THESIS REPORT
FECIANTI
Urban-Landscape Transformation along CBL Canal
COLOPHON
URBAN-LANDSCAPE TRANSFORMATION ALONG CBL CANAL
P5 Report 26 June 2017 Delft University of Technology Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment European Post-mater in Urbanism (EMU)
SUPERVISORS Dr. Inge Bobbink Dipl.Ing. Alexander Wandl Dr. S.P. Tjallingii
STUDENT Fecianti
Supported by:
“Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because, and only when, they are created by everybody.� -Jane Jacobs-
Acknowledgement
Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Dr. Inge Bobbink, Alexander Wandl, and Dr. S.P. Tjallingii for the support, enthusiasm and immense knowledge. Your valuable guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. Thank you for giving me inspiration and motivation. My gratitude also goes to Indonesia Endowment Fund (LPDP) for funding this research and provide financial support for my education in this two years. I wish what I have learned from EMU program can be useful for the development of Indonesia. Besides, I want to give cordial thanks to my LPDP colleagues for providing me data and information that I need. Many thanks also to the people in Bekasi for allowing me to step into their lives. I would like to thank Birgit Hausleitner for being our “mother� and mentor. To all EMU colleagues from whom I have learned during this past two year, thank you for your encouragement, inspiration and wonderful EMU experience! Above all, special thanks to my parents, brother and sister for the support and confidence although We are far apart. And lastly to Andy Wiranata Wijaya, my source of inspiration and endless supporter who always see more in me than I ever thought there was to see.
CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
10
2. BEKASI DISTRICT
20
3. BEKASI DISTRICT
30
Intensive Agriculture Land, Home for Biodiversity, Cutural Heritage The Turning Point
4. METHODOLOGY
Problem statement Relevance Aim Research question Methods Expected Products Research Structure
38
5. LITERATURE REVIEW
The Two Networks Urban Metabolism Ecosystem Services
44
6. ANALYSIS
Historical Development Urban Structure Ground System Flows Spatial Analysis
56
7. FIELD TRIP
Photographs Interviews
84
8
CONTENT
8. URBAN PLANNING
100
9. SOCIO-POLITICS CONSIDERATION
108
10. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
114
11. PROJECTION
118
12. COMPARATIVE STUDY
132
13. DESIGN PROPOSAL
Vision Design Idea Concept and Principle Structure PLan Strategy Component Zoom in Project
154
REFLECTION
202
REFERENCES
204
APPENDIX
214
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1. INTRODUCTION
10
11
ABSTRACT
Indonesia is projected to be the world 7th largest economy country by 2030. This could be achieved by maximising the utilization of natural resources as well as infrastructure development. One example is the infrastructure development of Jakarta with its surrounding metropolitan area (JABODETABEK). Here, we see a rapid development of logistics infrastructure and one of the key project is the utilization of Cikarang-Bekasi-Laut (CBL) canal as inland waterway. Due to its topographical condition and soil type, the surrounding area of CBL has high potential for agriculture. Moreover, mangrove forest located in the north coastal area protects land from abrasion as well as a home for biodiversity. Those potentials are also contributed by rivers crossing over this territory, including CBL Canal. The transformation of CBL canal from floodway system into an inland waterway that connects Jakarta Port and the Cikarang industrial area has a strong prospective to trigger urban sprawl from Jakarta and industrial investment along the canal. At the same time this development threatens the landscape diversity and the identity of today’s territory. This research aims to investigate the possible impact of the transformation in three related systems: urban, production and nature. Two concepts are applied as research method: The Two Networks by Sybrand Tjallingii and Urban Metabolism. The outcome of this research is a structure plan for the regional area of the CBL canal and design principles on the local scale that aim to find possible synergism between urban, production and nature developments. Key words: Bekasi, Jabodetabek, Inland Waterway, Two Networks, Urban Metabolism.
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13
MOTIVATION
The thesis begins with a desire to investigate the current development in Jakarta city and its surrounding area (Bekasi District). In recent years, Jakarta as capital city of Indonesia is massively developed especially in port development and water connection. The development in Indonesia can not be detached from the fact of current planning tradition where infrastructure is used as carrying structure for each development while space for nature is often being forgotten. As a result, degradation of environmental quality as well as living quality is unavoidable. This condition motivates to further thinking of urban planner or designer’s role in directing the sustainable development where nature can be used as carrying structure for urban development.
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Fig. 1.1 Jakarta, The Capital City source: Rukmana, 2014
15
Fig.1.2 Asian and World’s population Source: Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs, 2011
16
Fig. 1.3 Port Ranking in the world container source: Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs, 2011
2012
16th-Largest
71%
of GDP
113 million
skilled workers in the Indonesian economy
market opportunity in consumer services, agriculture and fisheries, resources, and education
members of the consuming class
of the population in cities producing
86%
of GDP
economy in the world
135 million
members of the consuming class
55 million $0,5 trillion
7th-Largest
economy in the world
45 million the population in 53% ofcities producing 74%
2030
$1,8 trillion
skilled workers in the Indonesian economy
market opportunity in consumer services, agriculture and fisheries, resources, and education
Indonesia Economic Opportunity in 2012 and 2030 as Projected by McKinsey Global Institute Source: Oberman et al.,, 2012
17
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago country with more than seventeen thousand islands. It has an estimated population of over 260 million people which make it as fourth most populous country in the world. Laying in between world’s largest market (Dubai, Singapore, Hong Kong, Shanghai) and passing by the most active sea lane of communication (SLOC) makes Indonesian archipelago as an important region for trading activity (Fig. 1.2 & 1.3). In 2012, Indonesia was positioned as 16th largest economy in the world with 53% of population in cities producing 74% of GDP. This condition is equipped with 55 million skilled workers in Indonesian economy that result 0,5 trillion USD market opportunities in consumer services, agriculture and fisheries, resources and education. The study conducted by McKinsey Global Institute predicts a dramatically increase (Oberman, et al., 2012). By 2030, Indonesia is projected to be 7th largest economy in the world with 1,8 trillion USD market opportunities in the same sectors mentioned above (Fig.1.4). In order to make the most of this opportunity, there is much need to be done. One of them is the urgency of infrastructure development related to trading and resources distribution. In this case, development of port and the enhancement of economic corridor become priority.
Fig.1.4 Indonesia Economic Opportunity by 2030 Source: Oberman et al.,, 2012
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INTRODUCTION
Handling more than 50% Indonesia’s trans-shipment cargo traffic, Port of Tanjung Priok is the busiest and most advance seaport in Indonesia. To ensure the sustainable and continuity of economic growth and maximize Indonesia’s potential reported by McKinsey, upgrading project of this port has been conducted. By 2023, the capacity of this port will be tripled from existing capacity and increase 20% shipping efficiency (CMEA, 2011). As a complimentary to this project, the connection between this port an industrial area has been considered. Currently, containers from seaport are transported by trucks and trains which cause a large pressure on Jakarta infrastructure. Moreover, this condition results delay due to heavy traffic and slow means of transportation which cause in effective and inefficient container transport. In order to increase the efficiency of container transport, the idea of transforming existing canal called Cikarang-Bekasi-Laut (CBL) into an inland waterway has been proposed. CBL is located in Bekasi district, one of satellite city of Jakarta metropolitan area. Together with three other cities, they structured the administrative boundary called Jabodetabek (Jakarta-Bogor-Depok-Tangerang-Bekasi). As the core of this territory, Jakarta is the biggest megacity with total population of 10,075,310 and density 15.052/km2. The population of Jakarta itself is increasing over years and overflow towards the other district of Jabodetabek as shown in picture (Fig. 1.6). The whole territory is a conurbation with a huge natural and human resources base. It is also a major economic hub and an intense market place. Besides, having a strategic geographic location and thus being a major international hub, it is the major foreign-investment destination in Indonesia.
Fig. 1.5 Jabodetabek Source: INTA, 2015 (https://inta-aivn.org)
Fig. 1.6 Urban Growth of Jabodeatbek Source: INTA, 2015 (https://inta-aivn.org)
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2. BEKASI DISTRICT Intensive Agriculture Land, Home for Biodiversity, Cutural Heritage
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Fig. 2.1 Muara Gembong Village, Bekasi District source: Triana, 2015
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BEKASI DISTRICT
Bekasi district is located in the eastern of Jakarta. It has an area of 1,224.88 km2 with 2,828,767 inhabitants (based on census 2014). Due to its topographical condition and soil type (alluvial), this area is highly potential for agriculture land which is covering the majority of this district. Moreover, mangrove forest located in the north coastal area is functioning as abrasion protection as well as a home for biodiversity. Likewise, the combination of fish farming and rice paddy field as well as silvofishery (combination of mangrove forest and fish farming) enhance the potential of this district. The diversity of landscape in this territory also contributed by rivers crossing over this region. There are 16 rivers used as water resources, including CBL. Beside its landscape diversity, urban kampong scattered within the intensive agriculture land become another added point of this territory. Within this urban kampong, local heritage and strong local identity shaped by local community enrich the potential of this territory. As one of the biggest rice supplier to Jakarta. Bekasi District in the past, and even still today, can be seen as a wealthy rural area, quiet zone for living and agriculture production environment as well as a centre of cultural heritage.
Fig.2.2 Bekasi District in 1866 Source: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/
Fig.2.3 Bekasi District in 1942 Source: http://media-kitlv.nl/
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Fig. 2.4 View of Bekasi South Source:https://bersapedahan.wordpress.com/2015/02/
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Fig.2.5 Swamp Area in Muara Gembong Village Source: Triana, 2015
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Fig.2.6 Agriculture Land in Bekasi District Source: https://bersapedahan.wordpress.com/2015/02/
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Fig. 2.7 Fish Farming Activity in Muara Gembong Source: Triana,2015
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Fig.2.8 White Winged Tern Bird in Muara Gembong Source: Triana,2015
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Fig.2.9 Little-ringed Plover in Muara Gembong Source: Triana,2015
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3. BEKASI DISTRICT The Turning Point
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31
150 100
2000
2005
10,000
74,000
Area (Ha)
9,000 8,500 8,000
Bekasi 1995
7,500
2000
10,000
2010
9,500
CBL
15,000
5,000
Fishfarm
Area (Ha)
CBL as one of the canal lies in this territory was constructed in 1985 to divert water run-off from Bekasi, Cisadang and Cikarang river (Fig.3.1). The diversion aimed to use the canal as irrigation system for surrounding agriculture area and drainage system to prevent flooding. The historical map shows the condition of Bekasi District in 1942 in which agriculture, mangrove forest and fish farming activity are dominant (Fig.2.2). Meanwhile, urban settlement was taking place along river, using waterfront as part of their front yard.
1995
2005
2010
450
20,000
1995
2005
250
2010
38,000
71,000 1995
2000
2005
2005
2010
34,000 32,000
28,000
2010
Water body
Area (Ha)
200 150 1995
Cikarang
2000
2005
10,000 5,000
1995
2000
2005
1995
2000
2005
2010
150 70,000 100
38,000
Water body
32,000 15,000
1995
2000
2005
2010
1995
2000
2005
2010
Fishfarm
8,500
32
8,000 1995
2000
2005
30,000 10,000 28,000
5,000
74,000
Area (Ha)
Area (Ha)
9,000
7,500
D
25,000 36,000
9,500
Fig.3.2 Land Use Dynamic in Bekasi District Source: BPS, 2007
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20,000 34,000
10,000
Fig. 3.1 Location of CBL Canal Source: Author
350
250
2010
Wetland agricultural crops
200 71,000
8,000
400
300
72,000 250
8,500
500 450
Area (Ha) Area (Ha)
9,000
2010
Built area
350 73,000 300
Area (Ha)
2005
15,000
74,000
9,500
2000
20,000
2010
Fishfarm
10,000
1995
25,000
250
7,500
2000
Dryland agricultural crops
30,000
300
100
1995
36,000
72,000
Area (Ha)
Cisadang
2000
Wetland agricultural crops
350
In the late of 90’s, after the construction of CBL canal, industries and urbanization started to expand, resulting a transformation of landscape structure of this territory. The urban settlement started to growth rapidly from city centre (south) toward canal side (north). Based on the data derived from central statistics agency of West Java, it is shown that the built area is increasing while mangrove, fish farm and agriculture land are decreasing (Fig.3.2).
350 300
73,000
70,000
400
Area (Ha)
200
Mangrove
500
Area (Ha)
Area (Ha)
Area (Ha)
300 250
Built area
25,000
Area (Ha)(Ha) Area
Water body
350
Area (Ha)
PROBLEM ANALYSIS
2010
19
199
We
73,000 72,000 71,000 70,000
199
1995
mangrove
2000
2006
2009
Fig.3.3 Land use Transformation in Bekasi District Source: Author, based on Anjani, 2010
fish farming forest built area dryland agriculture wetland agriculture
33
1995-2000
Forest - Wetland Agr Forest - Dryland Agr Mangrove - Wetland Agr Mangrove - Fish Farm Fish Farm - Wetland Agr Forest - Fish Farm Mangrove - Dryland Agr
34
2000-2006
2006-2009
Fig.3.4 Land use change in Bekasi District Source: Author, based on Anjani, 2010
The development of industrial area also contributes to water pollution. The study of water quality done by Environmental Impact Management Agency in 2006 shows the heavy contaminated water coming from the industrial area in the city center towards CBL canal (Fig.3.5). As a result, irrigation from this canal is not possible anymore, causing the degradation of agriculture and fish farming potential.
Industrial Area Polluted Canal
PARAMETER
BOD COD
STANDARD
6 50
UNIT
mg/l mg/l
upstream 02-Oct-06 02-Nov-06 02-Oct-16 02-Nov-16 63,4 153,4 387,3 929,2
SAMPLING RESULT Cikedokan Canal Sadang Canal Mid point Downstream Upstream Mid point Downstream 28-Sep-06 28-Sep-16 04-Nov-06 04-Nov-16 26-Sep-06 26-Sep-16 04-Nov-06 04-Nov-16 02-Oct-06 02-Oct-16 02-Nov-06 02-Nov-16 26-Sep-06 26-Sep-16 04-Nov-06 04-Nov-16 28-Sep-06 28-Sep-16 04-Nov-06 04-Nov-16 12,7 15,2 20,2 23,2 2,7 15,3 6 4 24,9 12,6 76,3 53,8 123,6 142,8 16,5 93,8 37,1 24,5 152,4 77,5
The conflict brought by industrial activity in this area also related to the change of urban form where informality related to home business is appearing to serve the workers from industries. This informality produces waste and generate environmental degradation. Over years, the informality become permanent residential area and expanded along the canal. Some of them are found built in the canal bank, changing the landscape structure of this area and threatening the existence of the canal as water resources and flood prevention (Fig.3.7). This degradation is shown in the current situation where flooding in this area has become a severe problem (Fig.3.6). As a conclusion, the canal currently is not working as it was in the past. Due to pollution from industry and informal settlement, the canal is no longer able to operate as both water resources and flooding prevention. The transformation of this floodway system into inland waterway potential to bring further challenges such as the industry expansion that can caused more pollution, the change of land use, and informality along the waterway.
Fig.3.5 Water Quality Analysis source: Environmental Impact Management Agency (DPDLP), 2006
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TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Urban development of Bekasi District is strongly linked to the infrastructure development. A natural plain with strong potential of agriculture production and rich ecological system is slowly pressured by industrial and infrastructure development force from Jakarta City. The needs of efficient production and economic growth overpower the potential and the necessity of natural system. In this case, traffic network becomes the prior and carrying structure for urban development. The need of more space for urban development is often solved by occupying spaces that belongs to nature. Consequently, informality and urban sprawl are taking place in the river/canal bank, threatening the existence of this natural system. In this case, the water network is no longer becomes the carrying structure of different elements (biodiversity, food production, recreation, etc.) but becomes the carrying structure for informality.
Fig.3.6 Affected Area by flooding 2014 source: Environmental Impact Management Agency, 2016
What Bekasi District face now is the transition where the context change is happening. The current tendencies explained before shows how the development taken in this place try to control and manipulate the nature. As a result, the increasing loss of natural power. A sustainable approach thus need to be considered in order to maintain the integration of each system and subsystem and provide a robust as well as adaptive system. Finding new relationship and balance condition is something that is fundamental in which each different systems work in synergism and supporting each other potential. In the case of Bekasi District, a balance and synergic system between port development, environmental management, flood defense system and urban development is something that will be focused in this thesis project.
Landscape structure 1942
Landscape structure today Informality
waste pollution Fig.3.7 Change of Landscape structure source: Author, based on historical map and google map
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37
4. METHODOLOGY Problem statement Relevance Aim Research question Methods Expected Products Research Structure
38
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PROBLEM STATEMENT The CBL inland waterway project is one of strategic project to enhance the economic condition of Indonesia. Due to its potential location, it seems that this canal is promising enough to increase the efficiency of container transport and port activities. However, due to current condition and some tendencies, the transformation of CBL canal from floodway system into inland waterway for industrialization will further change the interaction between each system (urban, production and ecological system) which is predicted will cause more severe problem of flooding, decrease of land productivity, water and soil pollution, informalities and social segregation.
RELEVANCE
Fig.4.1 Witteveenbos Article source: http://www.witteveenbos.com/
This issue has both academic and societal relevance. There has been much discussion about the urgency of CBL project as written in articles and newspaper. However, very limited discussion related to the future possible impact both for urban and natural environment has been delivered. This research aims to contribute to the discussion by providing the study of possible impact and the design guidelines to direct the future urban development stimulated by this project. From the societal point of view, the research aims to contribute to the changes of perception and cultural planning in Indonesia in which today society is less aware to sustainable way of living and have less appreciation to natural environment. This study is expected to gain awareness and open up the idea of sustainability to the society. Moreover, this study is expected to provide a result in which can be used to solve social issue such as the increasing of informality, weak community power, and lack of room for social interaction.
Fig.4.2 Maritime News source: https://maritimenews.id
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AIM This study aims to explore possible impacts of transforming CBL canal into inland waterway. In order to answer this question, the complete understanding of current system (ground layer, flows, driving forces) will be conducted. The study then will be further explored to find possible solution where synergism can be implemented to enhance ecological potential, water and land quality, land productivity as well as human resources. As a result, the guidelines as spatial solution together with urban planning policies for sustainable urban development will be delivered in relation to CBL transformation project.
RESEARCH QUESTION Based on the problem statement mentioned above, main question arose in this study is: “What kind of strategy in relation to CBL inland waterway project that need to be provided in order to maintain CBL canal as carrying structure of different element, providing better synergism between urban, production site and natural environment?�
In order to specify the focus of this study, three sub questions are examined in correlation with the main question: 1. How do the present systems (ground layer, flows) work? What are the driving forces? 2. What are the possible impacts of transforming CBL Canal into inland waterway? 3. Which are the essential elements need to be considered in order to create synergism of CBL Canal as water resources, flood prevention and inland waterway? 4. Which urban pattern/ principles need to be embedded in order to create sustainable urban development along the waterway?
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METHODS
EXPECTED PRODUCTS
In order to achieve the aim of this rearch, some methods are identified in correlation to each sub research question:
The design principle will be then implemented in final products. There are two expected products:
Q1. How do the present systems (ground layer, flows) work? What are the driving forces? Several methods applied to this question are: • Literature study • Mapping of existing ground system and flows
1. Structure plan in Jabodetabek scale: showing steps of development, policies and stakeholders involved 2. Detail Project in several strategic areas with development timeline and technical details
Expected products from this study is a set of maps showing how the current systems work Q2. What are the possible impacts of transforming CBL Canal into inland waterway? Methods applied to this question are: • Historical development study • Mapping analysis showing the morphology of the territory and the current trend • Projection (probable future due to current trend) Expected products: Map showing projection in several steps. The projection then will be assessed with asssessment tool : Ecosystem Services in which the result will determine the design proposal. Q3. Which are the essential elements need to be considered in order to create synergism of CBL canal as inland waterway as well as water resources and flood prevention system? Methods applied to this question: •Spatial analysis: Zoom in analysis using three perspectives concept: area, flow and context •Field trip and interviews Expected products from this study are: •Schematic plans, diagram, 3d illustration to show the relationship between urban, production and nature in three perspectives: area, flow, context. Q4. Which urban pattern/ principles need to be embedded in order to create sustainable urban development along CBL Canal? Method applied to this question: •Comparative study in order to find possible solution that is applicable in the context of Bekasi District Expected product derived from this study are the collection of design principles for designing sustainable development along the corridor 42
RESEARCH SRUCTURE AND METHODOLOGY
Fig. 4.3 Research Structure and Methodology source: Author
43
5. LITERATURE REVIEW The Two Networks Urban Metabolism Ecosystem Services
44
45
LITERATURE REVIEW Based on problem analysis stated in the previous chapter, it is clearly understood that current development in Jabodetabek area is strongly led by infrastructure force. This phenomenon results in neglected urban environment and abusive used of nature potential that brings conflicts in ecological system. Particularly in water network that dominates the area of Jabodetabek, rivers which play important role have been misused by informality that triggered by massive urbanization. Enormous number of waste pollution coming from industries and informality in unavoidable and increase due to the lack of regulation and proper development plan. This problem field lead to the selection of theory used in this project. First, the role of Two Networks, water and traffic as carrying structure of urban development and how these Two Networks implies integrated ecological system. Secondly, the city has to be seen as a set of systems and each system is related to other system and subsystem. Urban Metabolism approach is then selected to further examine the relationship and flows between each system while ecosystem services will be used as assessment tool to evaluate spatial quality of projection and proposal.
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INTEGRATED ECOLOGICAL APPROACH: TWO NETWORKS Steiner in the writing entitled Nature and City stated that urban ecology is seen as an interdisciplinary concept which helps ecologist as well as urbanist to understand driving forces, pattern, process and outcomes in the making of urban landscape and urban ecosystem (Steiner, 2009). Urban ecosystems itself are characterized by complexity, heterogeneity and hybridity. Many researches and exercises were done which focus on maintaining the ecological potential. The main idea was to develop a spatial structure which able to cope with diversity and complexity of urban and ecological landscape while in the same time allowing the integration of urban and ecosystem. In the early 1990s, the idea of using water and traffic network as carrying structure was proposed by Tjallinggii as conceptual guiding model for planning and design projects particularly in urban landscape practices. In addition, the Two Networks concept aims to produce a frame for integrated urban development (Tjallingii, 2016). The concept of two networks is further explained by Tjallingii in three perspectives: area, flows and actors. In area perspective, the focus is durable diversity. This perspective emphasizes on the utilization of local identity and landscape potential for economic development as well as biodiversity preservation. This perspective also aims to see whether those diversity of spatial elements fit together or the other way around. The flow perspective is focus on the idea of sustainable way of resources consumption. Thus, the proper management of upstream and downstream flow is considered as key strategy together with the concept of ‘reduce, reuse, recycling’. Flow perspective also deals with the question whether all of the flows are integrated to each other and adaptable to local condition. Lastly, the actor perspective questions a comprehensive commitment from all actors involved in the urban planning process. Together, those three aspects structure a condition that promote synergism (Tjallingii, 2016).
INTEGRATED ECOLOGICAL APPROACH Sustained commitment from actors
Safe and sustained use of resources : reduce, re-use, re-cycling
OBJECT ORIENTED APPROACH
Durable diversity
PROCESS ORIENTED APPROACH
Fig. 5.1 Three action-oriented integration perspectives Source: Tjallinggi, 2016
Fig. 5.2 Delft, Poptahof. Design options for an urban neighbourhood. Left: existing situation, light grey: buildings; dark grey: water; black: roads. Right: design options Source: Tjallinggi, 2016
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In “Planning with Water and Traffic Networks� Tjallinggi introduced the use of two networks as guiding model in three different scales. The Poptahof project in Delft, for instance, showing the application of Two Networks guiding model where several design options are produced based on different combination of Two Networks. The area produced provides opportunity to develop a park located in the quiet zone with multifunctional purpose, a place for relaxation, recreation and to store water run-off. Another implementation of Two Networks guiding model showed in Fig. 5.3 which is applied in medium sized city (100.000 inhabitants). From area perspectives, the model accommodates condition for long quiet edge with attractive residential environments located nearby urban services and green areas. As a regional model, the Two Networks strategy is introduced through elaborated project in the research and teaching program of IUAV university in Venice. In this project, Two Networks strategy is used to construct design scenario related to the decreasing of permeable surface due to increasing number of cars and trucks. This condition results both fragmentation of space and the threat of flood. The idea is then to upgrade and downgrade roads and watercourses. The thick black line in Fig. 5.4 represent the upgraded road to accommodate heavy traffic, while some watercourses will be upgraded to accommodate water storage and purification. At the same time, green blue network opens up the possibility to provide green space to serve residential area (Tjallingii, 2016).
Fig. 5.3 The city model (Tjallingii,1995) Source: Tjallinggi, 2016
Fig. 5.4 Regional model (Tjallingii, 2010) Source: Tjallinggi, 2016
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Starting with network layer The practice experiences explained previously shown clearly how this strategy used as guiding model of carrying structure. But how does it start? Traditionally, planning activities is often program oriented that starts with occupation layer then further developed the infrastructure layer and investigate ground layer which has to be adapted to the design it self. In this way, design resulted is more object oriented rather than process oriented. As a result, development tends to generate environmental problems. Working differently, Two Networks strategy start with network layer. For water structure, it is started with ground layer and hydrology system as a result of nature-culture interaction. For traffic structure, it is started with occupation layer to find out which programs were used as driving forces of the development process. In this way, Two Networks strategy plays an important role in balancing interaction between activities (urban occupation) and ecological system (Tjallingii, 2016)
Two networks: Industrial ecology and landscape ecology Fig. 5.6 shows the overall Two Networks strategy as guiding model. Two criteria are embedded in this strategy, slow lane and fast lane. Fast lane related to competitive profit oriented zone where production efficiency is the key issue. In this condition, traffic network is used as carrier. On the other hand, slow lane is strongly related to non-profit oriented zone that linked to water safety, landscape and heritage, biodiversity, recreation and local food production. On this platform, water network is used as carrying structure. Based on this explanation, it can be concluded that traffic network plays important role in industrial ecology while slow lane is connected to landscape ecology.
Fig. 5.5 Two Networks Operation (Tjallingii, 2010) Source: Author, based on Tjallinggi, 2016
Fig. 5.6 Landscape Ecology and Industrial Ecology Source: Tjallinggi, 2015
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URBAN METABOLISM Urban Metabolism concept has been introduced in the practice of urban planning and design in recent years. This concept has been believed as a way to strengthen current understanding of urban-nature relationship. Urban Metabolism allows further exploration of interaction between environmental, social and economic aspects that contribute to the process of urban shaping phenomena. Therefore, Urban Metabolism can be seen as a tool to understand urban process and relationship between the driving forces or systems that shaped the urban process itself (Rapoport, 2011). The term “metabolism” was developed in the early 19th century in Biology field. This term was used to describe the process of chemical changes within living cells which then introduced and broadly used in biochemistry territory to explain the process of organic separtion and combination within bio-organism as well as to its surrounded ecosystem. Since then, metabolism concept is used and developed into more comprehensive approach to investigate the systems involved in the making process of ecosystems (Dinarès, 2014). In 1970s, metabolism concept started to spread its influence in ecological study. Promoted by H.T. Odum’s (1983), this concept was used to conceptualize energy flows in ecological system. Using Urban Metabolism concept, H.T. Odum pioneered the application of biological metabolism notion to describe metabolism process in relation to solar energy equivalents. Back to 19th century, Urban Metabolism was widely used by agricultural alchemist to understand the cycle of organic matter and nutrients in order to restore interchange between city and food production. This study resulted a new agricultural fertilization source produced from re-using of urban population excreta (Barles, 2010). This invention brought a dramatically changes in the perception of waste mobility. Moreover, this fertilizer revolution opened up the use of metabolism concept in larger field, which is known as Urban Metabolism.
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In 19th century, metabolism concept was used by Karl Marx to explain social phenomenon. Using this concept, Marx explored further the relationship between human society and nature referred to cycles of plant nutrients in relation to fertility conditions, agricultural production system and urbanization. Going further, Marx explore the concept of “metabolic rift” to analyze the separation process between human and natural environment. This term explained the changes of relationship between social and natural environment implied by industrial agriculture and urbanization which caused the fact where capitalist society, in particular, have became dissociate from their natural condition that effected its existence (Foster, 1999). Based on this exploration, Marx concluded urbanization as a key process leading to “metabolic rift” due to the reduced interaction between human and natural environment as a result from migration from rural to urban area (Martínez-Alier, 1987). The concept of metabolic rift explained further in current planning activities, introduced in IABR 2014 curated by Dirk Sijmons. Sijmons started the explanation by seeing the current phenomena of rapid urbanization all over the world. By 2050, the world population is expected to increase to nine billion people. This fact is followed by the current trend in many places in the world (especially in developing countries) where massive urbanization tends to weaken the relationship between urban and nature. This fast, unpredictable and unbearable changing in urbanization over last centuries encourage urban practitioners and experts to further thinking of a new model of sustainability. Curator Dirk Sijmons for IABR 2014 concluded that a new era has come, where the integration and synergism between man and nature has to be seen as a key factor for future development, in which they are spatially overlapped and built by functional interaction. As a result, it is important to shift the current paradigm from conflicting nature to positioning and embrace nature together with urban environment. Looking through the lens of landscape architecture, in current urban planning activity, there is a strong urgency to redefine the city and urbanity, to analyze and re-conceptualize the relationship between city and nature, in order to produce a guideline for a better planning and governing of urban landscape complexity. In order to understand the relation of city and nature, the city itself has to be understood as natural ecology in which structured by several systems including the process of its material flows. By understanding this concept and apply to design practice, the city can be more resilient and more sustainable in the future world (IABR, 2014).
The idea of understanding relationship between human and nature can be detached by its history, in which, from the beginning of urbanization, natural elements such as gardens have been part of the city. The establishment of this relationship resulted in the concept of garden city, urban arcadia and the idea of nature conservancy. Regarding the idea of maintaining relationship between human and nature, several tasks need to be used a guiding principle as described by Sijmons as follow (IABR, 2014): 1. Securing the access of city dwellers to flows of daily necessities such as water, food, communication and energy. 2. Creating cohesion between urban flows. 3. Maximizing the positive effects on the quality of living environment. 4. Taking advantage of the urban landscape spatial order. In 1965, the very first application of metabolism concept to urban planning activities was published by the engineer and geographer Abel Wolman. This idea came from as a response to on going phenomena in America at that moment where air and water quality was degrading. He then used metabolism concept to analyze the assessment of various inputs (water, food, and fuel) and outputs (sewage, solid disposal and air pollutants) while in the same time tracking their transformation and flows. Wolman further explained metabolic system as materials and components which are needed for inhabitants to sustain their live in every sector (Wolman, 1965).
Fig. 5.7 Circular Metabolism Source: Kalatha, 2015
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Contemporary understanding of Urban Metabolism Dinares, based on Broto et al. (2012) and Rapoport (2011), gave a strong metaphor which describe clearly the concept of urban ecology. The concept of urban ecology used to interpret the city as biological ecosystem which constructed by system and natural component. In this notion, cities are interpreted as organism which during its establishment, certain amount of resources area consumed from its environment and wastes are produced at the end of the process (Decker et al., 2000). As a system, the city itself is attached in a larger system and in this scale, metabolism concept is used to explore the interaction between each subsystem in the regional scale in order to understand the way the energy processed and its relation to its surrounding natural environment.
However, due to climate change and the increasing of urban complexity, the understanding and integrated infrastructure for each flows is no longer considered in urban planning activity. As a result, current practice of Urban Metabolism concept in the past view years try to focus and explore Urban Metabolism as a sustainable concept and tool to enhance the nature’s potential thus benefit to both city and natural environment. Using this concept, ecologists argue that by mimicking the cyclical process in natural ecosystems which is by shifting from current linear metabolism into circular metabolism in which outputs are recycled back into system to be used as inputs and raw material, urban environment is expected to be more sustainable in the future (Rapoport, 2011).
Urban Metabolism in ecological point of view explore the flow of particular materials in urban system which aim to optimize metabolism that result in making cities less dependent on their larger system in terms of resources generation and waste disposal. The outcome is a shift from linear to a circular metabolism, in which output (wastes) are recycled back into the system as inputs (raw material). This will create a sustain and viable urban settlement (Rapoport, 2011).
Anna Leidreiter in “Circular Metabolism: Turning regenerative cities into reality” explains three main concepts related to circular metabolism. The first step is the improvement of downstream material usage by reusing and recycling. The second step followed by reducing the amount of waste and excessive use of resources and lastly, promoting the use of waste or recycled product to improve economic and social condition (Leidreiter, 2012).
The understanding of Urban Metabolism begins by seeing city as a complex, sprawling and active system that is unceasingly working to provide the needs of its occupants. This system further seen as organic system rather than just an artificial element. Just as human body, that breaths, drinks, eats, uses its senses and excretes waste, the city also structured by same system that can be traced within the city. All of those activity require flows such as water, food, waste, energy, people. These flows are strongly related to everyday live of city inhabitants. Each of the flows should work in harmony to each other in order to maintain the wellbeing of the city (IABR,2014). According to Holmes and Pincetl (2012), urban metabolism concept can be defined as a multi-disciplinary and comprehensive approach that can be used as a tool to explore material’s flows within the city. The material’s flows itself are formed by many forces such as social, economy and environmental aspect. Additionally, the rate of metabolism will be determined by another factors such as urban structure, building formation, climate change, the provision of urban green and infrastructure technology. Specifically, every material flow has its own infrastructure (network, electricity network, etc.) which has to be integrated and cohesion with one another. The design of infrastructure itself is potential to direct future urban expansion. The lack of integration and coordination of infrastructure to existing system are potential to generate disorder spatial configuration that often result in malfunction of city’s system and degraded environmental potential (IABR, 2014).
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ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AS ASSESSMENT TOOL According to Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Board, ecosystem services can be defined as all of benefits that can be obtained from ecosystem for daily basis. It includes provisioning services such as food and water; regulating services such as flood and disease control; cultural services such as spiritual, recreational, and cultural benefits; and supporting services, such as nutrient cycling (MEA, 2003). In order to make use of the potential from ecosystem services, human tend to modify its current condition without further thinking the impact of future natural’s ability to provide desired services. Thus, it is crucial to provide methods to assess this ability of natural ecosystem in term of providing services in order to maintain this potential for future development. This assessment can be done by using qualitative and quantitative approach. In addition, within this assessment process, an integrated approach need to be delivered in order to help planner to decide which services has higher value and need to be maintained or which services has lower score but crucial and need to be enhanced to provide sustainable ecosystem. Sustainable in this case means development that satisfy current needs without declining any potential for future generations (MEA, 2003).
Fig.5.8 Ecosystem Services Source:EMU, 2015
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CONCLUSION Both Two Networks and Urban Metabolism concept can be seen as integrated approach where the main goal is to use ecological aspect as a basis of urban planning activity. Both concept produced its own guiding model, explaining the importance of seeing city as complex system. Two Networks approach leads to the understanding of water and traffic networks as carrying structure and how this Two Networks integrated and produced synergism. On the other hand, Urban Metabolism sees the city as complex system, with the analogy of organism, consists of many subsystems and examine the relationship between each system. In this thesis, the concept of Two Networks will be used to analyse the carrying structure of urban development in the selected area while Urban Metabolism will be used as a concept to understand the relationship between each system, the flows. Together, these two concepts are complimentary in order to produced synergism of urban, production and ecological system as main objectives in this research. Those two concepts will also be implemented in design proposal and assesed by ecosystem services’ principle.
Fig.5.9 Elaboration of Theoretical Study Source: Author, 2017
Despite the fact that both theories produce useful guiding model for design practice, the context aspect has not been really elaborated. For example, Urban Metabolism concept in the practice of urban planning seems to merely used as quantitave and technological approach rather than integrated approach. Major criticism coming from urban and industrial ecology experts claim that although necessary, this quantitave and technological aspect of urban metabolism are not enough to promote synergism. Less inclusion of social and historical context as well as political and cultural changes makes this concept failed to be considered as integrated approach for contemporary urban development. Based on this critic, it is important to pay attention to contextual aspect while using these two concepts. As a result, new matrix is developed as a tool for analysing the context of selected case study in relation to area and flows that are formed by interaction of different activity: urban, production and natural environment.
Fig. 5.10 Three Perspectives Matrix Source: Author, 2017 elaborated from many sources 54
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6. ANALYSIS Historical Development Urban Structure Ground System Flows Spatial Analysis
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ANALYSIS The analysis is divided into three parts. First, historical study of Jabodetabek Metropolitan Area that consist of urban development analysis and urban structure analysis. Second part will be focused on the analysis of current system (ground systems) and flows particularly in waste and water flows. The third part will be spatial analysis which is divided in intermediate scale analysis and zoom in analysis using the matrix mentioned before. The result from each analysis will be elaborated with the principle derived from case study in order to produce design guideline which will be applied in final design products.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF JABODETABEK METROPOLITAN AREA Jakarta is one of the largest capital city in the world which perhaps can be seen as huge melting pot where various people with different ethnic, races, and religion live together in such overcrowded city. The development of Jakarta continues to rise significantly without any sign of slowing. The size of Jakarta has expanded from 180 square kilometres in 1960s to 590 square kilometers in 2001 (Peresthu, 2002). Today, Jakarta has massively expanded beyond its former territory. Together with other four districts: Bogor (in the south), Depok (in the west), Tangerang (in the west), and Bekasi (in the east), Jakarta formed a new metropolitan area that is well known as Jabodetabek (stands for Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi). The conurbation of Jabodetabek area was started since 1960s, lead by annexation with neighbouring districts around Jakarta City. In this period, first satellite city project called Kebayoran Baru was initiated due to the overcrowding of old city center (Roosmalen, 2008). In 1980s, under Soeharto’s administration, the creation of first highway called Tol Jagorawi (Jakarta-Bogor-Ciawi Highway) ultimately lead to the annexation with Bogor. During this period, massive infrastructure development lead to broader urban sprawl and triggered many developers to initiated sub urban complexes to accommodate the rising population (Fig. 6.1). During 1984-1988, another highway connecting Jakarta to western and eastern neighbouring city (Tangerang and Bekasi) were built. Along with this development, new towns in suburban area of Tangerang and Bekasi were extended while in the same time, the connection inside Jakarta city is enhanced by development of inner ring road and outer ring road connecting air port, port and industrial area. Since 2010, intensive infrastructure development was continuing in order to improve the connection from Jakarta port to the industrial area in Bekasi and Tangerang. More residential project was developed to accommodate workers of industries. In this period, urban sprawl was developing stronger to eastern part due to land price increasing in Tangerang area.
Fig. 6.1 Number of Estates in Jabodetabek Source: CMEA, 2012
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The development of infrastructure and shift in global economy implies industrial agglomeration in Jabodetabek area. Due to the increase land price, many industries developed along the arterial road and river bank (motivated by the desire to have easy access for disposal outlets). As another impact, many sub-urban complexes were developed which followed by enormous migration flows of construction labours from other areas in Indonesia. These migrant labours triggered many informal settlements that occupied unregistered land and often found located in the river bank. These informalities at the beginning seemed to be temporary built and inhibited. However, over years these settlements were evolved, well-established and diffused into surrounding area which then considered as part of urban kampong (Peresthu, 2002).
Commuter Flow to/from Jakarta Tangerang Region Bekasi Region
The development of new estates was continuing but in different scale and more complex equipped by many amenities such as supermarket, sport facilities, school, hospitals, etc. These new emerging cities then function as a magnet, attract Jakarta inhabitants to live in neighbouring cities instead of dense and congested city like Jakarta, creating severe congestion problem due to increase commuter’s flow inward and outward Jakarta (Fig. 6.4)
Depok Bogor Region 0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
Fig. 6.2 Commuter Flow in Jabodetabek Area Source: Author, 2017 elaborated from CMEA 2012
Population Growth in Jabodetabek Bogor Region Bekasi Region Depok Tangerang Region Jakarta -0.50%
0.00%
0.50% 2000-2010
1.00% 1990-2000
1.50%
2.00%
1980-1990
Fig. 6.3 Population Growth in Jabodetabek Area Source: Author, 2017 elaborated from CMEA 2012
Fig. 6.4 Commuter Flow in Jabodetabek Area Source: Author, 2017 elaborated from CMEA 2012
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Due to overcrowding of old city center (Batavia), the annexation of Jakarta to neighboring villages and districts was proposed by President Soekarno to further expand Jakarta’s boundaries. The first satellite city, Kebayoran Baru was initiated during this time period.
Fig. 6.5 Development of Jabodetabek Area Source: Author, elaborated from Salim, 2015
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Under Soeharto’s development plans, the creation of highway networks was triggering urban sprawl and eventually lead to the annexation of neighboring districts. In this time, the first highway called Tol Jagorawi was built (light red line). Infrastructure development in this period lead to broader urban sprawl in the periphery of Jakarta City. Around this time, many sub urban complexes were developed in this newly annexed areas to accommodate the increasing population of Jakarta.
During year 1984-1988, new highway connecting Jakarta to western and eastern neighboring city (Tangerang and Bekasi) were built. Along with this development, new towns in suburban area were extended.
Intensive infrastructure development came with the need of connectivity improvement from Jakarta Port to the industrial site in Bekasi and Tangerang. As a result, outer and inner ring road were built in the heart of Jakarta.
The improvement of connection by ring roads development provide more shortcut and easy access for private vehicles. More residential projects were developed especially in Cikarang and Bekasi area to accommodate workers from industry. Together, those two aspects increase commuter flows inward and outward Jakarta. In this period, urban sprawl was developing stronger to eastern part due to lower land price.
Fig. 6.6 Development of Jabodetabek Area Source: Author, elaborated from Salim, 2015
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HISTORICAL URBAN STRUCTURE Before the end of 1960s, when Jakarta metropolitan area had not been much urbanized as today, Bogor, Tangerang and Bekasi were still constructed by vast paddy fields which made these area important as major rice supplier for Jakarta. Based on the analysis of historical map in 1942, 2002 and 2008, it is seen that the urban structures were transformed due to several forces. In 1942, within this extensive agriculture land, small clusters of urban kampong which were farmer villages scattered along water networks, use the potential of the river as water resources. On the other hand, and city development was carried by infrastructure development. In between agriculture and urbanized area, enormous amount of forest and green area can be seen as a filler element, protecting the ground system.
CBD Industrial Area Urban Small Scale Industry Linear Urban Kampong Forest Agriculture
Fig. 6.7 Indigenous settlement of Rural Area Source: Johannes Rach (1720-1783) – National Library of Indonesia in Saksono, 2008
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Fig. 6.8 Urban Structure of Jabodetabek Area in 1942 Source: Author, based on Historical Map Bekasi District 1942
Due to massive development and urban sprawl triggered by expansion of Jakarta city, these agriculture potential has been decreased and transformed into urbanized area. On the other hand, Indigenous settlement which is called “urban kampong” become more isolated and pushed towards the periphery of Jakarta city. During this period, most of urban kampong settlements not longer followed water network but rather dispersed and adjusted to industrial and real estate development.
CBD Industrial Area Urban Small Scale Industry Dispersed Urban Kampong Forest Agriculture
Fig. 6.9 Urban Kampong in Jakarta’s Outskirt Source: Kristianto Purnomo - Roderick Adrian Mozes as described by Ramadhiani in Kompas.com, 2014
Fig. 6.10 Urban Structure of Jabodetabek Area in 2002 Source: Author, based on Jabodetabek Structure Plan 2002
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The massive development of Jakarta city implies also to the changing perception of rural inhabitants. The agriculture activity seems not promising anymore while moving to the metropolitan city became another prestige. Many immigrants then triggered to move to Jakarta without any expectation of difficulties. High land price and strong competition on finding job cause many immigrants chose to live in informal place. As a result, urban kampong settlement was developed in the periphery of Jakarta city and penetrate towards the inner part in the form of informality. In this phenomenon, industries and formal settlement followed infrastructure, while water network was used as carrying structure for informality and small scale industries.
CBD Industrial Area Urban Small Scale Industry Urban Kampong + Informality Forest Agriculture
Fig. 6.11 Urban Kampong inside Jakarta Source: Pascal, 2011
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Fig. 6.12 Urban Structure of Jabodetabek Area in 2015 Source: Author, based on Jabodetabek Structure Plan 2008
Old Development New Development
Fig. 6.13 Informality Growth 1942-1959 Source: Author, based on Correa and Strange, 2016
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Old Development New Development
Fig. 6.14 Informality Growth 1959-1983 Soure: Author, based on Correa and Strange, 2016
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Old Development New Development
Fig. 6.15 Industrial Development 1998-2012 Source: Author, based on Setyowati,2015
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Old Development New Development
Fig. 6.16 Industrial Development 2012-today Source: Author, based on Setyowati,2015
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GROUND LAYER SYSTEMS Currently, based on the topographic imaging from Digital Elevation Model (DEM), only 22% of JABODETABEK area is located 10 m above sea level while around 73% of the rest is below sea level. Most elevated area is located in the southern part of the region which only represents 7% of the 22%. The average slope of the studied area is approximately 7°, which means the region is a generally flat area. The location of most major cities, including Jakarta and Bekasi within flat low-lying areas makes them vulnerable to flood, or generally called flood-prone areas. The southern part of Bekasi District is structured by gently sloping alluvial fan with 50 m maximum elevation in the southern border. The area is identified by a moderate to low relief with rivers crossing over the alluvial fan deposits. In the northern half of the district, the fluvial deposits form a flat flood plain with the rivers flowing above the surface. The flood plain area then slowly transformed into the deltaic complex towards seashore (Dirks,et.al, 1989). The nutrients-rich soil condition in the vast alluvial plain in this district make this area fertile enough for many types of native vegetation which form forest ecosystem in the northern part of the district. However, the clearance of native vegetation into dry land agriculture cause soil nutrients degradation which result in unproductive land for future food production in this territory. Additionally, a waterlogging area lies in between the alluvial fan and flood plain area has been threatening agriculture activity. Lack of knowledge and proper water management due to waterlogging problem often cause failure of agriculture production especially during wet season.
Fig. 6.17 Water Absorption Capacity Source: Author, based on bakosurtanal, 2003
Fig. 6.18 Groundwater Quality Source: Author, based on bakosurtanal, 2003
Groundwater system There are two main groundwater systems can be identified in this territory as described by Dirks (Dirks,et.al, 1989) as follow : 1. Phreatic/ semi confined groundwater system associated with volcanic / alluvial fan deposits in the southern Bekasi District. Those layers of the fan that have a relatively small clay content, act as thin aquifers. These aquifers are separated by more clayey horizons. The phreatic water level is found at 4 to 8m below the surface. Actual infiltration of precipitation and recharge of groundwater takes place here. 2. Confined system without recharge in the central part of Bekasi district. In this area, above the confining layer, alluvial fan deposits are found and covered by flood plain clays. Actual infiltration is quite low, while water discharge is high due to the transition from alluvial fan 69
This ground layer systems are strongly related to ground water quality in this area. The calcium-bicarbonate water type in shallow groundwater located in the southern part of the district. This groundwater type closely resembles the quality of rainwater. In this area, most urbanization is taking place due to the potential of ground water. On the other hand, most ground water of the northern part of this district is a sodium-chloride water type. The high salinity is caused by the presence of water of marine origin and by evaporation (shallow phreatic aquifer). The clearance of native vegetation into dryland agriculture also contribute to the salinity problem. In addition, mangrove deforestation increase land erosion as well as salt water intrusion coming from the sea. As a result, drinking water quality from ground water is very low. (Dirks,et.al, 1989).
4
3
2 1
Fig. 6.19 Ground System Map Source: Author, based on GIS,2007
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1. Volcanic Mountain Range 2. Alluvial Fan 3. Alluvial Plain 4. Swamp
FLOWS Traffic Studies performed by Coordinating Ministry of Economic Affairs (CMEA) predicted that Jabodetabek region will be the world’s biggest metropolitan area in 2030. This area consists of capital city of Jakarta and surrounded by Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi. During the past decades, the population of this region was multiplied by almost one-half based on the census data of 1990 and 2005. Consequently, economic activities and private transportation ownership will contribute to the region’s traffic. Until now, Jabodetabek’s traffic is still heavily relied on the road (98% as reported by CMEA), meaning that people movement in the region are mostly based on private cars or buses. That is the reason why only in six years (2000-2006), the official car ownership increased almost two and half times. Additionally, the shift of bus commuters to scoter creates another pressure to Jabodetabek’s traffic which then leads to traffic congestion. It is well known that Jabodetabek’s regional traffic congestion causes significantly economic loss. The Indonesian Institute Centre for Public Policy Research (2010) predicted that Jakarta suffers almost 1 billion USD loss per year due to the traffic congestion (IICPPR, 2010). In addition, World Bank predicted that in 2016, Jakarta loss nearly 3 billion USD due to the same problem (World Bank as quoted by Aditiasari, 2016). This loss is also contributed by the region people who seek job in the capital and increasing the traffic towards capital in the morning and vice versa in the evening. To overcome this issue, Indonesian central government and Jabodetabek governors are working on the implementation of integrated railway-based public transportation.
Fig. 6.20 Traffic Map Source: CMEA, 2012
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Water Run-off Water run-off management in Jakarta Region (Jabodetabek) is crucial. There are three systems that function as flood prevention in the region: rivers and canals, floodways, and polders. However, those three systems are poorly maintained and increase the potential of flooding in this territory (Fig.6.21). The major causes of flood in Jabodetabek, as described in CMEA (2012) have been identified as follows: •Poor urban drainage combined with substandard removal of solid and liquid waste, •Land subsidence, especially in the northern part of DKI Jakarta, •Change in upper catchment management resulting in urbanization, deforestation, erosion, and reduced water storage, •Improper application of sufficient spatial planning, and •Climate change, in particular rainfall intensity and rise of sea level.
Flooded area, 2014 Park Protected Forest Productive Forest Rivers Floodway Polder
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Fig. 6.21 Flood System of Jabodetabek Source: Author, based on CMEA, 2012
Water Supply Flow As reported in “Master Plan for Establishing Metropolitan Priority area for Investment and Industry in Jabodetabek Area� by Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs, around fifty percent of current domestic water in Jakarta are supplied by a state-owned clean water provider company named PDAM. In the same report, it is also indicated that only ten to twenty percent of consumers in the area of the same region are served by PDAM. While, the other eighty percent relies on non-hygienic water sources such as shallow well and stream (CMEA, 2012).
North Tarum 11 10 8
Jakarta, Bekasi and Karawang water demand is supplied from West Tarum Canal (WTC). In this region, Jasa Tirta II, another state-owned enterprise, oversees the distribution. Besides, WTC also supplies water to industrial area (Fig. 6.22).
Bekasi River
9 7
6
5
4
CBL
Cikarang River 3
West Tarum
2
1
Reservoir Park
Fig. 6.22 Water Supply in Jabodetabek Source: Author, based on CMEA 2012
Forest Agriculture Main water supply Main water supply Polder Water Treatment Plant Weir
Fig. 6.23 Diagram of Water Supply Source: Author, based on CMEA 2012
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Sewerage system The sewage utilization in Jabodetabek as reported by CMEA consists of only 2% sewage system (off-site treatment), 20% individual treatment plant (ITP), 68% septic tank and the rest (Âą10%) direct disposal to river. Further analysis shows that in the sewage systems and ITP, only 34% of suspended solid are removed while the rest is disposed to the river (CMEA, 2012).
North Tarum Bekasi River
The region depends on several small wastewater treatment facilities in Tangerang and Bogor. These facilities were part of pilot projects which were funded by foreigner. However, these wastewater facilities only process small portion of region waste water while the major waste water produced are treated via small scale sewage system or direct disposal (CMEA, 2012).
CBL
Cikarang River
West Tarum
Looking at map showed in fig.6.24, there are four areas in which water resources are contaminated by pollutants. Based on its pollutants, it is identified that the pollution resources area mainly from industries and household waste water. 

1. Jatiluhur Reservoir 2. Curug WTP 3. Cikarang Weir 4. Tambun WTP 5. Bekasi WTP 6. Rawalumba WTP 7. Buaran WTP 8. Cawang Intake and Pumping station 9. Pulogadung WTP 10. Pejompongan WTP 11. Taman Kota WTP
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Fig. 6.24 Water Pollution Source: Author, based on many sources
Waste flow Municipal solid waste flow in Jabodetabek region starts from the collection from each houses, usually with small waste cart or truck to the deposit points. From deposit points, the solid waste then is delivered to the final treatment/ disposal point. In each deposit points, sorting activities were observed which were then sold/carried to small recycling centre, for example the plastic waste. Jakarta has contract with some private-owned enterprise for solid waste treatment. One of the biggest is PT Godang Tua Jaya located in Bantar Gebang in Bekasi City. While, the other municipalities in the region do not have any contract regarding the solid waste treatment. On the other hand, industrial waste disposal is part of the responsibility of each company. However, due to limited land availability in the city centre, many of the landfills are located along water network which often cause seepage that pollute the water quality in the surrounding area. The current waste stream in Jabodetabek is shown in Fig.6.25 (CMEA,2012).
Main Landfill of Jakarta Landfill of each districts Temporary disposal site
1. Bantar Gebang 7000 ton /day 2. Sumur Batu 1250 ton/day 3. Burangkeng 500 ton/day 4. TPA kabupaten Tangerang 5. Rawa Kucing 1000 ton/day 6.TPA Tangerang Selatan 7. Nambo 2230 ton/day 8. Cipayung 500 ton/day 9. Galuga Fig. 6.25 Diagram of Waste Flow Source: Author, based on many sources
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As reported by Coordinating Ministry of Economic Affairs (CMEA), the waste management problem in Jabodetabek area can be identified as follow:
Problem
Description
Limited area to be used as final waste disposal
The provision of landfill site and any other treatment facilities require a large area. However, massive urbanization due to increased population has led to a problem of land availability for final solid waste disposal facility. Together with the increased land value, the government is unable to provide such landfill nearby the city centre. Thus, empty land located in the rural area has been selected to provide such facilities which then caused problem of efficiency of transporting.
Community vs landfill
Negative response among society towards solid waste management inhibit people to further engaged in waste management system.
Poor financial mechanism
Due to lack of proper services by waste collecting provider and increase of illegal waste dumping activity, many inhabitants avoid to pay waste collection service fee.
Anawareness of “3R� (reduce, reuse, recycle) activconcept Poor community engangement in waste management
Waste Management Problem in Jakarta metropolitan Area Source: CMEA, 2012
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Lack of education and practice in waste separation and awareness of recycling activity, the waste manager faces more difficulties in managing the solid disposal. Although training and education of recycling program by involving local community have been implemented in several areas, the unsustain and lack of commitment from community and local authority lead to the failure of solid waste management. In addition, there is no clear policy of responsibility division between authority and community.
Fig. 6.26 Landfill Site Condition in Jabodetabek Source: https://ilustrasirohani.wordpress.com/2015/01/20/bapaku-pemulung-ulung/
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SPATIAL ANALYSIS Intermediate Scale Analysis Intermediate scale analysis has done to further understand spatial condition in the territory of Bekasi District. Two Networks concept again used in this analysis to explore the carrying structure of recent development. Bekasi District is generally structured by three components: industrial area, agriculture and mosaic delta area. Lies in these diverse landscape, urban kampong, new estates and informality are mixed without any integration to each other, threatening the potential of existing natural ecosystem. Looking at the urban structure and its development pattern in metropolitan scale, it has been discussed that industrial activity has been driven by infrastructure development. The small industrial cluster started this agglomeration and over years, it expanded along water network in order to get easy access of water and disposal outlets. There are three main industrial clusters in this district. First, Cikarang, the capital of Bekasi District as biggest industrial cluster consists of mixed of industries such as automotive, cosmetics, food and pharmacy. Second, is the small cluster industries attach along CBL canal mainly consists of coal fired power plant as well as oil and gas industry (PT. Pertamina). In the delta area, another power plant is located together with cluster of containers platform net to the Jakarta Port. In this industrial development, CBL canal can been seen as an axis that connect this three clusters (Fig.6.28).
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Together with the industrial development, new estates were developed in the periphery of industrial cluster, following the existing local infrastructure. The development of new estates is more related to industrial and infrastructure development. Water networks in this case has no relation to these type of settlements (Fig. 6.29).
Looking at the current landscape layer (Fig.6.30), here the water networks plays important role as a provision of irrigation system and green corridor. Most of the major water network in this district has a natural potential for green blue infrastructure. However, the potential of green blue corridor is used as a visual barrier to the informality along the canal. Through time, this green blue infrastructure is losing its potential due to heavy pollution coming from informality and industries located in the upstream. In addition, disconnected green corridor located in the urban kampong as well as green pockets inside the city adds more fragmentation to this territory. In this sense, water network failed to be used as carrying structure for sustainable urban development.
Highway Proposed Highway Railway Proposed Railway Mangrove Fish Farm + Forest Urban Kampong Estates Industry
Fig. 6.27 Current Condition and Future Plan of Bekasi District Source: Author based on Bekasi District Spatial Plan 2011-2033
Fig. 6.28 Industrial Cluster in Bekasi District Source: Author
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Highway Proposed Highway Railway Proposed Railway Mangrove Fish Farm + Forest Urban Kampong Estates Industry
Fig. 6.29 Urban Fabric Source: Author
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Fig. 6.30 Landscape Fragmentation Source: Author
Zoom-in Analysis: Area, Flow and Context
AREA
In order to understand the analysis derived in the intermediate scale, several zoom in analysis is conducted. Two areas are selected. First is the are located in the city centre to further explore the mixed of informality, industries and formal settlements. Second area is located in the middle part of CBL canal in order to explore the relationship between informality, agriculture, former settlements in relation with CBL canal. The analysis applied the concept of integrated ecological approach where flow, area, and context for each location are explored to see the relationship between urban and production, urban and nature as well as production and nature. Based on zoom in scale analysis, it is more evident that CBL canal is diminishing due to unresponsive activity from each sectors. From flow perspectives, the mixed of slow and fast mobility due to street culture of local people creating such an unsafe environment. Urban kampong as quiet zone is transformed into busy area as an impact of infrastructure development and economic shift. On the other hand, unsustainable water and waste management transformed natural environment into negative area.
FLOWS
From area perspective, it is obvious that in this area, fragmentation and segregation are the substantial issue. Green area and water network are occupied by informality that formed both visual and spatial barrier to the natural ecosystem. Even worse, the natural ecosystem was treated abusively as sewage system without considering any potential of this element. In addition, green patches scattered within several areas such as urban kampong, formal settlements and industrial area are left underused and disconnected. From actor/ local context perspective, the lack of participation from all related actors lead to unhealthy living environment where gentrification, separation and isolation become more intense. Lack of local community participation, irresponsible production company as well as unresponsive government can be seen as another factor of low living quality in this area.
CONTEXT
(For more detail, see appendix)
Fig. 6.31 One of the Zoom-in Analysis Showing the relation between Urban Activity and Natural Environment Source: Author
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Green blue network as barrier. backyard. Development of urban area is distanced from
AREA
water front with informality in between. GreenTransformation blue network asofbackyard. water front land Development of polluted urban is distanced from Green blue into network as area barrier. the natural water threatening front witharea informality infrom between. Development of urban is distanced potential Green networkinas backyard. water front blue with informality between.
FLOW
LOCAL CONTEXT
Green space for water infiltration Green space for water infiltration
Green blue network as area barrier. Development of urban is distanced from area is distanced from water front with informality in between. water front with informality in between. Green blue network as backyard. Green blue network as backyard. Green blue network as Development ofbarrier. urban
Spatial Analysis
Spatial Spatial Analysis Spatial Analysis Analysis Spatial Analysis Spatial Analysis Spatial Analysis
Green blue network as barrier. Transformation of water Green blue network front into polluted landas barrier. Green blue the network as backyard. Transformation of water threatening natural front into polluted landas backyard. potential Green blue network Conflict among prothreatening the natural duction, urban area potential Transformation water and naturalofenvironfrontment into polluted land Transformation water front into Transformation of water of front into polluted the land natural threatening polluted land threatening the natuthreatening the naturalof water Transformation potential potential ral potential. front into polluted land threatening the natural Conflict among propotential Transformation of water duction, urban area land front into polluted Conflict among proand natural environthreatening the natural duction, urban area ment potential and natural environConflict among proConflict among production, urban menturban area duction, Conflict among proandarea naturaland environnatural environment. duction,Disconnection urban area between small ment scaleenvirongreen pocket and main and natural blue network. Conflictgreen among proment duction, urban area and natural environment Conflict among pro-
duction, urban area Disconnection between small scale and natural environDisconnection between small green pocket and main green blue ment scale green pocket and main Disconnection between small network. Disconnection between small green network. scale greenblue pocket and main green bluegreen network. scale pocket and main Walled and gated canal green blue network. bank Disconnection between small scale green pocket and main green blue network. Disconnection between small scale green pocket and main Walled and gated canal bank. green network. Walled andblue gated canal bank Walled and gated canal small Disconnection between bank scale green pocket and main Walled and network. gated canal green blue bank Pressured existing Walled and gated canal urban kampong bank
Green space for water infiltration Green space for water infiltration
Pressured existing Walled/gated urban kampong community
Walled/gated community
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Pressured existing urban kampong
Pressured existing urban kampong Walled/gated
Nature restoration tosite recover the natural poSmall huts in agriculture or along the river tential increase land productivity and provide as well as informal street vendor are considNature restoration to recover the natural poroom for public activity ered as both space economic space tentialpublic increase land and productivity and provide
Transforming CBL Canal from backyard to backbone Transforming CBL Canal from backyard to backbone
Transforming CBL Canal from backyard to backboneTransforming
from backyard
room for public activity
Industry that em room for public activity community, related to agric Nature restoration to recover the naturalenhance poInnovative Industry that em natural quality tential increase land productivity and provide community, related to agric Innovative Industry that empower local room for public activity enhance natural quality
IDEA
community, related to agriculture and
Green and water network as the no-man Nature restoration toseen recover naturalland poenhance natural quality Innovative Industry that em increasewithout land productivity and provide that can tential be occupied any responsibilcommunity, related to agric room for public activity enhance natural quality ities
Transforming CBL Canal Mixed of fast mobility and mobility fromslow backyard to backbone
Innovative Industry that em community, related to agric enhance natural quality
Management of traffic and water network as connector and colletor Management of traffic and water network Management of traffic and water network as connector and colletor as connector and colletor
IDEA IDEA Improvement of exisiting urban
IDEA
Management of traffic and water network as connector and colletor Enhancement of green Management of blue traffic and water network network as connector and colletor
kampong
Enhancement of green blue network
Lack of waste water treatmentofplan and Enhancement green blueto network recycling center lead natural environment Enhancement of green degradation blue network
Enhancement of green Traffic blue network Enhancement of green blue network Water
Enhancement of green Direct blue network Public acess to waterfront disposal Road and water network as area collector and connector
InnovativeSocial Industry that em hosuing + community, related to agri public space to in enhance natural society quality
Agriculture activity considered as low grade kampong jobs
IDEA
Management of traffic and water network Improvement of exisiting urban as connector and colletor
Direct disposal
Innovative Industry lant community, related enhance natural qua
Nature restoration to recover the natural poNature restoration to recover the natural potential increase land productivity and provide CBL Canal tential increase land productivity and provide room for public activity Innovative to backbone
Management of traffic and water network Transforming CBL Canal as connector and colletor from backyard to backbone
urban kampong
Walled/gated community.
Slo
Unsustainable water cycle lead to degradation of both production and natural environment.
bank
urban kampong Pressured existing urban kampong
tential increase land productivity and provide room for public activity
water infiltration
Green space for water infiltration
Walled and gated canalurban kampong. Pressured existing Pressured existing Walled and gated canal bank Pressured existing
strong distinction between people from higher Nature restoration social class and lower class to recover the natural po-
Transforming CBL Canal Green space for from backyard to backbone
Social hosuing + multi functional public space to integrated different society
IDEA
Improvement of exisiting urban kampong Improvement of exisiting urban kampong
IDEA
Social hosuing + multi fu public space to integrate Social hosuing + multi fu society public space to integrate society
Social hosuing + multi fu public space to integrate society informality takes place inurban the area that is lack-Social hosuing + multi fu Improvement of exisiting public space to integrate ingkampong of attention, easy access for disposal, has society
economic potential
Improvement of exisiting urban kampong
Social hosuing + multi f public space to integrat society
Improvement exisiting urban Public acess to of waterfront kampong area
Interconne
Interconnected system
Road and water network as collector and connector
Unproper waste managment lead to polluted land and water. Road and water network as collector and connector Road and water network as collector and connector
Fig. 6.32 Summary of Zoom in Analysis Source: Author Interconnected sy
Public acess to waterfront area Public acess to waterfront area
Public acess to waterfront Collective Participation towards Solid area
Interconnected sy
Interconnected sy Collective Partic
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7. FIELD TRIP Photographs Interviews
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FIELD TRIP The field trip in this project aims to clarify and strengthen the analysis done off site. The information gain from field trip will be used in combination with other analysis, particularly in spatial analysis, to complete the missing information in terms of spatial quality. In addition, this fieldtrip is expected to have input from local’s perspective related to CBL project and their involvement/ participation in this project. Therefore, two major activities during this fieldtrip are site observation and interviews/talks with local inhabitants.
Fig. 7.2 Field Trip Route Source: Author
Fig. 7.1 Tanjung Priok Port (Jakarta) Source: Author
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Site observation The trip was started from northern part of Jakarta where Jakarta port is located and continue by following highway towards the northern part of Bekasi District. Along this section, the atmosphere of industries, heavy infrastructure and congestion was experienced. Before reaching northern part of Bekasi District, precisely where the mangrove village is located, the scenery was mixed between industry and wetland, which is belong to private company and the condition was found poorly treated. On the other hand, the mixed of vehicles and pedestrian on the street created unsafe street experience in this area.
Fig. 7.3 Wetland and Industry Source: Author
Fig. 7.4 Waste and Wetland Source: Author
Fig. 7.5 Street Condition Towards Bekasi District Source: Author
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Arriving at mangrove restoration centre located in north Bekasi, the atmosphere was changed dramatically from monotonous and gated street experience into green and natural environment. However, the lack of management of this restoration centre lead to an empty and unattractive place regardless its potential.
Fig. 7.6 Fisherman Village in Mangrove Restoration Center Source: Author
Fig. 7.7 Constrast Landscape between Industry and Mangrove Village Source: Author
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Fig. 7.8 Condition of Mangrove Ecosystem in Bekasi District Source: Author
Fig. 7.9 Condition of Mangrove Ecosystem in Bekasi District Source: Author
Right before entering one of the Urban Kampong, the condition was mixed between kampong and industrial activity. People gathering on the canal side using the informal facilities and trucks on the narrow street mixed with pedestrian was a common experience in this area, contrast with the landscape potential that can be offered in this territory.
Fig. 7.11 Street Condition inside Urban Kampong Source: Author
Fig. 7.10 Congestion inside Kampong Source: Author
Fig. 7.12 Informality as Gathering Space Source: Author
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Arriving at one of Urban Kampong, the condition was emptier and quiet with massive agriculture land spread throughout the territory. From distance, industrial activity can be seen, generate contrast panorama and appear as iconic element in the middle of vast agriculture land.
Fig. 7.14 Industry and Agriculture Source: Author
Fig. 7.13 Agriculture Landscape in Desa Hurip Jaya, Bekasi District Source: Author
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Fig. 7.15 Industry and Agriculture Source: Author
The intervention of industrial activity together with irresponsible behaviour of local inhabitants generate poor living and environmental condition in the whole territory. Landfill along the canal, polluted irrigation system, the clearance of wetland vegetation and informalities were evident and considered as common things by locals.
Fig. 7.17 Mangrove Corridor in Desa Hurip Jaya Source: Author
Fig. 7.16 Condition of Urban Kampong in Desa Hurip Jaya Source: Author
Fig. 7.18 Orchard Field as Dump site Source: Author
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Fig. 7.19 Fish Pond Source: Author
Fig. 7.21 Settlement and Agriculture Source: Author
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Fig. 7.20 Wetland as Fish Pond Source: Author
Fig. 7.22 Polluted Irrigation System Source: Author
Fig. 7.23 Polluted Rice Field Source: Author
Fig. 7.24 Informality along CBL Canal Source: Author
Fig. 7.25 Landfill along CBL Canal Source: Author
Fig. 7.26 Agriculture along CBL Canal Source: Author
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The street experience along CBL canal was monotonous with orchard and agriculture filled up the canal bank. The banana orchard was a major element can be found covering the canal bank, resulting visual barrier and uneasy access toward the waterfront.
Fig. 7.27 CBL Canal view from Midde Section Source: Author
Fig. 7.29 CBL Canal Source: Author
Fig. 7.28 CBL Canal view from Midde Section Source: Author Fig. 7.30 CBL Canal Source: Author
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At the end of CBL canal, the city centre with local market spread along the street contribute to a total different experience. Congestion, crowds and street vendor filled up any possible space that can be used for economic activity.
Fig. 7.31 Local Market in City Center Source: Author
Fig. 7.32 Congestion in City Center Source: Author
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Moving into the outskirt of the city centre, nearby big industrial cluster, CBD was developed and provided a totally different experience compared to others. Greenery along the street contribute to better micro climate, proper pedestrian, luxurious residential area, public water front facilities, neighbourhood park and different type of shopping street can be found in this CBD. It is strongly evident that social segregation and gentrification has become another issue that add more complexity to this territory.
Fig. 7.34 Waterfront Public Space inside CBD Lippo Cikarang Source: Author
Fig. 7.33 Green Corridor inside CBD Lippo Cikarang Source: Author
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Fig. 7.35 Shopping Street inside CBD Lippo Cikarang Source: Author
INTERVIEWS Due to a very limited time and other circumstances, several interviews were conducted and focused on local’s perspective and opinion regarding CBL project and their position. Most of the respondent did not agree with CBL inland waterway project due to land acquisition which inflict financial loss. Moreover, the loss of agriculture land and limited job provided in industries add more disadvantages for local inhabitants. Some of the respondent were also concern with the issue of clean water scarcity which have been worsen the agriculture production activity during the last decade. Moreover, the opinions of local people were not accommodated by the authorities. The locals can be seen as the most powerless party that is usually forced by more powerful actor such as government, elite, and developer.
(fruit seller) “Most of these fruit does not come from this district. The land here is not fertile anymore,…… In the past, many people from city come here to buy our products directly from farmer, but today, I am glad enough even if only few people buy my products with cheap price and majority the buyers are the industrial workers.” “I can not say I agree with CBL project. But I can do nothing. The positive thing is maybe more people will come to this district and I can sell more.”
(stall owner) “I live here since I was a child. Previously the fish ponds here were full of fish and very productive. Today, I gave up working on this fish farming because of the water quality that cause it is not beneficial anymore. Now I just raise small amount of fish for people who like to fishing while running this small shop. We do not have many option for job opportunity.” “I know that the majority of inhabitants in this district disagree with CBL project. The compensation given by the company is less than the value of the land and we are forced to hand over our property.”
(labor) “ We are not from this district. We just come here because of the construction work offered by developer. We are building a house here from the left over material so we can have a place to stay.” “About CBL project, I only know that they will widen the canal. I don’t really care if later this area is affected by this project. I have a building here and they have to give compensation.”
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(Farmer)
“The land along this canal is given to the inhabitants. I f we are diligent enough, we can work on this piece of land for cultivating like what I am doing although I know i am not supposed to cultivate this area because of flooding. I do it so I can get higher compensation if they take over this land.” “I have to use fertiliser because the soil here is not fertile enough. The water is also heavily polluted, but we have no choice and keep using it. Three weeks ago there was flooding and all my plants were destroyed, I have to plant it over again.” “ Of course I disagree with CBL project. Although we will get compensation for the land property, we are gonna loss our land for cultivating and have no job. We just want to have a piece of land for agriculture since that is the only skill we have.” “People here can not protest about the project, they (the developer) will bring police.”
(Industrial Labor, fish catcher)
“I am trying to find any fish in this ditch. I can sell it and usually children here like to have small fish for playing or decoration. If I am lucky enough, I can get bigger fish. “I don’t know much about CBL project. If they build it for more industries, maybe i can have more job although the fee is small.”
(Fisherman)
“This mangrove restoration and learning centre is run by scholars together with local community for mangrove preservation. Formally, this area is under Government concern but we rarely have financial support to maintain and develop this area.” “Mostly, the financial come from self funding by local community.” “ Every afternoon this area become a fish market, many people from Jakarta come here for leisure or to buy fresh fish.” 98
CONCLUSION Based on the interviews and site observation, it is understood that local inhabitants particularly farmers are the most disadvantaged actor. Land acquisition due to non-certified land together with industrial and real estate development taking over agriculture land inflict loss of financial and limit job opportunity of locals that mostly qualified in agriculture field. On the other hand, unsustainable industrial development and un-responsible way of living from locals lead to constant severe environmental degradation. Despite of the problems indicated above, the local inhabitants in this territory wished to be able to have land where they can work with regarding their skill in cultivating with the betterment of water and soil quality. In addition, more job opportunity has become another concern due to the economic fluctuation and urbanization forces. According to this conclusion, three aspect need to be considered in the design proposal are the empowerment of farmer, provision of more job opportunity and nature restoration.
WHAT PEOPLE WANT
CONFLICT
Land acquisition due to uncertified land inflict financial loss of local inhabitants
Industrial development taking over productive land without compensation regarding job opportunity
Powerless Farmer
land availability for agriculture activity
more job opportunity
Unsustainable industrial development
Empowerment of Farmer
Un-responsible way of living from local inhabitant
Provision of more job opportunity
Powerless Nature better natural resources: soil and water
Nature Restoration
DESIGN CONSIDERATION
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8. URBAN PLANNING
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URBAN PLANNING ACTIVITY IN INDONESIA Urban planning activities in Indonesia are managed and regulated under three different levels: national, provincial and city. The first urban planning act was established in 1992 which is the Law No. 24/1992 (Spatial Planning Act). Since the political reformation occurred in 1998, the government decentralization was introduced and thus requires this act to adapt to the new regime. Therefore, after 15 years of its first establishment, this act was amended with the introduction of decentralization as major changes (Law No. 26/2007). Indonesia National Spatial Plan was established in 2008 under Government Regulation No. 26/2008. It covers a 20 years term and can be reviewed in 5 years term. During the discussion to establish this law, National Spatial Planning Coordination Board was responsible to prepare the draft while the whole process was led by Coordinating Ministry for Economy Affairs (MLIT, 2017). During that period, Directorate General under Ministry of Public Works was in charge for the national spatial planning execution. Later, when Mr. Widodo started his administration, he formed a new ministry, Ministry of Agrarian and Spatial Planning, which takes care of this matter (Ministry of Agrarian and Spatial Planning, 2014). In this plan, cities are categorized into four: national central city, inter-region central city, regional central city and national strategic central city (Law No.26/2008).
Fig. 8.1 Spatial Planning System Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Japan, 2017
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Fig. 8.2 National Spatial Plan Source: BAPPENAS, 2008
Fig. 8.3 National Structure Plan Source: BAPPENAS, 2008
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THE PLANNED DEVELOPMENT OF JAKARTA METROPOLITAN AREA The spatial plan that regulates the whole Jakarta Metropolitan Area was established after the amendment of Spatial Planning Law (No.26/1997) and after the establishment of National Spatial Plan (Law. No. 26/2008). This regional spatial plan is regulated under Presidential Decree No.54/2008 that was signed by former president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. This regional plan still works similar with the national plan, which covers 20 years term and can be reviewed every 5 years term. In the decree, it is mentioned that the local (provincial/city/ regency) government are obligated to establish the smaller scope spatial plan that consider this decree as the guidance.
The new spatial plan which based on the decentralization policy is expected to boost the development from the bottom and act as a guideline for the local government. However, this does not seem to be the case. Decentralization offers a greater power and authorities for the local government especially in managing the region urban spaces. Nevertheless, fact shows that these greater authorities often lead to manipulation and corruption during the planning activities (MLIT, 2017).
This Jakarta Metropolitan Area Spatial Plan aims to develop economic while maintaining the surrounding environment which popular as sustainable development. There are three strategies to achieve the goal of this spatial plan: 1. Boost the development of metropolitan area towards an integrated development instead of segregated development 2. Encourage the sustainable development which includes the preservation of surrounding environment (e.g. accounting environment capacity, water and soil preservation, etc.) 3. Considering public welfare as well as sustainable urban development, improve regional economic development by enhancing efficiency of productivity which should be translated into spatial structure plan and land use management plan. The new urban-structure plan in essence takes over the urban structure of each cities in Jakarta Metropolitan Area. However, there are some additional aspects included in the plan such as the “New Jakarta Orbital Highway�, new integrated urban transport network (Bus Rapid Transit, Mass Rapid Transit, Light Rail Transit, etc.) which is the key element in this urban structure. In addition, new suburban centres are proposed in between the cities, especially along the highways and public transport network. Lastly, southern Bogor in the new urban-structure plan is proposed as the regency for water preservation (MLIT, 2017).
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Fig. 8.4 Structure and Spatial Plan (Zoning) of Jakarta Metropolitan Area Source: Bakosurtanal, 2008
PROVINCIAL SPATIAL PLAN
DISTRICT/CITY SPATIAL PLAN
Planning activity in provincial level is derived from national spatial plan. The documents of provincial spatial plan generally contain objectives, policies, provincial spatial planning strategies; provincial spatial structure plan; provincial spatial pattern plan; determination of provincial strategic areas; focus of provincial spatial utilization; and the management-control systems. Additionally, determination of strategic area based on national plan also included in the provincial spatial plan which also become a framework for detailed spatial plan in
Planning activity in district/city level is derived from provincial spatial plan which consists of objectives, policies, spatial planning strategies; spatial structure plan; spatial pattern plan; determination of regional strategic areas; detail plan of regional strategic area; focus of district /city spatial utilization; and the management-control systems in district/city level.
district/city spatial plan. PETA RENCANA STRUKTUR RUANG PROVINSI
District/city spatial plan supposed to contain more developed plan based on structure plan in provincial level such as strategic regional spatial plan and detail spatial plan. Some of developed city such as Jakarta is equipped by specific guidelines/ plan such as building height, open space ratio,
LAMPIRAN II PERATURAN DAERAH PROVINSI JAWA BARAT NOMOR : etc., in the TANGGAL : TENTANG : RENCANA TATA RUANG WILAYAH PROVINSI JAWA BARAT TAHUN 2009-2029
scale of 1:5000, while in other city or district like Bekasi, it is limited only in zoning plan.
GUBERNUR JAWA BARAT,
AHMAD HERYAWAN
Fig. 8.5 West Java Provincial Spatial Plan Source: West Jaya Provincial Government, 2009
Fig. 8.6 Bekasi District Spatial Plan Source: Badan Perencanaan Daerah Kabupaten Bekasi (Regional Planning Board of Bekasi District), 2008
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SPATIAL PLAN ESTABLISHMENT PROCESS For further enhancement of spatial planning, “Ministry of Land and Spatial Planning� was established (2015). Reflecting the increased authority of local governments along with decentralization, the ministry has been functioned as main actor who responsible for administrative work related to spatial planning including coordination of interests among local governments upon enhancement of local planning capacity, development/implementation of plans etc. In the national level, Ministry of Land and Spatial Planning and House of Representative are in charge in preparing the draft of national spatial plan which later will be assessed by the President before it is established as National Spatial Plan. In the provincial level, the Ministry of Land and Spatial Planning and Ministry of Home affair are in charge in assessing the draft of local regulation concerning planning activity (done by Governor and representative in provincial level) before it is established as provincial spatial plan. In this process, the provincial spatial plan is strongly monitored to be coordinated with national spatial plan. However, the intervention of Ministry of Land and Spatial Planning is stronger in provincial and national level while being less in the city and district level, while the authority is fully submitted to Governor and Regent. In this sense, the uncoordinated spatial plan in this level to provincial level is more potential to be happened compared to spatial plan in provincial level which is still better coordinated to national spatial plan. Spatial plan violations in this level are mostly associated with local governments that exploit their assets and natural resources for generating more local revenue.
ISSUE The process of provincial spatial planning is institutionally weak. Available spatial plans and its implementations are unclear (Brown,1999). Hidden agenda and interests from public and private sectors are reported able to topple down current legal spatial plans particularly in provincial and lower authority level. Unless there is a strong commitment from the authority to refuse illegal intervention, the implementation of certain projects spatial plans is often found ignoring the legal document or even revised to suit the intervention requests.
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Additionally, the conflict between planning agency in provincial and national level also contribute to disruption of planning activity but stronger occurred between local government institutions at the provincial and district level. Based on report provided by NRM Program Secretariat (Brown, 1999) it is reported that the changes of provincial spatial plan were often uncoordinated to district spatial plan. In this case, it is concluded that there is lack of integration between different levels of authorities. The lack of coordination also results ambiguous and unclear information regarding spatial plan map/document between each level that sometimes-found mismatch. Another issue is the lack of proper planning document. In the spatial plan of Bekasi District for instance, the spatial plan document is limited only to spatial zoning plan without followed up by more detail strategic plan. The zoning plan itself is interpreted differently with metropolitan spatial plan which then cause misunderstanding and finally this type of information misguiding the whole planning process. The weak implementation of spatial planning is also contributed by the current establishment process. In general, spatial plan establishment process in Indonesia involves only the formal authority without involving public or community in any stage of the process (making, implementation, supervision and evaluation)
RECOMMENDATION Related to CBL inland waterway project which is regarding as national strategic project, the provision of structure plan particularly along CBL canal is needed. The structure plan should show not only zoning plan (what and where to put on certain project) but completed also with more detail direction on how (tools and concept), when (timeline) and who (stakeholder) to deal with in developing this strategic corridor. This structure plan later will be followed up by more detail plan showing the design intervention that can be use as precedent in the future development.
Fig. 8.7 Diagram of Current Spatial Planning Activity of Bekasi District Source: Author, based on many sources
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9. SOCIO POLITICS CONSIDERATION
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THE TRANSFORMATION ERA: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT REFORMS
As reported in Indonesian weekly Tempo magazine in December 2008 entitled “A few good men in a vast republic”, the article profiled what were considered to be ten exemplary mayors from across the archipelago. Among them was former furniture trader Joko Widodo (popularly known as “Jokowi”) who had been elected mayor of Solo in 2005 and now is the seventh President of Indonesia (Majalah Tempo, 2008). Mr. Widodo is famous with his approach during his governance in Solo and Jakarta. Unlike the common public official or governors, he sees poverty as the enemies and not the poor people which makes up of major urban communities in Solo and Jakarta (Zoemrotin, 2010). Another reason why Indonesia’s political elite brought Mr. Widodo to Jakarta and later as a president candidate are his style regarding the urban planning processes. He is well known to involve all the stake holders, including civil society, during the planning. Further, that led to the trial of mapping project in Solo as the first public participation project in Indonesia (Bunnell, et al., 2013). As current president of republic Indonesia, this image is still attached to the figure of Mr. Widodo and this kind of approach can still be found implemented in most of his project. It is evident in one of his statement related to the economic development reforms: “Today, we must shift from consumption back to production...to investment in our infrastructure, investment in our industry, but most importantly, investment in our human capital, the most precious resource of the 21st century.” (Jokowi, at the 24th World Economic Forum on East Asia, April 2015).
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Mr. Widodo seeks to reform Indonesia’s economy in the middle of global economy crisis. This includes enhancing economic growth rate and provide job access to middle and low class community. In addition, with the start of Asean Economic Community (AEC), a free labour market treaty in South-East Asia countries, the challenges to reform the current economy is inevitable (Singapore Institute of International Affairs, 2016). Mr. Widodo’s goal is to shift Indonesia’s dependency on natural resource and commodity sector towards added-value industry (Bratadharma, 2015 as quoted from Indonesia Chamber of Commerce; Wicaksono, 2015 as quoted from Ministry of Finance) . For many decades, Indonesia is depending on exporting natural resources (e.g. palm derivatives, woods, gas, coal, etc.) and lack of value-added industries (Syahza, A, 2002; BI, 2016; Ministry of Industry, 2013). Industries, especially in Jakarta region, are heavily dependent on the import of intermediate (high value) goods such as cars engines, shaped-metals. This situation creates a deficit trades (Export value – Import value) as the commodity sectors are low-value and often fluctuates which correlates with global oil price (Bank Indonesia, 2016; Ministry of Industry, 2013). However, this reformation effort requires the support of all stake-holders including the House of Representative and political elites that holds the key to the country’s budgeting (Singapore Institute of International Affairs, 2016).
DECENTRALIZATION AND CORRUPTION
SHADOW GOVERNMENT
During the New Regime (ORBA in Indonesia), the development of the country was focused in Java, especially Jakarta and its surrounding. Hence, it created a social and economy segregation. People move to Java to seek new opportunity which led to urban pressure to Java itself. In 1999, after Soeharto’s regime collapse, the reformation political elites started to introduce decentralization government to speed up the development of Indonesia, especially outside JABODETABEK and Java (Green, 2005; Ahmad and Hofman, 2000).
The industries in Jakarta Region (e.g. Bekasi District) nowadays mostly are still manufacture industries which rely on the intermediate material from import goods. As discussed before, this creates small margin of added-value and give very minimal beneficial to the local people and government.
The decentralization governance was also designed to create “fresh air” for the local government. Hence, it is expected that this policy could empower local government (Ahmadand Hofman, 2000). However, as reported by Singapore Institute of International Affairs, decentralization is not without any risk. One major downside of this policy is the increase of corruption, especially in the land procurement processes (Singapore Institute of International Affairs, 2016). Therefore, as part of the effect of decentralization itself, nowadays, the stigma of slow governance, inefficiency bureaucracy and corrupted public officials are common in Indonesia government.
These industries require a massive infrastructure facility that can’t be provided by the local government. Hence, in this case, private developers play an important role which is called as “shadow government” by Hudalah (2015). Latter, the shadow government is able to guide and influences the local government in policy making, including the urban planning itself for their own interest (Hudalah, 2015).
One example is the complex bureaucracy in local government which hamper foreign investors to take part in local infrastructure development. This might be due to the fact that the local government is very corrupted or lack of initiative among the bureaucracy (Reuters, 2015). Singapore Institute of International Affairs pointed out that the adversity suffered by potential foreign investor could be caused by the lack of capabilities of local government or the corruption (Singapore Institute of International Affairs, 2016). The problem identified above is clearly can be seen as obstacles to support President Widodo’s agenda. Current bureaucrats’ system and involvement of elites groups as decision maker contributes to the belief of possible failure in the process of economic shifting as proposed by Mr. Widodo since through current systems, many political elites, which is still considered as influencing party, have a better chance to fulfil their own interest.
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CURRENT POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITION: Social Segregation, Political Interest, Provocation, Racism, and Religious Sentiment Indonesia, a country with 265 million people, is home to the largest Muslim country in the world with almost 90% of the total population are Muslim. Indonesia is also well known for its democratic uniqueness which is reflected in the number of religion legally allowed. Currently, there are six officially accepted religions: Islam, Protestanism, Catholicism, Hindusm, Buddhism and Confucianism (Gee, 2016). Beside the religions matter, the diversity of ethnic in Indonesia is seen as an adding element that contributes to political dynamic. The two most conflicted ethnics are what is known as “native” or indigenous son and Indonesian-Chinese ethnic which is the minority group (1,2% of total population in 2010). Ever since the rise of the New Order regime more than 50 years ago, many minorities in Indonesia have to face racism and discrimination of Indonesia. This is achieved through many pieces of legislation. Some of them are specifically targeted at the Chinese ethnic minority. The issue of racism and social segregation was actually built on purpose by the government. The clear evident can be seen in relation to Asian financial crisis in 1997. Regardless of the increase poverty among society, the administration in this period was plagued by massive corruption. A strategy to distract society from this issue then initiated. In this strategy, there were two main aspects were being considered, how to managed corrupted money so it is difficult to be traced and the other one was how to retain their power while in the same time strengthen personal wealth. Thus, the strategy is to create “common enemy”. In this strategy, Chinese-Indonesian has been used as puppet as well as common enemy. Since Chinese people has been well known by its ability in business, this group was used by government as puppet to managed the corrupted money. In this way, Chinese descendants became wealthier while the indigenous sons remain poor (Muntholib, A.,2008). This condition worsened by the implementation of social safety net program which break down existing traditions of community self help and associated social networks by fostering a “beggar” or subsidy mentality (Bunnell, T., & Ann Miller, M., 2011). In this situation, social gap between those two groups was increased. Coupled with some laws that segregate Chinese descendants with indigenous son, the assimilation between those groups were even harder. Overall, this strategy was success in creating such a weak community (both from economic and social aspect) which was easily provoked and manipulated for political purpose. Since then, racial violence has become a common phenomenon in Indonesia. In 1998 women of Chinese descend were targeted for rape, the rest of the ethnic Chinese community for assault, looting, and murder. (GFBV, 2005). This phenomenon strongly effects todays people mentality and reflect in the spatial form where the lack of trust among certain group of people (usually between wealthy Chinese 112
group and native group) increases popularity of “gated communities” (outside the administrative boundaries of Jakarta) or fortified superblocks (in inner Jakarta). Such a weak social integration then results in formation of easily provoked society and this weakness was often found used by political elite to disrupt national integrity to reach their political interest (Hogan and Houston, 2002; Leisch, 2002; Kusno, 2010 as quoted by Bunnell, T., & Ann Miller, M., 2011). Mass protest in November 2016 which involved more than 100.000 people against Chinese-Christian Jakarta Governor named Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (known also as Ahok) confront whether the minority has truly been accepted after three centuries. As an outspoken and bold politician, Mr. Purnama is also well known as controversial leader was one of the successful governor in eradication of corruption and many other program that benefit the poor. “He has also long been a divisive politician. He has been widely praised for rolling out healthcare and education policies for the poor. For the middle classes he is a hero: not from the political or military elite, he stands out with his straightforward style.” (BBC news, 2017). Recently, during the campaign of Jakarta Governer Election 2017, Mr. Purnama was accused of blasphemy of Qur’an (Muslim’s Bible). He expressed his concern regarding the Qur’an that was frequently being exploited by his political enemies to beat him during the election or dethrone him as governor. Not long after his speech citing from Qur’an, Indonesia’s Ulama Council announced that official government should not be led by non-Muslim people. Many people believe that the statement of Indonesia’s Ulama Council was political driven and not the interpretation of Qur’an itself. Some even said “this would not have happened if there wasn’t an election” (Holmes, 2016). Mr. Purnama’s defeat in Jakarta governor election held on 19 April 2017 was then followed by the court handing him a two-year jail sentence, which has sparked fears about the growth of religious radicalism in Indonesia. As a conclusion, plurality (ethnic and religion) together with weakness of many poor Indonesian has been manipulated and used by many politicians for certain purpose. The more segregated, the easier to be provoked. The poorer and less educated, the easier to built “beggar” mentality during political event such as election. These phenomena are the significant aspect that want to be changed in Mr. Widodo’s era in which “mental revolution” become one of its subject.
THE LOSS OF MR.PURNAMA (FORMER JAKARTA GOVERNOR) AND THE POSITION OF MR.WIDODO FOR PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN 2019
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN TO THIS PROJECT? Progressive party vs Conventional Party
The Jokowi-Ahok pair’s win in Jakarta Governor Election in 2012 represented a radical change from rotted exclusionary politics that often favoured indigenous son (native or also called pribumi in Indonesian) and elite-backed up party. Nevertheless, after two years served as Jakarta’s governor, Mr. Widodo was signed up to presidential election and elected as Indonesia’s seventh president. This brought such a huge responsibility to Mr. Purnama in which He had to serve out Mr.Widodo’s remaining term in Jakarta as first Indonesian-Chinese governor (Chen & Dwicahyo, 2016).
From previous explanation, it is clearly understood that social and economic condition in Indonesia is controlled by political power and this is undoubted will effect the urban planning activity in the territory. The probability of which scenario will happen is strongly related to political condition and intervention. There are two major political power in Indonesia. First is the conventional political party which aim to regain military power while the second is progressive party which aim to shift Indonesia toward socialism. The latter emphasize mental revolution of the people and Improve the living standards of low-income communities by involving pubic participation. In relation to urban planning activity, this means the first party will continue the tradition of top-down planning approach while the second party opens up the possibility of bottom-up approach.
Political observer from Airlangga University, Surabaya, Airlangga Pribadi, said that the defeat of Mr. Purnama in the second round of DKI Election will affect Mr. Widodo if he progresses in 2019 Presidential Election. It is because some political parties who have stated will support Mr. Widodo, is the bearer of Mr. Purnama in Jakarta’s governor election. This will then complicate Mr. Widodo in presidential election in 2019 (Prabowo, 2017) Although the mass demonstration on November 4th 2016 impressively participated, it is reported that probably only one in five of the participants were Jakarta’s registered inhabitants and eligible to vote in the governor election on April 2017. It was predicted by many political experts that if Mr. Purnama is defeated, the progressive party’s opponents may redirect their attacks against their primary targeted-political enemy, Mr. Widodo, by blowing up the issue of intolerance in Indonesia (Gee, 2016). Another supporting statement also came from Greg Fealy (professor from the College of Asia and the Pacific at the Australian National University) who stated that President Widodo would undoubtedly be feeling under pressure because he has a lot invested in Mr. Purnama. In addition, Muradi, a lecturer in political science at Padjajaran University mentioned that Mr. Purnama is the intermediate target while the president is the real target whom performance will be downgraded by this incident (Topsfield, 2016).
From conventional point of view, the key stakeholder will be in the hand of state together with private company to support their own interest due to many politicians are involved or owned their private company. Capitalism will grow stronger with state-led economic development. Patronage network will be enhanced, allowing corruption, collusion and nepotism increase even more. In this condition, Bekasi District as centre of industrial state will continue the trend carried since 1967. The type of industry that projected to be developed along CBL inland waterway will not be so much different. Energy production industry with unsustainable use of natural resources such as natural gas, fossil fuel; manufacturing industry which its resources are imported and, small scale industry such as textile, food production or pharmacy will still become dominant (industry with less added value). Innovative industry (industry with more added value) will be difficult to locate themselves since there is a high need of incentive from the state which is almost impossible due to the political culture. On the other hand, high education or training facilities for human resources especially local community is necessary in this type of industry which oppose to the interest of conventional party which prefer to keep poor community as it is today. In addition, many NGO activists who have been active in empowering the economic capacity of poor village communities have been apathetic towards politics or have even been very antithetical towards political parties because politicians have never delivered on their promises. On the other hand, if progressive party would be able to continue their work through upcoming presidential election, the industry will have a strong potential to be shifted to innovative with more added value like what was proposed by Mr. Widodo. Moreover, empowerment of local community such as NGO together with provision of more education facilities to enhance human resources will be highly conducted. Thus, the design proposal itself has to be in accordance to this movement and can be used an exemplary/ precedent to achieve national goal which Mr. Widodo promised, improvement of human resources, increase of economic growth that not only benefit to certain elite group but also low income groups.
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10. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
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THE ROLE OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION International Association for Public Participation defined public participation as an important key in planning process in which any parties that are affected by any decision have a right to be involved in the decision making process. Public participation is explained as a process that bridging the communication among affected individuals, organizations and government before the decision is proposed. Public participation has to be seen as two-way communication and collaborative problem solving process which aims for better and more acceptable decisions for any stakeholders affected by certain project (IAP,2007). Community engagement is introduced as a term to further explain public participation concept. Community engagement is a part of public participation process in which inclusive participation is conducted to supports mutual respect of values, strategies, and actions to enhance sense of community of people in similar condition towards any issue that threatening the existence of their living environment. Further explained by IAP, community engagement is a significant element of any research and practices with community. It requires academics to become part of the community and community to become part of the research organization in order to creates better working and learning environment as a result of dynamic process. In the implementation, community engagement requires power sharing, maintenance of equity, and flexibility in pursuing goals, methods, and time frames to fit the priorities, needs, and capacities within the cultural context of communities. Community engagement in research is often operationalized in the form of partnerships, collaborative, and coalitions that help mobilize resources and influence systems; change relationships among partners; and serve as catalysts for changing policies, programs, and practices. Public participation particularly in design by research also allows the dynamic during the design process. The main purpose is not limited only to find out what is expected by community or agreement of design proposal. on top of that, public participation can trigger public debate that enrich the design process itself. The pictures above show the example of public participation of the studio project in Oderzo (Italy) on January 2017. The goal of public participation in this case was to gain public interest and trigger debate and discussion as part of design and research process rather than finding a final design decision. This event was attended by several actors such as locals, professionals, students, researchers, and local government. The debate gained during the process help decision maker to re-thinking the design product and more importantly to have deeper understanding of the complexity from community point of view. Public participation opens up the possibility of dynamic design process. 116
Fig. 10.1 Public Participation held in Oderzo, Italy Source: Author
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN PROPOSED PROJECT As it is already explained in the previous chapter, public participation in planning process in Indonesia in general have not been considered as a significant element. As one of the example, a study done by Timothy (1999) showed how community in Yogyakarta has no rights to be involved in any official development plant of their region. Moreover, it is reported that any kind of public participation was neither practiced or implemented and local community has no any influence to the urban planning process. As a result, the urban planning process is purely managed and controlled by government (Marzuki, 2015). However, the government claimed that local community were not ready for any involvement due to the lack of attention and skills which potential to hamper the whole process (Marzuki, A.,2015). Timothy in “Participatory Planning” concluded there are four aspects that hold up public participation in general: [1] the local community’s lack of knowledge, experience, and awareness in public participation, [2] strong top-down practice in planning activity that is uneasy to change, [3] poor resources in terms of expertise from local government, [4] limited budget to conduct public participation (Timothy,1999).
Fig. 10.2 Mangrove Restoration initiated by Indonesia Mangrove Foundation (IMARF) Source: https://www.facebook.com/pg/YayasanMangroveIndonesia/photos/?ref=page_internal
Based on that study, it is clearly understood that both from government and community are difficult to implement public participation in planning activity. Thus, in this project, the involvement of NGO, private companies and local community to initiate public participation program is proposed. These stakeholders together with urban planner has their role of bridging the government and local inhabitants. In addition, technology should be adapted and put in use to support public participation process. Another platform to support NGO and other organization can be also established. This platform can help better integration among NGO’s and can be used as discussion and communication platform to accelerate the implementation of public participation. In this project, the scenario is set in which public participation become an essential key to achieve the design goal. In this way, it can help trigger stakeholders particularly government to involve public in their planning process. Additionally, the selection of certain groups/ organization also determines the success of public participation (Fig. 102.2 & 10.3). It also has to be noted in which stage of planning process participants should be involved (further explained in the Design Proposal’s Chapter).
Fig. 10.3 Workshop by student from IPB (Institute Pertanian Bogor/Bogor Agricultural Institute) to help local farmer with Agroforestry Source: Kontroversi news, 2017
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11. PROJECTION
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PROJECTION Projection is developed to see the future urban development along CBL canal in relation to CBL inland waterway project. Projection in this project shows probability that could happen if there is nothing being done, following current trend. This projection is developed based on the analysis of historical development, current systems (ground system, water and waste system) and recent structure plan proposed by Bekasi municipality. The projection is developed in several stages. By transforming CBL canal into inland waterway, it is projected that first, the existing industrial area will outgrow and small industries take place along small water network nearby CBL canal. In addition, some roads will be upgraded to connect industrial area in the inner city with new terminal barge. Following this condition, informality triggered by industrial development will take place in vicinity area. In the second stage, new real estate will be developed to accommodate the need of housing for industrial workers who were formerly live outside Bekasi District in order to stay close to their working place. This development has a strong potential to trigger informality to accommodate construction labours. In the third stage, new CBD (Central Business District) will be developed in order to accommodate the need from industrial elite. This CBD will consist of luxurious facilities such as gym centre, shopping centre, offices and residential area. The massive development of industries will continue by the emergence of industries equipped by individual terminal, taking the advantages of CBL inland waterway. This development then repeats the former stage where informality and real estate will be developed as a result of industrial development. In the last stage, Jakarta port will be expanded due to the increasing of logistic needs and the surrounding area will be filled by industries and container port. The massive industrial development then triggered more estates and more urbanization in this area. Finally, the remaining area around industries and estates will be filled by informalities. From environmental aspect, this will cause more natural degradation, the tremendous loss of agricultural site and extinction of mangrove ecosystem in delta area. As a result, more severe flooding due to increase pavement area and sea water intrusion.
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Reservoir Forest Agriculture Rivers Industry Urban kampong Urban area Industry + settlement Highway Proposed Highway Railway Proposed Railway Port and Airport Fig. 11.1 Current Structure Plan Source: Author based on Jabodetabek Structure Plan, 2008
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Urban Urban Kampong Existing Industry Existing Real Estate CBD New Terminal Wetland Pond
Water Network Traffic Network Main traffic Railway
Fig. 11.2 Current Condition Source: Author based on Google Map and GIS
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By transforming CBL canal into inland waterway, it is projected that first, the existing industrial area will outgrow and small industries take place along small water network nearby CBL canal. In addition, some roads will be upgraded to connect industrial area in the inner city with new terminal barge. Following this condition, informality triggered by industrial development will take place in vicinity area. 1. Enhancement of existing industrial cluster 2. Industrial Development around New Terminal 3. Informality
Urban
New Industry
Urban Kampong
Informality
Existing Industry
Real Estate
Existing Real Estate
CBD
CBD New Terminal Wetland Pond
Water Network Traffic Network Highway Railway
Fig. 11.3 Step 1 Source: Author
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In the second stage, new real estate will be developed to accomodate the need of housing for industrial workers whowere formerly live outside Bekasi District in order to stay close to their working place. This development has a strong potential to trigger informality to accomodate construction labors. 1. Real Estate Development 2. Informality
Urban
New Industry
Urban Kampong
Informality
Existing Industry
Real Estate
Existing Real Estate
CBD
CBD New Terminal Wetland Pond
Fig. 11.4 Step 2 Source: Author
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Water Network Traffic Network Highway Railway
In the third stage, new CBD (Central Bussiness District) will be developed in order to accomodate the need from industrial elite. This CBD will consist of luxurious facilities such as gym center, shopping center, offices and residential area. 1. New CBD
Urban
New Industry
Urban Kampong
Informality
Existing Industry
Real Estate
Existing Real Estate
CBD
CBD New Terminal Wetland Pond
Water Network Traffic Network Highway Railway
Fig.11.5 Step 3 Source: Author
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The massive development of industries will continue by the emergence of industries equipped by individual terminal, taking the advantages of CBL inland waterway. This developement then repeating the former stage where informality and real estate will be developed as a result of industrial development.
1. Industry with individual terminal 2. Real estate 3. Informality
Urban
New Industry
Urban Kampong
Informality
Existing Industry
Real Estate
Existing Real Estate
CBD
CBD New Terminal Wetland Pond
Fig. 11.6 Step 4 Source: Author
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Water Network Traffic Network Highway Railway
In the last stage, Jakarta port will be expanded due to the increasing of logistic needs and the surrounding area will be filled by industries and container port. The massive industrial development then triggered more estates and more urbanization in this area. Finally, the remaining area around industries and estates will be filled by informalities. From environmental aspect, this will cause more natural degradation, the tremendous loss of agricultural site and extinction of mangrove ecosystem in delta area. As a result, more severe flooding due to increase pavement area and sea water intrusion. 1. Tanjung Priok Port Expansion/ New Port
Urban
New Industry
Urban Kampong
Informality
Existing Industry
Real Estate
Existing Real Estate
CBD
CBD New Terminal Wetland Pond
Water Network Traffic Network Highway Railway
Fig. 11.7 Step 5 Source: Author
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THE CHANGED AXIS Looking at Jabodetabek scale, the transformation of CBL Canal into inland waterway together with the proposal of new railway connecting Jakarta to Bogor (southern city) will affect the change of industrial axis from west-east development into north-south development. This changed axis has potential to promote massive urbanization triggered by industrial activity. On the other hand, the southern city is part of natural protected zone which function as absorption area as well as room for food production such as agriculture, orchard and tea plantation. In correlation, the uncontrolled urbanization will strongly transform the whole system in the territory.
Fig. 11.8 Current West-East Industrial Axis Source: Author
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Fig. 11.9 Possible West-east South-North Industrial Axis Source: Author
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Fig. 11.10 Industrial Development Source: Author
Fig. 11.11 Residential Development Source: Author
Fig. 11.12 CBD and Informality Source: Author
Fig. 11.13 Overall Projection Source: Author
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ASESSMENT Based on the projection, the result shows that the whole area along CBL canal will be urbanized and industrialized. Massive transformation from green into built area increase water run-off. On the other hand, soil and water pollution will be enhanced thus decrease food production, more real estate development which will bring more social integration. At this situation, this condition lack of most of the point from ecosystem services.
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES REGULATING
CULTURE
Air Quality
x
Recreation
x
Climate
x
Aesthetic
x
Water run-off
x
Education
v
Identity
x
SUPPORTING
PROVISIONING
Resource Cycle
x
Food Production
v
Soil Formation
x
Fresh Water
x
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12. COMPARATIVE STUDY 1.Banjarmasin, Indonesia 2.Calumet River, Chicago 3. Curitiba , Brazil
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2. CALUMET RIVER, CHICAGO
1. BANJARMASIN, INDONESIA
3. CURITIBA, BRAZIL
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BANJARMASIN, INDONESIA River and Road as Warp and Woof: Interweaving Ecologies and Economies in Banjarmasin’s Delta In order to produce alternative design proposals, several comparative studies are initiated. One of the example selected is located in Banjarmasin, Indonesia. The project titled river and road as warp and woof applied the concept of interweaving ecologies and economies in Banjarmasin’s Delta area. Banjarmasin is the capital city of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. The city itself is located in the crossing of Barito River and Martapura River which makes this city has a strong relationship to water. Due to massive urbanization, currently Banjarmasin is facing a transformation from water city into road-based city. As a result, new type of urban fabric with different scales and heavy infrastructure is predicted to control future urban development without any clear direction in this territory. An international competition called “The River City of Banjarmasin: Urban Eco Planning Concept and Ideas” was then organized in 2009 to seek solutions in order to avoid the degradation of living quality due to possible fragmentation of the city. One of the project delivered was proposed by RUA. The aim of the proposed project is to revitalize and strengthen the water based structure of Banjarmasin as its origin. The concept of interplaying waterways and roads then applied to the design proposal. The idea is focus on using road and water as complementary infrastructure which potential to be used to interweave economics and ecologies in the delta area. Moreover, the proposed idea tried to maintain and improve the qualities of this region: deltaic landscape of mangroves and swamp that link to the natural rhythms of Java Sea and the edges of hills to the east. The idea proposed aim to bring back the vibrant green blue systems and strengthen the landscape potential to restructure existing urban fabric and guide future urbanization.
Fig. 12.1 Banjaramasin Delta Area, Indonesia Source: Shannon, K., & de Meulder, B. (Eds.). (2013)
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As described in “Water Urbanism East�, there are three sections introduced in the design proposal. First is the intense industrial and productive aquaculture and agriculture located in the east of regional highway which equipped water management system such as canals and retention area to protect the city from flooding. Right in the entrance of the highway, a productive orchard and city park were proposed as a smooth transition between the eastern part and the western part of the city. In the south, urban agriculture will be developed as a land bank for future development. In addition, water network’s structure was proposed as an integration system within the territory. Water structure will be functioned as irrigation canals as well as drainage system which then connected to the proposed aerated lagoon as a cleaning system in the delta area. Additionally, Martapura river is then being developed as key feature and landscaping element of the city. Together, riverfront public spaces (e.g. parks) are introduced and integrated with water public transport which supports public recreation along the waterfront. In the delta area, mangrove forest and brackish water plants will be introduced to stabilize soil as well as providing room for biodiversity (Shannon, K., & de Meulder, B., 2013)
1
4
5 An interplay of waterways and roads As explained before, the design investigation explores the city future development through the concept of interplaying water and road infrastructure. The interplay of different type of structures generates development opportunities and responding to a variety of needs. Their hierarchy of the structures are defined by Shannon and Meulder as follow (Shannon, K., & de Meulder, B., 2013):
2
3
6
1. Barito RIver as the crown 2.Martapura River that functions as civic spine, collecting all elements of civic importance 3. smaller rivers and canals 4. regional highway and Bashir Bridge superimposed on the landscape, functions as collector-connector of the city spine 5. main street 6. industrial axis. 136
Fig. 12.2 The Concept of Interplay of Waterways and Roads Source: Shannon, K., & de Meulder, B. (Eds.). (2013)
1. Wetland Park and Mangroves. The mangrove and wetland ecosystem is functioned as natural water cleaning system to encounter environmental degradation caused by industrial development. 2. Pocket Park Typology. Reactivated of several parks along Martapura river as a platform to link road and river. 3. Masjid Sabilal Muhtadin Park. Space in between existing road and river is established as park with broad canopy to provide shading and better community space. 4. Banjarmasin Central Park. The park in the city scale which functions as attractive entrance towards the city.
5
5. Orchard promenade. New recreational promenade is installed and integrated with existing productive landscape such as orchard.
4 3
2 1
Fig. 12.3 Design Proposal for Martapura River Source: Shannon, K., & de Meulder, B. (Eds.). (2013)
Fig. 12.4 Design Proposal for Banjarmasin Delta Area Source: Shannon, K., & de Meulder, B. (Eds.). (2013) 137
CALUMET RIVER, CHICAGO The second comparative study brought in this thesis is the corridor along Calumet River. The Calumet River is located in Chicago Metropolitan Area in the United States. As described in Fig 12.5, this river is located close to Illionis-Indiana border, precisely in the south-east part of Chicago and the west part of Gary in Indiana. Throughout the region, this corridor is one of the most appealing and distinctive. It is due to several reasons: (i) integrated public transportation network is present in this region which connects this corridor with the other part of Chicago Metropolitan Area; (ii) this region is surrounded by heavy industries (e.g. steel mills, oil refineries, and other process and manufacture industries). The landscape along the Calumet River Corridor has been suffering from the impact of the transformation into an industrial area. In the past 2 decades, the corridor has transformed into a integrated waterways that connect Lake Michigan to Mississippi River. Nevertheless, the whole corridor is a settlement for various communities, which includes different employment opportunities, variety of settlement options and glamour shopping centres since the decline spatial usage for heavy industry. Furthermore, in this corridor, there are significant amount of vacant land, brown field sites and open spaces. These sites offer new opportunities for further redevelopment of this corridor. Due to its strategic location, Calumet Corridor is considered as important structure of this territory. It is tightly linked with Chicago’s transit infrastructure via Metra Electric District (MED) commuter lines. Additionally, the connectivity from this corridor to the two airports in the region (Chicago Midway and Gary-Chicago) is well established. Although most of the heavy industries have vanished, the corridor is still function as cargo-way from The Indiana Harbour Belt and CSX railroads. In addition, the smaller channel called Calumet Sag Channel and Little Calumet River are considered as two important channel that connect the waterway to Lake Michigan and Mississippi River. Due to this strategic potential, many infrastructure project, research and development program as well as industry have been developed in this territory to strengthen the current economic condition.
Fig. 12.5 Calumet Region, Chicago Source: Hitchcock Design Group in Green River Pattern Book, 2009
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Along the Calumet River Corridors, various attractive natural elements could be found, for instance: waterway across the preserved forest, open spaces and relaxation centre. The local government allocates 4,000 acres of land as part of Calumet Open Space Reserve which aims to provide room for natural habitat for the existing wildlife.
Fig. 12.6 Calumet Channel Source: Green River Pattern Book, 2009
Fig. 12.7 New Residential along the Calumet Channel Source: Green River Pattern Book, 2009 139
Vision for Calumet River Corridor The Calumet River Corridor is a connecting channel to Chicago Southland. Therefore, it plays an important role in the regional economy. The direct observed-impact is that it offers potential for developing new industries and increase liveability. On the other words, Calumet River has been considered as strategic corridor for economic improvement which provides job opportunities and better living quality. The local government of Calumet River’s region is focusing on shaping the future of the corridors. These include development with added-value, provide sustainable job market, maintain the local environment and boost the riverfront access (South Suburban Mayors & Managers Association and Chicago Southland Economic Development Corporation, 2009). In order to achieve the vision, South Suburban Mayors & Managers Association and Chicago Southland Economic Development Corporation pointed out several principles that are taken into consideration for future development of future Calumet River: •The natural, cultural, and historical features of the Calumet River Corridor •The Corridor’s special economic, geography, and transportation linkages that position it to be an important role within the global supply chain •The region’s research and development capacity •Redevelopment potential on brown field sites •Sustainable development that produced clean water, recharged groundwater, saves energy, improves air quality, improves appearance, and saves money •Improving communities by promoting sound development •Creating business incentives for development Thus, the principle then translated into five strategies in which each strategies applies specific sustainable design techniques: 1. Sustainable Mixed-Use / Recreational Strategies 2. Sustainable Industrial Strategies 3. Sustainable Transit Oriented Strategies 4. Sustainable Residential Strategies 5. Sustainable Commercial Strategies Among those 5 strategies, three projects will be present in detail in this report in which considered relevance to the case study: Sustainable Industrial Strategies, Sustainable Mixed-use/Recreational Strategies and Sustainable Residential Strategies Fig. 12.8 Development Strategies in Calumet Region Source: Hitchcock Design Group in Green River Pattern Book, 2009
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Burnham The main idea of the project proposed in this site is to create lively place both for leisure activity and economic space. In addition, enhancement of water front activity has been promoted as well. As a result, existing Marina in Burnham has been redeveloped into a mixed-use area consists of boat storage, restaurants, and retail development for local economy. Public access to the river and water-related facilities are also provided to enhance the vitality of the area. Additionally, in order to preserve Calumet River and to take advantage of its location which is in adjacent to the water, Burnham Development is then focused on the storm water management and design of room for water by integrating several sustainable tool and techniques (South Suburban Mayors & Managers Association and Chicago Southland Economic Development Corporation, 2009).
Fig. 12.9 Existing Burnham Marina Site Source: Hitchcock Design Group in Green River Pattern Book, 2009
Fig. 12.10 Sustainable Mixed-Use / Recreational Strategies in Burnham Source: Hitchcock Design Group in Green River Pattern Book, 2009
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Calumet City / Dolton
Fig. 12.11 Existing Calumet City / Dolton Site Source: Hitchcock Design Group in Green River Pattern Book, 2009
Industrial development in Calumet Corridor is inevitable since it potential to provide many opportunities to incorporate sustainable elements. Thus, one of the project proposed is located in along Calumet River bank. This site is selected for industrial development due to its strategic infrastructure which benefit for industrial development such as railway, highway and inland waterway. The sustainable design incorporates on-site design and storm water management and responsible manufacturing which incorporate with universities and research institutes. The universities and research institutes will then provide research and technical expertise in sustainable and environmental-friendly type of industrial development (South Suburban Mayors & Managers Association and Chicago Southland Economic Development Corporation, 2009).
Fig. 12.12 Existing Condition in Dolton Source: Hitchcock Design Group in Green River Pattern Book, 2009
Fig. 12.13 Sustainable Industrial Strategies in Dolton Source: Hitchcock Design Group in Green River Pattern Book, 2009
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Calumet Park The project establishment in Calumet Park consists of several activities: (i) the shift from brown field area to multi-purposes spaces; (ii) construction of large floodplain, floodway and river bank; and (iii) improve water front spaces. The final goal of these activities is to boost the connectivity between residential space and waterfront. This project is then considered as one of example on how brown field area can be turned into liveable area that can support the implementation of sustainable residential area (South Suburban Mayors & Managers Association and Chicago Southland Economic Development Corporation, 2009).
Fig. 12.14 Existing Calumet Park Site Source: Hitchcock Design Group in Green River Pattern Book, 2009
Fig. 12.15 Sustainable Residential Strategies Source: Hitchcock Design Group in Green River Pattern Book, 2009
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CURITIBA, BRAZIL Curitiba is one of the city located in the southern part of Brazil. The population of the city is approximately 1,7 million people. During the early 70’s, there was a sudden increase in population due to the incoming immigrants to work as farmer due to increased potential in agricultural production in Curitiba. However, in the middle of 70’s, there was a massive movement from people who live in the rural area into urban area which is triggered by incident called “black frost”. This phenomenon transformed even more socio economic condition of this territory. As a result, many informalities occupied the urban territory without balance development in terms of infrastructure such as sewage system and land management, this phenomenon generated many social, economic as well as environmental problem (Macedo, 2004). In 1971, Jaime Lerner had been elected as mayor which then brought huge impact in Curitiba urban planning. Several projects had been implemented and proof successful under his governance. He built a system within a city with the consideration of social, environmental ad economic condition. As a political official with a solid background in architecture and urban planning, he proposed a development plan which based on four main pillars: housing, recycling, public transportation and green area. As a result, the city was regarded as one of sustainable city in 2010 after receiving Global Sustainable City Award (Anavanderh, 2014).
HOUSING
RECYCLING
PUBLIC TRANSPORT
GREEN AREA
Fig. 12.16 Curitiba, Brazil Source: Vallicelli, L.,2008
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PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION In order to increase the efficiency of traffic infrastructure and solve the problem of heavy congestion, the idea of integrated public transportation was proposed. Integrated bus network development was introduced as part of strategic plan to enhance the use of public transportation in the territory. This strategy was successful due to large investment and effective planning conducted by government which contributes to full recovery of the operating cost. The operating system of public transportation was run fully by private operators which then helps in removing operating risks. Additionally, the establishment of government-owned company to supervise the operating system was considered as another decisive aspect of this successful strategy. Moreover, what made this strategy attractive for public was the integrated system which the passengers could access the city centre from any part of Curitiba’s region only with one-time payment (Macedo, 2004).
Red : express bus(Main arteries along the Structural Axis ) Grey : direct buses to the suburbs Green : suburb buses link to red express buses Orange : feeder bus from the outskirts link to the suburbs Fig. 12.18 Integrated Transportation System Source: Gustafsson, H. R., & Kelly, E. (2012).
Fig. 12.17 Tube Station and Public Transportation System Source: Anavanderh, 2014.
Fig. 12.19 Road Section Source: Anavanderh, 2014.
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RECYCLING As explained previously, the massive immigration had been contributed to the growth of informalities in this territory. The informalities which is called “favelas� were found developed in many vulnerable areas such as hill or river banks. Despite of the risk, what has been a problem is the lack of waste management due to this favelas construction which was built very close to one another. This type of development limits the mass garbage collection which caused many favela inhabitants threw their wastes into the river and the land which contributed to the decrease of natural environment potential as well as living quality in this area. Related to this problem, there are three aspects incorporated in the recycling program: sustainability, social inclusion and fiscal stewardship. The program encouraged each household to separate organic waste, trash, plastic, glass and metal which was then ease the pick-up and further processing steps. The city picked up recycling curbside from most of the residence without any additional charge. The waste picked up then transported into one of many private waste recycling company which provides job opportunity for low income community. Additionally, eco-citizen program was proposed to encourage and educate people from shanty town for waste managing through better waste collecting and separating system. Together with this program, the participants were awarded with free public transportation access, fresh food and other daily supplies as they were supporting this program. This program was considered successful as 500 tons of waste per day was collected by citizen since the program was implemented (Macedo, 2013).
Fig. 12.20 Relationship between Main slums and Garbage Picking Points Source: Anavanderh, 2014.
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Fig. 12.21 Recycling Point Strategy Source: Renato Eugenio de Lima. (2013)
Fig. 12.22 Waste for Food Strategy Source: Renato Eugenio de Lima. (2013)
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HOUSING The outskirts of Curitiba were built with mainly residential areas due to the fast growth population at the time. Social housing developments then was initiated with low cost payment in order to help the inhabitants to own this property themselves in the future. There was an effort in the early 80’s to connect the residential area with the city centre by a Brazilian habitation company called COHAB, to increase vitality of this area. However, an issue arose was the fact that many inhabitants were lacked of any services and jobs that could lead to the isolation of low-income population. There are two main strategies were proposed in relation to these problems. First was related to building law and second was related to education. The program called ‘Autogestão’ was aimed to allow certain type of business developed in the residential area. This program let the inhabitants to modify their house for start up or small business. This program was successfully solved economic and social issue and increase the sense of community as well land value of this area which was comparable to residential area in the city centre. In addition, related to first program, another program was embedded which were related to local education. The program called Liceu do Oficio is provided to equipped inhabitants with skills so they can start their own business or even find job in the city (Anavanderh, 2014).
Fig. 12.23 Standarized Housing areas Source: Anavanderh, 2014.
Fig. 12.24 Small Bussineses in Local Houses Source: Anavanderh, 2014.
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GREEN AREA The poor inhabitants with no access to housing were often found built houses in no-man land area. This included the green public spaces along the river which acts as natural water drainage. Due to the massive illegal construction, the flood risk in Curitiba was increased. On the other hand, Curitiba’s city council was unable to build proper infrastructure due to limited budget which caused many people living in this area were put in danger and had to be relocated every time there was a flooding problem. The government initiated excavate strategy where the illegal houses were removed and people were relocated to the social houses without paying any fee. After that, the areas which was formerly occupied were transformed into green areas that can be used as public space as well as storm water management such as pond or lake. The action resulted in new huge green areas which increased the value of the surroundings (buildings and neighbourhoods). Therefore, the government could charge a higher tax to achieve the return of investment for this development. In addition, it was used as a strategy to improve living condition and increase social integration in this area, which people were having access to community space and green area (Anavanderh, 2014; Macedo, 2013).
Fig. 12.25 Land Occupied by Informality was Transformed into Public Space Source: Anavanderh, 2014.
Fig. 12.26 Parks for Flood Source: Anavanderh, 2014.
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KEY OF CURITBA’S SUCCESS STORY Looking at the overall design principle and governance, there are four important keys which lead to the success of Curitiba’s urban planning as concluded in Anavanderh, 2014. The full commitment form stakeholder involved in this project under Jaime Lerner governance has gained trust among the society as well as central government which then decided to provide financial support for any future development in Curitiba. Moreover, the way the governance to engage local community has been also considered as key aspect of overall project. It was fully realized that in order to achieve the goal, it didn’t only include good strategies and policies from government. More importantly, economical and emotional implication from citizen are required. In addition, the provision of education to the people helps in maintaining the public engagement throughout the project. In this way, local wisdom and sustainable way of living were brought back to the people. For example, many of the city’s buildings materials are recycled and retired buses are often re-used as mobile schools or offices for educational programs. A green exchange program which educates people on ecological issues as well as waste management system. Lastly, Curitiba urban planning approach was merely based on simple operation and decision rather on high-technology involvement type of solutions. It is proofed that even simple decision can bring meaningful change.
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CONCLUSION From Banjarmasin study, there are three main strategies that can be considered for the design proposal. First is the use of road and water structure as connector and collector to interweave economy and ecology. Second, the transformation of river as civic spine to collect elements of civic importance. Third, integration of nature, industry and urban area by providing multifunctional green area that can be used not only as public space, but can be used also as water cleaning system as well as room for biodiversity.
Road and water network as connector and collector
River as civic spine
From Curitiba case, the lesson can be derived are the importance of citizen participation involvement in urban planning; integrated solution that involve both public and private sector, empowering and educating local towards positive attitude while creating employment, and improving the quality of life while preserve room for nature.
Multifunctional green area
Fig. 12.27 Strategies from Banjarmasin Case Study Source: Author
From the case of Calumet River, important strategy than can be highlighted are the provision of public access to waterfront area to increase and preserve the vitality of the river; the use of natural potential such as wetland and native vegetation to enhance the quality of soil and water; the development of industries with added value; and river banks restoration together with continuous river trail.
Public access to waterfront area
The use of natural potential
River banks restoration
Fig. 12.29 Curitiba Planning Strategies Source:https://www.slideshare.net/LucieBaron2/urban-planning-in-curitiba
Industries with added value
Fig. 12.28 Strategies from Calumet River Source: Author
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From overall comparative study, the general principles can be derived in corelation with the problem analysis of case study are: 1. In order to provide harmony and bring back the potential of CBL inland waterway, transforming CBL canal from backyard into backbone is reguired. 2. Improvement of Urban Kampong to slowdown urbanization as well as providing better environment for rural inhabitants. 3. Management of traffic and water network as connector and collector to accomodate slow zone and fast zone activity
Canal as Backbone
Improvement of Existing Urban Kampong
Management of Traffic and Water Network
4. Provision of social housing and multifunctional space to enhance social integration, opportunity of economic and education space as well as cleaning system of waste water. 5. Nature restoration to recover the natural potential as protection elements, room for biodiversity as well as natural cleaning system connected to pollution from industry. 6. Development of Innovative Industry to empower local community while producing alternative energy and better integration between industry and existing agriculture landsuse. 7. Enhancement of green blue network to increase nature performance and better ecological network
Social Housing + Multi Functional Public Space
Innovative Industry
Fig. 12.30 Proposed Design Principle Source: Author
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Green Blue Network
Nature Restoration
153
13. DESIGN PROPOSAL Vision Design Idea Concept and Principle Structure PLan Strategy Component Zoom in Project
154
155
Provisional Design Prociple Derived fromTheoretical Review, Analysis and Comparative Study Source: Author
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VISION The CBL canal as strategic corridor in which is used as carrying structure to promote synergism between urban activity, production and natural environment that at the end opens the opportunity to empower local inhabitants, provision of more choice and job opportunity and natural restoration.
DESIGN IDEA Considering the concept of Two Networks and Urban Metabolism, the idea is to use CBL canal as a carrying structure of urban development. Therefore, the canal need to be transformed from backyard into front yard. This idea is supported by the proposed project in which CBL canal will be used as inland waterway. This inland waterway project can be seen as an opportunity to shape this area into liveable area where nature, urban and production can be integrated instead of leading only industrial development along the river. The first concept is using CBL Canal as a limit of urban expansion. In this case, several industries are authorized to develop along the canal in certain degree which is equipped by proper waste water treatment plant. The industry itself should be focused on recycling industry in two scales. First is the neighbourhood scale to promote recycling activity for direct reuse or low technology involved. Second, the regional scale industry to promote recovery of resources that involve higher technology during the process. On the other hand, new real estates are permitted to grow in the western side of CBL canal, integrated with social housing to decrease the social segregation. Together with the provision of multifunctional public space inside the complex, allowing more interaction between various actors. This multifunctional space can be also equipped by training centre for craftsmanship to improve low labour skill or any other activity. Moreover, this multifunctional space can be place to provide permeable surface and green public space. In order to gain people’s interest in agricultural activity, some urban farming can be also accommodated in this multifunctional space. In addition, local waste collection and recycling centre can be placed in several points inside this complex.
In this design idea, CBL Canal itself will be positioned as carrying structure for new development. Connected with existing fragmented green corridor, it opens possibility to manage slow lane and fast lane between several activities. Some quiet zone facilitated with green public space and small water channel connected to small pond, or, trail with green corridor along agriculture site to provide a nice environment for pedestrian and cyclist. On the other hand, infrastructure with proper integrated public transport could be an alternative to manage fast lane.
CONCEPT AND PRINCIPLE The main concept which will be applied in the overall design is the concept of two networks and urban metabolism. The main concept that is applied in the overall design is the two networks which is using traffic and water network to manage the territory into 2 areas: quiet zone and busy zone. To achieve this condition, three specific concepts are pointed out: the first is the artery, the second is the capillarity and third is green porous. In regional scale, the quiet zone and busy zone are separated by locating fast lane in the center of industrial activity while the outer skirt will be connected by slow network (public transportation, pedestrian and public space along water network). In the village scale, the two zones are created by locating the fast lane in the periphery of quiet zone, creating a quiet pocket linked to the canal. In the project scale, the quiet zone can be located next to the canal, in between the water network and the traffic.
Regarding the water pollution issue, the solution proposed is to transform the abandoned green area in the industrial area into water purification park. This park will be facilitated with water purification plant connected to industrial disposal outlet. In addition, gardens will be added as a filter and store the storm water to prevent run off. Together with landscaping, this area has a potential to be used as public space with additional education facilities integrated to it.
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Water storage
Water treatment
Water storage
industrial/ fast zone Quit zone
Fig. 13.1 Two Networks Strategy in Regional Scale Source: Author
Fast lane Slow lane Busy Zone Quiet Zone
158
Quit zone Water storage
Residential area
Commercial activity
public transportation/Fast lane
Fast lane Slow lane Busy Zone Quiet Zone
Fig. 13.2 Two Networks Strategy in Village Scale Source: Author
Village connector
Wetland treatment
Mangrove Park
Commercial area
Fig. 13.3 Two Networks Strategy in Project Scale Source: Author
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THE ARTERY The traffic network is divided into several hierarchies. First, main industrial axis that functions as fast lane to improve effective and efficiency of industrial or any other economic activity. Second, integrated public transportation line functions as connector between quiet and busy zone. Third, secondary network that is linked into public transportation line for accommodating bus feeder to reach deeper neighbourhood or villages. Through time, this intermodal point can be further developed and established with more transportation mode such as bike sharing.
red line : industrial axis red area : industrial area dotted red : bus feeder to villages orange line : BRT orange circle : intermodal point
The artery (Fig. 13.4) concept explains the management of transportation network in which the fast lane pulled inward and centralized in the industrial area, functioned as carrying structure for industrial development and residential development while the water front of CBL Canal can be connected with smaller water network and used as carrying structure for more public activity as well as room for nature.
Fig. 13.4 Traffic Network Source: Author
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THE CAPILLARITY flood-able area to manage water dynamic such as water run off and water level raise. •water ditch •water storage THE GREEN POROUS Diverse green pocket along the canal to enhance the productivity while providing room for public activity and biodiversity. •green pocket •green corridor
In the quiet zone, which is along the canal, the concept of capillarity (Fig. 13.5) explains the ability of water structure to manage the water dynamic in this territory. Thus, several water pockets that link to the canal by additional ditches will be provided. As additional point, this water pocket provide potential for recreation and water cleaning facilities which the relate to the third concept. The green porous (Fig. 13.3) concept is used to reinforce the existing green patches that are connected to the canal to enhance both the quality of space and productivity in this territory. This green porous is also important to activate the abandoned and unproductive land along the canal that at the end expected to trigger more public activity and increase social cohesion.
Fig. 13.5 Water and Green Network Source: Author
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THE ARTERY
Urban-Rural Green Together, these three concepts forming five types of landscapes (Fig. 13.6) regarding to the existing land use located along the canal. The five landscapes are wetland green, productive green, industrial green, urban-rural green and green belt.
THE CAPILLARITY
5 TYPES OF LANDSCAPES
Wetland Green
Industrial Green
Green Belt
THE GREEN POROUS Fig. 13.6 Five Landscapes Source: Author
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Productive Green
STRUCTURE PLAN The concept explained above then will be translated into structure plan. The structure plan proposed will be breakdown into several steps with the consideration of time and stakeholders need to be involved in which step. As a starting point, it is important to have in mind that every stakeholder must commit to cooperate with each other. Local authority with urban planner and designer, industry, real estate developer and local community need to be involved to have a common goal and acceptable decision. In the first stage, the preparation of informality relocation and villagers effected by CBL project need to be accomplished. Infrastructure development with public transport in parallel with social housing development is necessary to accommodate this relocation. This integrated social housing together with public transportation aim to limit the informality growth and real estate development particularly in the eastern part of canal where today is still dominantly covered by agriculture land and Urban Kampong.
STEP 1
POLICY/ACTION: 1. Developers are allowed to develope real estate with the provision of social housing development (20-25% ) 2. Industrial development will be focused on recycle industry, non recycling industry will be taxed higher compare to recycling industry 3. Government obligates corporate that operates along CBL canal to build new infrastructure faculties. 4. Education of waste management and waste recycling
Regulator
structure plan/ guidelines/design
Local Government
in charge of social housing development Urban Planner/ Designer
Local Community
public participation + education
Developer
Industry
in charge of promoting recycling industry
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1. Infrastructure Development + Public Transportation 2. Residential and Social Housing Development
Urban Urban Kampong
Social Housing Intermodal point
Existing Industry
BRT Line
Existing Real Estate
Pond Water Network Traffic Network Highway Railway
CBD New Terminal Wetland
164
Fig. 13.7 Step 1 Source: Author
In the second stage, Industrial development will be allowed in the specific are. The selection of the area must follow several criteria: 1. Close to the proposed container terminal; 2. abandoned area or unproductive agriculture site. The type of industry will be focused on recycling industry concerning the high amount of waste produced and recycled in this territory. The industry will be directed in two scales. First is the neighbourhood scale to promote recycling activity for direct reuse or low technology involved such as organic fertilizer, biogas, etc. Second, the regional scale industry to promote recovery of resources that involved higher technology such as bio-plastic, electricity from biogas, etc. in the early stage of this phase, educating process is important for local inhabitants to gain the awareness of waste management as new economy.
STEP 2
POLICY/ACTION: 1. Industrial development will be focused on recycle industry, non recycling industry will be taxed higher compare to recycling industry. 2. “Waste for Food� program. Incentives will be given to recycling startup business.
Regulator
Local Government
monitoring Local Community
g
in
ed Local inhabitants
monitoring
at uc
Industry
Collaboration between household industry and larger industry
165
1. Industrial Development (Recycling Industry) 2. Household recycling industry
Urban Urban Kampong Existing Industry
Social Housing
Existing Real Estate
Intermodal point
CBD
BRT Line
New Terminal Wetland
166
Household recycling industry Large recycling industry
Pond Water Network Traffic Network Highway Railway
Fig. 13.8 Step 2 Source: Author
In the third stage, the enhancement of agriculture and aquaculture activity through the concept of agroforestry, silvofishery, and wetland restoration can be conducted. This phase need a strong involvement of local community to guide local inhabitants during the process. This enhancement and nature restoration process will be followed by the establishment of green blue network creating a connected network both for leisure and ecological corridor (slow lane) as well as room for nature to prevent flooding and fresh water scarcity.
STEP 3
POLICY/ACTION: 1.land certification to secure land property 2.tax reduction for productive land in order to decrease unproductive site
Regulator
Agriculture research institute
Local Government
+
NGO/Local Community
Provide training and workshop to local inhabitants and fame regarding wetland restoration, sylvofishery and agroforestry
Local inhabitants/ Farmers
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1. Enhancement of Agriculture and Aquaculture 2. Enhancement of Green Blue Network
Urban Urban Kampong Existing Industry Existing Real Estate CBD
Household recycling industry Large recycling industry
New Terminal
Green space
Wetland
Agroforestry
Pond
Wetland restoration
Water Network Traffic Network Highway Railway
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Social Housing Intermodal point BRT Line
Fig. 13.9 Step 3 Source: Author
POLICY/ACTION: 1. tax incentive for shifting to bio-based industry
Regulator
rin
nito
Local Community
mo
ring
Local Government
nito
STEP 4
g
mo
The restoration of natural environment might take longer time. During the process, the industries should be prepared to transform their industry totally into bio-based industry using the potential of biomass production through agroforestry and wetland restoration. At this moment, collaboration between farmer and industry can be established.
ng
ati uc ed
Bio-based industry
Local inhabitants/ farmers
Biomass source producer
Industry Collaboration between household industry and larger industry
169
1. Bio-based Industry
Urban Urban Kampong Existing Industry Existing Real Estate CBD
Household recycling Industry Bio-based Industry
New Terminal
Green space
Wetland
Agroforestry
Pond Water Network Traffic Network Highway Railway
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Wetland restoration Social Housing Intermodal point BRT Line
Fig. 13.10 Step 4 Source: Author
POLICY/ACTION: 1. promote activity to enhace urban kampong identity 2. support financial for local community to develope local research center for agriculture and aquaculture
Regulator
rin
nito g
Local Community
mo
Monitoring and evaluating
ring
Local Government
nito
STEP 5
mo
Lastly, the room in eastern part Bekasi District will be preserved for Urban Kampong development and through time, during the improvement of this territory, CBL Canal can be seen as carrying structure for different element and has potential to be accessed not only for industrial purpose but also water public transportation in the future.
Bio-based industry
Local inhabitants/ farmers
Industry Collaboration between household industry and larger industry
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1. Densification and expansion of Urban Kampong
Urban Urban Kampong Existing Industry Existing Real Estate CBD New Terminal Wetland Pond Water Network Traffic Network Highway Railway
172
Household recycling Industry Bio-based Industry Green space Agroforestry Wetland restoration Urban Kampong Development Social Housing Intermodal point BRT Line
Fig. 13.11 Step 5 Source: Author
Infrastructure and Public Transportation
Social Housing Developement
Neighborhood Recycling Center
Fig. 13.12 Timeline of Overall Design Proposal Source: Author
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Agroforestry, wetland restoration Bio-based Industry
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Urban Kampong Expansion
STRATEGIC COMPONENT
ZOOM IN PROJECT
Strategic components are tools to help the implementation of design intervention in zoom in scale. Related to overall design concept and principle, there are six strategic components proposed: waterside promenade, lateral link, green pocket and promenade, sponges, intersection and road upgrading/ downgrading.
Waterside promenade
Sponges
provides slow zone accessibility along water network while connecting important nodes
enhances porosity of space for dynamic interaction
Three strategic area are selected to show the projects in detail. Strategic area means area that has a potential in urban, production and nature which is also the three systems that aim to be investigated as an objective in this research. First location is located in the northern part which is constructed by urban kampong (urban), fish pond (production) and mangrove ecosystem (nature). Second location is located in the middle section which consist of Urban Kampong (urban), unproductive agriculture site (production), new proposed industry (production) and water network (nature). Third project is located in the southern part which is structured by urban kampong (urban) real estate (urban), agriculture site (production) and water network (nature)
Mangrove and Wetland Restoration
Lateral Link
Intersection
connects important elements in the hinterland to activity along waterfront with slow mobility lane or water network
for public space and community services
Agroforestry
Integrated Social Housing
Green pocket and promenade
Upgrading and downgrading road
provides space for social interaction as well as production and biodiversity
Providing slow lane and fast lane to provide quiet zone for leisure activity and fast zone to provide production efficiency
Fig. 13.13 Detailed Project Location Source: Author
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SITE 1 : MANGROVE AND WETLAND RESTORATION In this location, the project proposed will be focused on the wetland and mangrove restoration while promoting aquaculture productivity (Silvofishery). The wetland restoration project will take place in the abandoned area which was formerly a wetland area located along the canal. This area will be transformed into wetland park to stimulate waterfront activity as well as waste water treatment (rain, grey and black water) to provide fresh water for aquaculture activity. In addition, the wetland vegetation has potential to be used as biomass that correlated with the strategy of bio-based industry. As a result, this new type of landscape provides a better working and productive landscape, green blue infrastructure, ecological landscape and community spaces which is suitable with the four points of ecosystem services: regulating water run-off, supporting resource cycle, provisioning of food and fresh water and culture enhancement by providing space for recreation, education and aesthetic. Overall, this project can enhance the identity of this village while maintaining the potential of the ecosystem.
Former wetland area which was transformed into dryland agriculture
Existing mangrove corridor
0
0,5
1 km
9
1. Wetland Purification System
1 3
Constructed wetlands for waste water treatment are considered as potential solution to treat domestic waste water and polluted wastewater from industry considering the technology and budget needed in its implementation, which is cost less compare to any other high-tech solution (Denny, 1997). The practice of using constructed wetland to purify grey water has been conducted in many places in Indonesia such as Palembang (Sumatra) and Surakarta (Java). One study of constructed wetland in Surakarta, Central Java shows effective removal of BOD and COD as well as suspended solid and detergent. The treated water as a result of the cleaning process then can be further used for irrigation, fishery and any other purposes due to achieved standard requirement for waste water reuse (Qomariyah et al., 2017).
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2
4
6
8
7
5
1. Biogas Storage 2. School and sport field 3. Boat stop and public square 4. Biorecycling center and water storage 5. Wetland Park 6. Aquaculture 7. Fishing hut 8. Helophyte Pond 9. Mangrove/silvofishery
Existing wetland
Local Street Pedestrian
Helophyte
Mangrove
Constructed wetland Aquaculture
Existing orchard Green public space
Fig. 13.14 Proposal of Mangrove and Wetland Restoration Source: Author
Fig. 13.16 Settler Pond/ Tank Source: Van Cleynenbreugel, E. (2015)
Fig. 13.17 Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland Source: E. Tilley & Zurbrügg, 2014
Fig. 13.15 Construction of a wetland (reed bed treatment system) for hospital and domestic wastewater in Sumatra Source: http://blumberg-engineers.com/uploads/files/PKA_ACEHIndonesia(1). pdf
Fig. 13.18 Free-water Surface Constructed Wetland Source: E. Tilley & Zurbrügg, 2014
Fig. 13.19 Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland Source: E. Tilley & Zurbrügg, 2014
Fig. 13.20 Wetland Restoration System Source: Author
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2. Silvofishery Based on Fitzgerald Jr, silvofishery concept can be defined as a form cultivation system which integrate mangrove tree plantation with brackish water aquaculture. This integrated system aims to maintain a relatively high level of integrity in the mangrove area while enhancing the economic benefits of brackish water aquaculture. Silvofishery has been promoted in Indonesia and become a part of mangrove rehabilitation and conservation program (Fitzgerald Jr, W. (2000).
Fig. 13.21 Silvofishery in Cikeong, West Java Source: Silvius, 2012
It is reported that the concept of silvofishery in Indonesia has been successfully developed and implemented in two villages in West Java region: Cikiong with 1,508 farmers; 5,300 ha in Blanakan with 2,060 farmers). The success of this project was supported by the provision of technical education and assistance program to local farmers by NGO. This then considered as an example on how controlled and enforced program can benefit to the enhancement of local community and productivity. In addition, this type of project has high possibility of implementation in certain condition in which the land property has to be leased to community for individual or group operation (Fitzgerald Jr, W. (2000).
Fig. 13.22 Silvofishery in Cilacap, North Java Beach Source: IFSA LC UGM, 2016
Carbon storage mangrove forest provides shading and nutrient for fish
leisure area for public activity
canal bank is strengthened by mangrove forest provide a protective barrier that filters sediments and pollutants from land washing
Fig. 13.23 Silvofishery System Source: Author
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leaf litter are eaten by bacteria and convert into detritus
small fishes feed on the many detritus-eating animal
water purification
1. sedimentation pond 2. primary treatment : horizontal flow system 3. tertiary treatment : Vertical flow system 4. water purification: free water surface 5. water filtration 6. clean water storage
6 5
1 2 4
3
Water Hyacinth Common reed (Eichhornia crassipes) (Phragmites australis)
separate fish pond and mangrove area
80% mangrove, 20% fish pond
BEFORE
AFTER
179
Waterside promenade
Sponges
Fig. 13.24 Implementation of Strategic Components Source: Author
180
Lateral Link
Green pocket and promenade
Intersection
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES REGULATING
CULTURE
Air Quality
v
Recreation
v
Climate
v v
Aesthetic Education
v v
Identity
v
Water run-off
SUPPORTING
PROVISIONING
Resource Cycle
v
Food Production
v
Soil Formation
v
Fresh Water
v Fig. 13.25 Multifunctional Space: Nature, Production and Recreation Source: Author
Fig. 13.26 Visualization of Design Proposal Source: Author
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SITE 2 : AGROFORESTRY This project will be located in the middle section of CBL canal where massive unproductive agriculture land can be found. The area selected for this project is the burnt agriculture site or agriculture site that is not very productive. The agroforestry concept helps to make agriculture system more sustainable, improve soil and water quality while providing home for biodiversity (Retnowati, 2003). Related to bio-based industry, agroforestry has a strong potential to be used in the future as bio energy, providing opportunity for collaboration between farmers and industry. The agroforestry system is divided into four big clusters (Fig.13.27). First, forest farming with its role as natural barrier between industry and agriculture while providing room for orchards, high value crops such as mushroom, medical crops, etc. Second, alley cropping in which agriculture crop is cultivated in in the alleys between widely spaced rows of trees such as eucalyptus or other pulpwood. Third, the concept of silvopasture system which combines tree plantation, forage and livestock production. In the area which is lower and has potential to be flooded, new type of agriculture can be introduced. The concept is to provide adaptive plot where during wet season it can be used to cultivate rice paddy in combination with fish farming and during dry season it can be used to cultivate rice paddy in combination with vegetable. As a result, this new landscape can promote a better ecological connection while improving the agriculture productivity. On the other hand, providing room for public interaction as well as education which is suitable with the four points of ecosystem services: regulating water run off, supporting resource cycle, provisioning of food and fresh water and culture enhancement by providing space for recreation, education and aesthetic.
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Silvopasture
Forest Farming
Alley Cropping
Adaptive Agriculture
Fig. 13.27 Agroforestry Concept Source: USDA National Agroforestry Center (NAC),2008
1
0
5 7
8
2 km
4 3
6 Site for Agroforestry : degraded agriculture site
9 2
1
Site for adaptive agriculture : saturated agriculture site
1. Bio-based Industry 2. Forest Farming 3. Water retention area 4. Silvopasture 5. Adaptive agriculture 6. Alley cropping 7. Education and learning center 8. Recycling center 9. Commercial area
Fig. 13.28 Proposal of Agroforestry Source: Author
Green Barrier
Adaptive agriculture
Commercial + community space Industry
Farms
Pond
Agroforestry
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1. Alley Cropping The practice of alley cropping has been introduced in Indonesia since 1800 using the combination off teak wood and agriculture crop in between the ally. Agroforestry become quiet popular in some places such as Java (teak and rice/ maize), Sumatra (combination of Agathis/resin tree with fruity plants such as mangosteen, durian,etc) and Maluku which combine agriculture, forestry and farm. The selection of trees in this project considers several aspects: the shading, the harvesting cycle due to its purpose for bio-based industry, and its adaptability to degraded soil and salty water condition. Tree such as eucalyptus or teak has a tall and thin profile which provide better shading for agriculture and considered as fast growing crops. Moreover, eucalyptus is considered as genus that meets most the desired features for low cost delivered biomass (Gonzalez,et al.,2010). On the other hand, Eucalyptus is one of tree species that is proofed successful in salt affected degraded soil (Chaudhry, et al.,2002). Fig. 13.30 Agroforestry Practice in Central Java combining Agriculture (Maize) and Teak Wood Source: Setiadi, 2014
Fig. 13.31 Agroforestry Practice by combining Agriculture, Forest, and Farming Activity. Source: Wihardandi as described by Apriando in Mongabay Indonesia, 2012 Fig. 13.29 Land Rehabilitation Phasing Source: Milos, 2011
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Fig. 13.32 Nutrients Cycle in Agroforestry Concept Source: Author
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Fig. 13.33 Water Cycle in Agroforestry Concept Source: Author
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2. Adaptive Agriculture
50 m
This concept of adaptive agriculture has been well known in farming tradition in Indonesia. One of the area which successfully apply this concept is Yogyakarta Special Region. This concept is also well-known as “Surjan System”. The application of this surjan system is usually on wetland, called surjan rice field. On the wall are usually planted with crops such as corn, soybeans, nuts, and tubers while in the periphery is planted with rice.
Trail Elevated bed Lower Bed
200 m
This concept has been used by 67% of farmers in the village to encounter the problem of crop failure due to water level dynamic (during wet season and dry season) since its potential to provide space for different crops (Yanti, 2015).
Ditch
Primary channels
Trail
Secondary channels
Inlet
Fig. 13.35 Surjan System Source: Author, based on Muslihat, 2014
Fig. 13.34 The practice of adaptive agriculture “Surjan System” in Sumantra and Kalimantan, Indonesia. Source: Yanti, 2015
outlet
Ditch
Secondary Channel
Fig. 13.36 Minapadi, the combination of Fish Farming and Agriculture in Yogyakarta Source: Bombay, in Mediatani, 2015
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Fig.13.37 Surjan Cultivation Pattern Source: Author, based on Muslihat, 2014
Fig. 13.38 Adaptive Agriculture Concept Source: Author
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Step 1: Farm-dyke construction
Step 2: rice on the elevated middle terrace and fish in the deeper periphery during high water level.
Step 3: Growing paddy in the periphery and vegetables on middle terrace during low water level.
Adaptive Agriculture
Agroforestry
BEFORE
AFTER
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Upgrading and downgrading
Sponges
Fig. 13.39 Implementation of Strategic Components Source: Author
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Lateral Link
Green pocket and promenade
Waterside promenade
Industry
Adaptive Agriculture
Alley cropping Site
In the first stage, the location selection is important to determine which type of landscape should be located. In this case, the agroforestry is implemented in the existing degraded agriculture site while adaptive agriculture is applied in the saturated area. In addition, the agroforestry site is placed in adjacent to industrial site to enhance energy efficiency for future bio-based industry. Another important aspect for the starting point is land certification and division which can be organized through local community together with the authority.
Site preparation Tree Planting
The project is started by improving existing water system. new channel and water storage is added as irrigation system for agriculture activity. The next step is followed by tree planting in the alley cropping site to improve soil and ground water quality by fixing its nutrient and water cycle. The improvement process takes time which will limit the production of alley cropping. Therefore, preparing site for adaptive agriculture can be done in this stage.
Farms
Demonstration garden
During the establishment process of agroforestry, adaptive agriculture can be implemented to maintain the productivity cycle. The adaptive agriculture will be gradually developed due to the amount of participant, budget and to decrease risk of failure. At the same time, small demonstration garden and farms can be provided together with local market and restaurant to introduce this place as a tourist attraction as well as informal education facility for agriculture.
Local Market and restaurant
Fig. 13.40 Agroforestry Development Stage Source: Author
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increased alley cropping production
Due to the betterment of soil condition, the alley cropping productivity will increase which then improve local economy. In case one of the adaptive agriculture or agroforestry failed, the other can be a backup plan to maintain the local economy.
After the agroforestry is productive enough to be used as raw material, bio-based industry can be developed and collaborated with local community (farmer).
After successful implementation of the first adaptive agriculture, it can be extended to the remaining area.
Fig. 13.40 Agroforestry Development Stage Source: Author
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Linear Riparian Forest as natural barrier between agriculture and industrial activity
Single tree corridor as directing element
Double tree corridor creates vista and provides shading for pedestrian
Director: Parallel green corridor as directing element for user
Connector: green corridor as connector between different type of landscape
Green finger, as barrier/ limit that infiltrate towards its periphery
Orchard Cluster as connecting element between agriculture field and urban kampong’s green Fig. 13.41 Landscaping Principle Source: Author
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ECOSYSTEM SERVICES REGULATING
CULTURE
Air Quality
v
Recreation
v
Climate
v v
Aesthetic Education
v v
Identity
v
Water run-off
SUPPORTING
PROVISIONING
Resource Cycle
v
Food Production
v
Soil Formation
v
Fresh Water
v Fig. 13.42 Multifunctional Space: Nature, Production and Recreation Source: Author
Fig. 13.43 Visualization of Design Proposal Source: Author
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SITE 3 : INTEGRATED SOCIAL HOUSING The location of this project will take place in the area which is nearby the industry, real estate, Urban Kampong and agriculture activity where a huge amount of construction site and underused site can be found. The aim of this project is to provide room for informality and immigrant from outside Bekasi District. This integrated social housing will be equipped with skill training centre as well as recycling centre to empower the local inhabitants. In addition, neighbourhood park will be proposed to provide room for interaction between different society. Urban agriculture, room for commercial activity and helophyte filter can be installed to provide room for production, waste water treatment and promote local economy. In addition, the provision of integrated public transportation which is connected to Jakarta, Bekasi city centre and new industrial area
0
1
2 km
2
aims to provide easy access to job, education and health.
3
1 4 5
Site for Integrated Social Housing: area in which industry, real estate, urban kampong and agriculture field are placed adjacent to each other
1. Social Housing 2. Helophyte Filter 3. Urban Agriculture 4. Room for commercial activity and public space 5. Public Transportation
Fig. 13.44 Proposal of Integrated Social Housing Source: Author Agriculture Real estate Multifunctional public Space
Orchard + Urban Kampong Helophyte Filter Urban Agriculture
Industry
Urban Green
Social Housing
Pond
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1. Waste Recycling Program House hold waste has been one of major issue in this territory. Lack of responsibility from local inhabitants and poor waste management system lead to many problems such as flooding, water and land pollution which then decrease the land production of this territory. The provision of waste collecting point in neighbourhood scale is considered as a first step to facilitate proper waste management system. To stimulate the waste collecting from local, another supporting program has to be proposed. The “waste for food” program inspired from Curitiba case study can be considered as one of solution to gain interest in waste collecting among low class society.
In addition to “Waste for Food Program”, a workshop and skill training centre to educate people about waste recycling can be provided. NGO together with local community or student organization involvement is necessary to educate locals the importance of recycling activity. Moreover, through seminar and workshop, the locals can be trained to do small scale self waste recycling such as bio-fertilizer, biogas, etc. In the future, this small scale recycling activity can further grow into recycling business and in this stage, Government can provide incentive for those who run recycling business or industry.
The waste collected individually to the provided collecting point then can be exchanged with discount food coupon. The food itself come from the left over from local market or supermarket nearby which is still edible. This food is then collected and managed under “waste food market” located in the neighbourhood area. In addition to triggered local waste collecting it can also help to decrease amount of food waste. Waste food from supermarket or local market
Waste Food Market
Fig. 13.45 Recycling Program Source: Author
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2. Community Green Space This project is focused on the provision of community space in order to decrease social segregation between different society class in this territory. This community green space is constructed by several facilities that not only provide space for leisure a public activity but also for economic space such as local market, street vendor area and commercial strip. In addition, the introduction of urban agriculture is one of strategy to gain interest of young generation in agriculture activity and this can contribute to city-migration deceleration. On the other hand, the proposed green space also potential to be used as grey water cleaning system through halophyte filter and water retention area by providing water pocket connected to halophyte filter.
Fig. 13.46 Community Green Space Source: Author
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3. Integrated Public Transportation System The public transportation system is divided in two systems: BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) and Bus Feeder. The BRT system is connected to existing Jakarta Busway and MRT station to connect this District to Jakarta city. Thus, the provision of this BRT system is to serve the worker in Bekasi Industrial area who live in the Jakarta and western part of Bekasi District without further urbanized the eastern part of this territory. In this way, this integrated public transportation system is expected to limit or slow down future urbanization in the eastern rural area. The BRT system is equipped by intermodal point in which people can exchange into different means of transportation such as bike, bus feeder for transporting people from outskirt link into hinterland, or water taxi (can be further developed in the future).
Fig. 13.47 Commercial Space and Integreated Public Transportation System Source: Author
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water storage irrigation system helophyte filter
Neighborhood Helophyte Filter
BEFORE
AFTER
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Waterside promenade
Lateral Link
Fig. 13.48 Implementation of Strategic Components Source: Author
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Green pocket and promenade
Sponges
Upgrading and downgrading
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES REGULATING
CULTURE
Air Quality
v
Recreation
v
Climate
v v
Aesthetic Education
v v
Identity
v
Water run-off
SUPPORTING
PROVISIONING
Resource Cycle
v
Food Production
v
Soil Formation
v
Fresh Water
v
Fig. 13.49 Integrated Social Housing Source: Author
Fig. 13.50 Visualization of Design Proposal Source: Author
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REFLECTION A deep insight is acquired through the project of urban landscape transformation along CBL by applying concept of two networks as well as urban metabolism as integrated ecological approach towards sustainable development. While understanding the selected method, a thought of potential innovation coming from joined fields for instance, ecology, morphology and biochemical field seems to cooperate their way towards the development of new methods in urbanism. However, when applying these two concepts, recognition of future challenges of such effective method particularly in a developing country such as Indonesia arose. The importance of accommodating those concepts and link it into reality in which much more complex considering local context (actors, place and culture) become another concern. Throughout this project, research and design are elaborated together where theoretical framework shaped the context and vice versa where in certain degree, the ability to be adaptive to certain condition is essential. Along the design process, it is realized that selected methods (two networks and urban metabolism) is perceived as promising tools which relevance with the case study and its problem but on the other hand has its own limitation. This limitation related to local culture where urban planning and design activity in Indonesia is far behind European countries such as Netherlands. Using western concept into project in eastern developing county might be uncommon and highly potential to be rejected. For example, the design goal using two networks and urban metabolism promote synergism thus requires strong commitment and participation from every stakeholders including local community which is rarely been done before in this country. Moreover, the strongly rooted culture of the people who perceive nature as non valuable elements is another challenges. In his case, education of local people as well as mental revolution is something crucial. Thus, engagement of local community, NGO and other party such as student organization to help, motivate, educate and monitoring the process is something necessary. From political point of view, it is clearly described how current political situation in Indonesia effect the urban planning activity. This also effect the probability of future development of CBL as strategy development area. Even many systems have been changed under the administration of Mr. Widodo to bring Indonesia towards better direction, still many challenges and doubts this positive attitude will continue and survive. The answer can be found through the next presidential election in the next two years.
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However, looking at current political condition and what has happened during Jakarta’s Governor electoral, many experts predict that progressive party under Mr. Widodo might have difficulties on the next presidential election in 2019 which means development of the country will be slowing down or even step back. In other words, the election in 2019 will determine in which direction industry will develop in correlation with CBL inland waterway project. If progressive party (in this case Mr. Widodo) failed to be re-elected, then the projection is most likely to happen. On the other hand, the design proposal has stronger potential to be implemented with the support from progressive party. Despite the fact of the challenges that might limit this project, I see myself as both urban planner and designer who has to see this project as a moment to opens up provocations, debate, avoiding the fear of complexity and see this as an opportunity to contribute to the mental revolution of this country. Throughout this whole learning process, I also learnt that reiteration and self training toward critical way of thinking and observing is strongly necessary and helps me personally to embrace the complexity of this project. In this way, I can always re-evaluate and take a step back to re-think the design and research process and how to improve it in certain way. At the end, I would like to see this thesis project as a complex narrative project in which deals with uncertain time limit and prospective while giving opportunity for me as designer to dive into this narrative, being utopian and experimental while at the same time the capacity to step back and being grounded. Finally, I wish this thesis can become a contribution to enrich knowledge and design methods in urban design as well as input and reference to urban planning practices in Indonesia particularly in Bekasi District. Hopefully, this thesis can also become source of inspiration and opens up more new ideas for betterment of living quality and natural resources in other places in Indonesia.
Bird Eye View of Overall Design Intervention Source: Author
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APPENDIX
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ZOOM IN SPATIAL ANALYSIS
3
2 1
Three Locations of Zoom In Analyis Source: Author
216
3 2
1
Street River Pond Industry Urban Kampong Agriculture Site 1: Mixed of Industries, Urban and Agriculture Source: Author
217
Fast Mobility Slow mobility Water Flow Sewage Flow Waste Flow 218
Site 1, Location 1 Source: Author
Fast Mobility Slow mobility
Site 1, Location 2 Source: Author
Water Flow Sewage Flow Waste Flow 219
Fast Mobility Slow mobility Water Flow Sewage Flow Waste Flow 220
Site 1, Location 3 Source: Author
Street River Pond Industry Urban Kampong Agriculture
3
1 2
7
6 4 5
Site 2: Mixed of Urban and Agriculture Source: Author
221
Fast Mobility Slow mobility Water Flow Sewage Flow Waste Flow 222
Site 2, Location 1 Source: Author
Fast Mobility Slow mobility
Site 2, Location 2 Source: Author
Water Flow Sewage Flow Waste Flow 223
Fast Mobility Slow mobility Water Flow Sewage Flow Waste Flow 224
Site 2, Location 3 Sorce: Author
Fast Mobility Slow mobility
Site 2, Location 4 Source: Author
Water Flow Sewage Flow Waste Flow 225
Fast Mobility Slow mobility Water Flow Sewage Flow Waste Flow 226
Site 2, Location 5 Source: Author
Fast Mobility Slow mobility
Site 2, Location 6 Source: Author
Water Flow Sewage Flow Waste Flow 227
Fast Mobility Slow mobility Water Flow Sewage Flow Waste Flow 228
Site 2, Location 7 Source: Author
1 2
3
Site 3: Mixed of Urban, Wetland, Mangrove and Fish Pond Source: Author
229
Fast Mobility Slow mobility Water Flow Sewage Flow Waste Flow 230
Site 3, Location 1 Source: Author
Fast Mobility Slow mobility
Site 3, Location 2 Source: Author
Water Flow Sewage Flow Waste Flow 231
Fast Mobility Slow mobility Water Flow Sewage Flow Waste Flow 232
Site 3, Location 3 Source: Author
233