confessions and is a variation on the nailed torture chair. When rotated the rear crank handle turned the contrarotating nailed wheels at the front. The victim would be locked to the seat with his or her hands tied above with chains. When rotated the nailed wheels would dig into the victims flesh causing deep lacerations.

Medieval rotating torture chair

Nail date 5th - 8th century locale or culture Palestine, Sbaita type Hand-wrought material Bronze name

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York photo

description

Eastern Mediterranean, metal nail.

135

Horseshoe nail date 7th century locale or culture Roman type Hand-wrought, cut nail, wire nail material Iron name

description

Around 1300 years ago the word ‘nail’ came into regular use at the same time Smiths started to use metal nails to attached metal horseshoes to the horses own keratin nails; before then horses wore sandals or leather strap on shoes that had a short wear life. (Conflicting Information according to source American Journal of Archaeology Vol. 6, No. 4 (Oct.‑Dec. 1902), pp398‑403.) Reference https://www.fastenerdata.co.uk/nail

137

Nail date 7th century locale or culture Egypt type Hand-wrought material Bronze and iron photo The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York name

description

Various 7th century hand-wrought nails found in Egypt.

139

Door nail or batten brad date 14th century locale or culture German type Hand-wrought material Iron name

photo The

Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York description

A large-headed nail used for studding batten doors for strength or ornament,” late 14th c. Overall dimension as if installed is 1-5/16 x 13/16 in.

141

Pevensey Castle nail date 14th century locale or culture England type Hand-wrought material Iron or bronze name

description

In Tudor times, we have evidence that the nail shape had not changed at all as can be seen by the nails found preserved in a barrel of tar on board the Mary Rose, the Tudor flag ship of Henry VIII built in 1509 and recovered from the mud of the Solent in 1982.

143

EPOQUE noun

Definition: An antidote to crushing anxie of the world, epoquetude is the reassurin may succeed in destroying itself, the Ear survived many other cataclysms; and tha lives of individual species, vast civilizatio brief notes in an inconceivable symphon then fading out, so that the music may co

Usage: As she gazed at the waves crash ocean’s four billion years of existence, s unfolding global catastrophe receded, an her.

Origin: Anthony Discenza, California, 20 144

ETUDE

eties over the deteriorating state ng awareness that while humanity rth will certainly survive us, as it has at, in the endless chambers of time, the ons, and even entire worlds are merely ny, each sounding its distinct voice and ontinue.

hing to the shore, contemplating the some of the pain and horror of the nd a sense of epoquetude settled over

015 145

RENAIS 1500-1800

MEDIEVAL

SSANCE Renaissance, French for rebirth, is a time period which begins toward the end of the middle ages and is seen as a crucial point in which western civilizations make their way into modernity. Looked upon with much nostalgia as an era of great leaps in technological and societal advancement, the nails helped bind the coalescening world. While the renaissance progresses we see nails transforming from decorative fasteners adorned with ellaborate designs to once again a mass produced utilitarian catalyst for change. As the newly developed dry docks sent the ships out to sea, nails spread east across the atlantic and south around Cape Agulhas as an integral part of establishing colonial developments.

147

INVENTIONS 1500 1100 1510 1550 1560 1568 1569 1577 1582 1589 1589 1590 1590 1593 1594 1597 1608

CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE

Flushing toilets Raised Bed Farming Pocket watch Violin in modern form ap Dry dock Bottled beer Mercator projection map Newspaper Gregorian calender Knitting machine Stocking frame (for knitt first slitting machine (nai Compound microscope Water thermometer Backstaff (navigational & Revolver Telescope

Pre-Colonial America

ppears in europe Italy p England Korea Italy

ting) England il making)

& celestial altitude instrument)

1620 1630 1642 1643 1650 1656 1670 1700 1701 1709 1709 1709 1712 1717 1722 1733 1738 1746 1746

CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE

Compound microscope Slide ruler Mechanical calculator (th Pascaline) Barometer Vacuum pump Pendulum clock Champagne Oral Contraception Seed drill Piano Thermometer Coke fueled blast furnac Steam engine for pumpin out of mines Diving bell Fire extinguisher Flying shuttle Mechanized cotton spinn

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153

PALEO EN Paleo-Energetic Adjective

Definition: A way of describing an innovation or technology tha forgotten by history but whose purpose is still much needed.

The paleo-energetics (n) represent a discipline for energetic tr Specifically looking back into history, the paleo-energetics, ho a collective amnesia around technology in the field of energy h inventions that offered alternative modes for energy productio that have been forgotten or deliberately set aside by history. R paleo-energetic ideas and inventions into the public domain an a way of highlighting that the alternatives exist in front of us, ju collective minds to change and see them Usage: In 2014, reading 1882 archives , Eric Boros discovered chronicle a newspaper printed with solar energy. A full solar pr when coal is still expensive and oil is nonexistent on the marke This paleo-energetic invention remained in the shadows for ma Nowadays, a research team is even looking for these newspap evidence of energetic transition prehistory era.

154

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155

T-head nail date 15th century locale or culture England type Hand-wrought material Iron name

description

Group of typical old nails with flat T-heads and flat shanks used in finish work. These were at first made entirely by hand. Later, a machine cut the flat shanks and the heads were formed by hand.

157

Decorative nail head date 15th - 16th century locale or culture European type Hand-wrought material Iron name

photo The

Metroplitan Museum of Art, New York. description

Nail head with floral design.

159

Nail date 15th - 16th century locale or culture European type Hand-wrought material Iron name

photo

The Metroplitan Museum of Art, New York description

Iron nail with decorative head.

161

Nail date 15th - 16th century locale or culture European type Hand-wrought material Iron name

photo

The Metroplitan Museum of Art, New York. description

Ornate nail head, overall dimension: 6-3/8 in.

163

Nail head date 15th - 16th century locale or culture European type Hand-wrought material Iron name

photo

The Metroplitan Museum of Art, New York. description

Ornate shell nail head, overall dimension: 2 3/4 x 2 7/8 in

165

Decorative nail with door knowcker and plate date 15 - 16th century locale or culture European type Hand-wrought material Iron name

photo

The Metropolitan Museum of Art New York description

Early Renaissance decorative residential door knocker. Dimensions: Knocker, L: 8 1/2in.; H: 2 1/2in.; Plate, L: 10 1/2in.; W: 4 1/4in.; Nail, L: 3 3/4in.

167

Nail date 16th century locale or culture England type Hand-wrought material Iron and bronze name

description

This nail is from the ship ‘Mary Rose’ built in 1509. Olde English Collyweston iijpenynaile.

169

date name

locale or culture

Intramedullary Nail 16th century

material type

description

Bernardino de Sahagun, a 16th century anthropologist who traveled to Mexico with Hernando Cortes, recorded the first account of the use of an intramedullary device. De Sahagun witnessed Aztec physicians placing wooden sticks into the medullary canals of patients with long bone nonunions.

171

Nails from the Santa Elena Spanish colony site on the Atlantic coast (15661587). Note the large nails and spikes on the left side of the photo (likely ship spikes)

173

Coffin nail or coffin tack date 17th century locale or culture England type Hand-wrought, cut nail, wire nail material Iron name

description

Back in the mid 1700s, England made its coffin nails out of crude iron. These nails were used to hammer accessories, such as handles, onto the casket. In the United States, regular construction nails were used. However, it was believed that any nail removed from a coffin had magical powers and was automatically referred to as a coffin nail. It is not clear whether the coffins nails and tacks were distinct, but it seems probable since both were sometimes mentioned together as in [Patents (1769)] for ‘casting and tinning coffin nails and tacks’. However both seem to have been used to tack on either the lining or an outer covering of LEATHER or fabric, which was sometimes affixed to disguise a roughly made COFFIN. A magnificent example of the use of decorative tacks to hold and to pattern a VELVET covered outer case, is the coffin of the third Earl of Warre, ob. 1777. Nails were also used decoratively, as shown for example in the will of Elizabeth Hare of Stow Bardolph, who died in 1743 after requesting in her will that her COFFIN was ‘not to have a nail or any ornament that is not absolutely necessary. Coffin nails were also used, particularly in the earlier part of the period, to spell out on the coffin lid the name of the deceased and the date of burial. Nails were also used decoratively, as shown for example in the will of Elizabeth Hare of Stow Bardolph, who died in 1743 after requesting in her will that her COFFIN was ‘not to have a nail or any ornament that is not absolutely necessary. Coffin nails were also used, particularly in the earlier part of the period, to spell out on the coffin lid the name of the deceased and the date of burial.

175

Nail date 17th century locale or culture East Midlands (European Region) type Hand-wrought material Lead and Iron name

photo North description

Lincolnshire Museum

Nail head made of wrought iron, sheathed in lead, to retard corrosion; the stub of a square-section nail shank protrudes. Dimensions - diameter: 16mm, Height/ Length: 9.5mm, Weight: 6.27gms.

177

Leather Great Chair 1665–80 Place Boston, Massachusetts Brass Nails 17th-Century New England: Brown-Pearl Hall Gallery In seventeenth-century New England, the upholsterer’s craft was a luxury trade that, like silversmithing, was principally confined to Boston and, to a lesser extent, Salem. Miraculously, this “great chair” (a period term for armchair) retains both its original Russia leather upholstery secured with brass nails and its original upholstery foundation of linen webbing, linen sackcloth, and stuffing of spike grass (Distichlis spicata) harvested from the tidal salt marshes along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. (Early photographs show the chair upholstered with a nineteenth-century black oilcloth, which probably inadvertently enabled the preservation of the original materials.) The design of the chair calls for a large down-filled squab, or cushion. In keeping with its status as a luxury product, the chair was owned originally by Dr. Zerubbabel Endicott of Salem, Massachusetts, a well-known surgeon and son of John Endicott, who served as deputy governor and governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony at various times in the 1640s, 1650s, and 1660s.

179

name

date

Copper nail 18th century locale or culture North East Lincolnshire type Hand-wrought material Copper photo description

Portable Antiques Scheme (PAS)

Copper alloy nails with cast rectangular section shank with a lightly bevelled rounded flat head, kinked at its midpoint and either terminating or broken at a slight expansion at the other end of the object. These are smaller than nails thought to have been used to attach copper plates to the keels of ships, examples of which have been reported from the vicinity; copper bottomed ships became common from the 1760s. The use of copper alloy nails to resist corrosion may have been common in nautical contexts.

181

Title: Rose Head Nail Subject: It is the mid-18th century, and hammers ring across the West Midlands, striking hot sparks from rods of black iron. 50,000 men fan flames that burn white-hot, bringing lumps of ore to temperatures high enough scorch skin from bone and turn wood to ash. These smiths don’t forge swords and spears, the shoes for horses, or the wrought iron engines of war. They are nailers—specialized makers of pointed metal rods that hold the world together. Artisans of peace and construction of new homes. If each smith makes 2,000 nails per day, total production approaches 100,000,000 daily (Shwartz)—scores of them destined for the colonies, where they will tack shingles to new houses, shoes to draft animals, and a myriad of other chunks of New England hardwood in place for years to come. Some nails even made it to Harvard, where they held together the hallowed halls of the, now gone, Old College. Nails were—and are—an integral part of human construction, allowing colonists to erect buildings more swiftly and with less carpentry-related skill than homes built with earlier mortise-and-tenon construction. Nevertheless, the collective time and work required to sustain the colonies’ demand for nails is staggering—particularly when we imagine smiths pounding each nail into its four-sided tapered-rod shape individually, by hand, then separately “heading” each with another disk of forged metal (Nelson). Some nails we call “rose heads” for their four-faceted heads, reminiscent of the blooming petals of a rose—a traditionally feminine motif that is surprisingly fitting, when we consider accounts of master smiths in the Midlands region: “I observed one, or more females…. wielding the hammer with all the grace of their sex. The beauties of their face were rather eclipsed by the smut of the anvil; …. Struck with the novelty, I inquired, “Whether the ladies in this country shod horses?” but was answered, with a smile, “They are nailers” (Shwartz). Creator: Jack Smith Source: Works Cited Markewitz, Darrell. “Hammered Out Bits.” ‘Proof’ (??) of Female Blacksmiths. N.p., 12 Jan. 2011. Web. 03 May 2017. <http://warehamforgeblog.blogspot. com/2011/01/proof-of-female-blacksmiths.html>. Nelson, Lee H. “Nail Chronology.” (n.d.): n. pag. Umwblogs.org. Web. 3 May 2017. <http:// files.umwblogs.org/blogs.dir/7608/files/nail_chronology.pdf>. Schwarz, Kenneth. “The Nail Market During the Colonial Period.” Making History. N.p., 28 June 2011. Web. 03 May 2017. <http://makinghistorynow.com/2011/06/the-nail-marketduring-the-colonial-period/>.

date

Rose head nail 18th century locale or culture Essex type Hand-wrought material Copper alloy name

photo

Portable Antiques Scheme (PAS)

description

A complete copper alloy nail dating to the Post-Medieval period. The nail has a square crosssection and has a with a sub-square or ‘rose’ head, consisting of a central square facet with four triangular facets extending from each side. The nail has a square-sectioned shaft, which is approximately the same width the entire length, tapering slightly towards the point. The point widens slightly at the bottom of the object to form a flattened ‘chisel’ or ‘spatulate’ shaped end. This type of nail was commonly used to fix planking or decking on wooden ships and was used over a fairly long time span from the medieval to post-medieval. The nail measures 71.0 mm in length, 13.7 mm wide, 9.1 mm thick (shaft) and weighs 8.6 g.

183

Copper alloy nail date 18th century locale or culture Essex type Hand-wrought material Copper alloy name

photo North

Lincolnshire Museum, Portable Antiques Scheme description

Copper alloy, with the same square section as would be found on a hand made iron nail, with sub-rectangular head. Shank bent. Post-Medieval, 1700-1800. Length (as found): 55mm, Width/Thickness (shank): 4mm, Width (head): 9.4mm, Weight: 8.41gms.

185

The Nail Violin The German violinist Johann Wilde invented the nail violin around 1740. The instrument consists of a wooden soundbox (circular or semicircular) and metal nails. Sound is produced by drawing a violin bow across the nails, creating belllike tones. While it has limited capabilities, the instrument was popular in the eighteenth century and other makers built similar instruments in various forms. The body of this example is a half circle, with a blackened wooden frame and a varnished wooden soundboard. Technical description: A C-shaped open arc of blackened, varnished wood with a varnished spruce “soundboard” attached over one side with 14 brass nails; between the edge of the soundboard and the outer circumference of the arc, 30 pins are driven to graduated heights, their flattened tops protected by a semicircular brass wire; a printed paper label glued around the side of the arc identifies each pin with a pitch letter and solfège syllable; natural pitches have straight vertical steel pins, accidental pins are brass, driven at a slight outward angle and bent inward just below the flattened tops. Played with a bow (missing). Range (not confirmed) C-F. (Linda Moot, 1978) Refernce: The Gallery in Forgotten Instruments: Exhibition Catalogue of the Katonah Gallery. Exhibition catalogue., Katonah, New York, 1981, pg. 54, ill. Catalogue of the Crosby Brown Collection of Musical Instruments: Europe. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 1904, vol. I, pg. 223. The Metropolitan Museum of Art in Catalogue of the Crosby Brown Collection of Musical Instruments of All Nations: I. Europe, Galleries 25 and 26, Central Cases of Galleries 27 and 28. Catalogue., The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 1902, vol. 13, pg. 223.

187

date

Copper alloy nail 18th century locale or culture Essex type Hand-wrought material Copper alloy name

photo

North Lincolnshire Museum, Portable Antiques Scheme (PAS)

description

Copper alloy nail. Cast nail with a shank of square section and a slightly expanded square head with four low facets. Bent. Copper alloy nails might be used in locations where either corrosion was to be avoided or where the accidental striking of sparks might be dangerous, as in a flour mill. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1800-1900. Length (as found): 50.3mm, Width/Thickness (shank): 3mm, Weight: 3.95gms

189

date

Wooden peg or treenail or trunnel or trennel 18th century (c. 1700)

material

Hand and machine made Hardwood

name

locale or culture type

A cylindrical pin of hardwood used in fastening timbers together especially where materals are exposed to water action. description

Post and beam construction (1700 - est. in North America): (timber framing) uses horizontal and vertical timbers that are connected (joined) using mortise and tenon joints pinned with wood pegs (treenails). Timber frame construction initially used hand hewn beams, later manually or mechanically sawn beams cut by a pit saw. Later timber frame beams were sawn in mills using circular saws. Timber framing using post and beam construction with mortise and tenon joint connections was used in Europe for at least 500 years before it was first employed in North America.

In this photo you can see the round sawn-off peg nail that secured the tenon of the lower vertical post into the mortise that had been cut into the horizontal beam. A cylindrical nail of hardwood used in fastening timbers together especially where materals are exposed to water action. references

(Barry Hillman-Crouch) https://inspectapedia.com/interiors/Nails_Hardware_Age.php

191

Galvanized nail date 1750 locale or culture Italian type Hand-wrought, cut nails treated for resistance to corrosion material Iron, copper name

description

treated for resistance to corrosion and/or weather exposure. Galvanized nails resist rust, and you should use them whenever you are building a project that will be exposed to the elements. Aluminum nails are rustproof but must be thicker to prevent them from bending As nails made of iron or steel are prone to corrosion, there was a need for some sort of coating to prevent rust. There are various grades of steel that can get corroded, when exposed to natural elements. The method of galvanization was invented by an Italian called Luigi Galvani (1737-98). This method involves coating the surface of iron or steel with zinc. Earlier, the nails were dipped in molten zinc or were coated with a galvanic paint. There are three types of galvanization: electro-galvanization, mechanical galvanization, and hot-dip galvanization. Nowadays, hot-dip galvanization is mostly used, so as to ensure protection to iron and steel surfaces from corrosion.

193

ENNUIPOC En·nui·poc·a·lypse noun Slang: Slowpocalypse

Definition: While media often depicts the apocalypse as or Slowpocalypse (slang) offers the concept of a doom time scale. Slow Ennuipocalypse, may occur in a geolo suburban settings who are often disconnected from the

As a result of the perceived slow pace of the apocalyps feel a compulsion to distract themselves with ever faste which feed back into a disconnect from the pace of the

Usage: Edgar escaped into his instagram account to dis California drought that he had been listening to for four

Origin: Mike Arcega and Field Study #007 Participants

Derived from: Slow: Old English had slawian “intransitiv Ennui: To bore, Old French enui “annoyance, bore” 194

CALYPSE

s a sudden and dramatic event, the Ennuipocalypse, msday that occurs at an excruciatingly slow day to day ogic blink of an eye, but for the Homo Sapiens in urban/ e natural cycles— it is painfully boring.

se or Slow Ennuipocalypse those who live through it er technology, media and economic systems— all of e natural systems we need to survive.

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ve”

195

INDUSTR REVOLU 1760PRESENT

RIAL UTION The industrial revolution caps off the renaissance and carries us forward to a closer and more recognizable time. During this period mechanistic devices and chemical processes make their way into society’s everyday function, and in relation to the life of the nail it, is no different. Machine cut nails become common place and with stark advances in metallurgy they are more varying and abundant than ever. They hold the tracks and bare the weight of locomotion as it carries trains of raw materials across vast swaths of land previously untraversable, and the clean cut nails we know today emerge bringing uniform fine finishes to carpentry, masonry, general construction in a way not seen before. The cut-nail process which makes all of this possible was patented in 1795 in America by Jacob Perkins and in England by Joseph Dyer, whose factory was in Birmingham. The process was designed to cut nails from sheets of iron, while making sure that the fibers of the iron travelled consistently down the nails. The Birmingham industry expanded in the following decades and reached its apogee in the 1860s, after which it steadily declined until the outbreak of World War I, as a consequence of competition from wire nails. 197

INVENTIONS 1765 1767 1770 1775 1776 1761 1765 1767 1774 1775 1776 1783 1783 1784 1785 1785 1786

CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE

Improved steam engine w Carbonated water Weighing scale design First battle submarine Submarine Marine chronometer Steam engine Carbonated water Chlorine Waterframe invented Submarine First steamboat First manned hot air balo Safety lock Electrolysis technique in Power loom Threshing machine

w/ separate condenser

England

oon

nvented (for chemicals, not hair) England 199

1789 1790 1791 1794 1794 1796 1797 1797 1799 1800 1800 1803 1803 1804 1804 1804 1810 1804 1804

CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE

Guillotine Sewing machine Semaphore telegraphe Ball bearings Cotton gin Lithography printing Interchangeable parts (fo Plywood First paper machine Jacquard loom Early battery - voltaic pile Steam-powered pumping Spray gun Morphine discovered Steam locomotive First modern general ane Tin can Gas lighting Railways

United States

or muskets)

France e Italy g station United States

Germany esthetic

201

1805 1806 1807 1807 1810 1812 1814 1814 1815 1816 1816 1816 1817 1817 1818 1818 1819 1820 1822

CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE

Amphibious vehicle Coffee pot with sieve Steamboat First autmobile powered Canning process for food Safety lamp Plough Spectroscope Miner's lamp Stethoscope First working electic teleg Stirling heat engine Erie Canal Velocipede (proto-bicycle Profile lathe (for woodwo Tunneling shield Soda fountain Magnetic needle deflecte Pattern-tracing lathe

United States by internal combustion d

graph

United States e) Germany orking)

ed with an electrified wire United States 203

1822 1823 1823 1825 1825 1826 1826 1827 1828 1828 1829 1829 1830 1830 1831 1833 1833 1834 1834

CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE

Heliography - first photog Mackintosh raincoat Lighter First rail line Electromagnet Friction matches Photography Microphone Hot blast process Reaping machine Braille printing Compound air compresso Lawn mower Electromagnetic motor Reaper Sewing machine Safety pin Threshing machine Refrigerator (really an et

graphic process Scotland

England France

England

ther ice machine) 205

1834 1834 1834 1835 1835 1836 1837 1835 1837 1837 1837 1837 1839 1839 1839 1839 1839 1840

CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE

Corn planter First practical electric mo eye-pointed needle sewin Wrench Morse code Revolver gun Self-adhesive postage st Morse code Charging paid-postage b Power tools Morse telegraph Five-needle telegraph Vulcanized rubber (paten Steam shovel Steam hammer Platform scales Daguerreotype photogra Collapsible metal squeez

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United States tamp England

by weight England

USA England nt 1844) United States

aphy France ze tube 207

1841 1841 1842 1842 1842 1843 1844 1844 1845 1846 1847 1847 1849 1849 1850 1851 1852 1852 1852

CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE

Stapler Reaping machine Ether anesthesia First fuel cell Superphosphate (first man-made fertilizer) Facsimile machine First US telegraph line installed, message sent Mercerized cotton Modern Portland cement Cylinder printing press Antiseptic Nitroglycerin Safety pin Repeating rifle Stinkpot (exposive device First machine guns Airship

United States

England United States United States United States China

209

1853 1854 1855 1855 1855 1855 1856 1856 1856 1857 1857 1858 1858 1859 1859 1860 1860 1860 1861

CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE

Reinforced concrete Glider Rayon Bunsen burner First practical method for Bessemer process for ma Pasteruization Ice-making machine Mauveine, first synthetic Pullman sleeping car (for Passenger elevator & saf Washing machine Burglar alarm Lead acid battery (first re Oil well Repeating rifle (the Winc Carbon fibers Bicycles (with pedals) Yale lock / cylinder lock

Germany r color photography aking steel France Australia c dye r train travel) fety breaking system

United States echargeable battery)

chester) United States France 211

1862 1862 1863 1863 1864 1865 1865 1865 1866 1867 1867 1867 1868 1868 1868 1870 1872 1872 1873

CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE

Gatling gun Celluloid: the first man-m TNT developed Rollerskates Oil pipeline Web offset printing Siemens-Martin process "Experiments on Plant H Tin can with key opener Barbed wire Dynamite invented Typewriter Air brakes Tungsten steel Traffic light Pneumatic subway Mail-order catalogue Stainless steel invented DDT Synthesized

made plastic, known as parkesine)

for steel Hybridization" Published Sweden

Austria 213

1873 1874 1874 1874 1874 1874 1875 1875 1875 1876 1877 1877 1878 1879 1880 1880 1880

CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE

First commercial electric Shoe welt stitcher First metal detector Taming of the west, end o Typewriter Structural steel bridge Electric dental drill Mimeograph (makes dup Telephone Internal combustion engi Moving pictures Cylindrical phonograph & First practical rebreather Incandescent lightbulb Toilet paper Hearing aid Seismograph

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& first sound recording r

215

IHLAPN Definition:

An understanding that two seemin intimately tied to each other in a wa both parties’ survival. A state of aw cultural rift that, whether we like it other side, as they are to us, and th to move forward with that understa

Usage: Our states currently feel ve ihlapnapan. Origin: 100 Days Action, 2017 216

NAPAN

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217

Type A nail date c. 1790 - 1820 locale or culture America type Machine-cut material Iron name

description

1790-1810. A period characterised by machine-cut Type A nails, the nail plate being reversed under the cutter. Some heads are stamped but mostly hand hammered. Angle or L-headed nails appear and are used in floors and clapboards. Between the 1790s and the early 1800s, various machines were invented in the United States for making nails from bars of iron. The earliest machines sheared nails off the iron bar like a guillotine. The taper of the shank was produced by wiggling the bar from side to side with every stroke. These are known as type A cut nails. At first, the heads were typically made by hand as before, but soon separate mechanical nail heading machines were developed that pounded a head on the end of each nail. This type of nail was made until the 1820s. reference

http://www.dowsingarchaeology.org.uk/Ironwork/Chapter%207/7.Nails3.htm#f710 http://www.uvm.edu/histpres/203/nails.html

219

Railroad spike date 18th century locale or culture type material Cast Iron name

description

A spike is a large nail; usually over 4 in long. The spike is one of the most widely recognized pieces of railroad equipment. The earliest spikes were simply crude nails and within today’s modern industry the most common type has been in regular use since the early 1830s (when used in conjunction with wooden ties). During the industry’s early years, however, developing today’s railroad spike took some time since there was no established practices in regards to either rail fastening systems or much of anything else related to the operation of trains. The earliest companies such as the Baltimore & Ohio, Camden & Amboy, Mohawk & Hudson, and Delaware & Hudson Canal Company paved the way in setting these future precedents.

Example of modern steel spike

221

Railroad spikes Old Jezreel Valley Railway (part of the Hejzas railway, Found near Kfar Baruch, Israel

223

date

Cut nail 18th century, late 1700s

material

Iron and bronze

name

locale or culture type

Photo: image is antique reproduction description

a common construction wire nail with a disk-shaped head that is typically 3 to 4 times the diameter of the shank: common nails have larger shanks than box nails of the same size as machine-made square nails. Now used for masonry and historical reproduction or restoration. These nails were known as cut nails or square nails because of their roughly rectangular cross section. Machine-Cut Nails The first machined nails were flat and headless. From 1811 these were produced from rolled sections of plate iron, cut into strips of the same width as the length of the nail. The strip was then placed under a powerful guillotine which cut off a single nail on an angle. Then the sheet was turned over and the next was cut. As a result these nails taper to a point on two sides only, producing a square point and are easily distinguished from earlier cut nails. Prior to the American Revolution, England was the main and largest manufacturer of the nail in the world. Thomas Jefferson was among the first to purchase the newly invented nail-cutting machine in 1796 and produced nails for sale.

225

French nail, wire nail date c. 1830 locale or culture France type Wire material name

description

Wire nails are formed from wire. Usually coils of wire are drawn through a series of dies to reach a specific diameter, then cut into short rods that are then formed into nails. The nail tip is usually cut by a blade; the head is formed by reshaping the other end of the rod under high pressure. Other dies are used to cut grooves and ridges. Wire nails were also known as “French nails” for their country of origin. The first wire-nail machine was patented in 1811 in France by James White, but it was never carried into effect. There were many more subsequent inventions in North American and Europe. A wire nail, is cut off from a spool of steel wire, then stamped into the shape of the nail. Wire nails all have round shafts. Before wire nails became the standard, nails came in a rectangular wedge shape. They were uncommon outside France until c.1855 when machines were invented to make a complete ‘French nail’ automatically. However it is not until about 1890 that wire nails outnumbered cut nails in production volume and variety. By 1886, 10 percent of the nails produced in the United States were made of soft steel wire. Within six years, more steel-wire nails were being produced than iron-cut nails. By 1913, 90 percent were wire nails. Cut nails are still made today, however, with the type B method. The wire nails, which dominate the market today date from the late 19th century, although cut nails remained the principal form used until the 1930s, and are still common. In the 1850’s several manufactures were established in New York which made wire nails. These machines were most likely imported from France. The earliest wire nails were not made for construction but for the manufacture of pocket book frames and cigar boxes. It was not until after the American War Between the States that wire nails began to gain acceptance in construction. Even through the 1890’s many builders preferred using cut nails because of their holding power. It was well into the twentieth century before wire nails became the dominate type and only then because they were so much cheaper.

Image of contemporary (21st Century) wire nails

227

Masonry nail date 1853 type Cut name

description

Masonry nails are specially hardened to drive into mason or concrete. They have a square cross-section and are tapered from the head to the tip. The shank comes round, flat, fluted or square. In order to drive a nail into cement or stone, masonry nails also have a thicker shank. Some have fluted or grooved shanks to help them penetrate the hardest of surfaces. To install masonry nails you’ll need a heavier hammer if not a power driver.

229

Type B nail date 19th century locale or culture type Cut nail material Iron, steel name

description

Type B nails have both burrs on the same side because the metal was flipped for each stroke. This kind of evidence can be used to establish the approximate period of construction or alteration of a building. Type B cut nails were the most common through most of the greater part of the nineteenth century.

231

L-shaped date 19th century locale or culture type Cut material Iron and bronze name

description

Very tiny nails, used especially for trim and moldings, were made with a single cut, resulting in an “L-shaped” nail. Here are examples of small cut nails from the early 1800s.

233

Stamped square nail date 19th century - contemporary type Hand-wrought, cut nail and wire nail material Iron name

description

During the 1800s, cut nails have tapered rectangular shafts and rectangular heads. At the end of the 18th century hand-forged wrought iron nails began to be superseded by machine-stamped nails pressed out of sheets of wrought iron. Known as ‘square cut nails’, these are easy to identify as they have smooth shanks and a pronounced burr along two edges from the die. references

http://www.dowsingarchaeology.org.uk/Ironwork/Chapter%207/7.Nails2.htm

235

Pair of sabot French (Basque)probably 19th century Object Place: Basque, France MEDIUM/TECHNIQUE Wood covered in leather with brass nails, and steel nails DIMENSIONS 13.7 x 13.1 x 30 cm (5 3/8 x 5 3/16 x 11 13/16 in.) CREDIT LINE The Elizabeth Day McCormick Collection ACCESSION NUMBER 43.1759a-b NOT ON VIEW COLLECTIONS Europe, Textiles and Fashion Arts CLASSIFICATIONS Costumes DESCRIPTION Wood shoe with brass nail at end; dark brown leather vamp and quarters, and steel nails in band and clusters along border; latchets cross over vamp throat and nailed at border. Row of steel pieces on bottom.

237

Wire brads, floor brads, or oval brad date Mid 19th century (1850s - present) type Wire name

description

In Europe in the 1850s, steel wire was made into tiny nails known as “brads,” with only a very small widened head. These continue to be used to attach small moldings and trim. Used for household jobs requiring small fasteners where heads will be concealed. With thin shanks and small nail heads, these nails are used for trim and other small wood details. Brads are the thinnest of the three and best for situations where not splitting a piece of wood when you are driving a nail into it is your primary concern. They are used on picture frames, paneling, and narrow trim. A casing nail, the largest of the three, is used when trim requires extra support as with window frames and casings around door frames.

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Casing nails date 1860 type Cut and wire name

description

A casing nail is similar to a finishing nail, but larger with a slightly thicker shaft and a cone-shaped head. The nail head of a casing nail is tapered and may be set flush or countersunk beneath the wood surface so the hole can be filled and finished. It is often used in exterior applications, such as for installing exterior trim boards, window frames, and for nailing door frames and trim, case molding or wherever trim requires additional strength.

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Ceremonial Armors for Man (Dingjia) and Horse 18th century Chinese The man’s armor, known as dingjia (armor with nails), is a very elaborate example of the military costume worn at the imperial court by high-ranking officials in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It consists of a jacket with sleeves and an ankle-length skirt constructed of narrow overlapping plates riveted inside the fabric layers with the securing nail or rivet heads visible on the outside. Some of these plates, of brightly polished steel, are exposed on the arms and skirt. Although not intended for use in battle, the jacket is reinforced further with large shoulder pieces, panels under the arms, and a small panel of similar construction that covers the lower abdomen. This fashion thus combines the warrior’s practical but usually plain armor and the ceremonial robes often worn over it. This example is embroidered with gold and colored silk thread, in traditional designs of dragons and waves. The delicately engraved and gilt steel plates at the shoulders repeat these motifs. The helmet is surmounted by a crest of sable tails, coral, and kingfisher feathers mounted with cloisonné enamels. The horse armor has no internal plates but only the rivet heads to give the outward appearance of armor. reference: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

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Title: Woman in the Rain at Midnight Driving a Nail into a Tree to Invoke Evil on Her Unfaithful Lover Artist: Totoya Hokkei (Japanese, 1780–1850) Period: Edo period (1615–1868) Date: 19th century Culture: Japan Medium: Part of an album of woodblock prints (surimono); ink on paper Dimensions: 8 3/16 x 5 3/8 in. (20.8 x 13.7 cm) Classification: Prints

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BLITHE Definition:

1. a designation of ones mental position resiliency of Mother Earth

2. a psychological state of cheerful acc

Usage:: 1.Having knowledge of mother kinds presents provides me solace in b

3. I can live in blithencile by understand past and present, impact the environme

Origin: David B. Oddo, Texas, 2015. Por be cheerful and reconcile – to bring to 246

ENCILE

n in remaining optimistic for the

ceptance

natures resiliency to endure man blithencile.

ding how anthropocentric behaviors, ent during my existence in time.

rtmanteau derived from blitheful – to submission or acceptance. 247

The Mac Age

18801945

Toward the end of the 19th century machines become ubiquitous as a means of production. Electricity begins to make its way into every facet of life as well as death. Reinforced by ever stronger steal structures, buildings grow toward the sky, and world population is about to embark on a parallel path of exponential growth. This critical time in human history come just after we consciously closed the door of extinction on the Great Auk in 1844, fully acknowledging and moving forward with our ongoing contribution to irreversible change of the environment and climate. Along with us, in our fortuitous endeavor, the nail multiplies at likened pace. A machine capable of incorporating a simple head was introduced in the 1840s and by the late 1860s nails had begun to be stamped with several being produced simultaneously. The slitting mill had been introduced to England in 1590, which simplified the production of nail rods. But the first successful efforts to mechanise nail-making from bars of wrought iron occurred between 1790 and 1820, initially in the United States and England, where machines were invented to automate and accelerate the process. In Sweden Christopher Polhem produced a nail cutting machine in the early 1700s. These nails were known as ‘cut’ or ‘square’ nails because of their roughly rectangular cross-section. Cut nails were a major factor in the increase in balloon framing that began in the 1830s, which marked the decline of timber shells with wooden joints. Though still used for historical renovations and for heavy-duty applications, such as attaching boards to masonry walls, cut nails are today far less common than wire nails. During the late 1800’s nails of new materials such as alluminium and more refined steel allowed for larger production of nails with more defined use cases in everything from finishings to general construction. 249

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

chine

INVENTIONS 1881 1881 1882 1884 1884 1884 1884 1884 1884 1885 1885 1885 1885 1885 1886 1886 1887

CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE

Carbon arc welding Roll film Electric fan First fully automatic mac Poudre B - smokeless gu Thrill ride / rollercoaster Modern steam turbine Closed-core high-efficien Parallel power distributio Motorcycle Modern bicycle First gasoline-powered a Skyscraper (10 story) / S Oil palm introduced to M Coca cola Zinc-carbon battery Radar

chine fan France unpowder for firearms United States

ncy transformer on

Germany automobile United States Steel girder Malaysia Malaysia United States 251

1887 1887 1888 1888 1888 1888 1889 1890 1890 1891 1892 1892 1892 1893 1893 1895 1895 1897 1898 1898

CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE

Platter record Contact lenses Drinking straw Kodak camera Ballpoint pen Pneumatic tire (practical Dishwasher Electric Chair First aircraft (Ader Éole) Escalator Vacuum flask Gasoline-powered car Cinematograph Zipper First non-metal bullet-pro Diesel engine Radiograph (X-rays) Player piano Submarine (safer, less fa Polyethylene synthesized

Germany

United States l) Scotland United States France

oof vest (made of woven silk) France

ailures) d - most common plastic

253

BLISSON Blis-so-nance Noun

Definition: 1. When an otherwise Blissful experience in nature is

One is having an adverse impact on that place they a

The understanding of how the place will be negativel climate change or other disrupting factors.

2. The blissful short term experience of sunny, dry, p drought or other longterm climate changes— for whic which portends doom for all living creatures that dep can be used synonymously with Psychic Corpus Diss

sometimes termed Blissodissonance (bliss.o.diss.on

Origin: Stiv Wilson, and all participants in Field Study bliss and dissonance 254

NANCE

s wedded to or disrupted by the recognition that:

are enjoying by being there.

ly affected in the near future by: urbanization,

pleasant weather that can accompany severe ch, the experiencer, has long term concerns and pend on water in that area. In this context Blissonace sonance or Schadenfebruary.

nace)

y #004: Oceans, California, 2015, Portmanteau of 255

Common nail, common wire nail or construction nail date 19th century locale or culture type Machine-cut material Iron, bronze, copper, zinc name

description

A common construction wire nail with a smooth round shank, a flat disk-shaped head that is typically 3 to 4 times the diameter of the straight shank. Common nails have larger shank diameters than other nails, making them the strongest and stiffest type of nail. Common nails are general purpose nails that can be used where shear strength is needed, such as in framing and general construction. With a thick nail head, the nails drive easily into tough materials. Some examples include thin sheet metal, wood and thin aluminum. Use common nails on projects such as fences, roofs and decks. They are typically installed with a nail gun. They are available in a variety of finishes and sizes, ranging from 4 to 14 inches in length and 2d to 60d in size. The holding power of common nails drops by half within two days after being driven. After about a month the holding power will increase slightly as the wood fibers straighten out and grip the nail.

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With the rapid development of the Bessemer process for producing inexpensive soft steel during the 1880s, however, the popularity of using iron for nail making quickly waned. By 1886, 10 percent of the nails produced in the United States were made of soft steel wire. Within six years, more steel-wire nails were being produced than iron-cut nails. By 1913, 90 percent were wire nails. Cut nails are still made today, however, with the type B method. These are commonly used for fastening hardwood flooring and for various other specialty uses. 258

259

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Tack, thumb tack, tintack or drawing pin date 1850-1900 locale or culture England type Hand-cut and machine cut material Copper alloy, steel, brass or other metal name

description

Photo: A copper alloy tack, lightly convex head with think pointed square shank likely from upholstery. The tack was invented as early as the mid 1800s, although the British term ‘drawing pin’ was in use sometime in the 1850s or 1860s, and patents exist for the item as early as the 1890s. Tacks are short, sharp pointed nails often used with carpet, fabric, paper, upholstery, shoe making and saddle manufacture. Typically cut from sheet steel. The triangular shape of the nail’s cross section gives greater grip and less tearing of materials such as cloth and leather compared to a wire nail. Brass is commonly used where corrosion is a concern, such as furniture where contact with human skin salts will cause corrosion on steel nails. Canoe tack for clinching or clenching nail. The nail point is tapered so that it can be turned back on itself using a clinching iron. It then bites back into the wood from the side opposite the nail’s head, forming a rivet-like fastening. Shoe tack are for clinching nail for clinching leather and sometimes wood, formerly used for handmade shoes. Carpet tack for carpet. Upholstery tacks, used to attach coverings to furniture, and the thumbtack are lightweight pins used to secure paper or cardboard.

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Box nail date 1880s locale or culture type Wire material name

description

A box nail is similar to a common nail but has a slimmer shank and is used on lighter pieces of wood and on boxes. The smooth thin shank means they are less likely to cause splits in the wood; as they displace less wood, they also have less holding power, so are not generally used where structural strength is critical. One common use in houses is when installing clapboard siding, as their thin shanks will not cause cracks. Box nails are generally available in lengths from one inch to three and a half inches.

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date

Date nails 1880s - 1950s locale or culture North America type Wire material name

description

Date nails with oval head and raised numbers, shank is 2-1/2 inches long changing from oval to rectangle. Date nails were tagging devices utilized by railroads to visually identify the age of a railroad tie. Octave Chanute, railroad and aviation pioneer, is credited with the idea for using date nails as a way of tracking the life of railroad ties. Different railroads used different sized nails with either alpha or numerical markings. An example would be a Southern Pacific Railroad nail with the marking “01” stamped on the head of the nail. The “01” would identify the nail as being hammered into a railroad tie in the year 1901. Date nail use has dropped dramatically since the mid-20th century and the advent of more modern maintenance of way equipment. Date nails on American railroads were phased out in the 1970s. Ties are no longer marked in this manner in North American practice, and the nails themselves are now sought after by railroadiana collectors. The Southern Railway never made use of date nails. Date nails are also found on utility poles, sometimes in conjunction with a nail showing the height of the pole in feet. The types of nails may have distinguishing characteristics, such as the date nail having raised digits and the “height nail” having incised digits. Common place in the late-19th century through the mid-20th century, Date Nails were driven into railroad ties, utility poles, bridge timbers, and other wooden structures for record keeping purposes. Today, Date Nails are highly sought after artifacts by Railroadiana collectors. The oldest known Date Nail used in the U.S. is a “97” (1897) and was used on the Mississippi River & Bonne Terre Railroad. It wasn’t until 1899 that major railroads, such as The Great Northern Railway, began using nails to date crossties.

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Name: Electric Chair Year: 1890 Description: The electric chair was invented by employees at Thomas Alva Edison’s works at West Orange, New Jersey in the late 1880s. The inventor’s involvement has embarrassed many of his biographers and an entry for ‘electric chair’ in their indexes is a rarity. Edison wanted to see capital punishment abolished altogether in the US, but meantime he thought electrocution would be quicker and less painful than hanging. A commission organised by the governor of New York State agreed with him and it was the Edison chair that was used in 1890 to end the life of a street pedlar called William Kemmler, a GermanAmerican who had killed the woman he lived with in a drunken rage. Cavendish, R. (2015, October). The First Execution By Electric Chair. History Today. https:// www.historytoday.com/archive/first-execution-electric-chair Wood chair Constructed with nails, if more information is a vailable please contact us.

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Aluminum nail date 1890 locale or culture Europe type Wire cut material Aluminum name

description

Aluminum nails resist rust even better than rust-resistant finishes. They are used most frequently on aluminum siding or screening. A pure form of aluminum metal was first extracted from ore in 1825 by Danish chemist Hans-Christian. Techniques to produce aluminum in ways modestly cost-effective emerged in 1889. This lightweight, 100 percent-recyclable metal has since become a foundational to engineering and construction. In World Wars I and II, aluminium was a crucial strategic resource for aviation. World production of the metal grew from 6,800 metric tons in 1900 to 2,810,000 metric tons in 1954, when aluminium became the most produced non-ferrous metal, surpassing copper.

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Pair of knob sandals 19th century Object Place: Zanzibar, possibly, East Africa MEDIUM/TECHNIQUE Wood with brass nails DIMENSIONS 8.3 x 9.2 x 27.9 cm CREDIT LINE The Elizabeth Day McCormick Collection ACCESSION NUMBER 43.1762a-b Africa and Oceania, Textiles and Fashion Arts

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Siberian bear hunting suit, 19th century

Lord High Executioner Of The State Of Rewah, 19th century

Hackle (Hetchel) Flax comb, iron and oak Copp Family Connecticut, Stonington c. 1850 - 1890 National Museum of American History, Gift of John Brenton

275

“The tooling is quite simple, the flat square work surface is used to draw a point and taper a shank on the nail, the upright rectangular tool in the left foreground is a form of “hardie” or cutting tool- the smith cuts most of the way through the nail, the dome-shaped section of the cross bar supports the nail upright so that the head can be fashioned, and finally the piece in the right foreground is a “rocker” which, when struck with the hammer, ejects the nail from the heading tool. While this is an ancient technology, it survived in some cultures well into the twentieth century. Colonial Williamsburg Nailmaking Station, use courtesy Kenneth Schwartz, Blacksmith, Master of the Shop

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Provenience: Maritime Congo Date Made: 19th - Early 20th Century CE Early Date: 1800 Late Date: 1933 Section: African Materials: Wood Brass Metal Iconography: Male Height: 83.3 cm Width: 41 cm Depth: 38.5 cm Credit Line: Received from various sources, pre-1929 Other Number: AF5361 - Other Number

279

REFUVES Definition:

1) The almost miraculous moment of transition when compost to smelling sweet and full of life. This involves a sort tuning whe of transition, like the rim of a glass. A recognition within it that th cooperative, alchemical work of millions of individuals: the comm are not not typically associated with magic. An acknowledgeme growth and beauty.

2) A collective moment of transformation when what seems m magic, into a progressive and uniting force. Where rotting struct ground for new growth.

3) The agents of transformation within a rotting culture. Those transform so that habitable futures may be possible 4)

Psycho—geographic location where what has been foul tra

Usage: We felt a great werring that year as the crumbling social sustainable understanding of growth and progress. Origin: Georgia Carbone, Alicia Escott, Zara Zimbardo, 2017

Ring (English) meaning both a circular band and a high pitched s Placing the vocal emphasis on íng to reference a tuning fork.

280

SCENCE

t is infused with fresh oxygen and turns from smelling rank ere the frequency of the matter itself changes, it is the edge his moment, which seems like magic, is the communal, munal work of bacteria, worms, fungi and other organisms that ent that death, rot and decay are the necessary fodder for life,

mired, foul and utterly messed up in a society turns, as if by tures and ideologies are turned or composted into fertile

e who do the vital work of decomposing what needs to

ansforms into that which is divine

l structures around us began to bring new possibilities for a

sound + Wer (Indo European root) meaning to turn or to bend.

281

20TH CENTU

At the turn of the century technological advancements begin to occur almo kept track of. Sailing around continents becomes an intolerable impedimen from ocean to ocean. Tired of our station on the ground and in the seas, hu great fervor. Even the individuals ability to travel becomes democratized b automobile. The fuel of our new found mobility is the synthesized petrol bip everything together a the moment of take off. It is riveted in the wings and the walls of the canals, the oil wells, the trenches for our new found forms o rapid fire pneumatic guns tbe expedient construction of the single family su during this period is rapid and inextricably linked to the human desire to res what we can along the way.

ost more rapidly than can be nt and so canals are dredged umans take to the skies with by the mass manufacturing of the product, though the nail holds fuselage of war planes, it braces of warfare. It enables through uburban home. The nails evolution shape the world and extract from it

283

MACHINE AGE

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

URY

INVENTIONS 1901 1901 1901 1901 1902 1903 1903 1903 1904 1907 1907 1907 1908 1909 1909 1911 1911

CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE

Motorized cleaner using monoculture farming intr Wireless communication Double-edged safety raz Air conditioning First manually-controlled First successful gas turbi Laminated glass Tractor First free flight of a rotar Bakelite - first plastic ma Vauum tube Model T automobile Haber process - industria First television broadcast Self-start automobile (as Cloud chamber - the first

suction - "vacuum cleaner" roduced n with radio waves zor United States

d, fixed-wing, motorized aircraft ine

y-wing aircraft ade from synthesized components United States United States

al production of ammonia t s opposed to hand crank) t particle detector

285

1913 1914 1914 1916 1917 1917 1917 1919 1920 1921 1921 1924 1924 1926 1926 1926 1927 1927 1928

CE Kaplan water turbine inven CE Panama canal CE British army introduces tan CE Czochralski process - prod CE WWI - first modern war CE Crystall oscillator invented CE Mobile radio telephone CE Hydrofoil boat CE First commercial radio stat CE Wirephoto (electronically tr CE Tetraethyl lead added to ga CE Death by gas chamber exe CE Teletype introduced CE Iron Maiden gasoline pump CE First liquid-fueled rocket CE Yagi-Uda Antenna CE Electric television CE First quartz clock invented CE Penicillin first observed

nted Panama nks duction of single-crystal silicon

Finland Canada tion United KDKA States ransmitted photograph) asoline United States ecution United States United States p developed by Shell United States Japan

d 287

1928 1929 1929 1930 1930 1931 1931 1932 1932 1933 1935 1936 1937 1937 1937 1938 1938 1938 1938

CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE

First practical electronic Rivot used XFH Naval Fig Frozen food CFC Freon Turbo-jet engine patent s Radio astronomy Electron microscope Mechanical calculator Defibrillator FM Radio patented Tape recorder dmeonstra Bendable straw patented Computer Nylon Fishing line Chair lift Nylon Teflon First freely programmabl Nuclear Fission discovere

television demonstrated ghter United Prototype States United States

submitted England Germany

ated Germany d United States United States United States United States

le computer - the Z1 ed 289

1939 CE 1939 CE 1942 CE

Digital computer (can sto Walkie-Talkie Nuclear power // atomic sustaining nuclear chain

ore data) Canada reaction (produce first controlled, selfreaction)

291

SPECIA

Definition: Part of the narrative of human “fountain of youth”, or everlasting life. Sp loss of this search which has, historically or a collective feeling for the first time th know— that the spring eternal which has uninhabitable to our species in a time fra feeling can manifest in a desire not to liv enjoy the present time.

Usage: At 75 seeing another species de certain comfort in speciagua and a relief

Origin: Jack Sullivan, Santa Barbara Field Art Santa Barbara, 2016 292

AGUA

nity has been the search for the peciagua is the subtle unconscious y, been so deeply ingrained in us— hat we might outlive the world we s been our planet, and home, may be ame that is comprehensible to us, this ve forever but to, sometimes greedily,

ecline in his lifetime, Juan found a f in his own mortality.

d Studies, Museum of Contemporary 293

circa 1920: Dr Johra Bey, a Muslim fakir, lying on a bed of nails.

Playground Pile Up, Fawn Rogers, plywood, miscellaneous nails, 2018

297

Violent Garden, Fawn Rogers, plywood, miscellaneous nails, 2017

Works in studio, Fawn Rogers, plywood, miscellaneous nails, 2016

299

works in studio (detail), Fawn Rogers, plywood, miscellaneous nails, 2016

Violent Garden, Fawn Rogers, plywood, miscellaneous nails, 2017

303

The Whole Univers in a Minute, Fawn Rogers, ply wood, miscellaneous nails, 2018

Hand held bulk nailer pneumatic nail gun date 1907 locale or culture American type Wire cut nails used material name

description

The first commercialized, fully portable nail gun was a hand-held bulk-fed nailer developed in 1907 in Robbinsdale, Minnesota. The machine has a small nail “hopper” that the user filled with .086 x 1-1/4-inch round-head nails. In use, the hopper was shaken so that one nail would randomly feed down the driving shoot. Then you would engage the nailer’s plunger using a mallet - much like the flooring staplers in use today. The mallet that was used had two faces on it: a raw hide face to hit the nailer plunger, and a steel face for the user to finish driving the nail if it didn’t get driven all the way in with the first shot. The nailer never gained great success in its intended purpose to install wood shingles, since in essence it would require three hands to work: one to hold the shingle in place, one to hold the nailer, and one to hit the nailer with the mallet.

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Fawn Rogers working in studio with pneumatic coil roofing nailer

309

Coil nails were invented in the 1980’s. In this image Fawn Rogers using coil nail gun 2015 There are two general ways mechanical nail drivers were developed. As a start, in 1862, Doig Manufacturing Company developed the first stationary machine that fed and drove bulk nails. These multiple headed nailing machines were used exclusively in industrial plants; they continued to develop and fulfill the need for mass production of pallets, crating and other wood products. 310

311

20th century phone pole with miscellaneous nails

Clout Nail, Naish Collection, 1946

Name Disentanglement Puzzle Description Made in 1917 this disentanglement puzzle consists of two entangled bent nails that are to be separated. A green cardboard card with the puzzle gives instructions for solving it.

315

CREATED BY Eileen Agar 1899–1991 TITLE Photograph of a door full of nails DATE 1939 MEDIUM Negative DIMENSIONS 83 × 68 mm DESCRIPTION Taken at Port-Cros, France. COLLECTION Tate Archive

317

Title: First War Plane Description: Almost from the outset of successful human flight following the Wright brothers’ breakthrough flights in 1903, the application of this new technology for military purposes was discussed and speculated upon. Just as most recognized the airplane would change the world in general, many foresaw, with a fair degree of accuracy, that the airplane would have profound implications for warfare and military defense. The National Air and Space Museum famously has in its collection the original 1903 Wright Flyer, but the Museum also possesses the 1909 Wright Military Flyer, the world’s first military airplane. After bringing their design to a level of practicality in 1905, the Wright brothers set about finding a customer for their invention. An obvious choice was the U.S. Army, who had already been developing an aeronautical program with lighter-than-air vehicles. Citation: Jakab, Peter. “The World’s First Military Airplane.” National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institute, 23 July 2009, airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/worlds-first-military-airplane.

319

Collated framing nails date 1910 locale or culture America type Straight nails name

material photo

Contemporary 21st century

description: All framing nailers in the 15-degree group are wire-coil collated. This means that their nails are held together by two thin wire strips and slanted at a 15-degree angle. The nails themselves have a fully round head and the collation is circular in shape.

321

Double-ended nail date 1916 name

description

A rare type of nail with points on both ends and the “head” in the middle for joining boards together. Similar to a dowel nail but with a head on the shank.

323

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This nail soldier is known as the Wehrmann in Eisen, or “Iron Soldier” and it does not date from the days of chivalrous men battling on horseback, but the the more recent days of men in trenches battling with machine guns. The wooded base for the statue was commissioned in 1914 as a patriotic fundraiser for the war effort, and erected in Schwarzenbergplatz in 1915. As a kind of interactive art piece/ fundraiser, for a small donation, members of the public could help sheath the knight in nail head armor, one nail at a time. The funds raised from the estimated half million nails went to underwrite the costs of supporting the widows and orphans of WWI.

325

Drywall nail date c. 1918 locale or culture United States type Machine material Steel name

description

Drywall nails are used to fasten drywall or gypsum wallboard to wooden framing and not to cut the paper face. Drywall nails feature a ringed or barbed shank that affords greater holding power. Flat, slightly countersunk head permits driving just below the surface, forming a depression that can be covered with drywall joint compound or spackling. They are coated with phosphate to prevent rust.

327

Double-headed nail or duplex nail date 1917 locale or culture American (Kansas City, Missouri) name

description

A duplex or double-headed nail appears to have two heads—or one elongated one. The lower head rests against the surface of the wood it is nailed into, while the second head is designed so that the nails can be easily removed with a hammer or nail puller. Duplex nails are used for temporary structures, like scaffolding or concrete forms. Double-headed (duplex, formwork, shutter, scaffold) nail – used for temporary nailing; nails can easily pulled for later disassembly a common nail with a second head, allowing for easy extraction; often used for temporary work, such as concrete forms or wood scaffolding; sometimes called a “scaffold nail” Double-headed nails were once known as scaffolding nails because they were the nail of choice for easy-to-disassemble, temporary wood scaffolding. When wood scaffolding was replaced by metal, the names double-headed nail and duplex nail became the common terms. According to federal specifications, a double-headed nail must be made of steel wire with a bright finish, round smooth shank, flat heads and a diamond point. Double-headed nails are the only nails that have two heads, which is their most distinctive feature. Double-headed nails are often used for temporary projects because they can be easily removed with a standard hammer. In concrete pouring projects, doubleheaded nails are used to fasten wood forms while the concrete is poured. Once the concrete has hardened, the wood forms can be easily taken apart with a hammer, yanking the nails out by the protruding second head of each nail. The double-headed nails are reclaimed in a similar manner when wooden scaffolding projects are completed.

329

Fiber cement nail date 1930 name

description

A nail for installing fiber cement siding. Made from a composite material of cement reinforced with cellulose fibers. Cement coated nails hold more securely than common nails but wet wood will loosen the cement coating in a matter of days. Threaded or ring shank nails loose their holding power when subjected to sudden pressure (e.g. staircases) which can cause a thread to pop with each shock. Therefore a twist or spiral shank nail will have the best holding power.

331

DOUBLE-HEADED NAIL. Application filed July 1, 1916. To all whom it may concern: Be it known that I, WILLIAM A. CoLLINcs, a citizen of the United States, and a resident of Kansas City, in the county of Jackson and State of Missouri, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Double- Headed Nails; and I do hereby declare that the following is a full, clear, and exact description of the same, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, and to the numerals of reference marked thereon, which form a part of this specification. In concrete construction work molds or forms constructed of lumber are used to receive and hold the liquid mass of concrete until the concrete sets or hardens. These forms are only temporary structures and the boards of which the forms are constructed are usually nailed together with ordinary nails, which are driven into the wood work with the heads of the nails hammered down into the wood, to prevent the forms from breaking apart. After the concrete has set sufliciently the forms are removed, but due to the fact that the heads of the nails are driven into the wood it is very difficult to remove the nails without damage being done to the forms, which frequently have to be broken and even smashed to pieces in their removal thus causing a considerable waste of material and loss of time. Reinforcing bands are also often used with ordinary nails to prevent the heads of the nails from being driven into the woodwork, but this practice has not proved practical in the construction of concrete forms. This invention relates to an improved type of nail having a double head, the lower or secondary head adapted to prevent the nail from being driven its full length into the woodwork, and the upper head affording a means for the removal of the nail without injury to the structure, thus permitting the re-use of the nail, and resulting further in a saving in materialas well as time. It is an object of this invention to construct a double headed nail adapted for use in the construction of wooden forms for concrete work, or other construction work adapted to be readily detached therefrom to permit the form to be removed or dismembered without injury thereto. The invention (in a preferred form) is illustrated in the drawings and hereinafter more fully described. Specification of Letters Patent. Patented om. re, 11ers Serial No. 107,022.In the drawings: Figure 1 is a fragmentary perspective View of a portion of a conventional concrete form, the members of which are secured together by nails embodying the principles of ‘my invention. turned over on its side and comprising side -members 1 and 2, connected together by a bottom member 3, which is secured to said side members by nails, each having a long straight body or shank 4, the lower end of which is pointed as designated by the numeral 5. Integrally formed on the upper end of said shank is a circular upper or main head 6, and also integrally formed at the upper end of the shank a short distance below the main head 6, is a lower or secondary head consisting of a flattened neck 7, having integral opposltely disposed ears or projections 8, projectingbeyond the periphery of the shank of the nail. When the double headed nail is used in the construction of a form for concrete shown in Fig. 1, or in any other structure the shank 4, is driven into the bottom member 3, and the side member 1, or side member 2, as the case may be, until the ears 8, contact the outer surface of the bottom member 3, which prevents the nail from further penetrating the form, thus leaving the upper end or main head of the nail projecting from the surface of the material into which the nail is driven. When it is desired to withdraw the nail the claw of a hammer or bar may be engaged on each side of the I flattened neck 7, and by forcing the claw beneath the main head 6, the nail may be pulled out of the form without injury to the form or to the nail. I am aware that the various details of construction may be varied through a wide range without In testimony whereof I have hereunto subscribed my name in the presence of two subscribing Witnesses. WILLIAM ARTHUR COLLINGS. Witnesses V GEO. HEIDENREICH,

333

Roofing nail, convex head nail, nipple head, or springhead date 1935 locale or culture Global type Machine material Steel, galvanized name

description

An umbrella shaped head with a rubber gasket for fastening metal roofing, usually with a ring shank to fix by hammering into timber. These nails have heads that are disproportionately large compared to their shanks, helping them hold shingles or other roofing materials in place. Some roofing nails have a small (often plastic) disk, not unlike a washer, underneath the head. This increases the surface area of the material that the nail keeps in place. These have larger heads and are often used for nailing shingles, attaching asphalt and other roofing purposes. The thin material is held in place and prevented from tearing loose by the large head. Smaller varieties can be used to attach roofing felt. They are typically galvanized to prevent rust.

335

This Nkisi also known as N’kondi nail fetish figure served as doctor, judge, and priest. They are carved to capture the power of spirits. These figures are also used in Africa for protection, healing, and resolving disputes. The figures are often filled with powerful magical substances (bilongo) by priests (naganga) who tended it in a shrine and made its spirit powers available to individuals. The large cowrie shell held strong medicines that gave the sculpture its power. When used to make agreements, both sides swear an oath before the nkisi n’kondi and drive iron blades or nails into it to seal the oath. In this way the figure’s supernatural powers can be called upon to punish those who brake their oaths.

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Nkisi nkondi Power figure Congo Peoples The Democratic Republic Of Congo 20th Century Bags, Glass, Iron Nails, Pigment, Wood Nkisi nkondi Figure used for healing, taking oaths or sealing agreements. Nails or blades were hammered into it to seal a vow, or to awaken the spirit’s power within to solve a problem or dispute. This Janus face represent youth versus old-age, or male-female symbolizing the circle of life. Janus figures were considered especially effective for their ability to anticipate danger from any direction. The materials used in the Nkisi are minerals collected from various places associated with the dead ancestors such as earth from their graves or riverbeds. White clay was also very important for it symbolic relationship with the dead, as well as their moral rightness and spiritual positivity. White contrasted with black. Red is symbolic of the life force (nyama). Janus-faced figures related to ritual, magical and religious efficacy. They were invoked, as well in times of distress, such as death of a leader, sickness, danger, hunger or infertility.

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MORBI Mor·bi·que Adjective Definition:

1. The morbid desire to travel to places to experience change or other manmade changes. The morbidity o the fact that the mode of transport required to reach accelerating the destruction of the very place one de

2. The desire to eat animals or wear animal products for either the novelty and aesthetics of the animal pro becoming even rarer due to overconsumption by hom by those who express an admiration for the very anim can also refer to the wearing of gems and metals tha Origin: Field Study #009 Participants, July 2015.

340

IQUE

e them before they are radically altered by climate of this desire or action is often exacerbated by these places often burns fossil fuels, thereby esires to visit.

s of rare, threatened or near to extinct species, oducts as well as the fact that these animals are mo sapiens. Sometimes this desire is experienced mals they want to possess or consume. Morbique at are also rare, over mined.

341

ATOM AGE

1945-PRESE

Now I am become death, destroyer of worlds. These were the words oppenh Gita, as he watched the first atomic explosion rise into the sky. There may n in the atomic age as the invention staved off imminant danger of gruesome leaving many with a sense of impending doom. The post war rebuilds would efforts to date. The bisected world split between east, west, and assorted p toward production on both sides, human production, as we see with the gen building production as enabled by the invention of the gang nail used in mas the world. The gunpowder once fueling the ground wars finds a new friend i ramset nail system, fastening more permanent structures across the newly

ENT

heimer spoke, quoting the Bhagavadnot be a more appropriate way to ring world wide warfare but simultaneously d be some of humanitys most extensive political ideologies, was geared neration labeled baby boomers, and ss afforaable housing projects across in the nail with the emergence of the teraformed landscapes. 343

20TH CENTURY

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

MIC

INVENTIONS 1945 1943 1944 1947 1947 1948 1948 1951 1952 1952 1953 1953 1954 1954 1955 1956 1956

CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE

Atomic bomb Modern ballpoint pen Monsanto manfucatures Transistor Polaroid camera Electric guitar "Ride King" lawnmower i US Census Bureau uses Barcode invented Passenger jets Heart-lung machine (bloo First video tape recorder Tantalum introduced to m Solar cell invented Nuclear powered submar Optical fiber invented Video cassette recorder

Argentina DDT

invented first commercial computer UNIVAC 1

od artificially circulated) r - helical scan recorder miniaturize electronics United States rine England England

345

KOYAANIS Ko.yaa.nis.katsi noun

Definition: 1. Life out of balance. 2. Life of moral corru and turmoil. 3. Crazy life. 4. Life in turmoil.5. A state of calls for another way of living. Usage: forthcoming

Origin: Hopi. According to Hopi Dictionary: Hopìikwa Lavàytutuveni, the prefix koyaanis means “corrupted” “chaotic”, and the word qatsi means “life” or “existenc literally translating koyaanisqatsi as “chaotic life”.

346

SQATSI

uption f life that

” or ce”,

347

1955: A fakir performs the bed of nails trick. Photo byPeter Purdy

Corrugated fasterner, wiggle nail date 1940 name

description

A corrugated shaped piece of metal driven into miter joints in some furniture.

Ramset Nail date 1948 name

description

Pins for powder-actuated nail guns have a plastic sleeve that correctly positions the pin in the barrel of the gun and creates a seal to control the firing force of the pin. These heavy-duty fasteners have round heads and resemble nails. They are designed for fastening material to concrete and thick structural metal.

353

355

D-head date 1950 name

description

A common or box nail with part of the head removed such as when assembled into a “stick” for some pneumatic nail guns.

357

Finish nail, also bullet head nail, lost-head nail date 1950 name

description

A wire nail that has a head only slightly larger than the shank; can be easily concealed by countersinking the nail slightly below the finished surface. A finish nail is used for finish work around window and door frames, trim, paneling or anywhere nails cannot show. They may also be referred to as trim nails. Some trim nails are pre-painted to match standard colors. Finish nails have a small head so they can be countersunk beneath the wood surface so the hole can be filled and finished.

359

Shake or shingle nail date (modern) name

description

Small headed nails to use for nailing shakes and shingles.

361

Gang nail date 1955 name

material

Steel

description

A steel plate with a collection of spikes or nails projecting from one face. J. Calvin Jureit invented this nail in 1955. He served in the Navy, where he saw no combat, but did a great deal of war-related construction. Mr. Jureit said he first imagined the Gang-Nail plate during a meditative moment in church, and named it during a quiet moment in the shower. “The whole notion about affordable housing and productivity increases came about because of his invention,” said John A. White, former dean of engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. “Because of Henry Ford, cars evolved from being crafted one at a time to assembly-line construction, which made the automobile affordable. Jureit has been widely recognized for doing this for housing.”

363

Shrine, Fawn Rogers, metal, miscellaneous nails, 2018 Song Of The World, Fawn Rogers, plywood miscellaneous nails, soil, binders, car paint, 2018

Song Of The World, plywood miscellaneous nails, soil, binders, oil paint, 2018

SPACE

1957- PRESE

Frozen by the threat of mutually assur destruction, civilization turns its head consumption and entertainment and li to the stars. As we make our way from we are irreversibly altering, people be refine and synthesize everything from products to agricultural seeds. Electro become miniaturized and “disposable the new standard for daily use produc society ever more geared towards effi nail gets many a makeover. The spiral nail comes about helping to avoid crac board, the sinker nail with its hashmar head helps to ensure not one hammer away, while tube-loks and ring shanks ability to utilize cheaper materials with strength to hold.

red to ifts its gaze m the planet egin to m petroleum onics e” becomes cts. In a ficiency the l shafted cking any rk patterned r strike slips s ensure the h even more

20TH CENTURY

ENT

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

AGE

INVENTIONS 1957 1957 1957 1958 1960 1961 1962 1963 1963 1964 1965 1965 1965 1968

CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE

High Fructose Corn Syru Space Flight Polio vaccine First microchip Laser Agent Orange Compact audio cassette Valium created First computer mouse Operating system (first m Plastic Bag Minicomputer (PDP-8) (u Kevlar invented First videogame console

up Russia

United States

Netherlands

mass-produced) United States Sweden uses integrated circuit tech) United States

JEST noun

Definition: A hopeful attitude that things will wo at difficult or even extremely difficult circumsta a way that we can examine the difficult realities alternative history of the jester as someone wh under the protective guise of jest or humor.

While jestope is a very useful, and often under reaches into the utopian or dystopian side of it

Usage: He held a jestopic belief that our specie jestopian awareness that it would be only a han

Origin: Jack Sullivan, Santa Barbara Field Stud Barbara, 2016 372

TOPE

ork out, which does not shy away from looking ances or realities. A belief that comedy is s of our world. Jestope is informed by the hose real roll it was to speak truth to power

rused, tool or emotion, when taken too far it ts meaning.

es would make it off the planet, and an equally ndful of us that would.

dies, Museum of Contemporary Art Santa 373

Jackie Paul lying on a bed of nails in front of a crowd at Weymouth. 1968 Photo by C. Woods

Spiral date c. 1960 locale or culture Canada name

description

A twisted wire nail; spiral nails have smaller shanks to common nails of the same size. Origin — This nail was invented by the Steel Company of Canada (or Stelco) under Allan B. Dove. The nail’s spiral shaft reduces the risk of wood splitting and has greater holding power than regular round nails. A research team headed by Allan B. Dove, of The Steel Company of Canada, Hamilton, Ont., developed a nail made from spiralled steel wire, threaded from top to bottom, with slightly rounded edges. Called the “Ardox” nail, it is easier to drive, causes less splitting and has 50 to 200 per cent greater holding power than the smooth shanked, round nail. Also, you get about 40 per cent more Ardox nails to the pound than conventional, round nails. A wholly Canadian invention, the Ardox nail is now being produced under license in the U.S. and other countries.

377

Sinker nail or 16 penny sinker nail date 1960s locale or culture American type Machine material Steel, iron name

description

These are the most common nails used in framing today; same thin diameter as a box nail; cement coated; the bottom of the head is tapered like a wedge or funnel and the top of the head is grid embossed to keep the hammer strike from sliding off. Most framing is built using common nails and a pneumatic gun, but sinker nails are short, thin nails used in hard-to-reach areas. They are usually coated either in cement or vinyl. “The friction heats up the nail, melts the vinyl coating, and makes for a smooth, easy driving nail,” Smith explains. “Once it’s set, the rings at the top help hold it in while the vinyl cools and solidifies, creating an adhesive bond.” “Sinkers” are thinner than common nails, have a smaller, flat nail head and are often coated so they can be easily driven flush, or even counter-sunk.

379

Tube-lok Nail date 1962 name

description

Tube-Lok Nails have been used in Tectum, Zonolite, Fibroplank, Celcore, Elastizen, Wood Fiber and Gypsum decks. An effective fastener for shingles, base sheet and other roofing materials to low-density decks. They install with minimal effort. Patented anchor systems provide superior holding power. For added holding power in wind uplift situations they use the 3” plates (not included with standard Tube-Lok system). The Tube-Lok system comes as a two piece unit, the tube with cap and insert. Tube / cap is inserted into deck, then insert is tapped in tube to make “J”. NOTE: image is of a 1” Tube Lok.

381

Joist hanger nail date 1962 name

description

Special nails rated for use with joist hangers and similar brackets. Joist hanger nails are sometimes called “Teco nails”. They are also reffered to as shank nails used in metal connectors such as hurricane ties.

383

Untitled 1963 Lucas Samaras American, born Greece Following a stint at New York’s Stella Adler Conservatory of Acting, Samaras employed the promotional headshots he had made there for his art. The nails that impale this example have personal significance for the artist, whose cousin, a dressmaker, and father, a furrier, used pins and nails in their respective trades. Medium: Gelatin silver print and nails on Masonite Dimensions: 9 × 6 in. (22.9 × 15.2 cm) Rights and Reproduction: ©Lucas Samaras

385

Ring shank nail, annular ring nail, or drywall nail date 1964 name

description

Ring shank nail has small directional rings on the shank to prevent the nail from working back out once driven in; common in flooring, and pole barn nailing. Also known as ring shank nails or drywall nails, annular ring nails have a series of rings along their shanks. When they are used with softwoods, the rings push the wood fibers out of the way when they are nailed in, and then the wood returns to its place around the rings, holding the nail in place.

387

White Field is part of a series entitled Fields in Movement, which consists of twenty works. Other works in the series include White Field 1964 (Museum of Modern Art, New York) and White Field 1964 (Walker Art Center, Minneapolis). Uecker noted in 1965 that he had been working on the Fields in Movement series for a year and that the ‘White Field is an important and typical work from the series’ (quoted in Alley 1981, p.733). ‘The basic theme,’ Uecker explained, ‘is the organic development of a point in differently directed paths of movement to create fields of oscillation’ (quoted in Alley 1981, p.733). In 1969 Uecker compared the process of making the Fields in Movement series to a form of meditation, during which he could achieve a state of deep spiritual awareness through the repeated physical action of hammering the nails into the canvascovered boards: Holding bundled nails in the left hand, selecting a nail with the right, which holds a hammer, setting it and hammering it in. Tensing and relaxing the shoulder muscles in a left-to-right motion, tensing the neck muscles when striking a blow. Total relaxation of the facial muscles. Concentration on the heads of the nails, which are always the same distance from the base plate – a suggestive point, identical form of the point in constant repetition. The perception of repetitions – thoughts are eradicated – a state of emptiness. Uecker introduced the nail into his works in 1957. As artist and curator Willoughby Sharp observed: ‘he discovered that the nail was the ideal carrier of light’, with the ‘white zones’ of the Fields in Movement series providing ‘the purest clearest area of light articulation’ (quoted in Uecker, exhibition catalogue, Howard Wise Gallery, New York 1966, unpaginated). Uecker, Sharp explained, was concentrating on the perceptual possibilities of the nail, creating works that activated light and the optical sensation of a spatial shift (see Howard Wise Gallery 1966, unpaginated). The importance of movement and light to White Field is highlighted by Uecker’s artist’s statement for the 1964 Group Zero exhibition at the McRoberts and Tunnard Gallery, London, in which this work was shown. The statement, which takes the form of a poem, alludes to ‘the movement of the field / the vibration of light … the white of the beach / where the visible, crowned by light, is lost in the invisible’ (Group Zero, exhibition leaflet, McRoberts and Tunnard Gallery, London 1964, unpaginated). The series was first shown at the Galerie Ad Libitum in Antwerp in April 1964. Two of these works were subsequently shown at Documenta in Kassel. Judith Wilkinson

Günther Uecker, White Field, nails, oil paint, canvas, wood, 1982

389

Violent Garden, Fawn Rogers, 2017, plywood, mirror, 2 1/2 in sinker nail, face mounted photographs of light, 72x11x11 in

SOLAST Sol.a.stal.gia (noun)

Definition: Derived from nostalgia, Solastalgia is a still at home, but the environment has been altered referencing change caused by chronic change age primarily to describe the negative psychological ef individuals homeland, or the place they call home. powerlessness or lack of control over the unfolding

Usage: Samuel noticed no one seemed to say “the him delighted in the sunny weather that was increa he experienced a mild form of solastalgia, longing of the city itself seemed different now— faster with the experience of those whose homes were foreve sort of melancholia and longing hung over him, and unfamiliar.

Origin: Glen Albrecht, 2003, Australia. Derived fro algia (pain)

TALGIA

form of homesickness one gets when one is d and feels unfamiliar. The term is specifically ents like climate change or mining. Used ffect of chronic environmental destruction on an The condition is often “exacerbated by a sense of g change process.*”

e fog is rolling in” any longer. Most people around asingly common as the drought progressed, but for the often termed “marine layer.” The speed hout the fog. He couldn’t compare this feeling to er affected by mining or deforestation, yet still a d places that he knew so well seemed foreign and

om the Latin solacium (comfort) and Ancient Greek 393

INFORMA AGE

1969 - PRES

After making our way to the moon our ambitions as an begin to shift toward developing the technology that fu is course aversion as information technology standard of power. Humanity begins to entertain and control itse industry through information. Society is simultaneousl reckoning and still pushing itself further towards its ow issues are becoming more widely understood, but dism in the pursuit of profit. So enters the Clean Water Act, dispersal of known pollutants into waterways while sim agriculture begins dispersing dangerous chemicals on minimalized losses at the expense of poisoning both th worlds population consuming them. Across the globe f achieving independence.

SENT

industrial civilization uels the industry. There ds begin to draw the lines elf with the efficiency of ly having a moment of wn demise. Environmental missed as an expense which regulated the multaneously big nto crops so as to insure he land and the growing former colonial states are 395

20TH CENTURY

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

ATION

INVENTIONS 1969 1969 1969 1969 1970 1970 1971 1971 1972 1972 1972 1973 1974 1974 1974 1974 1974

CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE

Moon landing First ATM ARPANET - grandfather First artificial heart place Optical fiber Pocket calculator Email invented First single-chip micropro Clean Water Act First video game (Pong) First video game console First capacitive touchscr Barcodes Personal computer (the A Roundup Glyphosates Taser Internet // TCP/IP

United States;moon United States of United the internet States e in a human Japan

ocessor - Intel 4004 United States

e reen United States Altair) United States 397

1976 1978 1979 1980 1981 1981 1981 1982 1982 1983 1983 1984 1984 1985 1985 1986 1987 1989 1989

CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE

Supercomputer (Cray-1) Microbead plastic Patent Bovine Somatotropin Flash memory (both NOR IBM launches personal c Space shuttle (reusable s Stealth plane test flight CD-ROM for data stroage Longer-lasting Artificial h GMO Plants Stereolithography 3D Pri First commercially-availa DNA fingerprinting (USDA approves sale of fi Litium-Ion Battery Disposable camera CRISPR MP3 music format paten Nintendo Game Boy

ted Norway

R and Japan NAND) computer United States spacecraft) United States United States e & music playback heart: Jarvik-7

inting United States able cellphone - DynaTAC 8000X

first genetically-altered organism) Japan Japan

nted Germany Japan 399

1989 1990 1991 1991 1991 1992 1992 1994 1995 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1997 1997 1997 1998 1998

CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE

Invention of the World W Invention of Photoshop First web page Linux operating system Blockchain Smartphone (IBM) First text message sent Amazon Pesticide Producing GMO Unilever officially switche Cloning performed succe First Social Media Site Si Standardization of Blueto DVD disks enter the mark Hybrid cars introduced MP3 players invented Google Search introduce Credit default swaps (CD Paypal

Wide Web

United States Finland United States United States

O Agriculture es to palm oil Netherlands essfully - Dolly the sheep ix Degrees Launched ooth established ket

ed DS) invented

United States United States United States 401

GELM noun

Definition: The presence of a premonition, and/or a sense of for incidents which ultimately threaten the ecology of the environm jams, the deformed feet of pigeons, the debris of litter from fast pollution, the demise of garden birds, the abundance of cleaning lands, images of flooding… images of huge industrial complexes A ‘Gelm’ is a powerful and continuous emotional response to the human intervention.

Origin: Phyllida Barlow, London, England, 2016

402

reboding, threat and dread from every day, human initiated ment, and are caused by environmental hazards, such as: traffic t food outlets, the crush of urban life, the invisible smog of g products which end up in waterways, images of drought riven s churning out smoke… e threat of environmental and ecological destruction from

403

Eight-year-old Mark Harman enjoying a game of Monopoly from his bed of nails. (Photo by Ian

Salvador Dali works on the bronze cover for the book The Apocalypse of St. John. Seven painters and writers, including Jean Cocteau and Fujita.

Salvador Dali The Apocalypse of St. John 1961 A Dalí masterpiece that got the blessing of the Pope himself. Dalí splatters nails into etching plates using improvised nail bombs.

407

A nail bomb is an anti-personnel explosive device containing nails to increase its effectiveness at harming victims. The nails act as shrapnel, leading almost certainly to greater loss of life and injury in inhabited areas than the explosives alone would. A nail bomb is also a type of flechette weapon. Such weapons use bits of shrapnel to create a larger radius of destruction. Nail bombs are often used by terrorists, including suicide bombers since they cause larger numbers of casualties when detonated in crowded places. Nail bombs can be detected by electromagnetic sensors and standard metal detectors.

Juste un Clou bracelet date 1971 locale or culture type Cartier material name

description

The Cartier Juste un Clou bracelet, the iconic Love bracelet’s younger and easierto-remove sister, was inspired by the humble nail. Released in 1971, the bracelet was steadily in line with Cipullo’s minimalist, androgynous style and the designer’s professed love for all things nails, nuts, bolts and screws.

411

1974: A work of art by Doreen Schechter on display at the San Francisco Art Institute. The work depicts a man lying on a bed of nails. Photo Alan Band

413

Black Poppy, Kazuko Miyamoto, 1978, black string and nail.

Male 1, Kazuko Miyamoto, 1974, black string and nail.

1981: Stuntman John Dean has a seat of nails installed in his car to help him train for his record attempt for lying on a bed of nails. Photo by Ian Tyas

417

Howardena Pindell, Untitled #1, 1980-81 mixed media on paper collage with nails

Nail Shrine,Fawn Rogers, 2015, mixed media with nails

Gutter spike date 1996 name

description

Rain gutters are often held in place by a spike and ferrule: A giant nail is driven into the front of the gutter where it passes through an aluminum sleeve (the ferrule), through the rear of the gutter, and 420 into the fascia and rafter end.

421

TRALFAMIDO

Definition: Borrowing from Kurt Vonnegut’s fictio look at an object and know its past and future,) T being over informed about the production line of management they will eventually be filtered thro experience where a discrete object becomes a n tralfamidorification may walk through the world s experience briefly the “beach towel” opening up production line for the materials, the factory they creating these objects, the resources extracted, and fro in, etcetera, — moments later the experie hole” close and they return to the present mome

Usage: Just before reading your email I was idly dried coconut strips (product of Thailand) on my tralfamidorification.

Origin: Jenny Odell and Field Study #007 Partic 422

ORIFICATION

onal alien race of Tralfamadorians (who can Tralfamidorification, is the experience of f materials, or about the systems of waste ough. Tralfamidorification, is a disorientating node on a network. Those who experience seeing a “beach towel” at one moment and then p into a black hole of information regarding the y were assembled on, the human suffering in , the shipping containers they were carried to encer of tralfamidorification may feel the “black ent and the object or “beach towel” before them.

staring at a package of Trader Joe’s y kitchen table, experiencing severe

cipants, 2015 423

THE 21ST CENTURY

THE BIG DA 2000-PRES

ATOMIC // SPACE // INFORMATION AGE

ATA AGE SNT

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

T Y

INVENTIONS 2004 CE 2007 CE 2008 CE 2009 CE 2010 CE 2012 CE 2012 CE 2017 CE

Facebook introduced to g Netflix introduces instan Touchscreen iPhone Bitcoin introduced (see B Venmo created Self-driving cars used by CRISPR gains efficacy Artificial intelligence

general public nt streaming of movies and TV

Blockchain ‘91)

y Google for GoogleMaps The 21st century doesn’t see much change in the nail nor in anything technological for that matter. With humans having effected change we can not reverse, the animal populations dwindling by 68% in a 50 year period, it might seem a time of great change, but the only major shift humans make is in the extreme refinement of priorly developed technologies, mostly for the sake of curiosity and economic gain. Many nails in this last chapter can be found at Home Depot which holds 29% of the market share for retail building materials in the USA. Construction internationally continues to grow exponentially and reshape our environment.

Inert Colleco Syndrome Inert Colleconnaissance Syndrome Noun

Definition: Inert colleconnaissance syndrome is a collective un upset the system or paradigm. The syndrome is applied to soc a collective knowledge or understanding and concern over a p syndrome is frequently applied in discussions of climate chang Origin: Leo Paulhan, France during Paris COP21 Field Studies, Inerte, French: lacking the ability or strength to move. Collectif, French: collective Connaissance, French: knowledge

428

onnaissance

nderstanding marked by a fear of action and a desire not to cieties rather than the individual exclusively and is marked by problem or injustice paired with gross collective inaction. The ge. , 2015

429

TRAY, Fawn Rogers, 2015 miscellaneous nails, jail tray, military tray, public school tray, plywood, and spray paint

432

433

Street entertainer Edinburgh Scottland Fringe Festival. Photo Jeff Mitchell

434

435

Violent Garden, Violent Garden plywood, miscellaneous nails, oil paint, 2017

437

Violent Garden, Fawn Rogers, plywood, miscellaneous nails, oil paint, 2017

Nails used by the vigilantes to force lorries to stop, 2015

441

Nail Shrine, Fawn Rogers, 2015

443

Studio, Fawn Rogers, 2016

Name Double Hot Tipped Galvenized Nail Year 2000+ Manufacturer Maze Description The double hot tipped galvenized coating is useful in extended prevention of erosion.

447

Name Hurriquake Nail Year 2004 Manufacturer Bostitch Description The features of the nail are designed primarily to provide more structural integrity for a building, especially against the forces of hurricanes and earthquakes.

449

Name Edge Tite Spike Year 2013 Description Used to keep paver edging from shifting over time.

451

SCRAIL SUBLOC PRO date 2014 type SCRAIL name

description

SubLoc PRO Scrail subfloor fasteners have a thick upper-diameter thread design for withdrawal values higher than ordinary fasteners. They prevent squeaks due to micro movements of wood against the shank. The collated threaded fasteners are driven like nails with a pneumatic nailer, but can be removed like screws. SubLoc PRO Scrails are available in all three collation styles: 20- and 33-deg. strip and 15-deg. wire coil. The SubLoc PRO Scrails have head pull-through values more than 10 percent higher than ring-shank nails, and withdrawal values that are more than 40 percent higher than ring-shanks.

453

LIGNOLOC WOODEN NAIL date 2020 type Wood nail material Compressed beachwood name

description

LIGNOLOC® wooden nails are up to 90 mm | 3 ½ inchesDiameter: 4,7 mm | 0.185 inches and are composed of compressed beachwood.

455

Contemporary Pneumatic nail gun date 2020 type Wire nail name

description

Originally invented in 1907 this is a contemporary version of the pneumatic nail gun designed for serious DIYers, the Metabo HPT roofing nailer is a powerful tool that simplifies shingle installation. The gun contains a convenient side loading magazine and a tool-less nail depth adjuster that reduces set-up time and allows you to maintain a steady workflow. Additionally, the roofing nailer’s 5.5-pound frame and rubber grip prioritize comfort and reduce fatigue.

457

Dowel nail date 2021 name

description

A double pointed nail without a “head” on the shank, a piece of round steel sharpened on both ends.

459

date name

description

16GA Straight Finish Nail 2021

16-Gauge Straight Finish Nails to complete fastening tasks in finishing applications. These steel nails feature a bright finish which is glued collated of round steel sharpened on both ends.

461

Hardboard pin date 2021 name

description

A small nail for fixing hardboard or thin plywood, often with a square shank. The diamond shaped head is hidden when used in materials like hardboard.

463

Oval wire nail date (modern) name

description

Nails with an oval shank. Oval wire nail. Round or lost head nail. Tack. A short nail with a wide, flat head, the tack is used for fixing carpets to floorboards and for stretching fabric on to wood.

465

Pole barn nail date 2021 name

description

Long shank (2 1⁄2 in to 8 in, 6 cm to 20 cm), ring shank, hardened nails; usually oil quenched or galvanized; commonly used in the construction of wood framed, metal buildings (pole barns).

467

name Roofing (clout) date 2021 description

nail

Generally a short nail with a broad head used with asphalt shingles, felt paper or the like.

469

Sprig, glazing spring, or glazing brad date c. 20th century type Machine material Metal name

description

A small nail with either a headless, tapered shank or a square shank with a head on one side. Commonly used by glaziers to fix a glass plane into a wooden frame.

471

Veneer Pin (moulding pins) date modern name

description

Fine pins for fixing small mouldings or temporarily holding veneers while the glue dries.

473

Wire-weld collated nail date (modern) type Wire nail name

description

Nails held together with slender wires for use in nail guns.

475

Box Nail Coated date 2021 name

For general construction, carpentry, and framing. Thin shank reduces wood splitting. Vinyl coating increases holding power. description

477

Copper Plated Weather Strip Nail date 2021 name

description

Used for nailing weather stripping into doorways. Suitable for outdoor use and is weather resistant

478

479

name date

Carpet Tack 2021

description

Carpet nail (carpet tacks): It is a small, sharp nail or pin. It is used to affix carpets to a floor

481

Biotrak Helical Nail date Modern name

description

Medical usage for mending broke bones. The Biotrak resorbable nail System is designed to provide fixation for indications in the upper and lower extremities including fractures, fusions, and osteotomies.

483

Casing Nail date 2021 name

description

A casing nail essentially is a large finishing nail. It is often used in exterior applications, such as for installing exterior trim boards and for nailing door frames and trim. They are commonly galvanized for corrosion-resistance.

485

Cupped Head Drywall Nail date 2021 name

description

Phosphate-Coated Drywall Nails feature cupped heads that are designed to countersink and smooth shanks.

487

Drywall Nail date 2021 name

description

Drywall nails feature a ringed or barbed shank that affords greater holding power.

489

Duplex Nail date 2021 name

description

A duplex nail is a nail with two heads. ... Duplex nails are normally used to build temporary structures, such as braces and scaffolding.

491

date name

description

Finishing Nail 2021

A wire nail used for finishing whose small cylindrical head is easily countersunk and the resulting hole concealed by a filler.

493

Fluted masonry nail date 2021 name

description

Steel Fluted Masonry Nails provide high holding power and are made of hardened steel. These nails can be used to attach furring strips and floor plates to uncured concrete.

495

Panel Board Nail date 2021 name

description

A panel board nail is used to attach panel board to wood furring or studs. The ring shank gives greater holding power in soft or medium woods.

497

Patio Deck Nail date 2021 name

description

A kind of nail with a snug head, commonly made in a diamond form; they are single or double deck-nails, and from 4 to 12 inches long.

499

Roofing Nail date 2021 name

description

A roofing nail is a short, usually with a large flat head and a barbed shank used for securing roofing paper or asphalt shingles to roof boards.

501

Sinker Nail date 2021 name

description

Sinker nails are a type of nail used in contemporary wood-frame construction; thinner than a common nail, coated with adhesive to enhance holding power, with a funnel-shaped head, and a grid stamped on the top of the head.

503

Underlayment Nail date 2021 name

description

underlayment nail is used for laying plywood or composition underlayment over existing wood floors or floor joists. Ring shank for greater holding power. Thinner shank to minimize splitting.

505

Wood Hardboard Nail date 2021 name

description

Used for nailing into more dense woods, these nails have a diamond-shaped head which is virtually hidden when hammered into hardboard.

507

Universal spreading nail date 2021 material Glass fiber reinforced nylon name

description

The Split Drive anchor is a one piece anchor, with a split-type expansion mechanism on the working end. As the anchor is driven into the hole, the expansion mechanism compresses and exerts force against the walls of the hole. Can be installed in concrete, grout-filled block and stone. Available in mushroom, countersunk and duplex-head styles. The duplex head Split Drive is designed for temporary fastening applications and can be removed using a claw hammer.

509

Mushroom Head Crimp Anchor Nail date 2021 material Carbon Steel name

description

The Simpson Strong-Tie Crimp Drive anchor nail is an easy-to-install expansion anchor for use in concrete and grout-filled block. The pre-formed curvature along the shaft creates an expansion mechanism that secures the anchor in place and eliminates the need for a secondary tightening procedure. This speeds up nail installation and reduces the overall cost. The low profile mushroom head works excellent for attaching wood or light-gauge steel to concrete and grout-filled block.

511

Split Drive Anchor Nail date 2021 locale or culture type material name

description

The Split Drive anchor nail is a one piece anchor, with a split-type expansion mechanism on the working end. As the nail is driven into the hole, the expansion mechanism compresses and exerts force against the walls of the hole. Can be installed in concrete, grout-filled block and stone. Available in mushroom, countersunk and duplex-head styles. The duplex head Split Drive is designed for temporary fastening applications and can be removed using a claw hammer.

513

Bed of Nails, Skateboard, Derek Swope 2016

515

Nail Shrines , Fawn Rogers, plywood, miscellaneous nails, top soil, binders, oil paint, 2017

517

Nail Shrines , Fawn Rogers, plywood, miscellaneous nails, top soil, binders, oil paint, 2017

519

SHADOW Shad-ow-time noun

Definition: A parallel timescale that follows one around throughout day to day regular time. Shadowtime manifests as a feeling of living in two distinctly differ simultaneously, or acute consciousness of the possibility that the near future w than the present.

One might experience shadowtime while focused on goal oriented conversatio for life as we have known it—(college, career or occupational ambitions). Durin is a creeping sense of concerns that would make all said planning obsolete or the collapse of the Larson B Ice Shelf that will accelerate sea level rise. Shadow when one is preparing a meal for their child and suddenly realizes that an ende evolved over 42.7 million years has gone extinct within their child’s lifetime.

Shadowtime is not exclusively a negative experiences demonstrated with epoq one reflect quietly on the tricksterish desire and escapism lying behind apocaly catalyzing an embrace of the unknown and a counteraction to anthropocentric feel that shadowtime follows them always, the sudden experience of the prese day to day activities is often extremely disorienting.

Usage: Kane was intently working on his presentation which was due the next looked up and saw the moon it occurred to him that the moon had been rising years, moving ever further away, he felt shadowtime for the rest of the evening

Origin: Ranu Mukherjee, Alicia Escott, Field Study #009 Participants, California

520

TIME

experience of rent temporal scales will be drastically different

ons, tasks and planning ng such moments there seem unimportant, i.e. wtime may also occur emic flower that had

quietude. It can make yptic vision, as well as c hubris. While one may ence of shadowtime amid

morning, but as he and setting for 4.5 billion g.

a 2015

521

Psychic C Dissonanc Psy-ch-ic Cor-pus Dis-so-nance noun

Definition: A term to express the conflict between mind and body that occurs w person experiences unusually warm weather during a time that has historically considered winter. In this state the body experiences ecstasy to be in unusuall weather while, simultaneously, the mind experiences worry and concern that w patterns are deeply amiss, often resulting in a sensation akin to guilt or guilty p

Usage: Basking in the warm winter sun by the beach in San Francisco in Janua Heidi and Alicia both experienced psychic corpus dissonance as they sat comf their sundresses looking warily at the dry dune scrub flowers blooming unusua both sensing something was amiss with the seasons – an experience they did n language to express to one another. Origin: Heidi Quante & Alicia Escott, California, United States, January 2014.

522

Corpus ce

when a y been ly warm weather pleasure.

ary 2014, fortably in ally too early, not have the

523

TEUCHNIK Teuchnikskreis noun

Definition: Using new technologies to tackle environmental symptoms and byp other (possibly older) technologies, which will in turn eventually produce their o products and problems— for which newer technologies will then need to be pr is characterized by a sense of being stuck in a vicious cycle or spiral, thinking t solution to the problems created by technology. Origin: Andre Baier, Germany, during Paris COP21 Field Studies, 2015. Portmanteau of Teufelskrieis: Common German term, a catch 22, literally Devil Circle & Techuik: German, Technology

524

KSKREIS

products caused by own unintended byroduced. Teuchnikskreis technology will be the

525

SOLTACTI

Definition: The euphoria a farmer experiences when s/he gathers soil from the hands, assesses the soil quality with the highly sensitive skin of their finger tips of the soil and experiences a soil “high” when the commingling of all of these s the ancient, learned, earned knowledge that this is indeed a rich, nourishing, lif Origin: Farmers, California, January 2017.

Soil (Anglo-Norman) meaning a piece of ground (influenced in meaning by Latin layer of earth in which plants grow. + Soul (Germanic origin; related to Dutch ziel and German Seele) meaning the pri thought, and action in humans. 2. The immaterial essence, animating principle an individual life. + Tact (Latin tactilis, from tangere ‘to touch’) meaning perceptible by touch: tang being the sense of touch. + Phoria (Derived from Greek word euphoría) meaning a feeling of extreme happi being.

526

IPHORIA

ground with their naked s, breathes in the aromas senses is accentuated by fe giving soil.

n solum, soil). The upper

inciple of life, feeling, e, or actuating cause of

gible ; of, relating to, or

ines, a state of well-

527

Chucosol Chuo-hul-sol

Definition: The experience of seeing a brilliant red sunset blown up by manmad you’re not suppose to enjoy it but you do anyway because the colors are a brill fire —intoxicating to the eyes.

Usage: “On a crazy hot sticky summer day when LA’s asphalt was on fire, Mario sunset to his instagram and all the folks outside of LA asked him what filter he

Origin: Diana Chuong, Mario Rosado, Heidi Quante, Los Angeles Field Study, A

Chuco (El Salavadorian) slang for dirty + 헐 (Korean) an expression of surprise, s “What?!” in English + Sol (Spanish) meaning sun.

528

de pollution and knowing liant bright orange red

o posted a Chuco헐sol used.”

Art Center, March 2016.

similar to ‘Huh!’ or

529

LITHER Lith-er-a-cy noun adjective: Litherate

Definition: Having or showing knowledge of the physical characteris

Litheracy is measured by the ability to identify and classify anthrop high degree of familiarity with the goings-on of the Anthropocene W

* According to environmentalist Bill McKibben, the Eaarth is the new and far-reaching physical transformations encompass even its geo signifies the withdrawal of the familiarity of the Earth as a home, ha Synonym: petroficiency Usage :

1. As a result of her psychogeophysical drifts through the city, in wh buildings, she achieved a high degree of litheracy.

2. As long as we are illitherate we will not be aware of the magnitud appreciate the petric duets we are currently composing with other g

Origin: Jason Groves, California, 2015 lith (Ancient Greek: Stone) +

RACY

stics of rocks on planet Eaarth*.

pogenic soils, geoarchitectures, and plastiglomerates, as well as a Working Group in the International Commission on Stratigraphy.

w name for the third planet from the sun, a planet whose profound ophysical signifier. In addition to this planetary body, Eaarth abitat, and stable point of reference for environmental thought.

hich she became receptive to the telluric forces of masonry

de of destruction wrought by human activity, nor will we be able to geophysical forces.

+ literatus (Latin: learned) 531

QUIES

Definition: A seed that due to soci dormant not out of oppression, bu which senses not to seed until it fi environment.

Usage: Swati was hesitant to invit her parents’ home for dinner, as it grandmother to tell deeply person Grandmother’s wisdom was like a would be cautious to reveal pieces the room.

Origin: Ash Arder, Detroit, Michiga November 2017 532

SEED

ial trauma stays consciously ut rather due to a deep intuition finds itself in a fertile, fecund

te her college friends to t was custom for Swati’s nal family stories and histories. a quieseed, and Swati knew she s of the story with strangers in

an + Heidi Quante, California, 533

TERMINOLOGY Alloy: A molecular combination of two or more metals: iron + carbon = steel. Wrought iron is a mixture, not an alloy. Box a wire nail with a head; box nails have a smaller shank than common nails of the same size Brad A forged or cut nail that is “7” shaped. Cut brads do not go through an additional heading step because the head is sheared with the shaft. This type of nail has been made from antiquity, but may be dated on technological features. One of the few traditionally named types included here because it is clearly defined. Bright: no surface coating; not recommended for weather exposure or acidic or treated lumber Burr Burrs may be found on cut nails and nails made from slitted rods. The cutting tool leaves a sharp, rough flange of metal on the lower side of the shaft as it cuts through the metal stock. The edge above the burr may be slightly beveled or rounded. Burrs may also be found on hand- made nails. Such burrs are found on nails made from slit nail rods. In some cases, burrs can be left on hand-made nails if they were seated in a poorly fitted header. CC or Coated “cement coated”; nail coated with adhesive (cement) for greater holding power; also resin- or vinyl-coated; coating melts from friction when driven to help lubricate then adheres when cool; color varies by manufacturer (tan, pink, are common) Clinch To bend and hammer the nail’s exposed point end flat against the wood; done to prevent its loosening. Cold shut An unconsolidated fold caused by hammering the burr against the shaft at a too low heat to weld it to the body of the nail. Cross-grained nails: Cut nails sheared from the end of a narrow nail plate that has the grain running length-wise. The earliest cut nails are cross grained. See “grain.” Cut face : The two opposite surfaces of a cut nail that show the dragging of the shear. Theupper edge may be slightly rounded where the shear entered the nail plate; lower edge will have the burr. Cut: machine-made square nails. Now used for masonry and historical reproduction or restoration. Cut nail: A machine-made nail. Cut nails are made by cutting the blank off the end of a long strip of iron or steel. The blank

is wider at one end than the other. The wide end is mechanically held and is then headed by hand or by machine. The point is left flat. Drag marks Striations below the head of handmade nails caused when being seated in the header . Drag marks are also seen on the cut face of cut nails. These are caused by the shear as it slices through the metal, pulling the metal in the direction of the burr. The burr is also the result of dragging. Drawn, Draw-out Blacksmith term for lengthening and narrowing the metal. A point is drawn on a nail shaft by hammering the rod on two sides 90° apart. The opposite of “upset.” Duplex a common nail with a second head, allowing for easy extraction; often used for temporary work, such as concrete forms or wood scaffolding; sometimes called a “scaffold nail” Drywall a specialty blued-steel nail with a thin broad head used to fasten gypsum wallboard to wooden framing members. Face The surface of the shaft that is 90° from the cut face, and is the wider of the two pairs offaces. No distinction is made between front and back faces. See “cut face.” Finish a wire nail that has a head only slightly larger than the shank; can be easily concealed by countersinking the nail slightly below the finished surface with a nail-set and filling the resulting void with a filler (putty, spackle, caulk, etc.) Forged: handmade nails (usually square), hot-forged by a blacksmith or nailor, often used in historical reproduction or restoration, commonly sold as collectors items Forged nail: A hand-made nail. The shaft is formed from an iron rod using a hand hammer and an anvil. One end is pointed and then inserted into a header. The head is formed by hammering down on the end of the shaft that projects out of the header. Galvanized treated for resistance to corrosion and/or weather exposure Grain Striations in the metal that are characteristic of wrought iron. Iron is strongest when the load is applied across the grain because the slag that forms the grain prevents the metal from having a uniform bond over its whole surface. This is why grain-in-line nails can be clinched reliably and cross grained nails cannot. Steel has no grain because it has a crystalline structure. Electrogalvanized: provides a smooth finish with some corrosion resistance

Hot-dip galvanized provides a rough finish that deposits more zinc than other methods, resulting in very high corrosion resistance that is suitable for some acidic and treated lumber; Mechanically galvanized deposits more zinc than electrogalvanizing for increased corrosion resistance Head round flat metal piece formed at the top of the nail; for increased holding power. HeadThat part of a nail that is driven by the carpenter’s hammer. Sprigs have no apparent head. Hand-formed heads are usually faceted by the numerous blows made during the heading process. Machine-headed nails will have a flat, smooth surface except for some modem cut nails that have a hemispherical knob centered on the head. Header I. A tool used to form the head of hand forged nails. The most common form of header is a flat bar pierced with a hole the size of the nail shaft. The shaft is inserted into the hole and the header is rested over a hole (the pritchel hole) in the anvil, with the shaft point down. A part of the shaft projects above the header and is hammered down to form the head. Helix the nail has a square shank that has been twisted, making it very difficult to pull out; often used in decking so they are usually galvanized; sometimes called decking nails Length distance from the bottom of the head to the point of a nail. Nail bar: A wrought iron strip from which nail rods were slit. Nail plate The stock from which cut nails are cut. These were originally produced in the early rolling mills with the grain running their length. Nails cut off these early nail plates are cross grained. Nail plates were later cut from sheet iron in such a way that the grain of the iron of nails cut from them ran the length of the nails. Nail rod Square or rectangular rods from which some hand-made nails were made. Some nail rods were produced by rolling and slitting mills. Nails made from such rods may exhibit burrs on the same face, between the head and part of the shaft that is drawn out for the point. Penny, penny weight English system of nail sizing. It has several meanings: number of nails per pound, price in pence for a hundred nails, number of nails one could get for a “dinar” or penny (hence the abbreviation “d” as in 16d). Today it is standardized to describe the size of a wire nail. Pinch On cut nails: the area under the head that is grasped for heading. When the unheaded

Phosphate-coated a dark grey to black finish providing a surface that binds well with paint and joint compound and minimal corrosion resistance Point sharpened end opposite the “head” for greater ease in driving. Ring shank small directional rings on the shank to prevent the nail from working back out once driven in; common in drywall, flooring, and pole barn nails. Rolling and Slitting Two stages in the process of making nail rods . The early rollers were about 8-10 in. wide and 10-12 in. thick. By the 1830s rollers were 3 ft. or more wide and over 2 ft. in diameter. To make a flat nail bar the iron ingot was fed into the rollers at a high heat. Slitting follows rolling; it is the longitudinal cutting of the flat nail bar into several long nail rods. Rose head English term for a faceted discoid head on a hand-made nail. This term is not used here because it is too vague to be useful for describing the enormous variation in head styles. Shaft Body of a nail extending from under the head to the point. Shank The body the length of the nail between the head and the point; may be smooth, or may have rings or spirals for greater holding power. Shear A cutting tool, usually with one moving edge and a lower stationary edge. Shearing is cutting across the width. Slit To cut a bar down its length. A slitter is a machine tool used in the manufacturing of nail rods consisting of an upper and a lower set of interlocking, disk-shaped cutters. The slitter cuts the nail plate longitudinally into nail rods. Though nails made from these rods often exhibit cut faces, they may be distinguished from early machine-made nails by the slitted nail’s hand forged heads and grain running the length of the shaft. Spike a large nail; usually over 4 in (100 mm) long. Sprig A headless nail. This term can be defined clearly enough to be useful for describing hand-made and cut nails. Spiral A twisted wire nail; spiral nails have smaller shanks than common nails of the same size.

Steel An iron-carbon alloy, usually having less than 2% carbon. The steel used in nails usually has less than 0.1% carbon. Steel began to supplant wrought iron in nail manufacturing in the 1880s. All modem wire nails are steel. Etched steel shows a very fine crystalline structure. Upset Blacksmith term for making the iron shorter and thicker. The head of a hand-headed nail is formed by upsetting the end of the shaft working a lump (bloom) of iron using a silicious flux as a part of the manufacturing process.