Media - March 2013 by Feroze Babu

March 2013 | Vol. 1 | Issue 12 | Price ` 10

tkmjyð aoUnb "aoUnb'bmtWm? ]c¼cmKXam[ya§Ä¡v _Zð Fó hntijWhpambn AhXcn¨ncn¡pó tkmjyð aoUnb s\ävhÀ¡pIÄ F{Xt¯mfw am[ya[À½w ]peÀ¯pópïv? t^mÀ¯v FtÌäv Fó Ccn¸nS¯n\v tkmjyð aoUobbpw AÀlcmtWm? am[ya{]hÀ¯\¯nsâ kzmX{´yhpw AhImi§fpw D¯chmZnXz§fpw tkmjyð aoUnb¡v F{Xt¯mfw AhImis¸Sm³ Ignbpw? NÀ¨ Bcw`n¡póp

tIcf {]kv A¡mZan {]kn²oIcn¨ ]pXnb ]pkvXIw Gtgmfw Zn\-¸-{X-§-fnð Im¼n-tÈcn Icp-Wm-I-c³ tPmen sNbvXp. Xe-Øm\ \K-c-¯nse km[m-cW dnt¸mÀ«À apXð No^v FUn-äÀ ]Zhn hsc \ofpó ssZ\w-Zn\ ]{X-hr-¯n-bpsS Fñm ]S-hp-I-fnepw Ccpó Im¼n-tÈcn A\ym-Zr-iy-amb hen-sbmcp amXr-I-bmWv ae-bmf am[y-a-N-cn-{X-¯nð Fgp-Xn-t¨À¯-Xv. Iayq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bpsS (kn.-]n.-sF) apJ-]-{X-amb P\-bp-K-¯n-emWv Im¼n-tÈcn Icp-Wm-I-c³ Imð\q-äm-tïmfw tPmen sNbvX-Xv. Hcp cmjv{So-b-¸mÀ«n-bpsS {]Nm-cW Pnlzsb Fñm P\-hn-`m-K-§Ä¡pw kzoIm-cy-ambn¯ocm-hpó Xc-¯nð hn`-hkw-hn-[m-\-§-fn-eq-sSbpw sshhn-[y-§-fn-eq-sSbpw Hcp-¡n-sb-Sp¯v hnP-b-I-c-ambn aptóm«p sImïp-t]mb AÛp-X-amWv Im¼n-tÈ-cn-bpsS henb kw`m-h-\. AXn\p apt¼m ]nóotSm A¯-c-samcp A\p-`hw ae-bmf ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nð Cñ.

Im¼ntÈcn IcpWmIcsâ PohNcn{X{KÙw sI.kpµtci³ cNn¨

Im¼ntÈcn, Imew Im¯ph¨ ]{Xm[n]À hne ` 75

1013 cq] hnebpÅ 11 ]pkvXI§Ä Ct¸mÄ 450 cq]¡v "Im¼ntÈcn: Imew Im¯ph¨ ]{Xm[n]À' AS¡w {]kv A¡mZan {]kn²oIcn¨ Fñm ]pkvXI§fpw Hón¨p hm§nbmð 1013 cq] sam¯w hnebpÅ 11 ]pkvXI§fpw IqSn 450 cq]bv¡p e`n¡pw. X]menemsW¦nð 570 cq]. aäp ]pkvXI§Ä: • kztZim`nam\n: cmPt{Zmlnbmb cmPykvt\ln; Sn. thWptKm]mð; hne 260 cq] • kztZim`nam\nbpsS ]{X{]hÀ¯\w, cmPhmgvNbpsS Zrãnbnð; hnhÀ¯\w: ]pXp¸Ån cmLh³; hne 35 cq] • hr¯m´ ]{X{]hÀ¯\w; kztZim`nam\n cmaIrjvW]nÅ; hne 40 cq] • aebmf ]{X{]hÀ¯\¯nsâ A¼XphÀjw 1947þ1997; hne 90 cq] • ]{X`mj; hne 20 cq] • \m«phntijw; Sn. thWptKm]mð, tXmakv tP¡ºv; 7.50 cq] • hmÀ¯bpsS inev]ime; F³. F³. kXy{hX³; hne 150 cq] • F.sI.]nÅ: BZÀi§fpsS càkm£n; F. cm[mIrjvW³; hne 135 cq] • \¼ymÀ ]nsóbpw apónð \nð¡póp; ]n. {io[c³; hne 60 cq] • s\tòenbpsS I¼n; sI. sI. taml\³; hne 75 cq] tIm¸nIÄ¡v:

sk-{I-«dn; tI-c-f {]-kv A-¡mZ-an; Im-¡-\mSv, sIm¨n þ 682030; t^m¬: 0484 2422275 sN-t¡m Un-Untbm a-Wn-tbmÀ-U-tdm A-b-¡p-I

amÀ¨v 2013 $ ]pkvXIw 1 $ e¡w 12 $ hne ` 10

tkmjyð s\ävh - À¡ns\ I®paS¨v sse¡v sN¿mtam?

hn.sI. BZÀiv

Print Media Coverage on Children’s Issues

Dr. Shoma A. Chatterji

The Case of Mander and Media Ethics

P. Govinda Pillai

A-Xv ]p-cpjsâ tem-I-amWv

jl-\m-kv A¦ðkcnb A¿À

Indian Media Environment

S. Ganesh

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"AtX, t]mIm³ kabambn' sI.Pn.]ctaizc³\mbÀ

Sardar K. M. Panikkar Dr. J. V. Vil’anilam

FUntämdnbð 4 {^w hÀ½mPn, hn¯v eu 27 sI. Fð. taml\hÀ½

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A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ 48 temIw Iï hc 50

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{‑]k‑v I‑u¬-k‑nð A-[‑y-£-\‑p‑w t‑h-W‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑mk‑w

{] Editor N. P. Rajendran Chairman, Kerala Press Academy Editorial Board E. P. Shajuddeen Chief News Editor, Mangalam, Kozhikode N. Rajesh News Editor, Madhyamam, Kozhikode M. P. Suryadas Chief Sub Editor, Mathrubhumi, Kozhikode P. Sujathan Political Editor, Veekshanam, Kochi T. R. Madhukumar News Editor, Deshabhimani, Kozhikode C. N. Mohanan Manager, Deshabhimani, Kochi Editorial Assistant P. Salil Design & Layout Praveen Ophelia Printer & Publisher V. R. Ajith Kumar Secretary, Kerala Press Academy Address 'Media' Kerala Press Academy Kakkanad, Kochi - 682 030 Phone: 0484 2422275 E-Mail: media.kpa@gmail.com Website: www.pressacademy.org Subscribe ‘Media’ Single Issue: ` 10 Annual Subscription: ` 100 Advertisement tariff Back cover: Color: ` 25,000 Inside cover: Color: ` 20,000 Inside B&W: ` 15,000

amÀ¨v 2013

k‑v I‑u¬-k‑nÂ a‑n-¡-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w {‑i-²‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑md‑pÅ-X‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑wK-¯‑v A-X‑v k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨ F-s‑´-¦‑n-e‑p‑w {‑]-t‑b‑m-P-\-{‑]-Za‑m-b \-S-]-S‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S t‑]-c‑neÃ. a-d‑n-¨‑v A-X-X‑p-I‑mes‑¯ s‑N-bÀ-a‑m³-a‑mÀ h‑mÀ-¯-I-f‑nÂ k‑r-ã‑n¡‑m-d‑p-Å N‑m-b-t‑¡‑m-¸-b‑n-s‑e s‑I‑m-S‑p-¦‑m-ä‑p-IÄ s‑I‑m-ï‑mW‑v. X‑oÀ-¨-b‑m-b‑p‑w N‑p-a-X-e-t‑b-ä‑v Z‑n-h-k-§Ä¡-I‑w X-s‑¶ C-t‑¸‑mg-s‑¯ s‑N-bÀ-a‑m³ P-Ì‑n-k‑v a‑mÀ-¡-t‑Þb I-S‑v-P‑p a‑p³ s‑N-bÀ-a‑m-·‑m-s‑c-s‑bÃ‑m‑w C¡‑m-c‑y-¯‑nÂ ]‑n-¶‑n-e‑m¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ-¡‑v t‑b‑mK‑y-X \‑n-b-a-]-c-a‑mb‑n \‑n-Ý-b‑n¡-W‑w F-¶-X‑m-W‑v A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â ]‑p-X‑n-b s‑{‑_-b‑v³-t‑h-h‑v. s‑s‑h-Z‑y‑w‑, \‑n-ba‑w‑, A-[‑y‑m]-\‑w X‑pS§‑n-b s‑{‑]‑m-^-j-\‑p-I-f‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑v h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-a‑m-b‑n t‑P-W-e‑n-k-¯‑nÂ {‑]-t‑hi‑n-¡‑m³ I‑p-d-ª t‑b‑mK‑y-X \‑n-Ý-b‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑n-«‑nÃ. "A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v ]-e-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w t‑hï-{‑X‑, A-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ H«‑p‑w ]-c‑n-i‑oe-\‑w I‑n-«‑m-¯-hÀ s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑nÂ {‑]-t‑h-i‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. C-hÀ a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑nÂ D-bÀ-¶ \‑n-e-h‑m-c‑w ]‑p-eÀ-¯‑p-¶‑nÃ‑, C-X‑v ]-e t‑Z‑m-j-^-e-§-f‑p-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p‑' F-¶‑m-W‑v P-Ì‑n-k‑v I-S‑v-P‑p A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-s‑¸«X‑v. "I‑p-d-ª t‑b‑mK‑y-X \‑n-b-a-]-c-a‑m-b‑n \‑n-Ý-b‑n-t‑¡-ï k-a-b-s‑a-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p‑' F-¶ \‑n-K-a-\-¯‑nÂ F¯‑n-b {‑]-k‑v I‑u¬-k‑nÂ s‑N-bÀ-a‑m³ {‑]-i‑v-\‑w ]T‑n-¨‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v k-aÀ-¸‑n-¡‑m³ c-ï‑v A‑w-K§-s‑f \‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-b‑vX‑p. a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑w-K-h‑p-a‑m-b‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-h‑p-a‑mb‑p‑w _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑p -{‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p¶-hÀ-s‑¡Ã‑m‑w C-¡‑m-c‑y-¯‑nÂ k‑w-i-b-t‑a-s‑d D-ï‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a‑w F-¶ t‑^‑mÀ-¯‑v F-t‑Ì-ä‑n-s‑\ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v t‑hï-{‑X a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-«‑p-X-s‑¶-b‑mt‑W‑m P-Ì‑n-k‑v I-S‑v-P‑p X-s‑â ]‑pX‑n-b N‑pa-X-e \‑nÀ-h-l‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v F-¶ k‑wi-b‑w X‑pS-¡‑w a‑p-XÂ X-s‑¶ D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. A-`‑n-`‑m-j-I h‑r-¯‑n-s‑bb‑p‑w A-[‑y‑m-]-\-s‑¯b‑p‑w s‑s‑h-Z‑yt‑k-h-\-s‑¯b‑p‑w t‑]‑m-s‑e‑m-c‑p s‑{‑]‑m-^-j-\‑m-b‑n a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\s‑¯ I‑m-W‑pt‑¼‑mÄX-s‑¶ A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-\‑v N‑p-h-S‑p-]‑n-g-¨‑p F-¶‑v a‑m[‑y-a {‑]-hÀ-¯\-s‑¯ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v ]T‑n-¡‑m³ {‑i-a‑n-¨-hÀ-s‑¡Ã‑m‑w t‑_‑m-[‑y-s‑¸-S‑p‑w. a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ¯-\‑w a-ä‑p s‑{‑]‑m-^-j-\‑p-I-f‑nÂ-\‑n-s‑¶Ã‑m‑w h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-a‑m-b-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v P-\‑m-[‑n]-X‑y-t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯‑m-c‑n-S-¯‑p‑w‑, a-ä‑p-s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S t‑aÂ GÀ-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑n-b \‑n-b-{‑´W§-s‑f‑m¶‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-s‑â t‑aÂ GÀ-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m-X‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v. C-X‑n-s‑â- AÀ-°‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯I-\‑v t‑b‑mK‑y-X \‑n-Ý-b‑n-¡-c‑p-s‑X¶Ã. k‑m-a‑m\‑y‑w a‑m-\‑y-X-b‑p-Å {]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c-W-§-f‑n-s‑eÃ‑m‑w a‑m-[y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯I-\‑v a‑n-\‑n-a‑w t‑b‑m-K‑y-X \‑n-Ý-b‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. F-´‑pX-c‑w ]{‑X‑w t‑h-W‑w F-¶‑v \‑n-Ý-b‑n¡‑p-¶ ]-{‑X-\-S-¯‑n-¸‑p-I‑m-c³ X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v F-´‑pX-c‑w ]-{‑X-{‑]-h-À-¯I--³ t‑h-W‑w F¶‑p‑w F-´‑p-t‑b‑mK‑y-X A-b‑mÄ-¡‑p-ï‑mh-W‑w F¶‑p‑w \‑n-Ý-b‑n-¡‑p¶X‑v. t‑b‑mK‑y-X \‑n-Ý-b‑n¨‑p‑w A-X‑p-]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¨‑p‑w- X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v A-hÀ d‑n-t‑¸‑m À-«À-a‑m-s‑cb‑p‑w k-_‑v F-U‑n-äÀ-a‑m-s‑c-b‑p‑w \‑n-ba‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. H-c‑p ]-{‑X-¯‑n-\‑v AXÀ-l‑n-¡‑p-¶ X-c‑w ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯I-s‑c I‑n-«‑p‑w. \‑nb-a‑w s‑I‑mï‑v A-X‑p-\‑nÀ-W-b‑n¡‑p¶-X‑v ]-{‑X-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-¯‑n-\‑v t‑a-e‑p-Å I-S-¶‑p-Ib-ä‑w X-s‑¶-b‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑v X‑oÀ-¨. X-\‑n-¡‑v ]¯‑m‑w I‑n-S a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-\‑p‑w ]¯‑m‑w I‑n-S ]-{‑Xh‑p‑w a-X‑n F-¶‑p-\‑n-Ý-b‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑yh‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-¯‑nÂ s‑]S‑p‑w F-¶ I‑m-c‑y-¯‑nÂ k‑wi-b‑w t‑hï. P-Ì‑n-k‑v I-S‑v-P‑ph‑ns‑â \‑n-e-]‑mS‑v H-c‑p-]‑m-S‑v t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§Ä D-bÀ-¯‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k t‑b‑m-K‑y-X-b‑mt‑W‑m ]-{‑X-{‑]-h-À-¯-I-s‑â A-d‑nh‑p‑w K‑p-Wh‑p‑w \‑n-Ýb‑n-¡‑p¶X‑v? a‑n-\‑n-a‑w A-d‑n-h‑pt‑ï‑m F-¶‑v Ah-\‑v i¼-f‑w s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-¶-h-c‑m-W‑v BZ‑y‑w t‑\‑m-¡‑p-I‑, A-X-h-c‑p-s‑S X-e-t‑h-Z-\-b‑mW‑v. C\‑n‑, a‑n-\‑n-a‑w h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k t‑b‑mK‑y-X D-ï‑v F-¶-X‑v ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-\‑m-I‑m-³ a-X‑nb‑mb t‑b‑mK‑y-X B-h‑pt‑a‑m? t‑e‑mI-s‑¯ H-c‑p-]‑m-s‑S‑m-c‑p-]‑m-S‑v a‑n-I-¨ ]-{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-·‑mÀ \‑y‑q-k‑v d‑q-a‑p-I-f‑nÂ t‑I‑m-^‑n t‑_‑m-b‑v-k‑v B-b‑n h-¶-h-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑v P-Ì‑n-k‑v I-S‑v-P‑p-h‑n-\‑v Ad‑nª‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑v h-c‑pt‑a‑m? A-hÀ t‑P‑m-e‑n-b‑nÂ I-g‑n-h‑v BÀ-P‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v s‑N-¿‑p¶X‑v‑, h‑nh-c‑w D-ï‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶X‑v. A-h-c‑p-s‑S {‑I‑n-t‑b-ä‑n-h‑n-ä‑n P·-\‑m

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D-Å-X‑mW‑v. ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑nÂ \‑n-b-a-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑n-b‑mÂ D-ï‑m-I‑p-¶-XÃ ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-\‑m-\‑p-f-f {‑I‑n-t‑b-ä‑n-h‑nä‑nb‑p‑w k‑m-a‑ql‑yt‑_‑m-[h‑p‑w {‑]X‑n-_-²-Xb‑p‑w aä‑p‑w a-ä‑p‑w. ]-g-b I‑m-e-aÃt‑Ã‑m C-X‑v. G-s‑d a‑m-ä-§-f‑p-ï‑mb‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. A-X-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑p-Å a‑m-ä-§Ä a‑m-[‑y-a-h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k c‑wK-¯‑v D-ï‑m-b‑n-«‑p-t‑ï‑m‑, C-\‑nb‑p‑w a‑m-ä-§Ä h-c‑p-t‑¯-ï-X‑pt‑ï‑m F-s‑¶Ã‑m‑w ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¡‑m³ {‑]-k‑v I‑u¬-k‑nÂ a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p-h-¶‑mÂ A-X‑n-s‑\ Bc‑p‑w k‑z‑mK-X‑w s‑N¿‑p‑w X‑oÀ¨. P-Ì‑n-k‑v I-S‑v-P‑p-h‑n-\‑v ]-e \Ã h-i-§-f‑p-a‑pï‑v. A-t‑±-l‑w hÀ-K‑o-b-N‑n-´-IÄ-s‑¡-X‑n-s‑c B-ª-S‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. t‑I-{‑µ-kÀ-¡‑mÀ h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k t‑b‑m-K‑y-X \‑n-Ý-b‑n-¨‑mÂ ]-{‑X-§-f‑ns‑e hÀ-K‑o-b-N‑n-´ CÃ‑m-X‑m-h‑pt‑a‑m? a‑m[‑ya A-g‑n-a-X‑n-b‑nÂ A-£-a-\‑m-W‑v A-t‑±l‑w. s‑]-b‑v-U‑v \‑y‑q-k‑v k-{‑¼-Z‑m-b‑w c‑m-P‑y-¯‑p-ï‑mb-X‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-h‑n-Z‑y‑m`‑y‑m-k-¯‑n-s‑â I‑p-d-h‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑mt‑W‑m? a-c‑n-¨‑p-t‑]‑m-b s‑]¬-I‑p-«‑n-b‑p-s‑S t‑^‑m¬ l‑m-¡‑v s‑N-b‑v-X‑v h‑mÀ-¯ N-a¨‑v {‑_‑n«-s‑\ s‑R-«‑n-¨ ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ-¡‑v h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-t‑b‑m-K‑y-X-b‑p-s‑S I‑p-d-h‑p-hÃX‑p‑w D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑pt‑¶‑m? a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑n-s‑e s‑k³-t‑k-j-\-e‑nk-s‑¯ s‑N-d‑p-¡‑p-¶ B-f‑m-W‑v I-S‑vP‑p. a‑m-[‑y-a‑w s‑hd‑p‑w I-¨h-S‑w Bb-X‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-¯‑n-s‑â I‑p-d-h‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑mt‑W‑m? R-§Ä h‑mÀ-¯‑m-h‑y-h-k‑m-b-¯‑n-eÃ‑, ]-c-k‑y-h‑y-h-k‑mb-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v a‑m[‑y-a D-S-a {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n¨-X‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-¯‑n-s‑â I‑p-d-h‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑mt‑W‑m? a‑m[‑y-a {‑]-hÀ-¯-I³ t‑b‑m-K‑y-\‑m-hs‑«‑, AÃ‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡s‑«; A-b‑mÄ F-g‑p-X‑p-¶ h‑mÀ-¯ {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n¡-Wt‑a‑m F-¶‑p-X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v F-´‑p-h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y-‑mk-t‑b‑m-K‑y-X D-Å B-f‑m-W‑v? A-£-c‑m-`‑y‑m-k-a‑nÃ‑m-¯hÀ¡‑p‑w C-h‑n-s‑S {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑m-I‑m‑w‑, c‑m-j‑v{‑S]-X‑n-b‑m-I‑m‑w‑, ]-{‑X- D-S-a-b‑m-I‑m‑w‑, N‑m-\Â \-S-¯‑m‑w‑, ]-{‑X‑m-[‑n]-c‑p-a‑m-I‑m‑w. A-X‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑p‑w H-c‑p I‑p-g-¸h‑p‑w I‑m-W‑p-¶‑nÃ. a‑n-\‑n-a‑w t‑b‑mK‑y-X a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯I-\‑v kÀ-¡‑mÀ \‑n-Ý-b‑n-¨‑n-«‑nÃ F-¶-X‑p-a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v B-I‑m-i‑w C-S‑n-¨‑ph‑o-g‑v¯‑p-¶ `‑o-a³ {‑]-i‑v-\‑w. ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯I-\‑v a‑n-\‑na‑w h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y-‑mk-t‑b‑mK‑y-X t‑hï F-¶Ã h‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. a-ä-t‑\-I‑w t‑b‑m-K‑y-XIÄ-s‑¡‑m¸‑w h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k t‑b‑mK‑y-X I‑q-S‑n D-s‑ï-¦‑nÂ k‑wK-X‑n A-Ê-e‑mh‑p‑w‑, k‑w-i-b-a‑nÃ. A-d‑n-h‑nÃ‑m-¯ ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I³ A-t‑b‑m-K‑y³ Xs‑¶. ]t‑£‑, C-s‑X‑m¶‑p‑w \‑n-b-a-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑nbÃ \‑n-Ý-b‑n-t‑¡-ï-s‑X¶‑p-a‑m-{‑X‑w. C-t‑X‑m-s‑S‑m¸‑w H‑mÀ-t‑¡-ï t‑h-s‑d‑m-c‑p I‑m-c‑y-a‑pï‑v. \‑m-s‑f {‑]-k‑v I‑u¬-k‑n-e‑n-s‑â i‑p-]‑mÀ-i t‑I-«‑v t‑I-{‑µ-kÀ-¡‑mÀ a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-\‑m-I‑m³ D-bÀ¶ t‑b‑mK‑y-X \‑n-Ý-b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑p- s‑h-¡‑p-I. (AX‑p-\-S-¸‑n-s‑Ã¶-X‑v t‑h-s‑d I‑m-c‑y‑w‑). _‑n-c‑p-Z‑m-\-´-c _‑n-c‑p-Zh‑p‑w t‑U‑m-I‑v-ä-t‑d-ä‑p-‑w a‑n-\‑n-a‑w t‑b‑m-K‑y-X-b‑m-b‑n \‑n-Ý-b‑n-¨‑p- F-¶‑pX-s‑¶ I-c‑p-X‑p-I. a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑n-s‑e C¶s‑¯ i-¼-f \‑n-e-h‑m-c‑w A-X‑n-s‑\‑m-¯-X‑m-¡‑m³ kÀ-¡‑m-d‑nt‑\‑m {‑]-k‑v I‑u¬-k‑n-e‑nt‑\‑m I-g‑n-b‑pt‑a‑m? D-bÀ-¶ h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-kh‑p‑w t‑a‑m-i‑w i-¼-f-h‑p-s‑a-¶ s‑]‑m-c‑p-¯-t‑¡S‑v ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯\-s‑¯ a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑m³ k-l‑mbIa‑mt‑W‑m? a‑p´‑n-b `‑mj‑m]{‑X-¯‑nÂ ]-¯‑p-s‑I‑mÃ‑w kÀ-h‑o-k‑p-Å-hÀ t‑]‑me‑p‑w s‑k-{‑I-t‑«-d‑n-b-ä‑nÂ A-k‑n-Ìâ‑v ]-W‑n I‑n-«‑n-b‑mÂ ]‑mª‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p‑w. a‑p³-I‑m-e-§-f‑nÂ t‑I‑m-t‑f-P‑v A-[‑y‑m-]-I t‑P‑m-e‑n-b‑m-W‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-t‑¯‑m-S‑v X‑pe‑y-X D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ s‑X‑m-g‑nÂ. C-t‑¸‑mÄ FÂ.U‑n.¢‑mÀ-¡‑v X-k‑vX‑n-I a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-t‑¯-¡‑mÄ k‑m-¼-¯‑n-Ia‑m-b‑n B-IÀ-j-I-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. kÀ-¡‑mÀ \‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨ t‑h-P‑v t‑_‑mÀ-U‑n-s‑â d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v \-S-¸‑m-¡‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å \-s‑«Ã‑nÃ‑m-¯ kÀ-¡‑m-d‑p-I-f‑mt‑W‑m \‑m-s‑f ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯I-\‑v a‑n-\‑n-a‑w h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k t‑b‑mK‑y-X \‑n-Ý-b‑n¡‑m³ t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v ? B-hÀ-¯‑n-¡s‑«‑, a‑m-[‑y-a-h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y-k‑w {‑]-[‑m-\-aÃ F-¶ h‑m-Z‑w C-t‑Ã-b‑nÃ. A-X‑v {‑]-[‑m-\-a‑mW‑v. a‑m-[‑ya-h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑mk‑w s‑a-¨-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m³ {‑]-k‑v I‑u¬-k‑nÂ {‑i-a‑n-¡-W‑w. k-a-{‑K-a‑m-b‑n t‑hW‑w C‑u {‑]-i‑v\-s‑¯ I‑m-W‑m³. a‑m-[‑y-a-h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑mk‑w‑, s‑X‑m-g‑nÂ e-`‑y-X‑, s‑X‑m-g‑nÂ k‑p-c-£‑n-X-¯‑z‑w‑, t‑h-X-\‑w X‑p-S§‑n-b H-t‑«-s‑d L-S-I-§Ä t‑NÀ-¯‑p-s‑h-¨‑p-t‑h-W‑w {‑]-i‑v\-s‑¯ k-a‑o-]‑n-¡‑m³. a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-h-À-¯-IÀ t‑hï-{‑X t‑b‑mK‑y-X D-Å-h-c-Ã F-¶-X‑n-t‑\-¡‑mÄ he‑n-b {‑]-i‑v\‑w {‑]k‑v I‑u¬-k‑nÂ s‑N-bÀ-a‑m\‑p-t‑]‑me‑p‑w t‑hï{‑X a‑m-[‑y-a-h‑nZ‑y‑m-`‑y-k‑w CÃ F-¶-X‑m-W‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a‑w F§-s‑\ {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p F-¶-d‑n-b‑m-s‑X a-s‑ä-´‑v A-d‑n-ª‑n-s‑«-´‑pI‑mc‑y‑w‑! tIcf {]kv A¡mZan `cW kanXn sNbÀam³: F³. ]n. cmtP{µ³ (sU]yq«n FUnäÀ, amXr`qan) sshkv sNbÀam³: sI. kn. cmPtKm]mð (aebmfat\mca, {]knUâv, sI.bp.U»yp.sP.) FIvknIyq«ohv t_mÀUv: Fw. Fkv. chn (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, tIcfIuapZn), F³. cmtPjv (\yqkvFUnäÀ, am[yaw, tImgnt¡mSv), F. ^ntdmkv (UbdÎÀ, ]»nIv dntej³kv), sk{I«dn (^n\m³kv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv), sk{I«dn (P\dð AUvan\nt{Ìj³) P\dð Iu¬knð: Sn. BÀ. a[pIpamÀ (kvt]mÀSvkv FUnäÀ, tZim`nam\n, sIm¨n), C. ]n. jmPp±o³ (No^v \yqkv FUnäÀ, awKfw, tImgnt¡mSv), Fw.]n. kqcyZmkv (No^v k_v FUnäÀ, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv), Fkv. _nPp (No^v tImÀUnt\än§v FUnäÀ, Gjyms\äv \yqkv, Xncph\´]pcw), kn. F³. taml\³ (amt\PÀ, tZim`nam\n, sIm¨n), _nPp hÀ¤okv (amt\Pn§v FUnäÀ, awKfw), ]n. ]n. k®n (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, Zo]nI), sI. Fw. tdmbv (ko\nbÀ tPWenÌv), It¡mS³ apl½Zv, hn. F. kenw (sdknUâv amt\PÀ, am[yaw, FdWmIpfw), sP. Fkv. CµpIpamÀ (FIvknIyq«ohv FUnäÀ, Pbvlnµv Snhn), hn. cmPtKm]mð (ap³ sU]yq«n FUnäÀ, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv), ]n. kpPmX³ (s]mfnän¡ð FUnäÀ, ho£Ww), t__n amXyp (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ & sshkv sNbÀam³, Poh³ Snhn), sNdpIc k®n eqt¡mkv (kvs]jð Idkvt]mïâv, tIcfiÐw) sk{I«dn: hn. BÀ. APnXv IpamÀ AknÌâ v sk{I«dn: F³. ]n. kt´mjv

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Dr. Shoma A. Chatterji

Print Media Coverage on Children’s Issues what was missing in newspaper coverage that should have been addressed to raise awareness about the social, medical, ethical and criminal obstructions to children

hildren’s issues appear in the print media mainly if there is an element of sensation in it. Incidents keep happening on the children’s front in India and other countries of South Asia but child rights issues come out only during important days like Children’s Day, International Human Rights Day or if there has been a serious violation of children’s rights and lifestyles. In effect, in the print media generally, children tend to be left out of reportage, human interest stories and individual stories of bravery and triumph. It is crime that mainly finds place if children are involved – as victims, as perpetrators and as witnesses. Investigative reports are generally conducted by NGOs, university departments and research institutes most of which are not published for public consumption so they remain invisible to the general public. Reporting rightly and prolifically about children – success stories, negative stories of marginalised and oppressed children, children in a globalised world and children growing up in urban metros are necessary for the information and education of the masses who might otherwise remain ignorant about what is happening to children other than their own. This is especially significant for developing nations like India, Nepal, Srilanka, Bangladesh and Pakistan. In a growingly atomized world where social networking sites play a more important role in keeping the child within his socialised universe than direct relationships with friends and peers in schools and in the neighbourhood, the print media’s responsibility has multiplied in several senses as follows:

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In this ambience, it is enlightening to discover a report entitled Print Media Coverage on Children’s Issues conducted by Hatemalo Sanchar, an active NGO in Nepal and prepared by Sourav Kiran Shreshta along with six trainees of St. Xaviers’ College, Nina Maharjan and others. Though it dates back to 2002, most of the stories investigated therein are pertinent to the Indian situation even today. The researchers who worked on the Report claim that this is probably the first comprehensive study of 8 newspapers in Nepal covering child rights issues. True to its belief, the report is still very helpful for the print media even in our country to prioritise a child-rights based approach over sensational news coverage. (a) to generate awareness among the general public; (b) to create pressure on pertinent issues for the development of the nation; (c) for the overall development of children through the advocacy for children’s rights; (d) to play a positive role to convert child rights issues into a major political and social agenda; and last, but never the least, (e) to monitor information and issues on children covered by the media. In this ambience, it is enlightening to discover a report entitled Print Media Coverage on Children’s Issues conducted by Hatemalo Sanchar, an active NGO in Nepal and prepared by Sourav Kiran Shreshta along with six trainees of St. Xaviers’ College, Nina Maharjan and others. Though it dates back to 2002, most of the stories investigated therein are pertinent to the Indian situation even today. The researchers who worked on the Report claim that this is probably the first comprehensive study of 8 newspapers in Nepal covering child rights issues. True to its belief, the report is still very helpful for the print media even in our country to prioritise a child-rights based approach over sensational news coverage. Hatemalo Sanchar is a social organization working exclusively for the promotion of child rights. It is deeply concerned about media influence on children as children have the inherent nature to seek information. Hatemalo Sanchar is also sensitive to the negative impacts of the media on child development and the news flow from the print media.

Paulo David in Children and Media Violence Yearbook 1999 writes: Children usually request access to appropriate information as a response to their queries, and are increasingly willing to participate in the production and dissemination of information. Obviously they are also a group in need of specific and tailored protection from harmful information. Parent and teachers have the responsibility to provide guidance and protection to children. Non-governmental children rights organizations are using media to promote and protect the rights of the child. Child News-Code of Conduct formulated by the Nepal Press Council, Nepal Journalist Federation, Media Line with the support of ILO in 2002 includes the following: • Media should not promote the information that hinders and make negative impact on child development. • Children should be motivated to speak truth without giving pressure and lure. • News on and about a child survivor child should be presented in a way that would not add to their agony and humiliation; • News that even appears to back exploitation of children should not be published; • No advertisements or news stories and features should be published that are in violation of the rights of the child; • National and International Laws should be observed while publishing and disseminating childrelated issues. During the three months of study, the team collected a total of 999 news/articles from the eight amÀ¨v 2013

(8) national newspapers. The highest coverage of children’s issues was done by The Himalayan Times followed by Gorkhapatra and Rajdhani Dainik respectively. The Himalayan Times had a major coverage on organizational activities and education. International news and the child rights issues were also the highlighted features of children issues. The two variables that decided on the importance of children’s subject were (a) frequency and (b) coverage. Top among the categories were organizational activities, education, child labor, effect of Maoist activities and health followed by the issues of child rights respectively. News that fell within the category of ‘others’ may not be taken as the issues covered the most because their frequency was less than the four most frequently published issues. The figures reveal that 23% of total 999 news/news/ articles were published on organizational activities for children, 21% on education, 9% on effect of Maoist activities, 9% on child labor and 7% on health. The study found that both organizational activities and education issues were covered by all newspapers. “Organizational Activities” was the first coverage on all newspapers except Space Time and Himalayan Times. The second most covered issue was education could be found in Space Time and Himalayan Times while five newspapers out of the eight in the study gave it second priority. Child Labour stood third in terms of frequency of coverage in Samacharpatra, Gorkhapatra, The Kathmandu Post and Himalaya Times. All the eight papers in the study gave third-most importance to the effect of Maoist Activities on Children in terms of frequency in coverage through news and articles. Kantipur gave it second-most priority while Samacharpatra and Rajdhani Dainik gave it third place in terms of coverage. Children’s sphere, the study revealed, is severely affected by Maoist’s activities. Most of the stories tackling this specific issue focussed on statistical figures on how many children were affected and few covered the impact of Maoist activities on children’s physical and psychological development. Very few news, articles and features addressed peace and developmentrelated issues on children. amÀ¨v 2013

The news coverage in this area focussed on deaths of children due to Maoist insurgency; from the violence and the unavailability of health services because of ‘Bandh’ organized by Maoists, attacks on the schools and children institutions. Similarly, critical news on misuse of children by Maoists in war, analysis on the changing play pattern of children after Maoist insurgency, psychological effect on children as an impact of Maoist violence, situational analysis of the misuse of children in the conflict in the global as well as national context, coverage of seminars/workshops to analyze the effect of the Maoist Insurgency on children were also published. Health issues related to children took fourth place in terms of frequency in all the eight newspapers while in terms of coverage it occupied fourth position in three out of eight papers like Rajdhani Dainik, Gorkhapatra and The Kathmandu Post. So what was missing in these newspaper coverage that should have been addressed to raise awareness about the social, medical, ethical and criminal obstructions to children in Nepal? Issues that received very little or no coverage were very significant ones such as – drug abuse, child creativity, trafficking, disability, international news on child rights and other child-related issues, disability, child abuse, violence and crime. Among the variables the researchers had set up, familyrelated issues such as child-battering, incest, corporal punishment, discipline, social networking and its impact, children of divorce, single parent children remained invisible. The writer is a freelance journalist, author and film scholar based in Kolkata. She has authored 17 books and contributed to many edited compilations on cinema, family and gender. E-Mail: shoma.chatterji@gmail.com

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P. Govinda Pillai

The Case of Mander and Media Ethics

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(10) After about 15 years as a highly successful ad-man, Jerry Mander had to flee from the field to save his soul, as if from a ferocious wild beast, of course sadder and wiser.

e often hear die twin words “media ethics” bandied about in seminars, debating societies and newspaper columns, but it is hardly practiced. Though there are arguments and counter arguments galore, I here propose to recount the experiences of an American professional who tried in vain to uphold some ethical values and ideals and came to grief. After about 15 years as a highly successful adman, he had to flee from the field to save his soul, as if from a ferocious wild beast, of course sadder and wiser.

Success and Decline

His experience and disillusionment will tell us much about the modern media environment. The gentleman is Jerry Mander, a US citizen whose Jewish forefathers migrated to the States from Eastern Europe, two or three generations ago. They were fleeing from oppressive ghetto life and terrible anti-jewish pogroms in search of freedom and security to the famed land of Washington and Lincoln. Jerry Mander who was born and brought up as a US citizen had an unusually brilliant career in the reputed Wharton School of Business and Columbia Graduate Business School before launching on the profession of advertising. His rise in the profession too was spectacular and finally he ended up founding an ad firm of his own with two other partners – FREEMAN, MANDER & GOSSAGE. Within a short span of time Mander’s ad firm was bracketed with the handful of top outfits in the field and they could count among their clientele some of the giant corporations and trans-nationals. Naturally the prosperity of the business reflected in the lifestyles of the partners and as Mander says: “Ours was the most elegant office in town. 1 was commuting coast to coast weekly, taking five- day vacations in Tahiti, eating only in French restaurants, jetting to Europe for a few days skiing”. (‘Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television’ by Jerry Mander, published by Other India Press, Mapusa, Goa, India, 1998). At the height of this dizzy success and high living, certain disturbing signs of nemesis began lto appear on the horizon - not due to any external causes like challenges from rivals or decline in business. Delving deep into the wider social consequences of his professional activities, he began lo have a prick of conscience. As he says : “At some point, not very long into this new career, I began to realise a kind of hollowness in myself”. (ibid)

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A Rising Dawn

The time was the closing years of the 60s of this century : a remarkable period in the history of the 20th century world and much more so in the life and thoughts of the so-called Atlantic community of the Western nations. America was rocked by peaceful and occasionally violent outbursts of the civil rights movements of the blacks and other marginalised sections of the society and waves of the antiVietnam war agitations, the rise of the new women’s liberation activism and environmental concerns. The 1968 students revolt which began in France quickly spread to other countries and sections of people. Signs of unrest also appeared in the closed societies of East European socialism for wider freedoms and human rights. In the rest of the world, what is described as the Third World, national liberation struggles were raging against the Western dominance, at the head of which marched the heroic war of liberation in Vietnam, destined to glorious victory in 1975. The remaining bastions of fascism in Europe like Spain and Portugal were crumbling. The rising crescendo of African liberation, closely tied to the black revolt in US under the inspiring leadership of young and fiery Martin Luther King (murdered by white racists) was redrawing the contours of the world balance of power. The peace movements for nuclear disarmament were enveloping the globe with a new spirit of humanism and culture. Though certain signs of decay were evident in the Soviet Union, it stood as a tower of strength and inspiration to the entire world in the throes of the struggles for a freer and nobler dispensation. The rise of anti-western struggles in West Asian Muslim nations, though occasionally with a sizeable complement of fundamentalists in the bandwagon, dealt severe blows to the Western overlordship, leading 10 the formation of OPEC and the oil crunch in the West, culminating in the 1973 crisis of world capitalism, the worst since 1929. It was a period of advance for humanity, with new perceptions and dimensions of progress and liberty, while dark bastions of reaction and dominance were visibly shaking at its foundations. Humanity could very well sing again the exultations of Wordsworth on the Great French Revolution of 1789 : “Bliss it was to be alive in that dawn. And to be young was very heaven”. (That the whole process faced a set-back in the ‘80s is another story, with which we are not concerned in this context).

(11) Pricks of Conscience

Jerry Mander, young and eminently successful ad executive was among the hundreds of intellectuals, professionals and academics swayed by these historic events and movements. It is worth noting that even after two decades of slowing down and some retreats those exhilarating times still provide intellectual energy to the Western radical left and Marxism, which do not show any signs of abating on the eve of the new century. Along with his duties as a top-notch ad boss, Jerry Mander began to involve himself in environmental, anti-war, black rights and other movements. When he was not physically in thee

friends like Gossage enjoyed the thrill of power and it inflated their sense of importance and selfconfidence. But all such thrills were to evaporate into thin air once the objective Mander wanted to promote was opposed to the existing power relations in society. Therefore a deflated Mander confesses: “Here was a typical problem: a group of demonstrators would occupy a hotel lobby, demanding that blacks be hired at front-desk jobs, rather than bussing dishes in the coffee shop. Newspapers and television would run enormous stories about the demonstrations while editorially denouncing the tactics as “counter-productive to what might be worthy aims.” The stories

marches, rallies and demonstrations, as was the case often due to his heavy preoccupations, he used to help the activities with resources, advice and contacts. As he says they became his “evening clients” in contrast to his regular “day-time clients” in ad business. He recounts the situation in an autobiographical prologue to a later book. “I rarely went so far as actually to demonstrate, or even to visit a demonstration. Instead I hosted evening meetings in my office to discuss what was happening. The main concern was how to influence the press to carry stories emphasising issues rather than disruptions or violence.” (ibid). Jerry Mander and his colleagues were efficient media operators capable of not only putting across straightforward ads but also planting news and features to promote commercial objectives. They could influence by such operations decisions in Senate and the Administration. It was an exercise of power of a few manipulators over millions of readers, buyers and viewers. The power exercised by the advertisers may be invisible but it is very real. Mander and his

concentrated upon sloppy-looking demonstrators, moments of violence, and lengthy statements by officials about law and order. In an entire week’s news coverage there might be one passing reference to the fact that for forty previous years the hotel hadn’t hired a black person in a visible job.” (ibid). Since Mander was neither a Socialist nor a Marxist he had to learn some of the elementary lessons through painful experience and disillusionment. These experiences did not make him either a Socialist or Marxist but his views on the freedom of media in bourgeois society reflected a traditional socialist view. He explains this disillusionment thus : “Another realisation was dawning upon me. As I commuted mentally between the interests of the demonstrators I talked to in the evenings and the interests of my commercial clients. I grew more and more impressed with the effect that the mere possession of money has upon the kind of information that is dispensed through the media.” (ibid). amÀ¨v 2013

(12) Profession vs. Ideals

Besides the built-in bottlenecks in getting idealistic messages passed through to the media columns and waves, Mander also began to feel that there were inherent contradictions between his profession and ideals he held dear. The idea of making money by the profession and saving a portion of it for socially progressive projects itself seemed unethical and even counterproductive. To design an ad page in the morning to sell a new highpower petrol automobile and write an article in the evening warning against the dangers of pollution caused by automobile smoke seemed highly hypocritical. He says: “As I wrote these ads and thought about them, it got harder and harder to separate my new perspective from an awareness that it was in conflict with our corporate work. On Tuesday, I was writing about the impact cars and other technologies had upon the environment, and on Thursday was promoting the sale of cars ” (ibid). Mander’s realisation of this searing conflict slowly began to spill out first among a close circle of friends and then overflow to the media world. The famous mouthpiece of the American monopolies and transnationals, The Wall Street Journal, one day reached the news-stands with a salacious story dealing with Mander and his conscientious contradictions and objections. What provoked the journal to probe into the problem was the parallel ad campaign run by Mander and friends diametrically opposed to the interests of his “day-time clients”. The interesting ad device invented by Mander, viz. attaching a card to the ad to be posted to the erring corporations had an unprecedented impact. Thousands of readers accepted the invitation to send their protest cards to the corporations and agencies. Mander says: “The ads had not only affected policy, they catalysed and organised the public, because they allowed a new level of involvement. By mailing them people became more committed to the issue. For once they were doing something more than feeling bad. A number of Senators and Congressmen publicly gave the ads credit for determining the outcome of several issues and in the ‘New Advertising’, Robert Gladster went so far as to credit them with “starting the whole ecology boom.” (ibid). If success was instant and spectacular, the reprisals were not far behind. The Wall Street Journal, which ostensibly was praising Mander and his team had a sinister aim behind the facade. The big motor companies including the British Leyland Motors, whose accounts constituted a large share of their business, immediately withdrew, leaving Freeman, Mander and Gossage in the lurch. The circumstances and the publicity attached to the action of Leyland was such that other accounts of the ad firm too began to fold up. So much so that

amÀ¨v 2013

The Last Straw

Jerry Mander and friends promptly dissolved the firm instead of mending the fence and compromising on principles. With all the selfconfidence gained by their experience and faith in the nobility of their ideals, they launched yet another ambitious project - a non-profit advertising and public relations body. It was to be founded entirely on philanthropic ideals. It was called Public Interest Communications. It was the first of its type in the country, if not the world. The first installment of assistance came from Stern Fund. The year was 1972. It had some initial success but was to run into rough weather soon, destined to doom in a world of profit-hunting sharks and cut-throat commercial competitions. Mander says, “Whereas I had formerly spent a major part of my day keeping the agency going by caring for the needs of corporations, at Public Interest Communications we spent a majority of our time seeking grants from the few foundations interested in media reform. “Even worse, there was a feeling that everything we were doing was ineffective. A nameless juggernaut was advancing unretarded. We felt as

(13) if we were throwing snowballs at tanks. Through enormous concentrated effort, we might stop a dam on one river; meanwhile, a dozen other dams would be built. If the production of an American SST was halted, European SSTs would land at American airports. If an energy crisis developed, rather than signaling the limits of planetary resources, or the absurdity of the way we lived, it produced new drives toward nuclear power and more strip mines. “We were not the only ones with this problem. The Vietnam War was halted, but the arms race and military aid to right-wing regimes advanced. Nixon was thrown out, but government reform came down to a lame Senate Ethics Bill. Unemployment was growing and welfare lines with it, yet in the end economic reform measures always seemed to hurt the very segments of the population they purported to help while the rich got richer.” (ibid.)

Who Calls the Tune

It is an old adage that “he who pays the piper calls the tune”. The adage is applicable to the media also. All mediated communication needs some type of equipment or technology. Even the alphabet is a technical device. Then of course parchments, palm leaves, copper plates, paper and printing equipment are all technological devices which need investment. But in modern times such technical equipment and technology have increased and the investment needed is million times more, with worldwide television network and satellite transmissions. Even governments and corporations find it beyond their means to run such gigantic establishments. Therefore all media bodies whether owned by individual corporations or governments depend heavily on advertisement revenue. Communication has become a mega-industrial concern, like any other industry, and in the present capitalist environment profit and more profit is the only ideal. Any media practitioner has to chip his feet to suit the shoes provided by the profit-hungry media sharks. Globalisation of the media and the market has made the position worse. In a very perceptive book, Edward S. Herman and Robert W. McChesney say: “The global media market is dominated by ten or so vertically integrated media conglomerates, most of which are based in the United States. Another thirty or forty significant supporting firms round out the meaningful positions in the system. These firms operate in oligopolistic markets with substantial barriers to entry. They compete vigorously on a non-price basis, but their competition is softened not only by common interests as oligopolists, but also by a vast array of joint ventures, strategic alliances, and cross-ownership among the leading firms. To no small extent, the hallmarks of the global media system are its financial underpinnings in advertising and its thoroughgoing commercialism.

The global television system emphasises a few areas of commercial promise: music videos, news, sports, children’s fare, a few genres of filmed entertainment, and shopping. There is little that distinguishes the content provided by any of these firms from that of the balance of the commercial media.” (‘The Global Media’ by Edward S. Herman & Robert W. McChesney, Madhyam Books, Delhi, 1998). What Herman and McChesney proves by meticulous logic and uncontestable evidence and what Jerry Mander learned through long and painful experience is a truth which was known as the elementary lesson to even the junior cadres in the socialist movement. Almost half a century before the rise of the powerful monopolistic press in the West and about a hundred years before the omnipotent conglomerates of global television networks were launched, Karl Marx and Frederic Engels diagnosed the role and form of production, ideas and ideology in society. In the forties of the last century they wrote in their joint work ‘The German Ideology’, “The class which has the means of material production at its disposal has control at the same time over the means of mental production. In so far as they rule as a class and determine the extent and compass of an epoch, they do this in its whole range, hence among other things (they) also regulate the production and distribution of the ideas of their age : thus their ideas are the ruling ideas of the epoch.” The well-known radical philosopher and publicist Noam Chomsky called this process “manufacturing consent” in a famous book with the same phrase as the title. So on the whole the situation seems to be gloomy with regard to media ethics and freedom of expression to those who wish to adhere to some ethical norms and social concepts in media practice. But we cannot afford to be pessimistic. Let us take some hope to resist and change the situation with the concluding sentences of Herman and McChesney and also Chomsky, who is quoted by them. “The system may be far more vulnerable and subject to change than appears to be the case at present. The global market system has not ushered in a liberal democratic utopia and history is not at an end; quite the reverse, as economic polarisation, ethnic strife, and market-based paralysis of democracy hold forth possibilities of rapid and substantial social, political and economic upheaval. If it is to change, and in a positive way, it is important that people who are dissatisfied with the status quo should not be overcome and rendered truly powerless by a sense of hopelessness and cynicism. As Noam Chomsky said “If you act like there is no possibility for change, you guarantee that there will be no change.” (Op.cit). Courtesy: Media Focus, 1999 amÀ¨v 2013

(14)

jl-\‑m-k‑v A¦ðkc‑nb A¿À

A-X‑v ]‑p-c‑pjs‑â t‑e‑m-I-a‑mW‑v

anI¨ h\nXm ]{X{]hÀ¯IÀ¡v Hmtcm hÀjhpw \ðIn hcpó tZiob AhmÀUmb Ntaen tZhn sPbv³ AhmÀUv t\SnbhÀ X§fpsS A\p`h§Ä hnhcn¡pó "sabv¡n§v \yqkv, s{_ bvIn§v \yqkv tlÀ Hm¬ th' Fó ]pkvXI¯nð \nópÅ ]cn`mj. hnhÀ¯\w: kÔy Fkv. F³

1983

e‑mW‑v‑, Z t‑Ìä‑vk‑v-a‑m-\‑pt‑hï‑n t‑P‑me‑n- s‑N-¿‑p-¶X‑n-\‑mb‑n R‑m³‑, a‑p-¼‑v A-]‑qÀ-h-a‑m-b‑n a‑m{‑X‑w k-µÀ-i‑n-¨‑n-«‑pÅ ZÂl‑n \K-c¯‑n-s‑e¯‑n-b-X‑v. F-s‑â s‑s‑I-¿‑n-e‑pï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶X‑v‑, t‑_‑m‑w-s‑_-b‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p c‑mP-t‑a‑m-l³ K‑mÔ‑n {‑]k‑n-²‑n-I-c‑n¡‑p¶ l‑n½¯‑v F¶ Hc‑p s‑Nd‑nb t‑PÀ-W-Â Hc‑p C³s‑h-Ì‑n-t‑K-ä‑oh‑v t‑PW-e‑n-k‑vä‑v F¶ \‑n-e-b‑n-s‑e-g‑pX‑nb F-s‑â I‑p-d‑n-¸‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v. t‑_‑m‑w-s‑_-b‑nÂ X‑m-a-k‑n-¨‑v s‑I‑mï‑v K‑p-P-d‑m¯‑v‑, a-l‑m-c‑m{‑ã‑, _‑nl‑mÀ X‑p-S§‑n-b k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§f‑n-e‑qs‑S b‑m-{‑X- s‑Nb‑vX‑v ‑"K‑p-P-d‑m-¯‑n-s‑e K‑m-Ô‑n-b‑p-s‑S s‑s‑]-X‑rI‑w‑'‑, ‑"[‑p-f‑n-s‑e BZ‑n-h‑m-k‑n {‑]-t‑£‑m-`‑w‑'‑, ‑"h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑mk‑w'‑, ‑"{‑K‑m-a h‑n-Ik-\‑w‑' X‑p-S-§‑n-bh-s‑b I‑p-d‑n¨‑v R‑m³ l‑n-½-¯‑nÂ F-g‑p-X‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. s‑XÃ‑v ]-c‑n-{‑`-a-t‑¯‑m-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v UÂ-l‑n-b‑nÂ F-¯‑n-bX‑v. _‑y‑p-t‑d‑m{‑I‑m-ä‑p-I-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w {‑]-a‑p-J-c‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w X-e-Ø‑m-\-a‑m-b UÂ-l‑n-b‑nÂ H‑mt‑c‑m ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-\‑p‑w P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v _-Ô‑p-_-e-¯‑ns‑â I-\¯ ]-«‑n-I-I-f‑pa‑m-b‑m-W‑v. F-\‑n-¡‑m-Is‑«‑, _-Ô‑p_-e‑w t‑]‑m-b‑n«‑v ]-c‑n-N-b-¡‑mÀ t‑]‑m-e‑p-a‑nÃ. -] s‑£ I‑pd-¨‑p a‑m-k-§Ä-s‑¡‑m-ï‑v B A-h-Ø a‑md‑n. 1980 I-f‑nÂ UÂ-l‑n hf-s‑c B-t‑h-i-a‑p-WÀ-¯‑p-¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. A-¡‑me¯‑v h‑nh‑n[ X-«‑p-I-f‑ns‑e k‑v-{‑X‑o k-a‑ql‑w \‑n-b-a- t‑`-Z-K-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S B-h-i‑ys‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑v‑, ka‑ql a-t‑\‑m-`‑m-h-¯‑n-e‑p-

amÀ¨v 2013

ï‑m-t‑I-ï a‑m-ä-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v, k‑v-{‑X‑oIÄ s‑]‑m-X‑p- C-S-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑v h-t‑c-ï-¯‑n-s‑â B-h-i‑y-IX-s‑b ]ä‑ns‑b‑ms‑¡ -A-hI‑m-i- t‑_‑m-[-t‑¯‑m-s‑S NÀ-¨ s‑N-b‑v-X‑nc‑p-¶‑p. ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n {‑]-Ø‑m-\‑w h‑y-X‑yk‑vX X‑m-e‑v-]-c‑y-¡‑ms‑c H-c‑p-a‑n-¨‑p -I‑q-«‑n ]‑n-¨-s‑hb‑v-¡‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. c‑mj‑v-{‑S‑o-b ]‑mÀ-«‑n-IÄ ]-gb t‑a‑m-t‑W‑m-e‑n-¯‑pI-s‑f X-Å‑n-a‑m-ä‑p-¶-X‑n\‑v X‑nc-¡‑p I‑q-«‑p-I-b‑mb‑n-c‑p¶‑p. C¯-c‑w t‑I‑m-e‑m-l-e-§-f‑nÂ A-¼-c-s‑¸-s‑«-¦‑ne‑p‑w R‑m³ F-\‑n-¡‑v X‑me‑v-]-c‑y-a‑p-Å c-ï‑p I‑m-c‑y-§-f‑nÂ Dd-¨‑p \‑nÂ-¡‑m³ X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n¨‑p. H-¶‑v k‑v-{‑X‑o-If‑p-s‑S A-h-I‑m-ik‑wc-£W‑w. a-s‑ä‑m-¶‑v \‑n-ba t‑_‑m[-h-X‑vI-cW‑w. A-§-s‑\b‑m-W‑v Z t‑Ì-ä-‑vk‑v-a‑m-\‑nÂ ‑"k‑v-{‑X‑o-If‑p‑w \‑n-b-a-h‑p‑w‑' F¶ t‑I‑m-f‑w F-g‑p-X‑n-¯‑p-S§‑n-b-X‑v. F-g‑p-¯‑n-s‑â h-g‑n A-h‑n-i‑z-k-\‑obh‑p‑w s‑s‑h-h‑n-[‑y]‑qÀ®-h‑pa‑m-b k‑w-k‑vI‑m-c-§-s‑fb‑p‑w Ø-e-§-s‑fb‑p‑w Fs‑¶ ]-c‑n-N-b-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑n. ]{‑X-§f‑p‑w A-hb‑p-s‑S a‑p³-t‑]-P‑p-If‑p‑w A-¡‑me-¯‑v a‑pX‑nÀ-¶ ]‑p-c‑p-j-·‑mÀ-¡‑p-Å-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. ]‑p-c‑p-j³-a‑mc‑m-b ]-{‑X D-S-a-IÄ ]‑p-c‑pj³-a‑mc‑m-b F-U‑n-äÀ-a‑m-s‑c X‑n-c-s‑ªS‑p-¯‑p. A-`‑n-a‑m-\h‑p‑w A-[‑n-I‑m-ch‑p‑w H-k‑y-¯‑m-b‑n I‑n-«‑p-¶ h‑n-jb-§f‑mb c‑m-{‑ã‑o-bh‑p‑w k‑m-¼-¯‑n-Ih‑p‑w h‑n-t‑Zi-I‑m-c‑yh‑p‑w d‑n-t‑¸‑m-À«‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v F-U‑n-äÀ-a‑mÀ ]‑p-c‑p-j-·‑m-s‑c N‑p-a-X-e-s‑¸S‑p-¯‑n. A-hÀ t‑\‑mÀ-¯‑vþk‑u-¯‑v t‑»‑m¡‑p-I-f‑ns‑e A-[‑nI‑mc t‑I-{‑µ-§-f‑ne‑p‑w

{‑]X‑n-t‑c‑m[þh‑n-t‑Z-i-I‑m-c‑y a-{‑´‑m-e-b-§f‑ne‑p‑w s‑]‑m-X‑p t‑aJ-e‑m Ø‑m-]-\-§f‑n-e‑p-s‑a‑ms‑¡ X‑n-¡‑n-¯‑nc-¡‑n \-S¶‑p. F-¶‑mÂ a-\‑p-j‑y-s‑â A-hØs‑b _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶ h‑n-i‑m-ea‑m-b h‑n-j-b-§Ä k‑v-{‑X‑o-I-Ä-¡‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑n\‑v a‑mä‑n h-¨‑p. A-¡‑me-¯‑v H-t‑c‑m Z‑n-\‑m-c‑w-`-¯‑n-e‑p‑w ]-{‑X-¯‑m-f‑p-IÄ I‑pS-ª‑p \‑n-h-À¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ B {‑]-t‑Zis‑¯ k‑v-I‑q-f‑pI-s‑f I‑p-d‑n¨‑v‑, B-i‑p-]-{‑X‑n-I-s‑f -I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v, P-b‑ne‑pI-s‑f I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v, A-\‑m-Y‑m-e-b-§-s‑f-¡‑pd‑n-¨‑v H-s‑¡- d‑n-t‑¸‑m-À-«‑v s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-c‑p¶-X‑v h-\‑n-X‑m a‑m-[‑y-a- {‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑ps‑h¶‑v I‑mW‑m‑w. el-f‑, h-cÄ-¨‑, s‑h-Å-s‑¸‑m-¡‑w F-¶‑n-h-b‑ps‑S {‑]‑mc‑w-` d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑p-IÄ X-e-s‑I-«‑p-If‑m¡‑nb-X‑n\‑p t‑i-j‑w I‑q-«-s‑I‑m-e \-S-¶ Ø-et‑¯-¡‑p‑w‑, s‑I-S‑p-X‑n \‑m-i‑w h‑n-X-¨ Ø-e-t‑¯¡‑p‑w X‑n-c‑n-¨‑p-s‑N¶‑v A-S‑n-¨aÀ-¯-s‑¸-«-h-c‑p-s‑S t‑h-Z-\-I-s‑f-I‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w D-t‑Z‑y‑m-K-Ø X‑n-c-k‑v-I-c-W-s‑¯-¡‑pd‑n¨‑p‑w A-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ A-X‑n-e‑p‑w t‑a‑m-ia‑m-b C-c-I-f‑p-s‑S A-h-Ø-s‑b- I‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑nc‑p-¶X‑v h-\‑n-X‑m a‑m[‑y-a {‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. \-h-h-[‑p-h‑n-s‑\ N‑p«‑p-s‑I‑m-¶ h‑mÀ-¯ ]-{‑X-¯‑m-f‑p-IÄ s‑s‑I-b-S-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ h-\‑n-X‑m a‑m[‑y-a {‑]-h-À-¯-IÀ ]-e-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w h‑mi‑n-t‑b‑m-s‑S A-t‑\‑z-j-W-¯‑n-s‑â N‑qS‑p \‑n-e-\‑nÀ¯‑ns‑I‑m-ï‑v Xs‑¶ t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑v k‑v-t‑ä-j-\‑pI-f‑n-e‑p‑w‑, t‑I‑m-S-X‑n-I-f‑ne‑p‑w N‑n-e-t‑¸‑mÄ a-c‑n-¨ s‑]-¬I‑p-«‑n-b‑p-s‑S h‑o-«‑ne‑p‑w Ib-d‑n Cd-§‑n h‑n-h-c-§Ä t‑i-J-c‑n-¨‑v A-t‑\‑zj-W- ]‑p-t‑c‑m-K-X‑nb‑p‑w A-t‑[‑m-K-X‑n-b‑p‑w d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. k‑w-Ø‑m\ þt‑Zi‑o-b X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑p-I-f‑nÂ k‑v-{‑X‑oIf‑p‑w t‑h‑m-«‑p-s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-c‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑v h‑mb-\-¡‑m-s‑c A-d‑n-b‑n¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w h-\‑n-X‑m

(15) a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ Xs‑¶. k‑p-{‑]‑o‑wt‑I‑mS-X‑n A-¡‑me-¯‑v s‑]‑mX‑p X‑m-e‑v]-c‑y lÀ-P‑n-I-f‑nÂ CfI‑n a-d‑n-b‑p-¶-X‑v hfs‑c ck-a‑pÅ I‑m-g‑v-Nb‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. t‑Zi‑o-b {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y-a‑p-Å h-¼³ t‑Ik‑p-IÄ ]-{‑X-X-e-s‑I-«‑p-IÄ I‑o-g-S-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ I‑p-S‑n-b‑n-d-¡-s‑¸-«-hc‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w ]‑mÀ-i‑z-hÂ-¡-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-« ]‑m-h-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w t‑I-k‑p-IÄ P‑m-{‑K-Xt‑b‑m-s‑S ]‑p-d-‑w t‑e‑mI-s‑¯ A-d‑n-b‑n¨X‑v h-\‑n-X‑m- a‑m-[‑y-a- {‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e h-t‑c-W‑y hÀ-¤‑w c‑m-P‑y¯‑n-s‑â ad‑p-]‑m-X‑n P‑o-h‑n-¨-s‑X-§-s‑\ F-¶-d‑n-ª‑p-s‑h-¦‑nÂ A-X‑n-s‑â ]‑n-¶‑ns‑e h-\‑n-X‑m a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑p-s‑S h‑n-{‑ia-a‑nÃ‑m-¯ A-t‑\‑z-j-W-§-s‑fb‑p‑w h‑n-i-I-e-\-§-s‑fb‑p‑w I‑pd-¨‑p I‑m-W‑ph‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑nÃ. A¯-c‑w {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-f‑ps‑S `‑mK-a‑m-I‑m³ I-g‑nª-X‑v F-\‑n-¡‑v e-`‑n-¨

{‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑n-¨‑v {‑]-X‑nI‑q-e k‑m-l-c‑y-§f‑n-Â P‑o-h‑n-t‑¡-ï‑n h-c‑p-¶ I‑p-«‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S I‑m-c‑y-¯‑nÂ I‑q-S‑p-XÂ {‑i-²‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-s‑¶¦‑nÂ F-¶‑p R‑m³ B-i‑n-¡‑m-d‑pï‑v. C¶‑p‑w B I‑p-ä-t‑_‑m-[‑w F-s‑¶ A-e-«‑p¶‑p-ï‑v. \-a‑p-¡‑v A-\-`‑n-a-Xc‑m-b‑, B-h-i‑y-a‑nÃ‑m-¯ "{‑I‑n-a‑n\Â' I‑p-ª‑p§-s‑f h-e‑n-s‑¨-d‑n-b‑p-¶ P-b‑n-e‑pI-s‑f-t‑¶‑m ]‑o-U-\- K‑p-l-I-s‑ft‑¶‑m h‑nt‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-h‑p¶ UÂ-l‑n-b‑n-s‑eb‑p‑w B-{‑K-b‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w t‑_‑m‑w-s‑_-b‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w _‑m-e-a-µ‑n-c-§-s‑f- I‑p-d‑n-s‑¨-g‑p-X‑m³ R‑m³ H-c‑p-]‑m-S‑v ka-b‑w N‑n-e-h-g‑n¨‑p. UÂ-l‑n t‑I‑mS-X‑n B {‑]-t‑Zis‑¯ _‑m-e-a-µ‑n-c-§-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-hÀ-¯-\§Ä \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v Hc‑p D-]-t‑Z-i-I k-a‑n-X‑n-s‑b \‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑p. A-X‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-\‑v-[s‑¸-«‑p \‑nÂ-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ F-\‑n-¡‑mh‑p-¶- ]-c-a‑mh-[‑n I‑mc‑y-§Ä R‑m³ s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. F-¶‑mÂ I‑pd-¨‑p hÀ-j-§Ä-‑p

D-X‑v-I-W‑vTI-s‑f Z‑q-c‑n-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p‑w R-§Ä D-bÀ¯‑n- s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-¶ h‑n-jb-§Ä-¡‑v t‑Zi‑o-b X-e-¯‑nÂ A‑w-K‑oI‑m-c‑w t‑\S‑p-¶X‑n\‑p‑w N-t‑a-e‑n t‑Z-h‑n A-h‑mÀ-U‑v k-l‑m-b‑n-¨‑p. ]‑n-¶‑m-s‑e \‑n-ch[‑n A‑w-K‑o-I‑m-c§Ä e-`‑n¨‑p . 1984 Â C-³U‑y‑m S‑p-t‑Ub‑p-s‑S a-\‑p-j‑y‑m-h-I‑m-i-¯‑n-\‑p-Å a‑m[‑ya A-h‑mÀ-U‑mb "]‑o-¸‑nÄ-k‑v b‑q-W‑n-b³ t‑^‑mÀ k‑n-h‑n³ s‑s‑d-ä‑v-k‑v' e-`‑n¨‑p. k-½‑m-\-¸{‑X-¯‑nÂ "k‑z-X-{‑´h‑p‑w k‑pX‑m-c‑y-h‑pa‑m-b k-a‑q-l¯‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑p-Å I‑qd‑n-\‑p‑w t‑P‑m-e‑n-b‑ne‑pÅ Ø‑n-t‑c‑m-Õ‑ml-¯‑n\‑p‑w k¼‑qÀ-®-X-b‑v¡‑p‑w k-aÀ-¸W-¯‑n-\‑pa‑p-Å‑' _-l‑p-a-X‑n-b‑m-s‑W-¶‑v BZ-c-t‑h‑m-s‑S F-g‑p-X‑n-b‑nc‑p¶‑p. F-\‑n¡‑v I‑q-S‑p-XÂ s‑N-¿‑m³ I-g‑n-s‑ª-¦‑nÂ F-¶‑p R‑m³ B-{‑K-l‑n-¨‑p t‑]‑mb‑n. ]-s‑£ 1985Â h-g‑n ]-S‑n-ª‑m-t‑d‑m«‑v X‑n-c‑nª‑p. R‑m³ a‑q¶‑p s‑I‑mÃ-t‑¯-

{‑]-t‑X‑y-I `‑mK‑y-§f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑mW‑v. A-X‑v s‑hd‑p‑w ]-{‑X-¯‑m-f‑p-If‑n-s‑e‑m-S‑p-§‑n-b‑nÃ. ]-e-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w _-\‑v-[-s‑¸-«hÀ H-äb‑vt‑¡‑m a-t‑ä-s‑X-¦‑ne‑p‑w k‑w-L-S-\-I-f‑p-s‑S ]‑n³_-e-t‑¯‑ms‑St‑b‑m R-§-f‑p-s‑S h‑n-i-Za‑mb A-t‑\‑z-j-W d‑n-t‑¸‑m-À-«‑p-IÄ k‑p{‑]‑o‑w t‑I‑m-S-X‑n-b‑nÂ s‑]‑m-X‑p X‑m-e‑v]-c‑y lÀ-P‑nIÄ k-a-À¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n\‑p‑w ]‑n-g-h‑p-IÄ k‑w-`-h‑n¨ ]-²-X‑n-IÄ ]-c‑n-l-c‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑n-\‑p I-½-ä‑n-IÄ c‑q-]‑o-I-c‑n-¡-W-s‑a¶‑v B-h-i‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑n\‑p‑w Hs‑¡ D-]-t‑b‑mK‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. A-X‑v H-c‑p A-h‑n-i‑z-k-\‑o-b b‑m-{‑Xb‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. a-\‑p-j‑y-s‑â A-N-©-ea‑m-b \‑n-Ý-b-Z‑mÀ-V‑y-¯‑ns‑â‑, £-a-b‑ps‑S‑, s‑s‑Ø-c‑y-¯‑n-s‑â‑, A-]-c‑n-j‑v-I‑r-Xa‑m-b a‑r-K‑o-b-X-b‑ps‑S-s‑b‑m-s‑¡ I‑m-g‑v-N-I-f‑m-W‑v B b‑m-{‑X-IÄ F-s‑â a‑p-¶‑nÂ X‑pd-¶‑p h-¨-X‑v. C¶‑p‑w F-s‑¶ ]‑n³-X‑p-S-c‑p-¶ H-c‑p I‑p-ä-t‑_‑m-[-a‑p-ï‑v. I‑p-«‑n-I-f‑ps‑S A-h-I‑m-i-§-f‑p-s‑S I‑m-c‑y-¯‑nÂ þ

t‑ij‑w UÂ-l‑n-b‑nÂ X‑n-c‑n-s‑¨-¯‑n- B {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¡‑m³ a-‑n\-s‑¡-S‑m-¯-X‑nÂ R‑m³ C-¶‑v ]-Ý‑m-¯-]‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. c‑m--{‑ã‑o-b ]‑mÀ-«‑nIf‑p‑w kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-X-c k‑w-L-S-\-I-f‑p‑w h‑y-h-Ø-I-f‑p-s‑S `‑m-K-a‑m-I‑p-¶-t‑X‑ms‑S C¯c‑w I‑p-«‑n-I-Ä-¡‑v t‑h-ï‑n _‑p-²‑n-a‑p«‑m³ a-d¶‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶‑p. 1983 N-t‑a-e‑n t‑Z-h‑n A-h‑mÀ-U‑v h-¶‑p. F-s‑â k-l-{‑]-hÀ-¯-Ib‑p‑w F-g‑p-¯‑pI‑m-c‑n-b‑p-a‑m-b i-I‑p-´-f \-c-k‑n‑w-l\‑p-a‑m-b‑n hf-s‑c k-t‑´‑m-j-t‑¯‑m-s‑S R‑m³ B A-h‑mÀ-U‑v ]-¦‑n«‑p. h-\‑n-X‑m a‑m[‑y-a {‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ-¡‑v a‑m-{‑X-a‑pÅ B A-h‑mÀ-U‑v R-§-f‑p-s‑S k-aÀ-¸W-s‑¯ A‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p. R-§-f‑p-s‑S I-g‑nh‑p‑w D‑uÀ-Ph‑p‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m³ R-§Ä X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¯ h‑n-j-b-§-f‑p-s‑S H‑u-¶X‑y-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v \‑n-Ê‑m-c-a‑m-s‑b-¦‑ne‑p‑w B-i-¦-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑p¶ I‑m-e-¯‑m-W‑v N-t‑a-e‑n t‑Z-h‑n A-h‑mÀ-U‑v e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. A¯-c‑w

b‑v¡‑v B-t‑a-c‑n-¡b‑n-t‑e¡‑v t‑]‑mb‑n. AX‑n-\‑p- a‑p¼‑v H-c‑p C-´‑y³ ]-{‑X-¯‑n\‑p‑w h‑nt‑Zi ]-{‑X-t‑eJ‑n-I D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ. h‑m-j‑n‑w-K‑v-S-W‑nÂ t‑Ì-ä‑v-k-‑va‑m\‑v A-\‑p-`-hk-¼-¯‑pÅ H-c‑p A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ ]-{‑X-{‑]hÀ-¯-I-\‑pï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. s‑s‑S‑w-k‑v H‑m-^‑v C-´‑y-b‑v-¡‑v H-c‑p Z-i‑m-Ð-¯‑n-t‑e-s‑d I‑me-a‑m-b‑n h‑m-j‑n‑w-K‑v-S-W‑nÂ X‑m-a-k-a‑m¡‑nb H-c‑p ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p- t‑eJI³. s‑s‑S‑w-k‑v H‑m-^‑v C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S a‑p³ _‑y‑qt‑d‑m N‑o-^‑v B-b‑n-c‑p-¶ hf-s‑c {‑]-ik‑v-X\‑m-b h‑y-à‑n-b‑mW‑v Z s‑U-¡‑m³ s‑l-d‑mÄ-U‑n-\‑p- t‑h-ï‑n F-g‑p-X‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶X‑v. C-´‑y³ F-I‑v-k‑v-{‑]-k‑n-s‑â F-U‑n-äÀ F-t‑¶‑m-S‑v C-S-b‑v-¡‑v H-c‑p k‑v-t‑ä‑m-d‑n s‑N-¿W-s‑a-¶‑v \‑nÀ-t‑Z-i‑n¨‑p. R‑m³ A-X‑n-\‑v a‑p-¼‑v h‑n-t‑Z-i‑y I‑m-c‑y-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑nt‑¨‑m {‑] X‑n-t‑c‑m-[-s‑¯- I‑p-d‑nt‑¨‑m A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã k‑m-¼¯‑n-I h‑n-jb-§§s‑f¡‑pd‑nt‑¨‑m F-g‑p-X‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ. H-c‑p Ah-[‑n Z‑nh-k‑w R‑m³ h‑m-j‑n‑w-K‑v-S¬ U‑n.k‑n-b‑nÂ Hc‑p amÀ¨v 2013

(16) e-L‑p- k-µÀi-\‑w \-S-¯‑n. \-K-c-¯‑ns‑e C-´‑y‑m-¡‑mc‑ps‑S- H-c‑p ]‑n-S‑n h‑n-h-c§-Ä¡¸‑pd‑w A-¡‑m-c‑y-¯‑nÂ I‑q-S‑p-XÂ Z‑qc‑w a‑p-t‑¶‑m«‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑m³ I-g‑n-ª‑nÃ. ]-s‑£ t‑e‑m-I‑w a‑m-d‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A-X‑v \‑n-c‑n-£‑n-¡‑p-h‑m-\‑p‑w d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑ps‑N-¿‑m\‑p‑w A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑p-s‑S X-e-Ø‑m-\aÃ‑m-s‑X D-N‑n-Xa‑m-b Ø-e‑w at‑ä-X‑mW‑v? {‑]-k‑nUâ‑v t‑d‑m-W‑mÄ-U‑v d‑oK-s‑â B-{‑I-aW-§-t‑f‑m-s‑S H-c‑p ]‑p-X‑n-b {‑]X‑nt‑c‑m-[ I-h-N-a‑m-b ‑"k‑v-ä‑mÀ h‑mÀ' F-¶‑p h‑n-f‑n-¨‑n-c‑p¶ i‑o-X ka-c-¯‑n\‑v ]‑p-X‑nb -a‑m-\‑w s‑s‑I-h-c‑n-¨ k-a-b-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p AX‑v. A-^‑v-K‑m-\‑n-Ø‑m-\‑nÂ {‑_-j‑v-t‑\h‑n-s‑â A-\‑p-i‑m-k-\-¯‑n-s‑â I‑p-S‑p-¡g‑n-ª‑p X‑p-S-§‑n-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. t‑k‑m-h‑nb-ä‑v k‑m-¼¯‑n-I c‑w-K‑w X‑m-s‑gb‑v-¡‑p X‑n-c‑nb‑m³ X‑p-S§‑n. {‑]-k‑nUâ‑v t‑K‑mÀ-_-t‑¨h‑v t‑k‑m-h‑nb-ä‑v b‑q-W‑n-bs‑\ ]‑p-\À-\‑nÀh-N‑n-¡‑p-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑nÂ {‑]-k‑nUâ‑v d‑o-K³ ]-e h‑n-j-b-§-f‑ne‑p‑w X-s‑â X-s‑¶ t‑I‑m¬-{‑K-Ê‑p-a‑m-b‑n A`‑n-{‑]‑m-b h‑y-X‑y‑m-k-¯‑n-e-‑mh‑p-I-b‑p‑w "d‑o-K-W‑nk‑w' F-¶ h‑m-¡‑v A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã \‑n-L-ï‑p-h‑nÂ Ø‑m-\‑w ]‑n-S‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑vX-X‑v A-¡‑m-e-¯‑mW‑v. c‑m-P‑o-h‑v K‑m-Ô‑n {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑m-b-X‑n-\‑p t‑i-j‑w C-´‑yb‑p‑w A-t‑a-c‑n-¡b‑p‑w ]‑pX‑n-b {‑] X‑n-t‑c‑m-[ _-Ô-¯‑n-t‑e-b‑v¡‑v I-S-¶X‑p‑w At‑¸‑m-g‑m-W‑v. C‑u k-ab-¯‑v H-¸‑w \‑n-¶‑v {‑]-hÀ¯-\-§-f‑p-s‑S N‑p-c‑p-f-g‑n-b‑p¶-X‑v \‑n-c‑o£‑n-¡‑p-I-bÃ‑m-s‑X H-c‑p a‑m[‑y-a {‑]-hÀ¯-I-b‑v-s‑¡-´‑p s‑N-¿‑m³ I-g‑nb‑p‑w? ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v h‑m-j‑n‑w-K‑v-S-W‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p-Å h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ ]{‑X-¯‑n-s‑â a‑p³-t‑]-P‑v s‑s‑I-¿-S-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ F-t‑¶‑m-S‑v F-g‑pXW‑w F-¶‑v B-h-i‑y-s‑¸-« "k‑v-a‑mÀ-«‑v s‑FU‑nb¡' X\‑n¡‑v Xs‑¶ k‑z-b‑w A-`‑n-\µ‑n-¡‑m-s‑X h-¿ F-¶‑v F-s‑â F-U‑n-äÀ F-t‑¶‑m-S‑p ]-d-b‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑mb‑n. A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p-Å d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ«‑n‑w-K‑v A-{‑X F-f‑p-¸-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ. \-½-f‑m-W‑v t‑I-{‑µ _‑n-µ‑p F-¶‑v h‑n-i‑zk‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-W‑v C-´‑y-b‑nÂ \a‑p-¡‑nã‑w. \‑nÀ-`‑m-K‑y-h-i‑m³ A-X‑p k-X‑y-a-Ã. Z C-³U‑y³ F-I‑v-k‑v-{‑]-k‑v F-¶‑v t‑I-«‑n«‑nÃ‑m-¯ A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ D-t‑Z‑y‑m-K-ØÀ-¡‑v A-X‑n-s‑â d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«À-¡‑v H-c-e‑v-]‑w kab‑w a‑m-ä‑n-s‑h-b‑v-¡‑m-\‑nÃ‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. F-s‑â \‑n-c-´-ca‑mb t‑^‑m¬ t‑I‑m-f‑p-IÄ \‑nk‑wK-X-t‑b‑m-s‑S A-h-K-W‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-t‑¼‑mg‑p-ï‑m-I‑p-¶ \‑n-c‑m-ib‑p‑w t‑h-Z-\-b‑p‑w C-t‑¸‑m-g‑p-‑w R‑m³ H‑mÀ½‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. F-s‑â h‑o-«‑n-s‑e h‑m-S-Ib‑v-s‑¡-S‑p-¯ ^‑m-I‑v-k‑v s‑a-j‑o³ ]-e-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w UÂ-l‑n-b‑n-s‑e C-³U‑y³ F-I‑v-k‑v-{‑]-k‑n-s‑e ^‑m-I‑v-k‑v s‑a-j‑o-\‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-[-s‑¸-S‑m³ I-g‑n-ª‑nÃ. I‑mc-W‑w s‑s‑h-I‑p-t‑¶-c-§-f‑nÂ ^‑m-I‑v-k‑v H‑m-¸-t‑d-äÀ ^‑m-I‑v-k‑v s‑a-j‑o³ {‑]-hÀ-¯‑namÀ¨v 2013

¸‑n-¡‑m-d‑nÃ. F-¶‑mÂ R‑m³ B ka-b‑w h‑mÀ-¯ A-bb‑v-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v X-¿‑m-s‑d-S‑p¡‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. ]‑n-s‑¶ i¼-f-¯‑ns‑â I‑mc‑y‑w þ \-a‑p-¡-t‑§‑m-«‑v I-S-¡‑m-X‑nc‑n-¡‑m‑w‑! h‑m-j‑n‑w-K‑v-S¬ h‑mÀ-¯-I-f‑p-s‑S t‑I{‑µ-_‑n-µ‑p I‑q-S‑n-b‑mW‑v. \-K-c-s‑¯-c‑p-h‑pI-f‑nÂ h‑n-h‑n-[ X-c‑w ‑"X‑n-¦‑v S‑m-¦‑p‑'I-f‑ps‑S AY-h‑m h‑n-Z-K‑v-Z-c‑ps‑S \‑n-c X-s‑¶ I‑m-W‑m‑w. AhÀ k‑m-[‑ya‑m-b FÃ‑m h‑n-j-b-§-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑p ]-T‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w ]T-\-§Ä {‑]-k‑n-²-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-b‑vX‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã h‑n-h-c-§f‑p-s‑S `-Þ‑m-c-i‑m-e-b‑m-W‑v s‑s‑e-{‑_-d‑n t‑I‑m¬-{‑K-Ê‑v F-¶ A-¼c¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ kX‑y‑w a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑nb-X‑v A-h‑ns‑S {‑]-t‑hi-\‑w e-`‑n-¨-X‑n-\‑p t‑i-j-a‑mW‑v. s‑a-s‑Ã A-[‑n-I‑m-c -I-h‑m-S-§Ä X‑p-d-¡s‑¸-«‑p. H-c‑p a‑m[‑y-a {‑]-hÀ-¯-I-b‑v-¡‑v s‑h-f‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯-s‑¸-S‑p¶ Ht‑c‑m k‑v-I‑q¸‑p‑w h‑n-e-s‑¸-«-X‑mW‑v. F-¶‑mÂ F-\‑n-¡‑v h‑m-

¡‑p-h‑m-\‑p-a‑p-Å A-t‑\-I‑w \‑n-a‑n-j-§Ä A-¡‑me-s‑¯ a‑m[‑y-a P‑o-h‑n-X‑w F-\‑n-¡‑v \-e‑vI‑n. I‑pd-¨‑p hÀ-j-§Ä-¡‑p t‑i-j‑w R‑m³ UÂ-l‑n-b‑nÂ X‑n-c‑n-s‑¨-¯‑n. A¡‑me-s‑¯ {‑]-a‑p-J h‑mÀ-¯‑m a‑m-k‑nIb‑m-b C-³U‑y‑m S‑p-t‑U-b‑nÂ t‑P‑m-e‑n B-c‑w-`‑n-¨‑p. H-c‑p a‑m-k‑n-I-b‑v-¡‑p- t‑h-ï‑n F-g‑p-X‑p-¶ A-\‑p`-h‑w ]-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑e t‑P‑m-e‑n-b‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑v h‑n-`‑n-¶-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. A-¡‑mes‑¯ a-s‑ä‑mc‑p k‑z-I‑m-c‑y k‑w-KX‑n- s‑X‑m-g‑nÂ a‑m-ä-¯‑n-\‑p t‑h-ï‑n-b‑pÅ {‑]-hÀ-¯-\§f‑mb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. 1990 I-f‑p-s‑S a-²‑y¯‑nÂ R‑m³ C-³-U‑y‑m S‑p-t‑U h‑n-«‑p. H-¸‑w a‑m-[‑ya {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-h‑p‑w. ]‑n-¶‑oS‑v ]T\ s‑s‑h-I-e‑y-a‑p-Å I‑p«‑nI-s‑f ]-T‑n-¸‑n¡‑p-I F¶ X‑oÀ¯‑p‑w ]‑pX‑n-b H-c‑p t‑a-J-e-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v s‑N-t‑¡-d‑n. A-k‑m-[‑m-c-Wa‑m-b C‑u b‑m-{‑X-b‑n-s‑e ]‑mT-§Ä I‑p-d‑n-¨‑p s‑h-b‑v¡‑p-I Ak‑m[‑y-a‑mW‑v. ]-t‑£ H-¶‑p-d-¸‑mW‑v. P‑o-h‑n-X‑w

t‑Zi‑o-b {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y-a‑p-Å h-¼³ t‑Ik‑p-IÄ ]-{‑X-X-e-s‑I-«‑p-IÄ I‑og-S-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ I‑p-S‑n-b‑n-d-¡-s‑¸-«-h-c‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w ]‑mÀ-i‑z-hÂ-¡-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-« ]‑m-h-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w t‑I-k‑p-IÄ P‑m-{‑K-X-t‑b‑m-s‑S ]‑p-d-‑w t‑e‑mI-s‑¯ A-d‑n-b‑n¨X‑v h-\‑n-X‑m- a‑m-[‑y-a- {‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e h-t‑c-W‑y hÀ-¤‑w c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-s‑â ad‑p-]‑m-X‑n P‑o-h‑n-¨-s‑X-§-s‑\ F-¶-d‑nª‑p-s‑h-¦‑nÂ A-X‑n-s‑â ]‑n-¶‑n-s‑e h-\‑n-X‑m a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑p-s‑S h‑n-{‑ia-a‑nÃ‑m-¯ A-t‑\‑z-j-W-§-s‑fb‑p‑w h‑n-i-I-e-\-§-s‑fb‑p‑w I‑pd-¨‑p I‑m-W‑p-h‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑nÃ. j‑n‑w-K‑v-S-W‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶ H‑mt‑c‑m h‑n-h-ch‑p‑w ]-{‑X-§Ä-s‑¡-¶-t‑¸‑m-s‑e hf-s‑c A-À°-h-¯‑m-b-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. I‑mc-W‑w A-h e-`‑n-¡‑p-I A-{‑X F-f‑p¸-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ. {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑n-¨‑v K‑m-Ô‑n K-h¬-s‑aâ‑n-s‑\ ]‑n-S‑n-¨‑p-e-b‑v-¡‑p-¶-h. C-h-s‑b‑m¶‑p‑w X-s‑¶ a‑q-¶‑p- hÀ-j-§Ä¡‑p- t‑i-j-h‑p‑w Fs‑â t‑h-X-\ h‑y-h-Øb‑nÂ a‑m-ä‑w h-c‑p¯‑p-¶-X‑n\‑v k-l‑mb‑n-¨‑nÃ. A-t‑X I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b‑w ]-d-b‑p-¶‑nÃ‑!. 1989 Â R‑m³ t‑_‑m‑w-s‑_-b‑nÂ X‑n-c‑ns‑¨-¯‑n C-³U‑y³ F-I‑v-k‑v-{‑]-k‑nÂ X‑pSÀ-¶‑p. "k‑v-{‑X‑o-If‑p‑w \‑n-b-a-h‑p‑w' F¶ F-s‑â t‑I‑m-f‑w X‑p-S-c‑p-¶-t‑X‑m-s‑S‑m-¸‑w F-\‑n¡‑v a-l‑m-c‑m-{‑ãb‑p‑w K‑p-P-d‑m-¯‑p‑w DÄ-s‑¸-« Hc‑p c-k-I-ca‑m-b N‑p-a-X-e- I‑qS‑n e`‑n¡‑pIb‑p-ï‑mb‑n. A-¡‑me¯‑v c‑m-a-P-·-`‑q-a‑n {‑]-Ø‑m-\‑w h-f-c‑p-I-b‑mb‑n-c‑p¶‑p. K‑p-P-d‑m-¯‑v A-k‑z-Ø-a‑m-b‑ns‑¡‑mï‑nc‑p¶‑p. a-l‑m-c‑m-{‑ã-b‑n-e‑mI-s‑«‑, k‑m-a‑p-Z‑mb‑n-I s‑FI‑y‑w X-IÀ-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v i‑n-h-t‑k-\ X-§Ä-¡‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑v s‑N-¿‑p¶‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]‑mÀ-i‑z h‑o-£-W¯‑nÂ t‑]‑me‑p‑w A-X‑v k‑z-´‑w hÀ-¤t‑¯‑m-S‑v- Xs‑¶ a-\‑p-j‑y³ s‑N-¿‑p-¶ \‑nÀ-±-ba‑m-b {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S I‑m-g‑vN-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. ]T‑n-¡‑p-h‑m\‑p‑w ]-T‑n-¸‑n-

\‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S s‑s‑I-I-f‑nÂ \‑m-c-§ \-e‑v-I‑pt‑¼‑mÄ‑, F-s‑¶ h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑q... A-hb‑p-s‑S hc-h‑v H-c‑n-¡e‑p‑w \‑n-e-b‑v¡‑nÃ. \‑n-§Ä-¡‑v \‑m-c-§‑m-\‑o-c‑v D-ï‑m-¡‑m‑w‑!. k-aÀ-¸‑n-¡‑p-h‑m-\‑m-b‑n \‑n§-s‑f G-äh‑p‑w \-¶‑mb‑n H-c‑p-¡‑n-h-b‑v-¡‑p-I‑! jl-\‑m-k‑v A¦ðkc‑nb A¿À t‑_‑m‑ws‑_ kÀ-Æ-I-e‑m-i‑m-e-b‑nð \‑nó‑v s‑]‑mf‑n-ä‑n-¡ð k-b³-k‑ne‑p‑w A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ kÀ-Æ-I-e‑m-i‑m-eb‑nð \‑nó‑v k‑v-s‑]-j‑yð F-U‑y‑p-t‑¡-j-\‑ne‑p‑w _‑n-c‑p-Z‑m-´-c _‑n-c‑p-Z‑w t‑\-S‑n. l‑n-½¯‑v‑, C³-U‑y³ F-I‑v-k‑v-{‑]-k‑v , C³-U‑y‑m S‑pt‑U‑, Z t‑Ìä‑v-k‑v-a‑m³ F-ó‑o ]-{‑X-§-f‑nð t‑P‑m-e‑n t‑\‑m¡‑n. Z t‑Ì-ä-‑vk‑v-a‑m-\‑nð ‑"k‑v-{‑X‑oIf‑p‑w \‑n-b-a-h‑p‑w' F-ó s‑s‑Z‑zh‑mc t‑I‑m-f‑w F-g‑p-X‑n-b‑n-c‑p-ó‑p. 1980I-f‑n-s‑e B-Z‑y -A-t‑a-c‑n¡³ h-\‑n-X‑m I-dk‑vt‑]‑mïâ‑v B-b‑n-c‑p-óp {‑i‑oaX‑n A-¿À. h‑m-j‑n‑w-K‑v-S-W‑n-s‑e e‑m-_‑v k‑v-I‑qÄ H‑m-^‑v h‑m-j‑n‑w-K‑v-S-W‑nð ]T\ s‑s‑h-Ie‑y‑w _‑m-[‑n-¨ a‑n-S‑p-¡c‑mb I‑p-«‑n-I-f‑ps‑S A-²‑y‑m-]‑n-I-b‑m-b‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. 1983ð N-t‑a-e‑n t‑Zh‑n P-b‑n³ A-h‑mÀ-U‑v i-I‑p-´-f \-c-k‑n‑w-l-\‑p-a‑m-b‑n ]-¦‑n«‑p.

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NÀ¨

h‑n.s‑I. BZÀi‑v

t‑k‑mj‑yð s‑\ä‑v-hÀ¡‑ns‑\ I®‑paS¨‑v s‑s‑e¡‑v s‑N¿‑mt‑a‑m?

]c¼cmKXam[ya§Ä¡v _Zð Fó hntijWhpambn AhXcn¨ncn¡pó tkmjyð aoUnb s\ävhÀ¡pIÄ F{Xt¯mfw am[ya[À½w ]peÀ¯pópïv? t^mÀ¯v FtÌäv Fó Ccn¸nS¯n\v tkmjyð aoUobbpw AÀlcmtWm? am[ya{]hÀ¯\¯nsâ kzmX{´yhpw AhImi§fpw D¯chmZnXz§fpw tkmjyð aoUnb¡v F{Xt¯mfw AhImis¸Sm³ Ignbpw? NÀ¨ Bcw`n¡póp

amÀ¨v 2013

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j‑yÂ s‑\ä‑vhÀ¡‑n‑wK‑v CS§f‑nÂ s‑jbÀ s‑N¿‑p¶ h‑mÀ¯IÄ¡‑p‑w N‑n{‑X§Ä¡‑p‑w Hs‑¡ B[‑nI‑mc‑nIX I‑qS‑n Dd¸‑mt‑¡ïX‑nt‑Ã? GX‑m\‑p‑w Z‑nhk§f‑nÂ Dï‑mb N‑ne I‑mc‑y§Ä 1‑) K‑mb‑nI s‑I.Fk‑v N‑n{‑Xb‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸« h‑mÀ¯ AX‑ns‑â Ddh‑nS‑w F´‑mWt‑¶‑m As‑Ã¦‑nÂ h‑mk‑vXh‑w Dt‑ï‑m Fs‑¶‑m¶‑p‑w t‑\‑m¡‑ms‑X s‑s‑k_À s‑]‑uc·‑mc‑nÂ \s‑Ã‑mc‑p `‑mK‑w s‑jbÀ s‑Nb‑vX‑p‑w Iaâ‑v ] dª‑p‑w Bt‑L‑mj‑n¨‑p 2‑) UÂl‑nb‑nÂ A{‑Ia‑nIf‑ps‑S t‑X‑m¶‑nbh‑mk¯‑n\‑v Cc‑mb‑mb‑n ac‑n¨ s‑]¬I‑p«‑nb‑pt‑SX‑v F¶‑v ] dª‑v {‑]Nc‑n¨ N‑n{‑X‑w as‑ä‑mc‑p s‑]¬-I‑p«‑nb‑pt‑SX‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. UÂ-l‑n s‑]¬I‑p«‑nb‑ps‑S acW‑w t‑k‑mj‑yÂ s‑s‑\ä‑v-hÀ¡‑pIf‑ne‑p‑w c‑mP‑ys‑¯ ] e \Kc NX‑zc§f‑ne‑p‑w I‑mc‑ya‑mb s‑]‑mX‑pP\ {‑]t‑£‑m`¯‑n\‑v CSb‑m¡‑nbX‑mW‑v. Hc‑p ]s‑£ t‑^k‑v_‑p¡‑p‑w S‑z‑näd‑p‑w Hs‑¡ s‑Xc‑ph‑oY‑nIf‑nt‑e¡‑v Bf‑ns‑\ s‑I‑mï‑v hc‑m\‑p‑w kac {‑]t‑£‑m`§Ä¡‑v ]eXc¯‑ne‑pÅ ]‑n´‑pW s‑I‑mS‑p¡‑m\‑p‑w klbIca‑mb‑n F¶X‑v h‑nk‑vac‑n¡‑p¶‑nÃ. F¶‑mÂ Ct‑X t‑k‑mj‑yÂ s‑\ä‑zÀ¡‑n‑wK‑v s‑s‑kä‑pIÄ Xs‑¶ B s‑]¬I‑p«‑nb‑pt‑SX‑v F¶‑v ]dª‑v h¶ N‑n{‑X‑w Hc‑p Xc¯‑ne‑pÅ ]c‑nt‑i‑m[\ b‑p‑w I‑qS‑ms‑X ]¦‑n«‑v ]SÀ¯‑n he‑nb k‑w`ha‑m¡‑n‑, Ht‑¶‑mÀ¡W‑w h‑y‑mPh‑mÀ¯ Bf‑n¡¯‑nbX‑v BZ‑y k‑w`h¯‑ns‑\¡‑mÄ t‑hK¯‑ne‑p‑w‑! 3‑) ]‑n.s‑P I‑pc‑y³ h‑oï‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯If‑nÂ \‑ndª t‑hfb‑nÂ‑, k‑z´‑w ]‑mÀ«‑nb‑ps‑S A`‑n{‑]‑mb‑w N‑m\Â NÀ¨If‑nÂ ]dª al‑nf‑m t‑I‑m¬-{‑Kk‑v t‑\{‑X‑n AU‑z._‑nµ‑p I‑rj‑vWb‑v-s‑¡X‑ns‑c t‑^k‑v_‑p¡‑nÂ N‑n{‑Xkt‑aX‑w Xc‑w X‑mW A`‑n{‑]‑mb‑w Fg‑pX‑n {‑]ZÀi‑n¸‑n¨ at‑\‑m\‑ne Hc‑p Xc¯‑ne‑p‑w A`‑n{‑]‑mb{‑]IS\ k‑z‑mX{‑´‑ys‑a¶‑v ]db‑m\‑mh‑nÃ. B t‑]‑mÌ‑v I‑mW‑p¶ Bc‑p‑w {‑]X‑nIc‑n¨‑v t‑]‑mI‑p‑w. A{‑Xb‑v¡‑p‑w at‑\‑mh‑nja‑w Dï‑m¡‑p¶ As‑Ã¦‑nÂ A{‑Xt‑aÂ A]I‑oÀ¯‑n ]SÀ¯‑p¶ t‑]‑mÌ‑v. AX‑ns‑\ CâÀs‑\ä‑v A`‑n{‑]‑mb k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w F¶‑v h‑nf‑n¡‑p¶X‑v DÅ k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y¯‑ns‑â ISb‑v-¡Â I¯‑n hb‑v¡-e‑mW‑v. _‑nµ‑p I‑rj‑v-W Ct‑¸‑mgs‑¯ I‑pc‑y³ h‑njb¯‑nÂ FS‑p¯ \‑ne]‑mS‑ns‑\ ià‑nb‑pI‑vX‑w FX‑nÀ¡‑m³ FÃ‑mÀ¡‑p‑w Afhä k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w Dï‑v‑, AX‑v A\‑nh‑mc‑yh‑pa‑mW‑v. F¶‑mÂ AX‑v

amÀ¨v 2013

h‑yà‑n]ca‑mb C½‑mX‑nc‑n Xc‑w X‑mW Aht‑lf\ `‑mjb‑nÂ BIc‑pX‑v. 4‑) GX‑m\‑p‑w a‑mk§Ä¡‑v a‑ps‑¶ Bk‑m‑w Ie‑m] kab¯‑v t‑k‑mj‑yÂ s‑\ä‑v-hÀ¡‑v s‑s‑kä‑pIÄ hg‑n {‑] Nc‑n¨ t‑a‑mÀ^‑v s‑Nb‑vX N‑n{‑X§Ä {‑]i‑v-\‑w K‑pc‑pXca‑m¡‑p¶‑p F¶‑v `b¶‑v t‑I{‑µ kÀ¡‑mÀ s‑a‑ms‑s‑_Â t‑^‑m¬ kt‑µi§Ä hs‑c \‑nÝ‑nX Z‑nhkt‑¯¡‑v ach‑n¸‑n¨‑v \‑nÀ¯‑n hb‑v¡‑m³ s‑Set‑I‑m‑w t‑kh\ Z‑mX‑m¡t‑f‑mS‑v Bhi‑ys‑¸t‑Sï‑n h¶‑p. Ch‑ns‑S t‑k‑mj‑yÂ s‑\ä‑vhÀ¡‑ns‑\¡‑mf‑p‑w A]ISa‑mbX‑v s‑a‑ms‑s‑_Â t‑^‑m¬ hg‑nb‑pÅ N‑n{‑Xkt‑µi§Ä/F‑w F‑w Fk‑v Bs‑W¶ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIs‑f X‑pSÀ¶‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p \‑nt‑c‑m[\h‑mÄ h‑oi‑nbX‑v. Ie‑m]‑w Dï‑m¡‑m\‑mb‑n N‑n{‑X§Ä t‑a‑mÀ^‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑v a\]‑qÀh‑w ]S¨‑v h‑n«X‑mW¶ h‑mZ§Ä \‑nc¯‑n kÀ¡‑mÀ X§f‑ps‑S \S]S‑ns‑b \‑y‑mb‑nIc‑n¨‑p. t‑k‑mj‑yÂ s‑\ä‑v-hÀ¡‑n‑wK‑v s‑s‑kä‑pIÄ Hc‑p hi¯‑v P\§f‑ps‑S c‑m{‑ã‑ob Aht‑_‑m[‑w I‑mc‑ya‑mb‑n Xs‑¶ hÀ[‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶‑p‑, Ahs‑c a‑p³s‑]§‑pa‑nÃ‑m¯ h‑n[‑w NÀ¨If‑nÂ CSs‑]S‑m\‑p‑w A`‑n{‑]‑mb c‑q]‑oIcW‑w \S¯‑ph‑m\‑p‑w ] ä‑nb s‑]‑mX‑p CS‑w Dï‑m¡‑p¶‑p. F¶‑mÂ Ct‑X k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w Z‑pc‑p] t‑b‑mK‑w s‑N¿‑p¶X‑v Hc‑p Xc¯‑nÂ ] dª‑mÂ Cc‑n¡‑p¶ s‑I‑m¼‑n\‑v I¯‑n hb‑v¡‑p¶X‑n\‑v X‑pe‑ya‑mW‑v. a‑pIf‑nÂ k‑qN‑n¸‑n¨ k‑w`h§Ä I‑mc‑y§f‑ps‑S Hc‑p GIt‑Zi N‑n{‑X‑w a‑m{‑X‑w. k‑zI‑mc‑yXs‑b l\‑n¡‑p¶ Xc¯‑nÂ t‑^‑mt‑«‑mb‑p‑w aä‑p‑w t‑^k‑v_‑p¡‑ne‑qs‑S A]ISIca‑mb Xc¯‑nÂ ]¦‑n«‑v h©‑n¡s‑¸«Xd‑nª‑v t‑ija‑pÅ BßlX‑yb‑ps‑S IYIf‑p‑w \½Ä t‑I«‑p. h‑nIea\k‑pIÄ t‑_‑m[]‑qÀht‑a‑m As‑Ã¦‑nÂ At‑_‑m[]‑qÀht‑a‑m k‑rã‑n¡s‑¸S‑p¶ h‑y‑mPh‑mÀ¯IÄ Fs‑´Ã‑m‑w XIc‑md‑mW‑v B k‑w`h¯‑nÂ ]c‑mt‑ai‑n¡s‑¸S‑p¶ h‑yà‑nIÄt‑¡‑m Ø‑m]\§Ät‑¡‑m Dï‑m¡‑pI. c‑m{‑ã‑ob‑w‑, _‑nk‑n\k‑v‑, \ bX{‑´‑w‑, t‑Zik‑pc£‑, h‑yà‑nIÄ F¶‑nhb‑v¡‑v h‑y‑mP\‑nÀ½‑nX‑n h‑mÀ¯IÄ Dï‑m¡‑p¶ ]c‑n¡‑v s‑]s‑«¶‑v ]c‑nlc‑n¨‑nÃ‑mX‑m¡‑m³ BI‑nÃ‑, X‑nc‑ns‑I F{‑X kaÀ°a‑mb‑n hk‑vX‑pXIÄ h¨‑v F§s‑\s‑b‑ms‑¡ JÞ‑n¨‑me‑p‑w At‑Xkab‑w Xs‑¶ ka‑m´ca‑mb‑n aä‑mb‑nc‑w U‑nP‑näÂ l‑m³U‑ne‑pIÄ hg‑n‑, h‑y‑mP\‑nÀ½‑nX‑n s‑s‑hdÂ Bb‑n

]Sc‑p¶‑pï‑mI‑p‑w‑, As‑Ã¦‑ne‑p‑w C§s‑\b‑pÅ h‑mÀ¯IÄ h‑mb‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w {‑]Nc‑n¸‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w BWt‑Ã‑m \s‑Ã‑mc‑p ]¦‑v Bf‑pIÄ¡‑v DÕ‑ml‑w. Ad‑nh‑ns‑â I‑me¯‑v h‑nhc§s‑f a‑p³-\‑nÝb {‑]I‑mc‑w ¢‑n]‑v-Xs‑¸S‑p¯‑m³ BI‑nÃ‑, AX‑v ]‑qÀWa‑mb‑p‑w ic‑nb‑ps‑St‑b‑m AYh‑m hk‑vX‑pXIf‑pa‑mb‑n I‑pe¦ja‑mt‑b‑m s‑]‑mc‑p¯s‑¸S‑p¯‑n t‑\‑m¡‑nb t‑ij‑w a‑m{‑X‑w t‑^k‑v_‑ps‑¡¶ t‑a¨‑nÂ ]‑pd¯‑v t‑ab‑m³ h‑nS‑m\‑p‑w ]ä‑nÃ. Ch‑ns‑S k‑zb‑w BW‑v X‑oc‑pa‑m\‑w FS‑pt‑¡ïX‑v s‑jbÀ s‑N¿‑p¶X‑n\‑v a‑ps‑¶ As‑Ã¦‑nÂ A`‑n{‑]‑mb‑w ] db‑p¶X‑n\‑v a‑ps‑¶ AX‑v F{‑Xa‑m{‑X‑w ic‑nb‑mW‑v. h‑y‑mPa‑mb As‑Ã¦‑nÂ hk‑vX‑pX h‑nc‑p²a‑mW¦‑nÂ AX‑pï‑m¡‑p¶ BL‑mX‑w F´‑mI‑p‑w Fs‑¶‑ms‑¡ K‑pWt‑Z‑mj h‑nN‑n´\‑w A\‑nh‑mc‑ya‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. CâÀs‑\ä‑v BW‑v. t‑]‑mc‑m¯X‑n\‑v R‑m³ Cc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v s‑s‑ae‑pIÄ¡Is‑e‑, a‑m{‑Xt‑a‑m X‑nc‑n¨d‑nb‑m\‑mI‑p¶ Hc‑p h‑ne‑mk¯‑ne‑p‑w AÃ Fs‑â s‑s‑k_À t‑Xt‑c‑m«‑w‑, C‑u h‑nN‑mct‑¯‑ms‑S I‑ot‑_‑mU‑nÂ s‑I‑m«‑pt‑¼‑mÄ Fs‑´¦‑ne‑p‑w c£ I‑n«‑p‑w F¶‑v Ic‑pX‑pI k‑z‑m`‑mh‑nI‑w. B Ic‑pXÂ X‑nI¨‑p‑w s‑Xä‑mW¶‑v Hc‑p ]s‑£ It‑¿‑ms‑S ]‑nS‑nI‑qS‑pt‑¼‑mÄ a‑m{‑Xa‑mI‑p‑w X‑nc‑n¨d‑nb‑pI. C¯c‑w Akl‑nj‑v-

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W‑pXb‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v ]‑ndh‑n s‑I‑mÅ‑p¶ h‑y‑mP{‑]NcW‑w Gä‑pa‑p«‑p¶X‑v A`‑n{‑]‑mb k‑z‑mX{‑´‑yh‑pa‑mb‑mW‑v. F´‑ns‑âs‑b¦‑ne‑p‑w t‑]c‑v ]dª‑v CâÀs‑\ä‑n\‑v a‑q¡‑pIbd‑nS‑m³ \S¡‑p¶ A[‑nI‑mc‑nIÄ¡‑v Cs‑X‑ms‑¡ Bt‑hi‑w ]Ic‑pa‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w‑, AhÀ¡‑v t‑hïX‑v h‑y‑mPs‑\ AÃ H¶‑m‑wXc‑w c‑m{‑ã‑ob h‑naÀis‑¯/k‑ma‑ql‑nIa‑mb‑n Dc‑ph‑w s‑I‑mt‑Åï‑p¶ FX‑nÀ¸‑ns‑\ a‑pfb‑ns‑e \‑pÅ‑pI BWt‑Ã‑m. k‑m[‑mcW a‑m[‑ya§Ä¡‑v _ ZÂ a‑m[‑yaa‑mW‑v C‑u t‑k‑mj‑yÂ s‑\-ä‑vhÀ¡‑n‑wK‑v s‑s‑kä‑pIÄ F¶‑v ]db‑p¶X‑v b‑mY‑mÀ°‑ys‑a¶‑v t‑X‑m¶Ws‑a¦‑nÂ I‑pd¨‑v I‑qS‑n D¯ch‑mZ‑nX‑zt‑_‑m[‑w I‑mt‑«ïX‑pï‑v. F´‑p‑w s‑jbÀ s‑N¿‑m‑w t‑X‑m¶‑nbs‑X‑ms‑¡ s‑s‑S¸‑m‑w F¶‑v ] db‑p¶X‑v h‑nhct‑¡S‑v a‑m{‑XaÃ‑, Hc‑p k‑m[‑yXb‑ps‑S Nca¡‑pd‑ns‑¸g‑pXÂ I‑qS‑nb‑mW‑v .s‑I Fk‑v N‑n{‑X k‑zP‑oh‑nX¯‑ns‑e he‑nb Hc‑p BL‑mX¯‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v ]X‑ns‑b h‑nS‑pXÂ t‑\S‑n hc‑p¶t‑Xb‑pÅ‑q F¶‑v CÃ‑mh‑mÀ¯ s‑jbÀ s‑N¿‑p¶hÀ¡‑p‑w Ad‑nb‑m‑w‑, \½‑ps‑S {‑]‑ob K‑mb‑nIb‑ps‑S a\k‑zØX Ifb‑m\Ã‑ms‑X F´‑p] I‑mc‑w BW‑v C‑u s‑jbÀ h‑oc·‑mc‑p‑w h‑ocIf‑p‑w s‑N¿‑p¶X‑v. UÂl‑n s‑]¬-I‑p«‑nb‑pt‑SX‑v F¶‑v ]dª‑v {‑]Nc‑n¡‑p¶ N‑n{‑X‑w Ahc‑pt‑SX‑v Bs‑W¦‑nÂ Xs‑¶ AX‑v s‑jbÀ

s‑Nb‑vX‑v Bt‑L‑mj‑n¡‑m³ F´‑v AhI‑mia‑mW‑v \a‑p¡‑pÅX‑v. Cc AX‑v Bc‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑me‑p‑w AhÀ¡‑v k‑zI‑mc‑yX Dï‑v. Ahc‑pt‑SX‑v F¶‑v ]dª‑v {‑] Nc‑n¡‑p¶ N‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑e h‑yà‑nb‑p‑w C‑u ka‑ql¯‑ns‑â `‑mKa‑mW‑v‑, \‑ms‑f AX‑v \½f‑mI‑m‑w As‑Ã¦‑nÂ {‑]‑ob _Ô‑pa‑n{‑X‑mZ‑nIf‑mI‑m‑w. h‑y‑mP h‑mÀ¯IÄ Nab‑v¡e‑p‑w \‑nc‑p¯ch‑mZ]ca‑mb s‑jbÀ s‑N¿e‑p‑w s‑]c‑pI‑pIb‑mW‑v. I¼‑y‑q«À I‑me¯‑v t‑^‑mt‑«‑mt‑j‑m¸‑v/P‑n¼‑v t‑]‑ms‑eb‑pÅ N‑n{‑X¸W‑n k‑q{‑X§Ä Ds‑ï¦‑nÂ Hd‑nP‑n\e‑ns‑\ s‑hÃ‑p¶ h‑y‑mPs‑\ \‑na‑nj‑mÀ[‑w s‑I‑mï‑v k‑rã‑ns‑¨S‑p¯‑v‑, GX‑m\‑p‑w aW‑n¡‑qd‑pIÄ¡‑pÅ‑nÂ ISt‑eg‑p‑w IS¯‑n P\e£§Ä¡‑nSb‑nt‑e¡‑v ]SÀ¯‑m‑w. s‑jbÀ s‑N¿‑p¶ I‑mc‑y¯‑nÂ I‑qS‑pXÂ P‑m{‑KXb‑p‑w k‑zb‑w \‑nb{‑´Wh‑p‑w hc‑pt‑¯ï‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. \‑m‑w P‑oh‑nb‑v¡‑p¶ ka‑ql¯‑ns‑â Hc‑p H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ {‑]X‑nc‑q]at‑Ã t‑k‑mj‑yÂ s‑\ä‑v-hÀ¡‑pIÄ. CX‑n\‑v Hc‑p _ZÂ a‑m[‑yaa‑mb‑n h‑nIk‑nb‑v¡‑m³ LS\‑m] ca‑m‑!b ]c‑na‑nX‑nIf‑pï‑v. \‑mÄ¡‑p\‑mÄ‑, s‑]‑mX‑p / k‑ma‑ql‑y {‑]i‑v\§f‑nÂ iàa‑mb k‑m¶‑n[‑yad‑nb‑n¨‑ps‑I‑m ï‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ \ha‑m²‑ya‑w Cc‑p Xe a‑qÀ¨b‑pÅ h‑mÄ Xs‑¶b‑mW‑v F¶‑mW‑v C‑u k‑w`h§s‑fÃ‑m‑w k‑qN‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. Hc‑p hi¯‑v Aä‑w I‑qÀ¸‑n¨ h‑m¡‑pIf‑pa‑mb‑n hfs‑c I‑rX‑ya‑mb CSs‑]Se‑n\‑mb‑n Hc‑p I‑q«À {‑it‑²ba‑mb‑n k‑wt‑hZ\‑w \S¯‑pIb‑p‑w‑, k‑wh‑mZ¯‑nt‑eÀs‑¸S‑pIb‑p‑w s‑N¿‑pt‑¼‑mÄ as‑ä‑mc‑p I‑q«À h‑nje‑n]‑v-Xa‑mb Bibh‑pa‑mb‑n h‑nI‑rXa\t‑k‑ms‑St‑b‑m As‑Ã¦‑nÂ Xa‑mib‑mt‑b‑m t‑k‑mj‑yÂ s‑\ ä‑zÀ¡‑n‑wK‑v F¶ k‑m[‑yXs‑b I‑mW‑pIb‑p‑w Fg‑pX‑pIb‑p‑w s‑N¿‑p¶‑p‑, aä‑v N‑nec‑mIs‑« a‑p³-]‑n³ t‑\‑m¡‑ms‑X s‑s‑S‑w s‑s‑e\‑nÂ s‑Xf‑nb‑p¶s‑X´‑p‑w s‑s‑e¡‑p¶‑p‑, s‑jbÀ s‑N¿‑p¶‑p. CX‑nÂ cï‑mas‑¯ h‑n`‑mKa‑mW‑vs‑Xä‑p²‑mcW ]SÀ¯‑p¶X‑p‑w‑, h‑yà‑nlX‑yb‑ne[‑nj‑vT‑nXh‑pa‑mb B[‑nI‑mc‑nIaÃ‑m¯ {‑] N‑mct‑heIf‑ps‑S Dk‑vX‑mZ‑pa‑mÀ ‑!‑! Ahs‑c \‑ms‑a´‑p s‑N¿‑p‑w? F¶X‑v {‑]kàa‑mb t‑N‑mZ‑ya‑mb‑n Aht‑ij‑n¡‑p¶‑p. X‑nI¨‑p‑w \‑nÀt‑±‑mjs‑a¶‑v Ic‑pX‑mh‑p¶ I‑mW‑mX‑mb I‑p«‑nb‑pS‑w ]S‑w s‑jbÀ s‑N¿‑m\‑pÅ A`‑yÀ°\IÄ‑, t‑c‑mK _‑m[‑nXb‑mbhÀ¡‑v t‑hï‑nb‑pÅ

kl‑mb‑m`‑yÀ°\IÄ ‑, càZ‑m\‑w ‑, Bi‑z‑mk[\‑w k‑zc‑q]‑n¡Â F¶‑nhb‑ps‑S I‑mc‑y¯‑ne‑p‑w C‑u P‑m{‑KX A\‑nh‑m-c‑y‑w. s‑FS‑n \‑nba¯‑nÂ X‑nI¨‑p‑w DZ‑mk‑o\a‑mb‑n Fg‑pX‑n‑, I¿S‑n¨‑v ]‑mk‑m¡‑nb 66(F‑) t‑]‑ms‑eb‑pÅ hI‑p¸‑pIÄ AÃ CX‑ns‑\ Hs‑¡ {‑]X‑nt‑c‑m[‑n¡‑m³ Ic‑pt‑XïX‑v. \‑mf‑nX‑phs‑c C‑u h‑nh‑mZ hI‑p¸‑v D] t‑b‑mK‑n¡s‑¸«X‑v kÀ¡‑mÀ/t‑I‑mÀ¸t‑dä‑v X¶‑nã§Ä¡‑v ]¡t‑afa‑mb‑mW‑v. Ac‑nµ‑w s‑N‑u[c‑nb‑ps‑S h‑nh‑mZ Ø‑m]\a‑mb s‑F s‑F ]‑n F‑w s‑\X‑ns‑c h¶ hk‑vX‑pX‑m]ca‑mb h‑mÀ¯s‑b {‑]X‑nt‑c‑m[‑n¡‑m\‑mW‑v Gäh‑p‑w AS‑p¯ I‑me¯‑v s‑FS‑n \‑nba‑w D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡s‑¸«X‑v. c‑mP‑ys‑¯ ]‑pIÄs‑]ä kÀ¡‑mÀ Ø‑m]\a‑mb b‑pP‑nk‑n b‑ps‑S a‑pXÂ {‑]_ea‑mb a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S s‑h_‑vt‑]P‑pIÄ hs‑c \‑nÀh‑oc‑ya‑m¡‑m³ s‑FS‑n \‑nba‑w Z‑pc‑p] t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑p¶X‑n\‑v \‑m‑w k‑m£‑nb‑mb‑n. h‑y‑mPh‑mÀ¯IÄ Fg‑pX‑p¶X‑n\‑p‑w s‑jbÀ s‑N¿‑p¶X‑n\‑p‑w XSb‑nS‑m³ s‑I‑mï‑v hc‑p¶ IÀ¡ia‑mb \‑nba§Ä t‑a‑mia‑mW‑v‑, t‑Z‑mjh‑p‑w. \‑nÀ½‑nXh‑mÀ¯IÄ¡‑v {‑]X‑nt‑c‑m[‑w X‑oÀt‑¡ïX‑v k‑ma‑ql‑nIa‑mb Hc‑p heb‑w X‑oÀ¯‑ps‑I‑mï‑mIW‑w. \Kc¯‑ns‑e s‑]‑mX‑phg‑n h‑r¯‑nt‑IS‑m¡‑ms‑X k‑q£‑n¡‑p¶X‑v \‑nbas‑¯ t‑]S‑n¨Ã ad‑n¨‑v \½‑ps‑S s‑]‑mX‑p CSa‑mW‑v‑, AX‑v s‑hS‑n¸‑mb‑n k‑q£‑n¡W‑w F¶ k‑ma‑ql‑nI t‑_‑m[‑w X\‑ns‑b Dc‑p¯‑nc‑nª‑v h¶X‑v s‑I‑mï‑mW‑v. C§s‑\ Hc‑p s‑]‑mX‑p k‑z‑oI‑mc‑ya‑mb AhØ c‑q]s‑¸S‑p¯‑ns‑bS‑pt‑¡ï D¯ch‑mZ‑nX‑zh‑p‑w H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ ka‑ql¯‑n\‑pï‑v. s‑s‑k_À k‑vs‑] b‑vk‑v P\‑m[‑n]X‑y¯‑nÂ C¶‑v \‑nÀW‑mbIa‑mb k‑z‑m[‑o\‑w s‑Ne‑p¯‑ns‑¡‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ Xs‑¶ Hf‑nª‑p‑w s‑Xf‑nª‑p‑w CX‑ns‑\ s‑ac‑p¡‑m\‑p‑w h‑oc‑y‑w s‑IS‑p¯‑m\‑p‑w \‑n£‑n]‑v-X X‑mX‑v] c‑y¡‑mÀ kÀhk¶‑ml§f‑pa‑mb‑n \‑neb‑pd¸‑n¨‑n«‑pÅX‑p‑w ad¡‑mX‑nc‑n¡‑pI. AhÀ¡‑pÅ ]‑nS‑nhÅ‑nb‑mIc‑pX‑v h‑y‑mPh‑mÀ¯b‑p‑w ^‑m{‑_‑nt‑¡äU‑v N‑n{‑X§f‑p‑w‑, H¸‑w Ahs‑b s‑jbÀ s‑N¿‑p¶hc‑p‑w. t‑eJI³ b‑qW‑nb³ _‑m¦‑v H‑m^‑v C´‑y FdW‑mI‑pf‑w d‑oP‑nbWð H‑m^‑ok‑nð s‑SI‑v\‑n¡ð a‑mt‑\Pc‑mW‑v‑. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: vkadarsh@gmail.com

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S. Ganesh

Indian Media Environment A closer look Media institution need to play a role in todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s government of a country as this one. Media need to be taken into confidents before making a crucial decision of a choice of a leader of our nation as President. Since media reflect society media voices paramount, media would no social changes taking place in the society and rulers or democracy need to consult media institutions before making a choice.

ndian media environment is characterized by number of factors. These include observing the changes taking place in world media scene with the introduction of new media and others. Indian media are private by large and entertainment oriented. These depend on advertising for supporting it to survival in the market place along with circulation. Indian media are also regulated to some extend with government making frequent rules and regulation affecting it. Let us take a look at the characteristics of Indian Media Environment. 1. Indian Media are large and numerous. The Indian Media on the whole are large and developed to include various sectors in it. The media in India are governed by a market forces largely and media environment observes, these forces to operate effectively, the large companies own media business substantially and these make it difficult for some people and companies to enter into the media business easily.(Vanita Kohli-khandekar 2010) 2. Indian media are private by and large. The Indian media are not mostly in government hands and government forces regulate these rather than expressing ownership on it. The private ownership is in operating distribution and controlling these media companies essentially. These purvey information essentially and lot of entertainment oriented programs are there in it. All these make Indian media environment effective for a reader or viewer to look at it and feel it. 3. Indian Media contain more entertainment than Indian Government Media. There are lot of entertainment in Indian Media and many of

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supported as such by these entertainment programs. Government media are not advertisement supported mainly and subsidized on funds provided by government where as private entertainment media survive on getting advertising and commercials in large numbers. To attract the public in these, there is a lot of entertainment lies in this media and these make these media more entertainment oriented in large numbers. 4. Indian Media are advertisement supported by large. Indian Media although have private and government owned ownership are supported by advertisements. There are advertisement are commercial that are found in Indian Media and entertainment media. Advertising is 22,000 Crores industry in India and there are publication number exceed 17,000 with 17 million copies circulated. This number has been increasing and the television channels in the country exceed 150 to 200 as well. Private FM stations have been booming quietly, greatly. Thus Indian Media are large advertisement supported. (Singal and Rogers 2001) 5. Indian advertisement are in English and vernacular languages. The media in India are in languages and in English. The English speaking population in our country has been increasing as there is a growth in literacy. Vernacular media are well organized in India in recent languages take for example in the case Tamil languages and there are leading publications like Dinathanthi and Dinakaran with 10 or more editions within a circular with circulation exceeding million or more copies. These media used to be published using modern production techniques.(Ganesh S 2007)

(21) 6. Business Interest Govern Indian Media: These are obvious from current media developments. The NDTV, HINDU operated a TV channel in Chennai and this was sold to a Dinathanthi, a leading Tamil dairy. Such kind of businessre takeovers are taking place frequently in Indian. The Market forces govern Indian Media and profit motive makes Indian Media to become competitive to offer variety of shows and programs. The Print media are dynamic and this is seen from the New Indian Express and the kind of publication of Indian Express used to be dull and stale as it used to offer all advertisement to the Hindu. The situations were changed dramatically and Indian Express in Chennai has become dynamic paper with lot of color supplements and improved looks. The Hindu as a result finds the difficult go as easily as it used to be before during 80s and 90s of the last century. The media environment has changed as a result. India generally Indian Media are more dynamic now and have intervehicle and intermedia competition among themselves are there. 7. Government regulations do exists but little to functioning of Indian Media. Frequent fight with governments at centre and states to take place in India. Some parties ruled states are more consultation with media whereas some other parties are more liberal, media friendly. This situation is common in India and media continue to thrive in a situation as these one. Media are more liberal and flourished in a liberal atmosphere. Electronic media have both controls and restrictions. Government has been restricting FTV and other channels. Still certain foams of commercial entertainment do exist. Media are glamorous and Indian advertising is more glamorous when compared to media. (Ganesh S 2005) These considerably affect Indian Media and government media have better place structure when compared to private media as a whole. Media attracts moderate talent. Although, people with degrees and multiple qualification flourished well today than they used to be before. Several collages offer more qualifications and degrees in Media and journalism now. 8. Indian Media contain some form of new media. With the world switching to new media when 40% of workers in developed countries are involved in new media related occupations. Social media emerged today. Social media are not social media in the old sense but include media for rich and education and upper class and these include face book, orkut, twitter and these. One could say that some of these are contain voice picture and date can be stored and send. Also new media include audio demand or AOD, video demand or VOD and direct broadcast satellite or DBS and these are emerged. The convergence are taken place and it can be explained dramatically as follows. Mass communication generally has one way including the center or an organization reading a

large diversified audience getting the message. The concept of feedback is limited in the sense there is not interactive. A Newspaper such as Hindu having a circulation of 5 to 6 lakhs will have only 20 or 30 letters to editor to everyday. Whereas New Media can communicate to lakhs and can receive feedback from lakhs of readers or viewers.(Keval J Kumar 2009) This is not a mass communications a characteristics unique to New media. Mass communication along with computers and the communication, telecommunication create converge new media. Jeffrey S Wilkinson in his converge media discusses various aspects of journalism for new media in an age of advancement, Stanford University has created institute for quantitative

Indian Media contain some form of new media. With the world switching to new media when 40% of workers in developed countries are involved in new media related occupations. Social media emerged today. Social media are not social media in the old sense but include media for rich and education and upper class and these include face book, orkut, twitter and these. study as it is a very important form of knowledge diffusion. New media moguls including Bill Gates become super rich and India’s Narayanmoorthy, Infosys has comparable with alongside Tata’s and Birla’s today. 9. Population increased as 1040_ millionomplexities in communication. Population in country including India and America have gone up considerably. When India’s population touching 1.2 billion has more or more and America’s population rising to 305 or more million. 25 Years ago, America’s population used to be only 230 million and Indian’s used to be 800 million or so much. Rapid growth in population has put civic amenities under test in India and government was not able to response fully to that situation. In America, the crime rate has increase and also gap between rich amÀ¨v 2013

(22) and poor. Although, the government in India and the USA are able to solve some problems many do remain in still. The media environment has become complex, social and political entertainment in our country. New media and old media communications are become more open and more sophisticated and more educated and more well-informed command voices in any of these countries. Fall of communism in Soviet block and democratization of these states opened market for all but taking care of poor and needy in ease to be addressed to be properly. As many distant learning and adult education institutions have blossomed in India. Many go to these institutes to qualify further and dramatic fall in illiteracy as occur. Many in India think the literacy rate have gone up. Today, in a city like in Chennai has more beautiful buildings compared to building in a city as Muscut or Salalah in Omen. These discrepancies exist in today present India. USA has advanced even further along with automation and computerization in many ways. Its universities has become knowledge sharing centers for various second and third world scholars in many ways and many international symposia and conferences are held in developed countries to provide better access to second and third world delicates. Advancement in technology used tremendous in the US and other first world countries although some problems still remain to be solved. Material progress and scientific acumen of these developed countries helped to address several world issues jointly. Media entertainment has grown in this context and Indian media entertainment is no exception. Multinational satellite TV have embarked in new media entertainment today. 10. Multinational have arrived and India Star TV has comes since long age. Recently, government of Manmohan Singh has decided to allow FDI and retail sector although it has evoked strong protest. Star TV has many channels and these are Star TV, star vijay, star plus, star gold, star movies and many more. Many TV channels in India have multinational connections and many use local languages to communicate to masses in a better way. Sony TV in India in Hindi note out must be from a distant country and similar channels are found in India. Today, multinational TVs are brought in a alien culture to some extend but all these are helped modernization of industrializion better. Still there is some cultural impact of the TV channels and broadcast technology could be formed in India. Multinational TVs have better production facilities when compared to local private channels and have better clarity in modulation and in picture distribution. These contain better entertainment and well managed and also as a result negative culture of television has died. One can think of employing local in a global context of today’s media environment. Today’s media environment is competitive, colorful including villain and heroes amÀ¨v 2013

finding for financial success.

Media Institution and Media Power

In India media institutions have grown quietly over the year. Today we have large newspapers in all metropolitan cities including Chennai and Calcutta. Chennai has four English dailies, Hindu, Times of India, Indian Express and Deccan Chronicle. Media institution including press council and press organizations as INS,have grown

Media institution have a ruled play in democracy since voicing opinions against government. When it errs and when freedom of presses threatened. Media institution also need to uphold journalist integrity and relevant journalist procedures without other financial benefits before publishing it, favorable use item. Media institution in the US support press freedom in formally. Similar efforts are needed here to so that press is becoming vibrant and dynamic in fighting of social injustices and crimes in our society. in strength over many years. Press association has press institute of India and RIND research institute for newspaper development are located in Chennai and carried out watched all functions of press. Advertising is an essential part of news media and this is facilitated by INS which used to be called IENS before. One who is member of INS, get 15% commission from news media for an advertisement and one who is not a member would get 10%. There is credit time for agencies to settle bills to media organization. INS has both small and large newspapers as a members and INS consist of publishers. Similarly, ANEC or All India Newspaper Editors Conference consists of newspaper editors and crucial aspect of news freedom is discussed

(23) among themselves by members of this forum. Similarly, broadcasters should form an association on the lines of US NAB or National Association Broadcasters. Besides contract of advertsing issue of deleting objectionable content and such debatablee issues could be discussed among themselves. Advertising organization like advertising standard council of India regulate objectionable advertisement and issues between public and media and advertising agents are regulated using this organization. Once the national egg co-ordination council issued an advertisement using Lord Rama’s name and this advertisement had to be stopped. Similarly, comparative advertising criticizing competitors brand or product are similar issues could be brought to this organization for attention. Media institution have a ruled play in democracy since voicing opinions against government. When it errs and when freedom of presses threatened. Media institution also need to uphold journalist integrity and relevant journalist procedures without other financial benefits before publishing it, favorable use item. Media institution in the US support press freedom in formally. Similar efforts are needed here to so that press is becoming vibrant and dynamic in fighting of social injustices and crimes in our society. The issue of pornography and obscene photography in media have to be brought before law in full force and many publications involve in picturizing women badly need o be punished.such portrayal need to be stopped and descent portrayal of women and minorities need to be resorted to media have to makeup take a woman causes seriously. In the US in the name of freedom, photography and sexually expressive materials are allowed. The Meese commission on photography constitute by Regaln administration concluded that there is no objection is found photography and impinging on freedom of Press to be taken up so that no would violate press freedom. This situation would have gone still was in an age of following same sex marriages and same sex couples. The question now is whether cyber photography would be tolerated as there is a lot of photographic material found in it and whether children would be suffer when getting exposed to these media institution. Media institution need to take up these are in more serious issues affecting societies. When comes to economic issues media need to solve problems of urban, poor, and help poor and needy in all possible ways and giving themselves better work and getting better jobs and so that they can lead a better life in society. The policy of divide and rule is strong in democracy as an India and this issue should become an agenda in people’s court and in media. we should well on this to solve and help poor, minorities and backward as well as others in, finding solution to _ India’s problem and development and media need to spend a great deal of time on this issue. The contributions of media and role to in democratic societies need to

be stressed..

Media institution need to play a role in today’s governs

Media institution need to play a role in today’s government of a country as this one. Media need to be taken into confidents before making a crucial decision of a choice of a leader of our nation as President. Since media reflect society media voices paramount, media would no social changes taking place in the society and rulers or democracy need to consult media institutions before making a choice. We would have to give proper role for media in our country.

Media Institution in Society

The society consists of various parts and partners and media are some of them. Media institution would have to guide society properly has some communication theories are said that media affect society and society affect media. The question of deciding what are important and what are not for society is also decided by media after these are discussed and debatd.

Media Socialization

Media socialized new members and children on societies norms and values. New members learn societal norms and values effectively by observing in a media content. Media revealed this and media would help people acquire newer values and newer norms over a period of time, a child learns language by observing his father or mother. No one teaches a child to learn a language here she learns it by himself or herself. Similarly, we learn how others behave in society using social learning and Albert Bandura is a theorist famous for this.

Conclusion

Indian media have grown leaps and bounds over the years and are bound to reach new heights. Indian media include both public and private media and would like to grow and more over the years.

Ganesh is a Lecturer - Media in Bridge Academy Chennai Ganesh’ E-Mail: ganeshmedia@hotmail.com References 1. Ganesh S (2005) Introduction to Advertising (New Delhi: Radha Publicatons) 2. Ganesh S(2007) Handbook of Media communication and Public Relations (New Delhi: Radha Publications) 3. Khandekar, Kohli-Vanita Indian Media Business (New Delhi: Response) 4. Keval J. Kumar (2009) Mass Communication in Inda (Mumbaii: Jaico) 5. Singal, Arvind and EM Rogers (2001) India’s Communication Revolution (New Delhi: Sage)

amÀ¨v 2013

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t‑U‑m. F‑w. Fk‑v. lc‑nI‑pa‑mÀ

(aeb‑mf)]{‑X-§-f‑p-s‑S `‑m-h‑n 60 I-f‑n-e‑p‑w 70 I-f‑ne‑p‑w D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ k‑p-i-àa‑m-b h‑n-X-c-W-i‑r‑w-J-e CÃ‑m-X‑mb-X‑m-W‑v A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ ]-{‑X-c‑w-K-¯‑v {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n-b‑p-ï‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑v. C-´‑y-b‑ne‑p‑w C-X‑v k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶-t‑X-b‑p-Å‑p. C-X‑n\‑v F-{‑X I‑m-e-s‑a-S‑p-¡‑p-s‑a-¶-t‑X-b‑p-Å‑p {‑]-k-àa‑mb t‑N‑m-Z‑y‑w. h‑nX-c-W c‑wK-s‑¯ {‑]-X‑nkÔ‑n ]-c-k‑y-h-c‑p-a‑m-\-¯‑ne‑p‑w k‑z‑m-`‑m-h‑n-I-a‑mb‑n C-S‑n-h‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p‑w. A-X‑n-\‑mÂ I‑p-d-¨‑p-I‑q-S‑n k‑p-c-£‑n-Xa‑m-b t‑a-J-e-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑m-W‑v ]-{‑X-D-S-a-IÄ I-®‑p-s‑h-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. A¯-c‑w t‑a-J-e-I-f‑nÂ I‑q-S‑p-XÂ a‑p-XÂ a‑p-S-¡‑n-\‑v A-hÀ X-¿‑m-d‑m-h‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ A¨-S‑n a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑w-K‑w A-hK-W‑n-¡-s‑¸S‑p-I X-s‑¶ s‑N-¿‑p‑w.

-S‑p-¯ ]-¯‑p h-À-j-t‑¯-s‑¡-¦‑ne‑p‑w a-eb‑m-f ]-{‑X-§Ä-¡‑v A-{‑X t‑]-S‑n-¡‑m-\‑nÃ.F-¶‑mÂ A-X‑n\‑p t‑i-j‑w I‑m-c‑y-§Ä k‑p-J-I-c-a‑m-h‑nÃ.' {‑]-i-k‑v-X N-c‑n{‑X-I‑m-c\‑p‑w K-t‑h-j-I-\‑pa‑mb t‑d‑m-_‑n³ P-{‑^‑n-b‑p-s‑S-X‑m-W‑o h‑m-¡‑p-IÄ. Z-£‑n-t‑W-´‑y³ N-c‑n-{‑X t‑I‑m¬-{‑K-k‑nÂ ]-s‑¦-S‑p¡‑m-\‑m-b‑n t‑I-c-f k-À-h-I-e‑m-i‑m-e‑m I‑m-¼-k‑n-s‑e¯‑n-b P{‑^‑n C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e hÀ-¯-a‑m-\-]-{‑X§-s‑f A-[‑n-I-c‑n¨‑p \-S-¶ s‑ka‑n-\‑m-d‑n-e‑m-W‑v a-eb‑m-f ]-{‑X-§-f‑p-s‑S `‑m-h‑n-s‑b]-ä‑n C-{‑]-I‑m-c‑w \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-¨X‑v. t‑d‑m-_‑n³ P-{‑^‑n-b‑p-s‑S h‑m-¡‑pI-s‑f a-e-b‑m-f‑n-IÄ¡‑v H-c‑n-¡e‑p‑w A-h-K-W‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑nÃ. I-g‑n-ª 40 hÀ-j-¯‑n-e[‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e H‑mt‑c‑m N-e-\-h‑p‑w k‑q-£-‑va-a‑m-b‑n A-]-{‑K-Y‑n-¡‑p-¶-b‑m-f‑m-W‑v P-{‑^‑n. C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e ]-{‑X-h‑n-]‑vf-h-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑p‑w t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e \‑m-bÀ B-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n\‑pï‑m-b X-fÀ-¨-s‑b-¸-ä‑nb‑p‑w h‑n-e-s‑¸-« c-ï‑v ]‑p-k‑v-X-I-§Ä C-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â-X‑m-b‑p-ï‑v. t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e a‑m-[‑y-a-t‑a-J-e-b‑n-Â C-t‑¸‑mg‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ h-g‑n-¯‑n-c‑n-h‑p-IÄ AX‑ps‑I‑m-ï‑pX-s‑¶ C‑u K-t‑h-j-W-I‑p-X‑p-I‑n-b‑p-s‑S I-®‑nÂ s‑]-S‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑nÃ-t‑Ã‑m. F-¶‑mÂ P-{‑^‑n A-\‑p-h-Z‑n-¨‑p X-¶ 10 hÀ-j-s‑a-¶ I‑m-e-bf-h‑v t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w a-e-b‑m-f-]-{‑X-§Ä-¡‑v a‑pÅ‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑p-Å \-S-¯-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑v I-c‑p-X‑p-¶-hÀ C¶‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑wK-¯‑v I‑p-dhÃ.

I‑p-X‑n-¸‑n-s‑â I‑me‑w a-eb‑m-f ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\ t‑a-J-e-b‑nÂ he‑n-b a‑m-ä-§-f‑mW‑v I-g‑n-ª c-ï‑v Z-i-I-§-f‑n-e‑q-ï‑m-b-X‑v. 90 I-f‑p-s‑S X‑p-S-¡¯‑nÂ t‑Ih-e‑w a‑q-¶‑p e-£-t‑¯‑m-f‑w t‑I‑m-¸‑n-I-f‑ps‑S {‑]-N‑mc-a‑mW‑v-‑ aeb‑m-f-¯‑n-s‑e {‑]-a‑p-J-]-{‑X-§f‑mb a-t‑\‑m-c-a-b‑v¡‑p‑w a‑m-X‑r-`‑q-a‑n-¡‑p-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v. A-¨-S‑n t‑a-J-e-b‑n-e‑pï‑m-b k‑m-t‑¦X‑n-I a‑n-I-h‑p-I-f‑p‑w \‑q-X-\ ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\ c‑o-X‑n-I-f‑p‑w amÀ¨v 2013

a-Õ-c-_‑p²‑n-t‑b‑m-s‑S C-c‑p ]-{‑X-§f‑p‑w k‑z‑m-b-¯-a‑m-¡‑n-b-t‑X‑ms‑S {‑]-N‑m-c-t‑a-d‑n‑, H¸‑w F-U‑n-j-\‑p-I-f‑p‑w. ]‑p-X‑p-\‑q-ä‑m-ï‑nÂ ]-¯‑v e-£-s‑a-¶ I-S-¼b‑p‑w ]‑n-¶‑n-«‑v C-hÀ {‑]-N‑m-c-¯‑nÂ G-s‑d a‑p-t‑¶‑m«‑p-s‑]‑m-b‑v-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-\-I¯‑p‑w ]‑p-d-¯‑p-a‑m-b‑n C-c‑p ]-{‑X-§Ä-¡‑p-a‑mb‑n a‑p-¸-t‑X‑mf‑w F-U‑n-j-\‑p-I-f‑p‑w C-¡‑m-e-b-f-h‑nÂ Ø‑m-]‑n-¡s‑¸«‑p. c‑m-P‑y c‑m-P‑y‑m´-c-t‑I‑m-W‑p-I-f‑n-e‑p-Å a-e-b‑m-f‑n-IÄ-¡‑v a‑m-X‑r-`‑m-j-b‑n-e‑pÅ {‑]-`‑m-X-Z‑n-\-]-{‑X‑w N‑q-S‑p-a‑m-d‑m-s‑X X-s‑¶ C¶‑v I-¿‑nÂ I‑n-«‑p-¶‑p. a-eb‑m-f Z‑n-\-]-{‑X-§-f‑ps‑S H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ t‑]‑mÀ-«-e‑p-If‑p‑w k-P‑o-h-a‑m-b-t‑X‑m-s‑S {‑]‑m-t‑Zi‑n-I hÀ¯-a‑m-\-§Ä t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w X-Õa-b‑w I-SÂ-I-S-¡‑p¶‑p. a‑m-[‑y-a-t‑a-J-e-b‑n-s‑e FÃ‑m k‑m-[‑y-X-If‑p‑w {‑]-t‑b‑m-P-\s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n C-c‑p {‑K‑q-¸‑p-If‑p‑w a‑p-g‑p-h³ k-a-b h‑mÀ¯‑m N‑m-\-e‑p-If‑p‑w h‑n-t‑\‑m-Z N‑m-\-e‑p-I-f‑p-‑w F-^‑v.F‑w t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m-b‑p‑w Ø‑m-]‑n-¨‑p I-g‑n-ª‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. Z-i-I-§-f‑n-e‑p-s‑S a-e-b‑m-f‑n a-\-Ê‑p-I-f‑nÂ Z‑n\]-{‑X-§-s‑f‑m-c‑p¡‑n-b h‑n-i‑m-eh‑p‑w k-a‑r-²-h‑pa‑m-b A-S‑n-¯-d-b‑n-e‑q-¶‑n ]‑pX‑n-b t‑a-¨‑nÂ-]‑p-d-§f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v a-t‑\‑m-c-ab‑p‑w a‑m-X‑r-`‑q-a‑nb‑p‑w a‑m-{‑X-aÃ \-h‑m-KXc‑mb a‑m-[‑y-ah‑p‑w c‑w-K-{‑]-t‑h-i‑w \-S-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. a-ä‑v ]-e ]-{‑X-Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑p‑w A-W‑n-b-d-b‑nÂ H-c‑p-¡-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n \‑o-§‑p-I-b‑p-a‑m-W‑v. ]-{‑X-§-f‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑v h‑m-b-\-¡‑mÀ `‑m-h‑n-b‑nÂ A-I-¶‑m-e‑p‑w aä‑v Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S C‑u t‑a-J-e-b‑n-s‑e B[‑n-]X‑y‑w X-§-Ä-¡‑v X‑p-S-c‑m-\‑m-I‑p-s‑a-¶ B-ß-h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-a‑m-W‑v a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑n-s‑e a‑m-[‑y-a a‑m-t‑\-P‑v-s‑aâ‑p-IÄ-¡‑p-Å-X‑v. F-¶‑mÂ h‑mÀ¯‑mh‑m-b-\-b‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯‑mI‑m-g‑v-N-If‑nt‑e-¡‑v a-eb‑m-f‑n-IÄ C-\‑nb‑p‑w k¼‑qÀ-W-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑n-b‑n-«‑n-s‑Ã-¶ B-i‑z‑mk‑w ]-{‑X-‑m-[‑n-]-·‑m-c‑nÂ N‑n-eÀ C-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w ]‑p-eÀ-¯‑p-¶‑p. C-\‑n A¯-c-s‑a‑m-c‑p a‑m-ä‑w h-¶‑m-e‑p‑w Z‑n-\-]-{‑X§-s‑f A-hK-W‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-t‑e-¡‑v H-c‑n-¡e‑p‑w a-e-b‑m-f‑n-I-s‑f-¯‑n-s‑Ã-¶ i‑p-`‑m-]‑v-X‑n-h‑n-i‑z‑m-kh‑p‑w C-hÀ-¡‑p-ï‑v. F-¶‑mÂ C-X‑ph-s‑c

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]‑p-IÄ s‑]-ä ]-e ]‑m-Ý‑m-X‑y Z‑n-\-]-{‑X-§f‑p‑w C-t‑¸‑mÄ \‑n-e-¨‑p. N‑ne-X‑v H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n \‑n-e-\‑n-e‑v-I‑p-¶‑p. X‑p-SÀ¶‑p-t‑]‑m¶ c‑o-X‑n-b‑nÂ ]-{‑X-§Ä¡‑v C-\‑n A-[‑n-I‑w a‑p-t‑¶‑m«‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑m-\‑m-h‑n-s‑Ã-¶ h-k‑v-X‑p-Xb‑p‑w Ah-s‑c B-i¦‑m-I‑p--e-c‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p. D-Å-S-¡-¯‑n-e‑p‑w t‑]-P‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S c‑q-]-I-e‑v]-\-b‑n-e‑p‑w-aä‑p‑w a‑m-ä-§Ä- h-c‑p¯‑n h‑m-b-\-¡‑m-s‑c ]‑n-S‑n-¨‑p \‑nÀ-¯‑m-\‑p-Å {‑i-a-§Ä FÃ‑m ]-{‑X-§f‑p‑w \-S-¯‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. {‑]-N‑m-c‑w X‑m-c-X-t‑a‑y-\ I‑p-d-s‑h¦‑ne‑p‑w s‑{‑]‑m-^-j-W-e‑nk-¯‑nÂ a‑p³-\‑n-c-¡‑m-t‑c-¡‑mÄ ]‑n-¶‑n-eÃ‑m-¯ a‑m-[‑y-a-h‑p‑w‑, I‑u-a‑p-Z‑n-b‑p‑w‑, t‑Z-i‑m-`‑n-a‑m-\‑n-b‑p‑w‑, a‑w-K-f-h‑p-a-S-¡-a‑p-Å Z‑n-\-]-{‑X§-f‑p-s‑S i‑r‑w-J-eb‑p‑w t‑Ic-f‑w t‑]‑m-s‑e‑m-c‑p k‑w-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑â a‑m-{‑X‑w {‑]-t‑-X‑y-I-X-b‑m-W‑v. {‑]-I-Sa‑m-b c‑m-{‑ã‑o-bN‑m-b‑vh‑p-If‑p‑w \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑p-If‑p‑w s‑s‑I-s‑¡‑m-f-f‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑p‑w C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e N‑n-e k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑n-e‑p-ffX‑p t‑]‑m-s‑e a-e‑o-a-ka‑m-b ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\-aÃ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e ]-{‑X-§Ä ]‑n-´‑p-S-c‑p-¶-s‑X¶-X‑v h-k‑v-X‑p-X-b‑m-W‑v. s‑hd‑p‑w I-¨h-S‑w a‑m-{‑XaÃ k-a‑q-l-\-·-¡‑p‑w ]-{‑X§-s‑f D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m-s‑a-¶‑v I-c‑p-X‑p-¶-hÀ ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯\-¯‑ns‑e ]‑p-X‑p-X-e-a‑p-d-¡‑m-c‑ne‑p‑w h‑n-c-f-aÃ. ]-s‑£ A-X‑n-\‑pX-I‑p-¶ c‑o-X‑n-b‑n-e‑pÅ s‑X‑m-g‑nÂ k‑m-l-N-c‑y-§t‑f‑m k‑m[‑yX-It‑f‑m H‑m-t‑c‑m \‑mÄ I-g‑n-b‑p-t‑´‑m-d‑p‑w ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯I\‑v A-\‑y-a‑m-b‑n-¯‑o-c‑p-I-b‑m-s‑W-¶X‑p‑w h‑n-k‑v-a-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑nÃ.

a‑m-d‑p-¶ I‑m-g‑v-NIÄ a‑m[‑y-a a‑m-t‑\-P‑p-s‑aâ‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S {‑i-² ]‑p-X‑n-b t‑a-J-e-I-f‑nt‑e-¡‑v X‑n-c‑n-b‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ t‑I-c-f-¯‑ns‑e A¨-S‑n a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S `‑m-h‑n-s‑b-]-ä‑n G-s‑d B-i-¦-I-f‑p-ï‑v. H-c‑p A¨-S‑n a‑m-[‑y-a‑w h‑nP-b-I-c-a‑m-b‑n \-S-¯‑n-s‑¡‑mï‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p-I-s‑b¶-X‑v A-{‑X F-f‑p¸-a‑p-Å ]-W‑n-b-s‑Ã¶-X‑v k-X‑y-a‑mW‑v. he‑nb t‑a‑m-l-§-f‑pa‑mb‑n C‑u c‑w-K-¯‑nd-§‑n s‑s‑I-s‑]‑m-ff‑n-b F{‑Xt‑b‑m t‑]-c‑p-ï‑v. t‑Ic-f‑w t‑]‑m-s‑e-b‑p-Å a-Õ-c‑m-[‑n-j‑vT‑n-X h‑n-]-W‑nb‑nÂ AX‑o-h k-¦‑oÀ-W-a‑m-b {‑]-i‑v-\-§Ä k‑z‑m-`‑m-h‑n-I-a‑m-W‑v. I-®‑nÂ F-®-s‑b‑m-g‑n-¨‑v {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p \Ã k‑w-

L-¯‑n-\‑p a‑m-{‑X-t‑a h‑nP-b‑w \‑n-e-\‑nÀ-¯‑m-\‑m-h‑q. \‑n-ch-[‑n hÀ-j-§-f‑p-s‑S IT‑n-\‑m-[‑z‑m-\-¯‑n-e‑qs‑S X-§Ä k‑z-´-a‑m¡‑n-b kÂ-t‑]-c‑v t‑I-S‑nÃ‑m-s‑X \‑n-e-\‑nÀ-¯‑n-t‑¸‑m-I‑p-I-s‑b-¶-X‑p‑w s‑hÃ‑p-h‑n-f‑n-b‑m-W‑v. C-\‑n-b‑n-t‑¸‑mÄ H-t‑c Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑v X-s‑¶ h‑y-X‑y-k‑vX a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä h-c‑p-¶-t‑X‑m-s‑S \-b-c‑q-]-h-e‑v¡-c-Wh‑p‑w G-t‑I‑m-]-\h‑p‑w a‑m-t‑\-P‑v-s‑a³‑p-IÄ-¡‑v R‑m-W‑n³t‑aÂ I-f‑n-b‑m-h‑m³ FÃ‑m k‑m-[‑y-X-b‑p-a‑p-ï‑v. H-ä a‑m-t‑\-P‑v-s‑aâ‑n\‑p I‑o-g‑n-e‑pÅ A¨-S‑n a‑m-[‑y-a-¯‑n-\‑p‑w Z‑r-i‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-¯‑n\‑p‑w ]-c‑v-k‑v-]-c k-l-hÀ-¯‑n-¯‑z‑w \-ã-a‑m-b‑mÂ a‑m-[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\¯‑n-s‑â s‑a‑m¯‑w h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑y-X-s‑b-b‑mh‑p‑w AX‑p_‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-I. A-X‑n-\‑mÂ h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f H-t‑c I‑p-S-¡‑o-g‑nÂ A-W‑n\‑nc-¯‑n a‑p-t‑¶-d‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v {‑]-t‑X‑yI s‑s‑h-Z-K‑v-[‑y-h‑p‑w \-b-N‑m-X‑pc‑nb‑p‑w C-t‑¸‑m-g‑p-Å a‑m-t‑\-P‑v-s‑aâ‑p-IÄ BÀ-P‑n-t‑¡-ï‑n-h-c‑p‑w.

]‑mf‑n-b {‑]-h-N-\§Ä Z‑r-i‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w C-âÀ-s‑\-ä‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w h-c-t‑h‑m-s‑S C-´‑y-b‑ne‑p‑w A-¨-S‑n a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä \‑n-¶‑p t‑]‑m-I‑p-s‑a-¶‑v G-X‑mï‑v H-¶-c ZiI‑w a‑p-t‑¼ a‑m-[‑y-a-]-Þ‑n-XÀ {‑]-h-N‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. F-¶‑mÂ A-h-c‑p-s‑S {‑]-hN-\‑w ]‑m-f‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. C‑u \‑q-ä‑mï‑n-s‑â X‑p-S-¡-¯‑nÂ Xs‑¶ A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑ne‑p‑w b‑q-t‑d‑m-¸‑n-e‑p‑w A-¨-S‑n-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä I‑nX-¨‑p I‑nX-¨‑p a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p t‑]‑m-b-t‑¸‑mÄ C-´‑y-b-S-¡-a‑p-Å G-j‑y³ c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑nÂ a‑n-¡ ]-{‑X-§-f‑p‑w {‑]-N‑m-c-¯‑ne‑p‑w h‑m-b-\-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑S F-®-¯‑ne‑p‑w a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p I‑p-X‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]‑p-IÄ s‑]-ä ]-e ]‑m-Ý‑m-X‑y Z‑n-\-]{‑X-§f‑p‑w C-t‑¸‑mÄ \‑n-e-¨‑p. N‑ne-X‑v H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n \‑n-e-\‑n-e‑v-I‑p-¶‑p. ]-s‑£ C-´‑y-b‑nÂ C‑u Ø‑n-X‑n C-X‑phs‑c {‑]-I-S-a‑m-b‑n-«‑nÃ. t‑I-_‑nÄ S‑n.h‑n b‑p‑w CâÀs‑\ä‑p‑w C{‑X h‑y‑m-]-I-a‑m-b‑n«‑p‑w {‑]-a‑p-J-]-{‑X-§-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-N‑m-c-¯‑nÂ \-½‑p-s‑S \‑m-«‑nÂ I‑m-c‑ya‑m-b C-S‑n-h‑p-ï‑m-I‑m-¯-s‑X-´‑p s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v? C-X‑p k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑v \-S-¶ ]T-\-§Ä s‑h-f‑n-h‑m-¡‑p¶- N‑n-e {‑] amÀ¨v 2013

(26) [‑m\h-k‑v-X‑p-X-I-Ä C-h-b‑m-W‑v. 1. ]-{‑X-§-f‑p-s‑S I‑pdª h-c‑n-k‑wJ‑y‑, 2. DÄ-\‑m-«‑nÂ t‑]‑me‑p‑w h‑n-X-c-W-¯‑n-\‑p-X-I‑p-¶ k‑p-i-àa‑m-b G-P³-k‑n s‑\-ä‑vhÀ-¡‑v, 3. h‑mÀ-¯‑m-N‑m-\-e‑p-I-f‑n-e‑p-Å-X‑n-\-¸‑p-d-t‑¯-¡‑v I-S-¡‑p-¶ h‑n-i-I-e-\‑m-ß-Ia‑m-b D-Å-S-¡‑w‑, 4. ]-c-¼-c‑m-K-Xa‑m-b‑p-f-f h‑n-i‑z-k‑v-X-h-c‑n-¡‑mÀ. 5. {‑]‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-I-h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ¡‑p‑w h‑y-à‑n-]-ca‑m-b‑n X‑m-X‑v-]-c‑y-a‑pÅ h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ¡‑p‑w ]-{‑X-§Ä \-e‑v-I‑p-¶ {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y‑w. C‑u L-S-I-§Ä {‑]‑m-t‑Zi‑nI]-{‑X§-s‑f H-c‑p-]-c‑n-[‑n h-s‑c

«‑p-I-f‑ne‑p‑w h‑mÀ-¯‑m-h‑n-\‑y‑m-k-¯‑ne‑p‑w k-]‑v-f‑n-s‑a³‑p-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w ]-c‑o-£-W-§Ä \-S-¯‑n- h‑m-b-\-¡‑mc-s‑â t‑_‑md-S‑n a‑m-ä‑m\‑p-Å {‑i-a-§f‑p‑w a‑p-¼-s‑¶-t‑¯-¡‑mf‑p‑w I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-b‑n \-S-¡‑p¶‑p-ï‑v. ]-s‑£ h‑n-i‑zk‑v-X h-c‑n-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑S F-®‑w {‑]‑m-t‑Zi‑n-I `‑mj‑m ]-{‑X-§-Ä¡‑v I‑p-d-ª‑p-h-c‑n-I-b‑m-s‑W-¶‑m-W‑v d‑o-UÀj‑n-¸‑v ]T-\-§Ä s‑h-f‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑v. ]‑pX‑n-b X-e-a‑p-d-b‑nÂs‑]-«- h‑m-b\¡‑mÀ-¡‑v B‑w-Kt‑e-b Z‑n-\-]-{‑X-§-t‑f‑m-S‑m-W‑v Gs‑d ]-Y‑y-s‑a-¶X‑p‑w k-X‑y-a‑m-W‑v. Z‑r-i‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä-¡‑v C-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w A-{‑X-s‑b‑m¶‑p‑w N‑qj-W‑w s‑N-¿‑m-\‑m-I‑m-¯ {‑]‑mt‑Zi‑n-I h‑mÀ-¯-I-f‑p-s‑S I‑p-¯-I a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v {‑]‑m-t‑Zi‑n-I `‑mj‑m]-{‑X-§Ä-¡‑v ]‑n-s‑¶ A-h-I‑m-i-s‑¸-S‑m-\‑p-Å-X‑v. H‑mt‑c‑m P‑nÃ-IÄ¡‑p‑w F-U‑n-j-\‑p-IÄ X‑p-S-§‑n {‑]‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n I‑qS‑p-XÂ D-Å‑n-t‑e-¡‑n-d-§‑n- h‑m-À-¯-IÄ a‑p-§‑n-¯-¸‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¯‑p s‑I‑m-ï‑v {‑]-X‑nk-Ô‑n a-d‑n-I-S-¡‑m-\‑m-I‑p-s‑a-¶ h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-¯‑n-e‑mW‑v AhÀ.

`‑o-j-W‑n-I-t‑fs‑d

F-¶‑mÂ N‑n-e `‑o-j-W‑n-IÄ I‑m-W‑m-X‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-I‑q-S. h‑n-X-c-W-c‑w-K-¯‑p-ï‑m-I‑m-h‑p-¶ A-\‑n-Ý‑n-X-¯‑z-a‑mW‑v C-X‑nÂ G-äh‑p‑w {‑]-[‑m-\‑w. 2012 Â G-X‑m-ï‑v H-c‑p a‑m-k-t‑¯‑m-f‑w ]-{‑X-G-Pâ‑p-a‑mÀ ]-W‑n-a‑p-S-¡‑nb-t‑X‑m-s‑S t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e {‑]a‑p-J ]-{‑X-§Ä \-s‑¶ {‑]-b‑m-k-¯‑n-e‑mb-X‑v C-X‑n-\‑v \Ã D-Z‑m-l-c-W-a‑m-W‑v. 60 I-f‑n-e‑p‑w 70 I-f‑ne‑p‑w D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ k‑p-i-àa‑mb h‑n-X-c-W-i‑r‑w-J-e CÃ‑m-X‑m-b-X‑m-W‑v A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ ]-{‑X-c‑w-K-¯‑v {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n-b‑p-ï‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑v. C-´‑yb‑ne‑p‑w C-X‑v k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶-t‑X-b‑p-Å‑p. C-X‑n\‑v F-{‑X I‑m-e-s‑a-S‑p-¡‑p-s‑a-¶-t‑X-b‑p-Å‑p {‑]-k-àa‑mb t‑N‑m-Z‑y‑w. C-X‑p-h-s‑c-b‑pÅ A-X‑n-P‑o-h-\-¯‑n-\‑v hfs‑c k-l‑m-b‑n-¨‑n-«‑pï‑v. ]-W-s‑¸-c‑p-¸-¯‑n-s‑â C¡‑me¯‑p‑w H-c‑p N‑m-b-t‑b-¡‑mf‑p‑w h‑n-e-¡‑p-d-h‑nÂ ]{‑X‑w I‑n-«‑p-¶‑p-s‑h¶-X‑v k‑m-[‑m-c-W-¡‑mc-\‑v B-i‑z‑m-k-a‑m-W‑v. ]-c-k‑y¡‑m-t‑c‑m-S‑v h‑m-b-\-¡‑mÀ \-µ‑n ]-d-b‑pI. 24 a-W‑n-¡‑qÀ h‑mÀ-¯‑m-N‑m-\-e‑p-IÄ h-¶‑n«‑p‑w ]‑n-t‑ä¶‑v F-s‑´-¦‑ne‑p‑w h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-a‑m-b‑n H-¶‑p A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p-I‑m«‑mt‑\‑m A-hÀ ]-d-b‑m-¯ t‑a-J-e-I-f‑nÂ s‑s‑I-s‑h¡‑mt‑\‑m ]-{‑X-§Ä a-S‑n I‑m-«‑n-b‑n-«‑n-s‑Ã-¶X‑v F-S‑p-¯‑p ]-d-t‑b-ï-X‑m-W‑v. X-e-s‑¡amÀ¨v 2013

F-¶‑mÂ N‑n-e `‑o-j-W‑n-IÄ I‑m-W‑m-X‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-I‑q-S. h‑nX-c-W-c‑w-K-¯‑p-ï‑m-I‑m-h‑p-¶ A-\‑n-Ý‑n-X-¯‑z-a‑m-W‑v C-X‑nÂ G-äh‑p‑w {‑]-[‑m-\‑w. 2012 Â G-X‑m-ï‑v H-c‑p a‑m-k-t‑¯‑m-f‑w ]-{‑X-G-Pâ‑p-a‑mÀ ]-W‑n-a‑p-S-¡‑n-b-t‑X‑m-s‑S t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e {‑]a‑p-J ]-{‑X-§Ä \-s‑¶ {‑]-b‑m-k-¯‑n-e‑mb-X‑v C-X‑n-\‑v \Ã D-Z‑m-l-cW-a‑m-W‑v. 60 I-f‑n-e‑p‑w 70 I-f‑ne‑p‑w D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ k‑p-i-àa‑m-b h‑nX-c-W-i‑r‑w-J-e CÃ‑m-X‑m-b-X‑m-W‑v A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ ]-{‑X-c‑w-K-¯‑v {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n-b‑p-ï‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑v. C-´‑y-b‑ne‑p‑w C-X‑v k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑mh‑p-¶-t‑X-b‑p-Å‑p. C-X‑n\‑v F-{‑X I‑m-e-s‑a-S‑p-¡‑p-s‑a-¶-t‑X-b‑p-Å‑p {‑]-k-àa‑mb t‑N‑m-Z‑y‑w. h‑nX-c-W c‑wK-s‑¯ {‑]-X‑nkÔ‑n ]-c-k‑y-h-c‑p-a‑m-\-¯‑n-e‑p‑w k‑z‑m-`‑m-h‑n-I-a‑mb‑n C-S‑n-h‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p‑w. A-X‑n-\‑mÂ I‑p-d-¨‑p-I‑q-S‑n k‑p-c-£‑n-Xa‑m-b t‑a-J-e-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑mW‑v ]-{‑X-D-S-a-IÄ I-®‑p-s‑h-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. A¯-c‑w t‑a-J-e-I-f‑nÂ I‑q-S‑p-XÂ a‑p-XÂ a‑p-S-¡‑n-\‑v A-hÀ X-¿‑m-d‑m-h‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ A¨-S‑n a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑w-K‑w A-h-K-W‑n-¡-s‑¸S‑p-I X-s‑¶ s‑N-¿‑p‑w. B-t‑c‑m-K‑yI-ca‑m-b a-Õ-c‑w‑, K‑p-W-]-ca‑m-b D-Å-S-¡‑w‑, I-g‑nh‑p‑w D‑uÀP-k‑z-e-Xb‑p‑w H-¯‑p-t‑NÀ-¶ t‑\-X‑r-¯‑z‑w‑, a‑n-I-¨ t‑k-h-\ þt‑h-X-\-h‑y-h-ØIÄ F¶‑n-h I‑q-S‑n CÃ‑m-X‑m-h‑p-¶-t‑X‑m-s‑S A-¨-S‑n-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S A-´‑n-a-I‑q-Z‑m-i-¡‑m-h‑p‑w ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v A-cs‑§‑m-c‑p-§‑p-I. I-W-Î‑n-h‑n-ä‑n-b‑p-Å-hÀ-¡‑p a‑m{‑X‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-t‑kh\s‑a-¶ \‑n-e-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑m-W‑v C-t‑¸‑mÄ I‑m-c‑y-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑]‑m¡‑v. c‑m-P‑y-s‑¯ H-c‑p he‑n-b h‑n-`‑m-K-¯‑n-\‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-k-¼À¡‑w Xs‑¶ A-\‑y-a‑m-h‑m\‑p‑w C-X‑v C-S-b‑m-¡‑p‑w. {‑K‑ma‑o-W P-\-Xb‑m-b‑n-c‑n¡‑p‑w C-X‑p-a‑q-e‑w G-s‑d {‑]-b‑m-k-¯‑n-e‑m-h‑p-I-s‑b-¶‑v h‑y-à‑w. P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑e \‑m-e‑m‑w-X‑q-¬ C‑u h‑n-[‑w Z‑pÀ-_e-a‑m-¡-s‑¸-S‑p¶-X‑v c‑m-{‑ã-¯‑n\‑p‑w P-\-§Ä¡‑p‑w G-s‑XÃ‑m‑w X-c-¯‑nÂ B-]-X‑v-I-c-a‑m-h‑p-s‑a-¶-X‑n-s‑\ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v N‑n-´‑n-t‑¡-ï‑nb‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. k‑ma‑q-l‑n-I-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-Ú³-a‑mÀ C‑u h‑n-j-b-§s‑f]-ä‑n K‑u-c-ha‑m-b ]T-\-§Ä \-S-¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w ]-c‑n-l‑m-c-\-S-]S‑n-IÄ \‑nÀ-t‑Z-i‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-t‑¿ï-X‑v P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑â X-s‑¶ \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¸‑n-\‑m-h-i‑y-a‑mW‑v. A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑ne‑p‑w b‑q-t‑d‑m¸‑ne‑p‑w k‑w-`-h‑n¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶X‑v C-´‑y-b‑nÂ A¨-S‑n a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä-¡‑v ]‑mT-a‑m-t‑I-ï-X‑m-W‑v. C-t‑¸‑mg-s‑¯ A-X‑n-c‑p-hI-h‑n-ª B-ß-h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑w F-´‑m-b‑me‑p‑w \Ã-XÃ. C-X‑v H‑mÀa‑n-¸‑n-¨ P-{‑^‑n-¡‑p k‑v-X‑pX‑n. t‑eJI³ t‑Icf kÀÆIe‑mi‑me U‑n¸‑mÀ«‑vs‑aâ‑v H‑m^‑v I½‑y‑qW‑nt‑¡j³ Bâ‑v t‑PWe‑nk¯‑nð Ak‑nÌâ‑v s‑{‑]‑m^kd‑mW‑v t‑eJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: msharikumar@gmail.com

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{^w hÀ½mPn, hn¯v eu

sI. Fð. taml\hÀ½

^‑vf‑mj‑v \‑y‑qk‑p‑w ^‑vf‑mj‑p‑w

am[ya§Ä \ðIpóXp XsóbmtWm P\§Ä¡p thïXv? hmb\¡mcpsS, t{]£Isâ ]£¯p \nóv \½psS ssZ\wZn\ am[yatemI¯neqsS ISópt]mhpIbmWv Cu ]wànbneqsS teJI³.

¨ kab‑w. R‑m³ k‑pJa‑mb‑n ab§‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. k‑m[‑mcWb‑mb‑n Fs‑¶ AS‑p¯‑v ]c‑nNba‑pÅ Bc‑p‑w D¨b‑v¡‑v H¶cb‑v¡‑p‑w a‑q¶‑n\‑p‑w CSb‑v¡‑v t‑^‑m¬ s‑N¿‑md‑nÃ. ]¯‑p a‑p¸X‑p hÀja‑mb‑n c‑mh‑ns‑e a‑q¶‑paW‑ns‑¡g‑pt‑\Â¡‑p¶ i‑oe‑w I‑mcW‑w D¨b‑v¡‑v Dd§‑ms‑X ]-ä‑nÃ. A]c‑nN‑nXc‑ps‑S t‑^‑m¬ h¶‑mÂ k‑m[‑mcW-b‑mb‑n t‑^‑ms‑WS‑p¡‑p¶X‑v cï‑p aW‑nt‑b‑ms‑S s‑I P‑n ¢‑mk‑nÂ \‑ns‑¶¯‑p¶ Fs‑â \¼À t‑^‑mÀ t‑]c¡‑p«‑nb‑mW‑v. Ah³ ]db‑p‑w‑, A¸‑q¸³ Dd¡a‑mW‑v‑, \‑me‑p aW‑n¡‑p X‑n-c‑ns‑I h‑nf‑n¡‑p‑w F¶‑v. I‑pd¨‑p a‑mk‑w a‑p¼‑v C¯c‑w Hc‑p t‑^‑m¬ h¶t‑¸‑mÄ Ah³ ]X‑n-h‑n \‑p h‑n]c‑oXa‑mb‑n Fs‑¶ h‑nf‑n¨‑pW À¯‑n.t‑^‑m¬ X¶‑v ]dª‑p. s‑I‑m¨¸‑q¸\‑m. X‑nc‑ph\´]‑pc¯‑q ¶‑v. DSs‑\ Xc‑m³ ]dª‑p. R‑m³ Dd¡¨St‑h‑ms‑S t‑^‑m¬ h‑m§‑n. Fs‑â A\‑nb\‑mW‑v. F´‑m I‑r-j‑vW‑m? R‑m³ \Ã Dd¡a‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. F´‑m BÀs‑¡ ¦‑ne‑p‑w Fs‑´¦‑ne‑p‑w ]ä‑nt‑b‑m? t‑N«³ ^‑vf‑mj‑v \‑y‑qk‑v It‑ï‑m? ht‑¶‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑pï‑v. Ag‑naX‑n Bt‑c‑m]W‑w. t‑N«s‑â t‑]c‑pa‑pï‑v. H.F³.h‑n.b‑pt‑S‑w k‑pKXI‑pa‑mc‑nS‑o¨d‑pt‑S‑w t‑N«s‑âb‑p‑w t‑]c‑m ]dª‑nc‑n ¡‑p¶X‑v. Fs‑â Dd¡‑w t‑]‑mb‑n. Ag‑naX‑n

\S¯‑m³ ]‑mI¯‑nÂ b‑ms‑X‑mc‑p A[‑nI‑mch‑pa‑nÃ‑m¯hc‑mW‑v R§Ä a‑q¶‑pt‑]c‑p‑w. ]s‑£ A\‑nb\‑mW‑v ]db‑p¶X‑v. A\‑nb³ \‑y‑qk‑ns‑â Bf‑mW‑v. C´‑y³ C³^Àt‑aj³ kÀh‑ok‑ne‑m b‑n-c‑p¶‑p H‑ut‑Z‑y‑mK‑nIP‑oh‑nX‑w a‑pg‑ph-\‑p‑w. h‑mÀ¯b‑ps‑S {Kl\‑ne I‑mW‑m¸‑mTa‑pÅ ]‑mÀ«‑nb‑mW‑v. Hc‑p h‑mÀ¯‑m N‑m\e‑nÂ Ig‑nª Hc‑p aW‑n¡‑qd‑mb‑n k‑vt‑{‑I‑mÄ s‑N¿‑pI b‑mW‑v. ^‑vf‑mj‑v \‑y‑qk‑v. Ag‑naX‑nb‑ps‑S \‑nÀ®‑mbIt‑cJIÄ N‑m\-e‑n\‑p I‑n«‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. ]X‑n\©‑p a‑n\‑n«‑n\I‑w h‑mÀ¯ b‑ps‑S ]‑qÀ®c‑q]‑w Iï‑p. N‑nc‑n h¶‑p. H¸‑w \½‑ps‑S Z‑ri‑y{‑i‑mh‑y a‑oU‑nb‑m b‑ps‑S ]c‑na‑nX‑nIf‑p‑w CX‑n\‑v ]c‑nl‑mc a‑nÃt‑Ã‑m F¶ Z‑p:Jh‑p‑w Dï‑mb‑n. k‑w`h‑w ef‑nXa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. Hc‑p kÀ¡‑mÀ `‑mj‑m k‑w_Ô‑nb‑mb I-½ä‑n. HF³h‑nb‑p‑w k‑pKXI‑pa‑mc‑n S‑o¨d‑p‑w R‑m\‑p‑w aä‑p cï‑pa‑q¶‑p A\‑ut‑Z‑y‑mK‑nI A‑wK§f‑p‑w ]‑ns‑¶ F«‑p ]¯‑p H‑ut‑Z‑y‑mK‑nIA‑wK§f‑p‑w DÅ Hc‑p k‑wL‑w. c‑mj‑v{‑S‑obh‑p‑w Dt‑Z‑y‑mKØI‑pS‑n¸Ib‑p‑w I‑mcW‑w cï‑p {‑K‑q¸‑pIÄ hS‑w he‑n \S¯‑p¶‑p. Kh¬s‑aâ‑v s‑k{‑I«d‑n R§s‑f £W‑n¨‑v Hc‑p a‑oä‑n‑wK‑v \S¯‑p¶‑p. A-X‑ns‑e Aä³U³k‑v j‑oä‑ns‑e HF³h‑nb‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w S‑o¨d‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w

Fs‑âb‑p‑w t‑]c‑p‑w AX‑ns‑\X‑ns‑c C« R§f‑ps‑S H¸‑pIf‑pa‑mW‑v at‑\‑mlca‑mb‑n k‑vt‑{‑I‑mÄ s‑Nb‑vX‑v h‑oï‑p‑w h‑oï‑p‑w I‑m«‑ns‑¡‑mï‑nc‑p¶X‑v. aä‑p X‑mgs‑¯ t‑]c‑pIf‑nt‑e¡‑v k‑vt‑{‑I‑mf‑n‑wK‑v F¯‑p¶X‑n\‑p a‑p¼‑v Z‑yi‑y‑w I«‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑v h‑oï‑p‑w a‑pIf‑ns‑e¯‑p‑w. ]‑ns‑¶ t‑hs‑d‑mc‑p ISe‑mk‑v \‑nds‑b N‑ne X‑oc‑pa‑m\§f‑p‑w k‑vt‑{‑I‑mÄ s‑N¿‑p¶‑p. h‑mÀ¯ h‑nI‑mc`c‑n-Xa‑mb h‑m¡‑pIf‑nÂ A\‑u¬kÀ {‑i‑mh‑ya[‑pca‑m¡‑p¶‑p. Xa‑mi C‑u ISe‑mt‑k‑m X‑oc‑pa‑m\§t‑f‑m R§f‑ps‑S AS‑p¯‑v A¶‑p hs‑cbÃ‑, C¶‑p‑w F¯‑nb‑n«‑nÃ‑m¯hb‑pa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p F¶X‑mW‑v. a‑q¶‑p \‑me‑p XhW I‑qS‑nt‑b ^‑vf‑mj‑v h¶‑pÅ‑p. c‑m{‑X‑n H¼X‑p aW‑n h‑mÀ¯b‑nÂ iIe‑w h‑m¡‑pIÄ a‑mä‑n s‑Nd‑pX‑mb‑n H¶‑v k‑qN‑n¸‑n¨‑p. B[‑nI‑mc‑nIXb‑v¡‑mb‑n ]gb Aä³U³k‑v k‑vt‑{‑I‑mf‑n‑wK‑v. as‑ä‑mc‑p N‑m\e‑n\‑p‑w CX‑v h‑mÀ¯ Bb‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ. AS‑p¯ Z‑nhk¯‑ns‑e ]{‑X§f‑ne‑p‑w CX‑v h‑mÀ¯ Bb‑nÃ. CX‑v Hc‑p Xc¯‑ne‑p‑w Hc‑p h‑mÀ¯b‑mI‑m\‑pÅ s‑aä‑oc‑nbÂ CÃ‑m¯ k‑w`ha‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ]s‑£ AX‑v h‑mÀ¯b‑mb‑n a‑md‑n. Bb‑pÊ‑v I‑pdh‑mb‑nc‑ps‑¶¦‑ne‑p‑w B N‑m\e‑ns‑e Z‑ri‑y§Ä Iïhc‑nÂ Hc‑p I‑q«‑w BÄ¡‑mÀs‑¡¦‑ne‑p‑w Ft‑´‑m A-]IS‑w k‑w`h‑n¨X‑mb‑n t‑X‑m¶‑p‑w. {‑]ik‑vXc‑p‑w {‑]a‑pJc‑p‑w GX‑p t‑aJeb‑nt‑eX‑mb‑me‑p‑w s‑]‑mX‑ps‑h Ag‑naX‑n¡‑mc‑mb‑n N‑n{‑X‑oIc‑n¡s‑¸S‑p¶X‑mW‑v amÀ¨v 2013

(28) P\¯‑n\‑nj‑vS‑w. AX‑p‑w At‑\‑zj W‑mßI ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑ne‑qs‑S ]‑pd¯‑p s‑I‑mï‑p h¶X‑mb‑n I‑m«‑nb‑mÂ‑, At‑¸‑mÄ ^‑vf‑mj‑mb‑n C¯c‑w h‑mÀ¯IÄ I‑mW‑pt‑¼‑mÄ At‑X¡‑pd‑n¨‑v cï‑mas‑X‑m¶‑v Bt‑e‑mN‑n¡‑pIt‑]‑me‑p‑w s‑N¿‑ms‑X P\‑w A‑wK‑oIc‑n¡‑p‑w. h‑mÀ¯If‑ps‑S Ddh‑nSh‑p‑w AX‑ns‑â D]t‑`‑mà‑mh‑p‑w X½‑ne‑pÅ Z‑qc‑w I‑pd¨X‑v s‑SI‑vt‑\‑mfP‑nb‑mW‑v. k‑v]‑m\‑nj‑v AÀt‑aU At‑ac‑n¡³ h³Icb‑nÂ Hc‑p ]‑pX‑nb c‑mP‑y‑w Iï‑p ]‑nS‑n¨‑v k‑z´a‑m¡‑nb h‑mÀ¯ k‑vs‑] b‑n\‑ns‑e N{‑IhÀ¯‑nb‑ns‑e¯‑m³ H¶c s‑I‑mÃs‑aS‑p¯‑p. ISe‑mk‑p‑w A¨S‑nb‑p‑w Z‑n\¸{‑Xh‑p‑w ]{‑Xh‑nXcW k{‑¼Z‑m-bh‑p‑w Gs‑d¡‑ps‑d Ø‑m]\ hX‑vIc‑n¨ ]s‑¯‑m¼X‑m‑w \‑qä‑mï‑nÂ F¶‑p‑w {‑]`‑m-X¯‑nÂ ]{‑Xh‑mb\ \‑nÀ_Ô Z‑n\Nc‑y B¡‑nb‑nc‑p¶ Hc‑p {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v ¹‑mâd‑ps‑S IY t‑k‑maÀs‑kä‑vt‑a‑m‑w AX‑n at‑\‑ml‑ ca‑mb‑n AhXc‑n¸‑n¨‑n«‑pï‑v. aeb‑mb‑ns‑e DÄ\‑m«‑nÂ \Z‑oa‑mÀ¤‑w a‑m{‑X‑w s‑Ns‑¶¯‑mh‑p¶‑nS¯‑mW‑v At‑±l‑w a‑mt‑\Pc‑mb t‑X‑m-«§Ä. a‑mk¯‑ns‑e‑mc‑n¡Â a‑m{‑Xt‑a Ah‑ns‑S s‑]\‑m‑wK‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑w Nc¡‑p t‑_‑m«‑p hc‑q. AX‑ne‑mW‑v eï³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑ns‑â ]{‑Xs‑¡«‑p hc‑nI. a‑q¶‑p a‑mk‑w a‑p¼‑nd§‑nb ]{‑Xa‑mW‑v. eï\‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v aeb‑mb‑nÂ F¯‑m³ A¶‑v cï‑p a‑mks‑aS‑p¡‑p‑w. A§‑ns‑\ I‑n«‑p¶ Hc‑p a‑mks‑¯ a‑p¸X‑p ]{‑X‑w. At‑±l‑w Bg‑v¨b‑p‑w X‑obX‑nb‑p‑w t‑\‑m¡‑n A-S‑p¡‑n hb‑v¡‑p‑w. F¶‑p‑w c‑mh‑ns‑e H‑mt‑c‑m ]{‑Xs‑as‑aS‑p¯‑v A¶‑v {‑]`‑mX¯‑nÂ I‑n«‑nb ]{‑X‑w F¶ a«‑nÂ K‑ucha‑mb‑n h‑mb‑n¡‑p‑w. AS‑p¯ Z‑nhk‑w s‑I«‑ns‑e AS‑p¯ Z‑n-hks‑¯ ]{‑Xs‑aS‑p-¡‑p‑w. i\‑nb‑mg‑v¨t‑b h‑os‑¡³U‑v k¹‑ns‑aâ‑v h‑mb‑n¡‑pI b‑pÅ‑p. B{‑^‑n¡b‑ns‑e t‑_‑mhÀ b‑p²¯‑ns‑e h‑n³Ì¬ NÀ¨‑ne‑ns‑â s‑s‑Z\‑wZ‑n\ h‑oc]c‑m{‑Iah‑mÀ¯If‑ps‑S t‑{‑]‑m{‑KÊ‑p‑w AX¨S‑n¨ ]{‑X§f‑p‑w AS‑p¯‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑n«‑p‑w A-t‑±l‑w a‑q¶‑p a‑mk‑w Ig‑nª‑v H‑mt‑c‑m Z‑nhk a‑mb‑n k‑mh[‑m\a‑mW‑v h‑mb‑n¨d‑nªX‑v. ]{‑Xh‑p‑w AX‑ns‑e h‑mÀ¯If‑p‑w s‑as‑Ã Ad‑nª‑me‑p‑w I‑pg¸a‑nÃ‑m¯ h‑nÚ‑m\a‑mb‑nc‑p¶X‑mW‑v I‑mcW‑w. ]‑pk‑vXI‑w t‑]‑ms‑e. k‑m£cX CÃ‑m¯ `‑qc‑n]£¯‑n\‑p ]{‑X h‑mÀ¯ P‑oh‑nX¯‑ns‑â `‑mKt‑a Bb‑nc‑p-¶‑nÃ. t‑dU‑nt‑b‑mb‑p‑w ]‑n¶‑oS‑v s‑Se‑nh‑nj\‑p‑w Ct‑¸‑mÄ CâÀs‑\ä‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯If‑ps‑S X‑pS¡h‑p‑w HS‑p¡h‑p‑w X½‑ne‑pÅ I‑me¯‑ns‑â Z‑qc‑w amÀ¨v 2013

t‑k‑maÀs‑kä‑vt‑a‑m‑w

CÃ‑mX‑m¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w _l‑p`‑qc‑n]£‑w P\h‑p‑w k‑m£cc‑mI‑pIb‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vXt‑¸‑mÄ Dï‑mb Gäh‑p‑w he‑nb A]IS‑w Hc‑p ]‑mS‑v Hc‑p]‑mS‑v h‑mÀ¯IÄ X‑nI¨‑p‑w Bhi‑ya‑nÃ‑m¯X‑v c‑wK‑w ]‑nS‑n-¨S¡‑n F¶X‑mW‑v. A¨S‑n¨ ]{‑X‑w h‑mb‑n¨‑p Ig‑nª‑mÂ h‑mb\¡‑mc\‑v AS‑p¯ Z‑nhk‑w hs‑c I‑n«‑p¶ k‑mhI‑mi‑w h‑mÀ¯s‑b DÄs‑¡‑mÅ‑mt‑\‑m \‑nc‑mIc‑n¡‑mt‑\‑m A-b‑ms‑f {‑]‑m]‑vX \‑m¡‑p‑w. h‑mÀ¯b‑ps‑S A´‑naa‑mb e£‑y‑w‑, ic‑nb‑mb k‑wt‑hZ\‑w At‑¸‑mt‑g Dï‑mI‑q. C¶‑v AX‑v Ak‑m²‑ya‑mW‑v. \a‑p¡‑v Ad‑nbWs‑a¶‑v B{‑Kla‑pÅ P\dÂ h‑mÀ¯IÄ X-Õab‑w ^‑vf‑mj‑v \‑y‑qk‑pIf‑mb‑n s‑Se‑nh‑nj\‑ne‑p‑w t‑dU‑nt‑b‑mb‑ne‑p‑w Z‑yi‑y {‑i‑mh‑y c‑oX‑nb‑nÂ I‑n-«‑p‑w. k‑zI‑mc‑y h‑mÀ¯IÄ s‑\ä‑v hÀ¡‑v I‑q«‑mb‑vaIf‑p‑w t‑^‑m¬ hg‑nb‑p‑w e`‑n¡‑p‑w. A¨S‑n¨ ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ ]X‑n¸‑pIÄ h‑mb‑n¡‑m³ ]‑m-I¯‑nÂ h‑mÀ¯Is‑f A]‑vt‑Uä‑p s‑Nb‑vX‑n«‑p‑w

he‑nb c£b‑nÃ. k‑z‑m`‑mh‑nIa‑mb‑n A¨S‑n¨ \a‑p¡‑p N‑nc]c‑nN‑n-Xa‑mb hÀ¯a‑m\¸{‑X ¯‑n\‑v s‑as‑Ã ]‑pk‑vXI¯‑ns‑ât‑b‑m B\‑pI‑me‑nI§f‑p-St‑b‑m s‑s‑ie‑nb‑nt‑e ¡‑p a‑mt‑dï‑n hc‑p¶‑pï‑v. h‑mÀ¯IÄ X‑nI¨‑p‑w h‑yX‑yk‑vX a‑mb cï‑p Xc‑w h‑n`‑mK-a‑mb‑n hc‑nI b‑mW‑v. A¨S‑nb‑pt‑SX‑p‑w‑, XÕabZ‑yi‑y {‑i‑mh‑y¯‑nt‑âX‑p‑w. ]ïs‑¯ s‑I‑m«‑p s‑I‑m«‑n h‑nf‑n¨‑p ]db‑p¶ h‑mÀ¯If‑p‑w‑, ]‑nÂ¡‑me¯‑v h¶ A¨S‑n¨ ISe‑mk‑p ]{‑X§f‑ns‑e h‑mÀ¯If‑p‑w t‑]‑ms‑e cï‑p‑w X½‑nÂ hfs‑c AI¶ t‑\c‑nb _Ô-t‑a Dï‑mI‑q. ^‑vf‑mj‑v \‑y‑qk‑p a‑m{‑Xa‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w `‑mh‑nb‑ns‑e h‑mÀ¯IÄ. t\mhenÌpw ho£Ww ap³ No^v FUnädpamWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: varma.klmohana@gmail.com

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s‑I.P‑n.]ct‑ai‑zc³\‑mbÀ

"At‑X‑, t‑]‑mI‑m³ kaba‑mb‑n' aebmfnIfmb apXnÀó ]{X{]hÀ¯IcpsS A\p`h§Ä kamlcn¨v tIcf {]kv A¡mZan {]kn²oIcn¡pó {KÙ¯nð \nóv Hcp `mKw

cf-I‑ua‑pZ‑nb‑ps‑S X‑nc‑ph\´]‑pc‑w t‑eJI\‑m b‑nc‑p¶ F\‑n¡‑v a‑p¸¯©‑p k‑whÕc‑w t‑Icf \‑nbak`‑m \S]S‑nIÄ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p s‑N¿‑m\‑pÅ A`‑na‑m\Ica‑mb Ahkc‑w e`‑n¨‑nc‑p¶‑p. 1963 a‑pXÂ 1998 hs‑cb‑pÅ I‑meL«¯‑nÂ \S¶ FÃ‑m k`‑mkt‑½f\§f‑p‑w X‑pSÀ¨b‑mb‑n IhÀ s‑N¿‑m³ F\‑n¡‑p Ig‑nª‑p. k‑w`h_l‑pea‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p B kt‑½f\§f‑nÂ ]eX‑p‑w. AX‑ps‑I‑mï‑pXs‑¶ Ah‑nk‑vacW‑oba‑mb ]e A\‑p`h§Ä¡‑p‑w \‑nbak` a‑m{‑XaÃ‑, k`‑m \S]S‑nIÄ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑nc‑p¶ a‑m[‑ya t‑eJI·‑mc‑p‑w k‑m£‑y‑w hl‑nt‑¡ï‑n h¶‑n«‑pï‑v. B A\‑p`h§f‑ps‑S I‑q«¯‑nÂ h‑yX‑yk‑vXa‑ms‑b‑mc‑p A\‑p`h‑w Fs‑â H‑mÀ½b‑nÂ C¶‑p ]¨]‑nS‑n¨‑p\‑nÂ¡‑p¶‑p. \‑nbak`b‑v¡‑v \‑mf‑nX‑phs‑c Hc‑n¡Â a‑m{‑X‑w k‑m£‑y‑w hl‑nt‑¡ï‑nh¶‑, ka‑m\XIf‑nÃ‑m¯ Hc‑p k‑w`h‑w. Hc‑p a{‑´‑nb‑ps‑S BIk‑va‑nI acW‑w. t‑Icf \‑nbak`b‑ps‑S KXI‑me Nc‑n{‑X¯‑nt‑eb‑v¡‑v X‑nc‑nª‑pt‑\‑m¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ Fs‑â H‑mÀ½b‑nÂ BZ‑y‑w hc‑p¶X‑p‑w B Z‑pJIca‑mb A\‑p`h‑wXs‑¶b‑mW‑v. t‑Icf¯‑nÂ CX‑phs‑c‑, a{‑´‑nb‑mb‑nc‑n¡t‑h acWaS ª‑n«‑pÅX‑v F«‑pt‑]c‑mW‑v. 1960þ62þs‑e ]«‑wX‑mW‑p]‑nÅ a{‑´‑nk`b‑nÂ Bt‑c‑mK‑yhI‑p¸‑p a{‑´‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶ h‑n.s‑I.t‑he¸³‑, 1967þ69þs‑e C.F‑w.Fk‑v. a{‑´‑nk`b‑nÂ ]©‑mb¯‑v hI‑p¸‑v a{‑´‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶ F‑w.]‑n.F‑w.Al½Z‑v I‑pc‑n¡Ä‑, 1970þ76þs‑e AN‑y‑pXt‑at‑\‑m³ a{‑´‑nk`b‑nÂ [a\I‑mc‑ya{‑´‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶ s‑I.S‑n.t‑P‑mÀP‑v‑, s‑]‑mX‑pac‑ma¯‑v hI‑p¸‑v a{‑´‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶ S‑n.s‑I.Z‑nh‑mIc³‑, KX‑mKX hI‑p¸‑v a{‑´‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶ s‑I.F‑w.t‑P‑mÀP‑v‑, 1977þ78þs‑e BâW‑n a{‑´‑nk`b‑nÂ `£‑yhI‑p¸‑v a{‑´‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶ C.t‑P‑m t‑P¡_‑v‑, 1982þ87þs‑e Ic‑pW‑mIc³ a{‑´‑nk`b‑nÂ D]a‑pJ‑ya{‑´‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶ k‑n.F¨‑v.a‑pl½Z‑vt‑I‑mb‑, 1996þ2001þs‑e C.s‑I.\‑mb\‑mÀ a{‑´‑nk`b‑nÂ I‑rj‑nhI‑p¸‑v a{‑´‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶ h‑n.s‑I.c‑mP³ F¶‑nhs‑cb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p A[‑nI‑mc¯‑ns‑â X‑nf¡¯‑ne‑mb‑nc‑n¡t‑h a‑rX‑y‑p A] lc‑n¨X‑v. h‑n.s‑I.t‑he¸³ 1962 BKÌ‑v 26þ\‑p‑w F‑w.]‑n.F‑w. Al½Z‑vI‑pc‑n¡Ä 1968 HI‑vt‑S‑m_À 24þ\‑q‑w s‑I.S‑n.t‑P‑mÀP‑v

1972 G{‑]‑nÂ a‑q¶‑n\‑p‑w S‑n.s‑I.Z‑nh‑mIc³ 1976 P\‑phc‑n 19þ\‑p‑w s‑I.F‑w.t‑P‑mÀP‑v 1976 U‑nk‑w_À 11þ\‑p‑w C.t‑P‑m¬ t‑P¡_‑v 1978 s‑k]‑vX‑w_À 26þ\‑p‑w k‑n.F¨‑v.a‑pl½Z‑vt‑I‑mb 1983 s‑k]‑vX‑w_À 28þ\‑p‑w h‑n.s‑I.c‑mP³ 1997 s‑ab‑v 29þ\‑pa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p \‑nc‑y‑mXc‑mbX‑v. Chc‑nÂ s‑I.S‑n.t‑P‑mÀP‑ns‑â t‑Zlh‑nt‑b‑mK‑w h‑n[‑nb‑ps‑S {‑]t‑X‑yI \‑nt‑b‑mKs‑a¶‑v t‑X‑m¶‑pa‑md‑v k‑w`h‑n¨X‑v \‑nbak` kt‑½f‑n¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ k`b‑v¡‑pÅ‑nÂh¨‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. AX‑ps‑I‑mï‑pXs‑¶b‑mW‑v B acW‑w aä‑v Gg‑v a{‑´‑na‑mc‑ps‑S a‑rX‑y‑ph‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑w h‑yX‑nc‑nàa‑mb‑, {‑i²‑n¡s‑¸« k‑w`ha‑mbX‑v. t‑Icf \‑nbak`b‑ps‑S Nc‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑â `‑mKa‑mbX‑p‑w. h‑m¡‑ne‑p‑w s‑]c‑pa‑mä¯‑ne‑p‑w X‑nIª A`‑nP‑mX³‑, DÅ‑nÂ I·ja‑nÃ‑m¯ Xes‑bS‑p¸‑pÅ t‑\X‑mh‑v‑, kl{‑]hÀ¯IÀ¡‑p‑w A\‑pb‑mb‑nIÄ¡‑p‑w {‑]‑nb¦c³; t‑I‑m{‑Kk‑pI‑mc\‑ms‑W¦‑ne‑p‑w I½‑y‑qW‑nÌ‑pI‑mÀ¡‑pt‑]‑me‑p‑w BZcW‑ob³‑, IÀ¯h‑y t‑_‑m[a‑pÅ \‑nbak`‑mk‑ma‑mP‑nI³‑, k‑wi‑p²\‑mb s‑]‑mX‑p{‑]hÀ¯I³ þ AX‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p s‑I.S‑n.t‑P‑mÀP‑v. hS¡³ ]dh‑qc‑ns‑\ {‑] X‑n\‑n[‑oIc‑n¨‑nc‑p¶ At‑±l‑w Ah‑ns‑S\‑n¶‑v a‑q¶‑m‑wXhW X‑ncs‑ªS‑p¡s‑¸«t‑¸‑mg‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p a{‑´‑nb‑mbX‑v. 1970þ76þs‑e AN‑y‑pXt‑at‑\‑m³ a{‑´‑nk`b‑nÂ‑, A¶‑pï‑mb c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob KX‑nh‑nKX‑nIf‑ps‑S k½À±¯‑mÂ t‑I‑m¬{‑Kk‑p‑w s‑I.Ic‑pW‑mIcs‑â t‑\X‑rX‑z¯‑nÂ ]¦‑mf‑nb‑mb‑n. s‑I.S‑n.t‑P‑mÀP‑v [\I‑mc‑ya{‑´‑nb‑mbX‑p‑w t‑I‑m¬{‑Kk‑ns‑â B a{‑´‑nk`‑m {‑]t‑hi\t‑¯‑ms‑Sb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ]s‑£ Bd‑pa‑mkh‑p‑w H³]X‑v Z‑nhkh‑p‑w a‑m{‑Xt‑a B ]Zh‑nb‑ne‑nc‑n¡‑m³ At‑±ls‑¯ h‑n[‑n A\‑phZ‑n¨‑pÅ‑p. t‑I‑m¬{‑Kk‑v AN‑y‑pXt‑at‑\‑m³ a{‑´‑nk`b‑nÂ t‑NÀ¶X‑n\‑pt‑ij‑w I‑qS‑p¶ BZ‑ys‑¯ \‑nbak`‑m kt‑½f\‑w. 1972 G{‑]‑nÂ a‑q¶‑v. A¶‑v k`b‑v¡‑v Hc‑p k‑m[‑mcWZ‑n\a‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ. k`s‑b s‑]‑mS‑p¶s‑\ Z‑pJ¯‑ne‑mg‑v¯‑nb Z‑pÀZ‑n\a‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. A¡‑me¯‑v \‑nbak` Ø‑nX‑ns‑Nb‑vX‑nc‑p¶X‑v Kh¬s‑aâ‑v s‑k{‑It‑«d‑nbä‑v aµ‑nc¯‑ns‑â Hc\‑p_Ô t‑»‑m¡‑ne‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. s‑X‑m«S‑p¯‑v C´‑y³ t‑I‑m^‑nl‑uk‑ns‑â amÀ¨v 2013

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s‑I.S‑n.t‑P‑mÀP‑v

k‑v]‑o¡À s‑I.s‑a‑mb‑vX‑o³I‑p«‑nl‑mP‑n a{‑´‑n s‑I.S‑n.t‑P‑mÀP‑ns‑\ _‑nÂ AhXc‑n¸‑n¡‑m³ £W‑n¨‑p. B I‑rX‑y‑w \‑nÀhl‑n¨‑ps‑I‑mï‑v At‑±l‑w _‑nÃ‑ns‑â Dt‑±i‑ye£‑y§Ä h‑nhc‑n¨‑p X‑pS§‑n. GX‑mï‑v a‑q¶‑v a‑n\‑nä‑v Ig‑nª‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w t‑P‑mÀP‑ns‑â i_‑vZ‑w s‑]s‑«¶‑v \‑ne¨‑p. k`b‑nÂ ]db‑m\‑pÅX‑v I‑pd‑n¨‑ph¨‑nc‑p¶ ISe‑mk‑p‑w _‑nÃ‑ns‑â t‑I‑m¸‑nb‑p‑w At‑±l¯‑ns‑â s‑s‑I¿‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p‑w D‑uÀ¶‑ph‑oW‑p. At‑X‑ms‑S‑m¸‑w At‑±l‑w Xs‑â a‑p¼‑ne‑pÅ Uk‑vI‑nt‑eb‑v¡‑v I‑pgª‑v Ia‑ng‑v¶‑ph‑oW‑p. FÃ‑m‑w Hc‑p \‑na‑nj‑ws‑I‑mï‑v k‑w`h‑n¨‑p. Hc‑p a‑n¶Â¸‑nWÀt‑]‑ms‑e. I‑mâ‑n\‑p‑w. k`b‑ps‑S "k‑ot‑d‑m AhÀ' (Zero hour) N‑net‑¸‑mÄ {‑]-£‑pÐ‑v[a‑mI‑ps‑a¦‑ne‑p‑w s‑]‑mX‑pt‑h i‑m´a‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w. B kab¯‑mW‑v s‑a¼Àa‑mc‑ne‑p‑w a‑m[‑yat‑eJIc‑ne‑p‑w N‑neÀ {‑]‑mXe‑n\‑p‑w aä‑p N‑neÀ N‑mbI‑pS‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w I‑mâ‑n\‑nt‑eb‑v¡‑v t‑]‑mI‑md‑pÅX‑v. AX‑pIg‑nª‑v AhÀ k`b‑ps‑S ]‑pd´f¯‑nÂ h¶‑p\‑n¶‑v I‑pd¨‑pt‑\c‑w s‑k‑md]db‑pI ]X‑nh‑mW‑v. G{‑]Â a‑q¶‑m‑w X‑obX‑n k`b‑nÂ "k‑ot‑d‑m AhÀ' s‑]‑mX‑pt‑h i‑m´a‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. A¶‑v R‑m\‑p‑w l‑nµ‑p ]{‑X ¯‑ns‑â t‑eJI\‑mb‑nc‑p¶ h‑n.I‑rj‑vWa‑qÀ¯‑nb‑p‑w I‑mâ‑n\‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v N‑mbI‑pS‑n¨‑v X‑nc‑n¨‑phc‑pt‑¼‑mÄ a{‑´‑n s‑I.S‑n.t‑P‑mÀP‑v I‑mâ‑n\‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v I‑pS‑n¨ N‑mb¡‑v Hc‑p t‑as‑¼‑mS‑nb‑mb‑n k‑nKdä‑v he‑n¨‑ps‑I‑mï‑v k`b‑ps‑S ]‑pd´f¯‑nÂ \‑nÂ¡‑p¶‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. \À½ k‑w`‑mjWh‑pa‑mb‑n N‑pä‑p‑w N‑ne s‑a¼Àa‑mc‑p‑w. hfs‑c amÀ¨v 2013

DÃ‑mkh‑m\‑mb‑n I‑mWs‑¸« t‑P‑mÀP‑v \Ã a‑qU‑ne‑pa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. R§s‑f Iïa‑m{‑Xb‑nÂ At‑±l‑w t‑N‑mZ‑n¨‑p. "N‑mb]‑m\‑w Ig‑nª‑v hc‑nIb‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w?' "As‑X' F¶‑v R§f‑ps‑S ad‑p]S‑nb‑p‑w. B s‑k‑md ]dbÂ k‑wL¯‑nÂ R§f‑p‑w I‑qS‑n. At‑±l‑w ]e Xa‑miIf‑p‑w s‑]‑m«‑n¨‑p. I‑q«¯‑nÂ "k‑ot‑d‑m AhÀ' Ig‑nª‑mÂ X‑m³ k`b‑nÂ AhXc‑n¸‑nt‑¡ï Hc‑p _‑nÃ‑ns‑\¸ä‑nb‑p‑w ]dª‑p. GX‑mï‑v ]¯‑v a‑n\‑n«‑v Ig‑nªt‑¸‑mÄ "k‑ot‑d‑m AhÀ' Ahk‑m\‑n¡‑md‑mb‑n F¶‑v R‑m³ At‑±ls‑¯ H‑mÀ½‑n¸‑n¨‑p. "k`b‑nÂ t‑]‑mI‑m\‑pÅ kaba‑mb‑n. _‑nÂ AhXc‑n¸‑n¡‑m\‑pÅXt‑Ã' R‑m³ ]dª‑p. \À½ k‑w`‑mjW¯‑ns‑â ck¨cS‑ne‑mb‑nc‑p¶ At‑±l‑w Xs‑â s‑s‑Ib‑nÂ s‑I«‑nb‑nc‑p¶ h‑m¨‑nt‑eb‑v¡‑v s‑]s‑«¶‑v t‑\‑m¡‑n. "As‑X‑, t‑]‑mI‑m³kaba‑mb‑n‑, Ahk‑m\s‑¯ ]‑pII‑qS‑n he‑nt‑¨‑ms‑«' þ klPa‑mb ]‑p©‑nc‑nt‑b‑ms‑S At‑±l‑w ]dª‑p. F¶‑n«‑v k‑nKdä‑v H¶‑mª‑phe‑n¨‑v ]‑pIh‑n«‑p. Aht‑ij‑n¨ k‑nKdä‑v I‑pä‑n ]‑pdt‑¯b‑vs‑¡d‑nª‑p. I‑qt‑S \‑n¶hc‑ps‑S t‑\À¡‑v A`‑nh‑mZ‑yc‑qt‑]W s‑s‑Ih‑oi‑ns‑¡‑mï‑v k‑pk‑vt‑achZ\\‑mb‑n k`b‑v¡It‑¯b‑v¡‑v t‑]‑mb‑n. R§Ä {‑]k‑v K‑med‑nb‑nt‑eb‑v¡‑p‑w. a‑qt‑¶‑m\‑mt‑e‑m a‑n¶‑n«‑v Ig‑nªt‑¸‑mÄ- "k‑ot‑d‑m AhÀ' Ahk‑m\‑n¨‑p. k‑v]‑o¡À s‑I.s‑a‑mb‑vX‑o³I‑p«‑nl‑mP‑n a{‑´‑n s‑I.S‑n.t‑P‑mÀP‑ns‑\ _‑nÂ AhXc‑n¸‑n¡‑m³ £W‑n¨‑p. B I‑rX‑y‑w \‑nÀhl‑n¨‑ps‑I‑mï‑v At‑±l‑w _‑nÃ‑ns‑â Dt‑±i‑ye£‑y§Ä h‑nhc‑n¨‑p X‑pS§‑n. GX‑mï‑v a‑q¶‑v a‑n\‑nä‑v Ig‑nª‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w t‑P‑mÀP‑ns‑â i_‑vZ‑w s‑]s‑«¶‑v \‑ne¨‑p. k`b‑nÂ ]db‑m\‑pÅX‑v I‑pd‑n¨‑ph¨‑nc‑p¶ ISe‑mk‑p‑w _‑nÃ‑ns‑â t‑I‑m¸‑nb‑p‑w At‑±l¯‑ns‑â s‑s‑I¿‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p‑w D‑uÀ¶‑ph‑oW‑p. At‑X‑ms‑S‑m¸‑w At‑±l‑w Xs‑â a‑p¼‑ne‑pÅ Uk‑vI‑nt‑eb‑v¡‑v I‑pgª‑v Ia‑ng‑v¶‑ph‑oW‑p. FÃ‑m‑w Hc‑p \‑na‑nj‑ws‑I‑mï‑v k‑w`h‑n¨‑p. Hc‑p a‑n¶Â¸‑nWÀt‑]‑ms‑e. k‑w`h‑n¨s‑X´‑ms‑W¶‑v \‑nÝba‑nÃ‑ms‑X k` H¶S¦‑w k‑vX‑w`‑nXa‑mb‑nt‑¸‑mb‑n. k`b‑ps‑S ]e`‑mK¯‑n\‑n¶‑p‑w ]ec‑p‑w AÔ‑mf‑nt‑¸‑mS‑p‑w DX‑vIW‑vTt‑b‑mS‑p‑w Fg‑pt‑¶ä‑v \‑n¶‑v t‑\‑m¡‑n. N‑neÀ H‑mS‑ns‑¨¶‑v t‑P‑mÀP‑ns‑\ X‑m§‑n¸‑nS‑n¨‑v Fg‑pt‑¶Â¸‑n¡‑m³ {‑ia‑n¨‑p. ]t‑£ {‑]Úbä‑v P‑ohOh‑wt‑]‑ms‑eb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p B ic‑oc‑w. k`b‑nÂ Dt‑Z‑zK]‑qÀ®a‑mb \‑na‑nj§Ä IS¶‑pt‑]‑mb‑n. A¶s‑¯ kt‑½f\‑w At‑X‑ms‑S Ahk‑m\‑n¨‑p‑, tIcf s‑k{‑It‑«d‑nbä‑v aµ‑ncw

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sI.Pn.]ctaizc³\mbÀ t^mt«m: _n. PbN{µ³, aebmfat\mca

\‑nbak`b‑nÂ U‑y‑q«‑nb‑ne‑mb‑nc‑p¶ t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ a{‑´‑n t‑P‑mÀP‑ns‑\ ]c‑nt‑i‑m[‑n¨‑p. ak‑vX‑nj‑vI{‑k‑mha‑mW‑v At‑±ls‑¯ XfÀ¯‑nbs‑X¶‑v ]c‑nt‑i‑m[\b‑nÂ Is‑ï¯‑n. DSs‑\ Xs‑¶ h‑nZK‑v[ N‑nI‑nÕb‑v¡‑mb‑n P\de‑mi‑p] {‑X‑nb‑nt‑eb‑v¡‑v a‑mä‑n. Bi‑p]{‑X‑nb‑nÂ ]‑ns‑¶‑mc‑p P\{‑]h‑ml‑w Xs‑¶b‑mb‑n c‑p¶‑p. ]‑mÀ«‑nt‑\X‑m¡f‑p‑w A\‑pb‑mb‑nIf‑p‑w DX‑vIW‑vT‑m`c‑nXc‑mb‑n Bi‑p]{‑X‑n hf¸‑nÂ XS‑n¨‑pI‑qS‑n. a‑pJ‑ya{‑´‑n AN‑y‑pXt‑at‑\‑m\‑p‑w a{‑´‑na‑mc‑paS¡‑w \‑nbak`‑mk‑ma‑mP‑nIc‑p‑w a‑m[‑yat‑eJI·‑mc‑p‑w Dt‑Z‑y‑mKØc‑p‑w t‑P‑mÀP‑ns‑â Bt‑c‑mK‑y\‑ne Ad‑nb‑m³ Bi‑p]{‑X‑nb‑ns‑e¯‑n. DX‑vIW‑vTb‑p‑w Dt‑Z‑zKh‑p‑w \‑ndª \‑na‑nj§Ä ]‑ns‑¶b‑p‑w Cgª‑p\‑o§‑n. t‑P‑mÀP‑ns‑\ N‑nI‑nÕ‑n¡‑m³ I‑nS¯‑nb‑nc‑p¶ a‑pd‑nb‑nÂ t‑U‑mI‑vSÀa‑mc‑ps‑S X‑nc¡‑n«{‑ia‑w. ]t‑£ t‑P‑mÀP‑ns‑â P‑oh³ c£‑n¡‑m\‑mb‑nÃ. D¨b‑v¡‑v cï‑ caW‑nt‑b‑mS‑pI‑qS‑n B ic‑oc¯‑ns‑e Ahk‑m\i‑z‑mkh‑p‑w \‑ne¨‑p. acW‑w Ø‑nc‑oIc‑n¨‑pÅ Ad‑nb‑n¸‑pa‑pï‑mb‑n. A¶‑p c‑mh‑ns‑e "k‑ot‑d‑m AhÀ' X‑pS§‑md‑mb‑n F¶‑v R‑m³ H‑mÀ½s‑¸S‑p¯‑nbX‑ns‑\ X‑pSÀ¶‑v \‑nbak`b‑ps‑S ]‑pd´f¯‑nÂ I‑qs‑S \‑n¶ht‑c‑mS‑v "At‑X t‑]‑mI‑m³ kaba‑mb‑n' F¶‑v t‑P‑mÀP‑v ]dª h‑m¡‑pIÄ R‑m³ H‑mÀ¯‑pt‑]‑mb‑n. B h‑m¡‑pIÄ Ad‑w]ä‑nbX‑mb‑nt‑¸‑mb‑n At‑±l¯‑ns‑â A´‑y‑w. F\‑n¡‑v Hc‑n¡e‑p‑w ad¡‑m\‑mI‑m¯ Hc‑p A\‑p`hh‑p‑w.

A£´h‑ya‑mb Hc‑p s‑s‑I¸‑ng \‑nbak`‑mkt‑½f\§Ä d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑ps‑N¿‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶t‑ ¸‑mÄ Dï‑mb C‑u A\‑p`h‑w Z‑pJIca‑mb‑nc‑ps‑¶¦‑nÂ Fs‑â Hc‑p FI‑v-k‑v¢‑qk‑oh‑v t‑Ì‑md‑na‑qea‑pï‑mb A\‑p`h‑w BZ‑y‑w

DX‑vIW‑vTb‑pt‑Sb‑p‑w ]‑n¶‑oS‑v kt‑´‑mj¯‑nt‑âX‑pa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. 1980þ81þs‑e \‑mb\‑mÀ a{‑´‑nk`b‑ps‑S I‑me‑w. A¶‑v R‑m³ t‑IcfI‑ua‑pZ‑nb‑ps‑S X‑nc‑ph\´]‑pc‑w k‑nä‑n _‑y‑qt‑d‑m N‑o^‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. Hc‑pZ‑nhk‑w Hc‑p ]‑mhs‑¸« a\‑pj‑y³ Fs‑â H‑m^‑ok‑nÂ h¶‑v Ft‑¶‑mS‑v Hc‑p k¦S‑w ]dª‑p. Ab‑mf‑ps‑S `‑mc‑y X‑nc‑ph\´]‑pc‑w I®‑mi‑p]{‑X‑nb‑nÂ N‑nI‑nÕb‑ne‑mW‑v. t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ Ahc‑ps‑S t‑c‑mKa‑nÃ‑m¯ I®‑v H‑m¸t‑dä‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑p. I®‑v a‑md‑n s‑Nb‑vXX‑mW‑v. CX‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p Ab‑mf‑ps‑S k¦S‑w. t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ¡‑v ]ä‑nb s‑s‑I¸‑ngs‑b¸ä‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ Ab‑mf‑ps‑S ]c‑mX‑n. kÀ¡‑mc‑nÂ At‑]£ \ÂI‑nb‑mÂ `‑mc‑yb‑v¡‑v Fs‑´¦‑ne‑p‑w kl‑mb‑w I‑n«‑pt‑a‑m F¶d‑nbW‑w. AX‑n\‑pt‑hï‑nb‑mW‑v Ab‑mÄ ]{‑Xa‑m^‑ok‑v t‑XS‑n¸‑nS‑n¨‑p h¶X‑v. k‑w`hs‑¯¸ä‑n Ab‑mÄ¡‑v Ad‑nb‑mh‑p¶X‑v t‑N‑mZ‑n¨‑pa\ Ê‑ne‑m¡‑nb‑n«‑v R‑m³ 100c‑q] s‑I‑mS‑p¯‑n«‑p ]dª‑p‑, kÀ¡‑mc‑ns‑â kl‑mb‑w I‑n«‑pt‑a‑m F¶‑v R‑m³ At‑¼j‑n¨‑v Ad‑nb‑n¡‑m‑w. XÂ¡‑me‑w C‑u c‑q]s‑I‑mï‑v `‑mc‑yb‑v¡‑v Bhi‑ya‑pÅ ac‑pt‑¶‑m at‑ä‑m h‑m§‑ns‑I‑mS‑p¡‑q. Bb‑mÄ Ft‑¶‑mS‑p ]dª h‑nhc‑w aä‑mt‑c‑mS‑p‑w ]dbc‑ps‑X¶‑v {‑]t‑X‑yI‑w FS‑p¯‑p]dª‑p. ]‑mh‑w‑, B c‑q]b‑p‑w h‑m§‑nt‑¸‑mb‑n. R‑m³ DSs‑\ Xs‑¶ Ab‑mÄ ]dªh‑nhc‑w At‑¼j‑n¨‑v Ø‑nc‑oIc‑n¨‑p. AX‑v AS‑p¯Z‑nhk‑w t‑IcfI‑ua‑pZ‑nb‑nÂ "I®‑mi‑p]{‑X‑nb‑nÂ I®‑pa‑md‑n ik‑v{‑X{‑I‑nb' F¶ i‑oÀjI¯‑nÂ \‑me‑vt‑I‑mf‑w h‑mÀ¯b‑mb‑nh¶‑p. A¶‑v {‑i‑o.h¡‑w ]‑pc‑pt‑j‑m¯a\‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p Bt‑c‑mK‑y hI‑p¸‑v a{‑´‑n. h‑mÀ¯ h¶ Z‑nhk‑w c‑mh‑ns‑e H³]X‑vaW‑n¡‑v a{‑´‑nb‑ps‑S H‑m^‑ok‑nÂ \‑ns‑¶‑mc‑p Ad‑nb‑n¸‑ph¶‑p‑, a{‑´‑n c‑mh‑ns‑e 10.30þ\‑v ]{‑Xkt‑½f\‑w \S¯‑p‑w a{‑´‑nb‑qs‑S H‑m^‑ok‑nÂ. AX‑v t‑I«‑v Fs‑â Ds‑Å‑m¶‑mf‑n. a{‑´‑n h‑mÀ¯ \‑nt‑j[‑n¡‑pt‑a‑m? F¦‑nÂ \‑mWt‑¡S‑mI‑p‑w. B `b‑mi¦t‑b‑ms‑Sb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p R‑m³ ] {‑Xkt‑½f\‑w d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v s‑N¿‑m³ t‑]‑mbX‑v. a{‑´‑n ]‑pc‑pt‑j‑m¯a³ a‑pd‑nb‑nt‑eb‑v¡‑v h¶t‑¸‑mÄ B a‑pJ¯‑v ]X‑nh‑pff ]‑p©‑nb‑nb‑nÃ. ]X‑nh‑nÃ‑m¯ K‑uch‑w "FÃ‑mhc‑p‑w h¶t‑Ã‑m? X‑pS§‑m‑w As‑Ã?' F¶ Ba‑pJt‑¯‑ms‑S At‑±l‑w t‑IcfI‑ua‑pZ‑n ]{‑X‑w X‑pd¶‑v I‑mW‑n¨‑n«‑v ]dª‑p þ C‑u h‑mÀ¯ \‑n§Ä h‑mb‑n¨‑nc‑n¡‑pat‑Ã‑m "I®‑mi‑p]{‑X‑nb‑nÂ I®‑pa‑md‑n ik‑v{‑X{‑I‑nb F¶ h‑mÀ¯'. F¶‑n«‑v Hc‑p \‑na‑nj‑w a‑nï‑mX‑nc‑p¶‑p. R‑m³ DX‑vIW‑vTt‑b‑mS‑p‑w. At‑±l‑w X‑pSÀ¶‑p ]dª‑p þ "h‑mÀ¯ ic‑nb‑mW‑v \‑qd‑piXa‑m\h‑p‑w ic‑nb‑mW‑v.' At‑¸‑mg‑mW‑v F\‑n¡‑v i‑z‑mk‑w t‑\s‑cb‑mbX‑v. Hc‑p h\‑nX‑m t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ¡‑v {‑i²¡‑pdh‑n\‑mÂ Dï‑mb s‑s‑I¸‑ngb‑ms‑W¶‑p‑w At‑±l‑w ]dª‑p. B t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ Bc‑ms‑W¶‑p‑w At‑±l‑w s‑hf‑ns‑¸S‑p¯‑n (H‑uN‑nX‑y‑w IW¡‑ns‑eS‑p¯‑v Ahc‑ps‑S t‑]c‑v R‑m³ h‑oï‑p‑w Ch‑ns‑S ]db‑p¶‑nÃ‑). B t‑U‑mI‑vSs‑d kÀh‑ok‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑w kk‑vs‑]³U‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑p-s‑h¶‑p‑w k‑w`hs‑¯¸ä‑n hI‑p¸‑pXe At‑\‑zjW¯‑n\‑v D¯ch‑n«‑n«‑ps‑ï¶‑p‑w a{‑´‑n Ad‑nb‑n¨‑p. ]{‑X kt‑½f\‑w Ig‑nªt‑¸‑mÄ N‑ne kl]{‑Xt‑eJIÀ Fs‑¶ A`‑n\µ‑n¨‑p. t‑IcfI‑ua‑pZ‑nb‑nÂ h¶ B FI‑v-k‑v¢‑qk‑oh‑v t‑Ì‑md‑nb‑p‑w a{‑´‑nb‑ps‑S ]{‑Xkt‑½f\¯‑ns‑e h‑nhc§f‑p‑w AS‑p¯ Z‑nhk‑w t‑Zi‑ob ]{‑X§Ä AS¡‑w FÃ‑m ]{‑X§f‑ne‑p‑w hfs‑c {‑]‑m[‑m\‑yt‑¯‑ms‑S A¨S‑n¨‑ph¶‑p. AX‑pIï‑v Fs‑â a\Ê‑p‑w \t‑¶ I‑pf‑nÀ¯‑p.

amÀ¨v 2013

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Dr. J. V. Vil’anilam

Sardar K. M. Panikkar:

Journalist, Diplomat, Historian, Educationist and Politician, all rolled into one!

hen great persons achieve much, reach unexpected heights or contribute substantially to the widening of the horizon of knowledge we ordinary mortals tend to attribute such achievements to external factors: familial, social and environmental. Although external factors play a significant part in the moulding of greatness, individual personality factors also have an equally significant role in it. Perhaps Kavalam Madhava Panikkar (b. June 3, 1895—d. December 10, 1963) would have earned a name as a poet, a professor of history, a notable state or a national leader of Congress even if he had not been a diplomat or an educator. He was, in fact, all these at different periods of his life, but he was far above all these. His writings in English and Malayalam alone could earn him a permanent niche in the Hall of Fame, but most people consider him as an able administrator, eminent diplomat or a prime mover in reorganizing the country on a linguistic basis in 1956. I am not qualified enough to make a holistic assessment of his contributions; but it is not improper to look at his brilliant life and review his many-splendoured personality, his many-faceted scholarship and his manifold contributions in many fields, in the 50th year of his demise. (Incidentally, Sardar, was an honorific he earned when he served as the Dewan of the Maharajah of Bikaner). K. M. Panikkar who passed away in 1963 while serving as the Vice-Chancellor of the Mysore University is perhaps more known to many as a person who influenced the course of political developments in India through his role in the State Reorganization Commission and as India’s Ambassador to China, Egypt and France during crucial periods in the history of those countries than as as an educator and a journalist. This article is an attempt to look at Panikkar’s contributions in the fields of journalism and education.

amÀ¨v 2013

Panikkar the Journalist

Panikkar started writing for the press when he was in England. He was inspired by the growing nationalist feelings. His first article in English, a piece on the freedom movement in Hungary, was sent to the Indian Review of Madras, edited by G. A. Natesan. He also contributed articles to the Modern Review, Hindustan Review, and The Commonweal. One of his earliest achievements was the winning of a prize in a competition conducted by T. K. Swaminathan, publisher of The Colonial Review (Madras). The prize-winning article, “The Problems of Greater India,” was published in book form with an Introduction by Sir C. P. Ramaswamy Iyer who in those days was a leader of the Swarajya Party. Panikkar has mentioned in his Autobiography that his prize-winning article had much to do with his future as a writer. One could add that the article shows how keenly he was interested in matters relating to the geographical structure and contours of India. His early interest in geopolitics was manifested in fuller measure when he served in the mid-1950s as a member of the States Reorganization Commission. His early sense of history served him well when he grew into a mature political thinker, administrator and diplomat later on in life. This early work was reviewed in the Asiatic Review by an important person of the period, Admiral Rollen Wilson. The fact that even at the tender age of 23, Panikkar could capture the attention of important persons in India and England shows his extraordinary grip on historical and political matters because of his wide reading of, and sustained interest in, history. But in his youth, Panikkar was more interested in journalism than in teaching. After returning from Oxford, he worked as a professor at the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College (which later

(33) became Aligarh Muslim University). Any other person would have thought twice before leaving professorship at Aligarh in those days, especially because the management had invited him and offered him the job; he did not have to apply for it! I believe it was the adventurous spirit of the journalist in him that prompted him to discard the security of a comparatively trouble-free life as a professor. Thus K. M. Panikkar the professor joined as editor of the English daily, Swarajya, in Madras, published by his friend, Krupanidhi. When Swarajya’s founder, the great Congress leader, T. Prakas’am himself persuaded Panikkar, the latter had no second thoughts about joining the newspaper. To him, journalism was a “means for participating in great causes and helping them forward.” Those were the early days of great English newspapers like The Hindu, The Bombay Chronicle and Mahatmaji’s Young India, and also of Indian language newspapers like the Swadeshamitran, Amrit Bazaar Patrika, Aaj, etc. The national newspapers had to compete with British newspapers such as The Times of India (Bombay), The Statesman (Calcutta), the Pioneer (Lucknow) and the Civil and Military Gazette (Lahore). Panikkar’s Swarajya belonged to the nationalist genre and his philosophy was to serve national information needs. Panikkar’s historical sense encouraged him to look upon himself as a journalistic participant-

observer of what was going on around him, particularly in respect of the foreign power and its dealings with the native people. As an editor of a nationalistic newspaper, he felt it his duty to publish an article about some dubious deals between the then Governor of Madras, Lord Willingdon (later Viceroy) and a local jeweller. The very first newspaper of India, namely, James Augustus Hicky’s Bengal Gazette (established in 1780) had to expose corruption in high places (nothing new in modern Indian journalism, either) and it had to attack no less a personality than Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General of the East India Company . (Incidentally, the first multi-national company of the world). Hicky, as we know, had to suffer heavily for his audacity, as he was jailed, fined, forced to fold up his newspaper and flee the country! Panikkar, luckily, did not have to suffer Hicky’s fate, although Swarajya’s directors alarmed by the article about the Governor, conveyed their displeasure to Panikkar who resigned his editorship the very next day. This happened in February, 1924. After this unpleasant episode in his career as a journalist, Panikkar’s friends expected him to stay away from similar ventures, adventures or misadventures, but Panikkar belied their expectations. In less than a year, he not only edited a newspaper but founded it! This is what had happened: Panikkar went to Bombay to meet Gandhiji who had entrusted him with a politically precarious task, namely, bringing about a change in the Sikhs’ attitude to the Maharajah of Nabha. The Maharajah’s misdeeds in personal life had forced the British to ask him for “voluntary abdication.” Based on Panikkar’s report, Gandhiji requested the Akalis to drop the Nabha affair and the matter was settled. Panikkar’s solution was that the Congress would support the Sikhs’ claim to control their own Gurudwaras, provided they would not support the Maharajah’s cause. Panikkar’s successful handling of this assignment raised his stature in the eyes of both Congress and Sikh leaders, and when the Sikhs wanted to launch an English daily from Amritsar, they approached Panikkar to edit it. Panikkar was of the view that the paper should be published not from Amritsar but from Delhi. Thus it was that he got involved in the founding of one of the most important English newspapers of India today, namely, the Hindustan Times. It goes to his credit as an organizer that he got the services of well-known journalists of the time such as G. S. Raghavan and K. C. Roy. He even got a medical doctor, Ambadi Krishna Menon, to work for the paper as an Assistant Editor along with G. S. Raghavan, the other Assistant Editor. About the founding of the Hindustan Times, Panikkar has made the following observation in his Autobiography: “The paper was inaugurated by Gandhiji amÀ¨v 2013

(34) on 14th September 1924 and the first issue dated 23.9.1924 contained articles of Motilal Nehru, Maulana Mohammed Ali and Jawaharlal. Because it was the only English newspaper in the capital, it attracted wide notice from the beginning.” Panikkar, endowed with the gift of facile and forceful expression and as a nationalist with a historical sense, could not but observe certain unpalatable developments in his native state of Travancore. Sri Mulam Tirunaal Maharajah of Travancore who had passed away hardly a month or so before the launching of the Hindustan Times, was succeeded by Maharani Sethu Lakshmi Bai as Regent. In Panikkar’s own words: “The Resident of Travancore at that time was the celebrated C. H. C. Cotton. I began getting reports from the correspondent that he (Cotton) used to interfere in the administration and that this was undesirable. After making further enquiries and ascertaining facts I published the report in the Hindustan Times under the caption, “Cotton Epidemic in Travancore” This article created a furore not only in Travancore but in the imperial administration in New Delhi. When his uncle compelled him to resign from the paper, Panikkar agreed. Panikkar’s direct journalistic endeavours in India came to an end with the Hindustan Times experience. But he never lost his interest in journalism. When he arrived in London on 27th September, 1925 to read for the Bar, he found that there was a monetary need for his own maintenance as a belated student of 30 years of age with a family back in India to support. His occasional writings appeared in the Daily News and the Daily Herald of London but that was not enough to meet the rising cost of living in London in the late 1920s. So he entered into a journalistic partnership with Germaine Harlange, an influential journalist in Paris. This helped him a lot financially, particularly because she translated his articles into French for journals like Europe, Europe Nouvelle and Literaire. Mr and Mrs. Harlange also benefited from this arrangement. On his return from Europe, Panikkar entered the service of the princes in the north. This transformation from a Congressman and erstwhile journalist to an administrator in the service of the princes did not affect his writing career since he always found time to read, make notes and write on various topics of historical, political and diplomatic interest. Although he did not write regularly for the newspapers and other periodicals, he contributed occasional articles under pseudonyms. Writing, scholarly writing, was second nature to him, it seems. As Ayyappa Paniker has observed, “all through his life, K. M. Panikkar was in contact with the world of books and journals and contributed to amÀ¨v 2013

Panikkar’s direct journalistic endeavours in India came to an end with the Hindustan Times experience. But he never lost his interest in journalism. When he arrived in London on 27th September, 1925 to read for the Bar, he found that there was a monetary need for his own maintenance as a belated student of 30 years of age with a family back in India to support. His occasional writings appeared in the Daily News and the Daily Herald of London but that was not enough to meet the rising cost of living in London in the late 1920s. So he entered into a journalistic partnership with Germaine Harlange, an influential journalist in Paris. This helped him a lot financially, particularly because she translated his articles into French for journals like Europe, Europe Nouvelle and Literaire. Mr and Mrs. Harlange also benefited from this arrangement. periodicals in many parts of the world.” But it was in Swarajya and Hindustan Times that he made a mark as a journalist, especially in the latter where he revealed his own philosophy of journalism in an editorial entitled, “Ourselves.” “For ourselves, we are convinced that in India at the present time no newspaper has a right to Existence unless it fights strenuously, indefatigably and with stern determination for the achievement of Swaraj. .... . We stand for the wide principle of nationalism, not in any narrow or party sense, and we shall rigorously exclude partisan views of the kind which give rise to rancour and bitterness either between one party and another or between the Government and the people.” The same spirit was shown by Panikkar in his resignation. Maulana Mohammed Ali, President of the Congress, defended Panikkar’s quitting the Hindustan Times in the following words: We do not know of any important daily newspaper which owes practically everything finance, of course, excepted - to the labours of one man; and yet with regard to the establishment of the Hindustan Times K. M. Panikkar could well say like Coriolanus, “Alone I did it!”

Panikkar the Educationist:

Although he left teaching after a brief spell of three years, he never ceased to be an educator.

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For how could he be anything else with all his voluminous reading, writing, publishing and publicspeaking? With close to 50 books each in English and Malayalam, hundreds of journalistic and general pieces of writing in both languages, Convocation and other addresses in many universities, he could not but be a prolific communicator and educator par excellence. Panikkar’s knowledge of the world, his personal friendships with great statesmen, and official contact with many of them could make him an authentic and authoritative opinion-maker capable of influencing the young and the old who came in touch with him. But what I want to highlight here are his views on education. He had very clear ideas about the role of English in India’s education. He had firm opinions on the social aspects of liberal English education in India. He visualized what education could do for new India. Panikkar was quite aware of the strengths and weaknesses of the education system of the preIndependence era. Though the British introduced English education in a small way in the 18th century and expanded its scope in the 19thcentury by opening three Universities in 1857 to bring Indian higher education in line with the West, he never wanted to reduce the importance of regional languages. The idea of universal education was moved by Gopalkrishna Gokhale, but the British Government

resisted it on the ground of the heavy financial burden involved. The idea was moved again after World War II. But the goal envisaged in the 1940s was eradication of illiteracy in India by the 1960s. There was no intention of adopting as an educational policy the right to free primary education, a drawback taken into consideration in the Indian Constitution in 1950. (Though it was expected that free universal primary education would become a reality by 1965, Panikkar had no illusion about this ideal, which he said would not be easy to accomplish because of two major factors: increase in population; and the multiplicity of languages). The enormous annual increase in population should open our eyes, he said, to the need for infrastructural facilities--buildings, teachers, teaching equipment, etc. He was prophetic when he said in 1961 that “the provision of universal education, even up to the primary stage, is not easy to achieve within the next decade or two.” We who have been lucky enough to enter the 21st century can easily recollect how in the mid-1980s Rajiv Gandhi launched the “Operation Blackboard.” More than any other educationist, Panikkar was aware of the linguistic diversity of India and its direct impact on educational development through preparation of textbooks and provision of teachers and teaching aids suited to the different linguistic groups. The issues he raised in 1961 are still valid: “The immediate question facing Indian leaders is to decide whether they should concentrate on a high standard of education for a limited but large enough section of people, and resort to a programme of gradualism in the matter of universal education for all, or attempt to double university and technical education.” One cannot ignore the historical sense he had as an educationist dealing with contemporary problems. He draws attention to the fact that “at the time when the great industrial revolution took place in the major European countries, the problem of universal education was not even thought of, and it was only after the enormous increase in wealth which followed that revolution that even countries like England and France embarked on a policy of educating the entire people.” The third basic educational problem he was deeply interested in was the medium of instruction in schools and colleges, as well as the medium of official communication. Panikkar was of the opinion that the ‘new people’ who were taking over the leadership of the country were common people rather than the English-educated elite. Therefore he argued that any attempt to continue English as the language of higher education or as the common language of India would be unrealistic. At the same time it was obvious to him that university education could not be unrelated to secondary education which after the Montague-Chelmsford reforms of amÀ¨v 2013

(36) 1919, was carried out for the masses in the regional languages. However, he upheld the need for the continuance of English as a subject of study in schools and colleges since a knowledge of English was quite essential for Indians to keep in line with the most advanced nations of the world, especially in science and technology education and in the study of disciplines connected with international relations. Panikkar’s Essays in Educational Reconstruction, published in 1921, and his Convocation Address at the Viswabharati University make it very plain that he believed that education in India should be based on India’s cultural heritage. But he did not want a

Although he left teaching after a brief spell of three years, he never ceased to be an educator. For how could he be anything else with all his voluminous reading, writing, publishing and public-speaking? With close to 50 books each in English and Malayalam, hundreds of journalistic and general pieces of writing in both languages, Convocation and other addresses in many universities, he could not but be a prolific communicator and educator par excellence. Panikkar’s knowledge of the world, his personal friendships with great statesmen, and official contact with many of them could make him an authentic and authoritative opinion-maker capable of influencing the young and the old who came in touch with him. revival of the deadwood of unsubstantiated beliefs in the name of culture. In this he was a spiritual heir of the proponents of Western liberalism, which not only suspected the interference of state power into individual liberties of speech, conscience, assembly, organization, etc., but also refused to accept philosophical absolutism or dogmas including political ones as binding on society. In Panikkar’s view, as expressed in his book, In Defence of Liberalism, “the liberal attitude is an open approach to problems, a curiosity towards and interest in new ideas, and a continuous endeavour to evaluate them in terms of the individual’s position in society. … . The liberal attitude is best defined in a sloka by Kalidasa who says: ‘Nothing is to be considered as good merely on the ground of its being old; nor is something to be rejected on the ground of being new. The wise man accepts as good that which he finds so after trial.” He was quite in agreement with Bertrand Russell amÀ¨v 2013

that “the antithesis of liberalism is not conservatism but fanaticism.” Panikkar quotes Russell’s Philosophy and Politics where it is said: “The liberal creed in practice is one of live and let live, of toleration and freedom as far as public order permits, of moderation and absence of fanaticism in political matters. Even democracy when it becomes fanatical…ceases to be liberal.” Education in modern India, Panikkar believed, should be based on the realization that “a new civilization is undoubtedly taking shape. It is foolish to believe that this new civilization will be based on a single set of ideas or a complete set of doctrines associated with any single school of thought, economic, philosophical or religious.” However, Panikkar warned that “liberalism for all its appeal to humane sentiments had no solution for the problem of poverty and that the “new states have to solve their problem of hunger first.” To strengthen the humane liberalism with due emphasis on social awareness, Panikkar suggests the “promotion of a class devoted to the cultivation of human values, standing independent of current economic values but with social prestige high enough for them to uphold their ideas.” “The continuous emphasis on a humanistic education, the independence of universities and other centres of higher learning and thought, assured dignity and honour to professions like teaching, law and judiciary and to groups like poets, authors and artists whose vocations are financially not highly remunerative but are socially of the highest value,” he continues. But in the promotion of humanistic values, Panikkar saw the universities as the most important institutions and he drew attention to how the U.S. universities rallied strongly against McCarthyism and the French Universities actively sympathized with the Algerian nationalists and defended academic freedom. Universities in India, particularly in Kerala with the most literate and educated population in India, have quite a lot to learn from Panikkar the educationist. With the journalist’s spirit of adventure, the historian’s keen sense of the essential links among the past, the present and the future, the literary writer’s skill in handling languages, the administrator’s insight into organizational details, Panikkar the educationist offers the educators of the 21st century much food for thought. Unfortunately, many educators and journalists among us are starving intellectually amidst plenty of intellectual victuals! Professor Dr. J. V. Vil’anilam, former Vice-Chancellor and Head of the Department of Communication & Journalism (1982-1996), University of Kerala, is a writer in English and Malayalam. His Website is: www.vilanilam.com and e-mail: vilanilam.jv@gmail.com

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Chameli Devi award for TV journalist Alka Dhupkar, a journalist with Marathi-language TV news channel IBNLokmat, has won the prestigious Chameli Devi Jain Award for an outstanding woman media person. B. G. Verghese, coordinator of Media Foundation which has instituted the award, said, “Ms. Dhupkar has covered a range of subjects with great compassion. She has also been an anchor. She has combined many hats and put things across well.”

ITATION

The Chameli Devi Jain Award for an Outstanding Woman Mediaperson for 2012-13 goes to ALKA DHUPKAR of IBN-Lokmat TV, a leading regional Marathi news channel based in Mumbai, which she joined from its inception in 2007. She stands out for her depth of engagement, concern and professionalism displayed in an extensive body of work covering a diverse range of subjects in both the broadcast and print modes. These qualities are evident from her work as a live reporter from the field, as one working on in-depth feature Alka Dhupkar programmes, and as a studio-based anchor in specialised discussions issues of social, economic and human concern. Alka has defied current convention by pursuing off-beat stories and probing with compassion and understanding the motives, sordid or born of harsh compulsions that drive people to acts of villainy or despair. Thus, her investigation of a doctor couple feeding on dead tradition to practice female foeticide, poverty-driven surrogate motherhood for childless foreign or otherwise wealthy couples, and the intense trauma of deciding the future of a child born of rape. The underprivileged and suffering have benefited from the spotlight she has turned on their condition and the corrupt, such as powerful land-grabbers, have been exposed. The Media Foundation is privileged to recognise her sterling contribution to social and development journalism by conferring on Alka Dhupkar the Chameli Devi Jain Award.

The Jurors Report

With women increasingly dominating the media space, and many of them doing exceedingly good work, it is a difficult task for any jury to pick

one outstanding journalist for the annual Chameli Devi Jain award, presented by the Media Foundation. It was no different this year. The entries this year covered a wide spectrum of subjects, including business and hardnosed investigation; some were of overwhelmingly high quality, reaffirming that women journalists have indeed come of age. A panel of three jurors, Sunit Tandon, Alok Mehta, R Prasannan, and I, Arati Jerath, had to choose from 24 entries spanning three different media: print, television and radio. Nearly half were in Indian languages, underlining the spread and growing importance of the non-English media. There were 13 entries in English, eight in Hindi, two in Malayalam and one in Marathi. Six of the 24 entries came from television. There were 17 print entries and one from radio. The body of work represented in the entries was impressive and it was a challenge to zero in on one person for the award. After careful consideration and discussion, the jury decided that this year’s Chameli Devi Jain award for an outstanding woman media person should go to Alka Dhupkar of IBN-Lokmat. Her work scored high on all the criteria for selection including excellence, innovation, social concern and courage. She has done some outstanding reportage, even traveling the long distance from Maharashtra to Arunachal Pradesh for a story on developmental efforts in that Northeastern state. The jury also highly commended Ambika Pandit of The Times of India for the excellent human interest stories. The stories were written with great sensitivity and compassion and reaffirm the importance of bringing human values into every day reporting. amÀ¨v 2013

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_‑n. Fk‑v. _‑n-a‑n-\‑nX‑v

CâÀs‑\-ä‑nð h‑nhc‑w t‑XS‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ

C¶‑v a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯Is‑â {‑][‑m\ h‑nhct‑iJct‑W‑m]‑m[‑nIf‑n s‑e‑m¶‑mW‑v CâÀs‑\ä‑v. FÃ‑m h‑nhc§f‑p‑w e`‑ya‑mb Øe‑w F¶ K‑pW¯‑ns‑\‑m¸‑w [‑mc‑mf‑w A\‑mhi‑yh‑nhc§f‑p‑w s‑Xä‑mb h‑nhc§f‑p‑w DÅ CS‑w I‑qS‑nb‑ms‑W¶ A]ISh‑p‑w Ch‑ns‑Sb‑pï‑v. {‑i²‑n¨‑ns‑Ã¦‑nÂ A_²¡Se‑ne‑mh‑p‑w s‑N¶‑ph‑og‑pI. CâÀs‑\ä‑nÂ h‑nhc§Ä t‑XS‑nb‑pÅ s‑kÀ¨‑v F§s‑\ Ff‑p¸h‑p‑w I‑rX‑yh‑p a‑m¡‑m‑w F¶ h‑nhc§f‑mW‑v C‑u t‑eJ\¯‑nÂ. t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n AS‑p¯‑pXs‑¶ {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶ ]‑pk‑vXI¯‑nÂ \‑n¶‑pÅ Hc‑p `‑mKa‑mW‑nX‑v.

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amÀ¨v 2013

lycos.com, www.excite.com, www.hotbot.com, www.galaxy. com, www.gigablast.com... C§s‑\ s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑pIf‑ps‑S \‑oï \‑nc Xs‑¶b‑pï‑v \½‑ps‑S a‑p¶‑nÂ. b‑ml‑ph‑p‑w F‑w.Fk‑v.F¶‑p‑w Hs‑¡ AS¡‑nh‑mW I‑me¯‑p\‑n¶‑p‑w CâÀs‑\ä‑v X‑nc¨‑ne‑ns‑â ]c‑y‑mba‑mb‑n K‑qK‑nÄ a‑md‑nb I‑me¯‑mW‑v \½s‑f ¯‑n\‑nÂ¡‑p¶X‑v. s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑N¿‑pI F¶X‑n\‑v s‑]‑mX‑pt‑h K‑qK‑nÄ s‑N¿‑pI F¶‑p‑w ]db‑md‑pï‑v. s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n³ GX‑mb‑me‑p‑w t‑N‑mZ‑n¡‑p¶ t‑N‑mZ‑y¯‑n\\‑pkc‑n¨‑pÅ D¯ca‑mI‑p‑w Ah \ÂI‑pI. AX‑ps‑I‑mï‑p Xs‑¶ t‑N‑mZ‑n¡‑p¶ c‑oX‑n a\Ê‑ne‑m¡‑nb‑mÂ \½f‑mhi‑ys‑¸« D¯ch‑p‑w Ff‑p¸‑w I‑n«‑p‑w. t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w I‑rX‑yh‑p‑w I‑pd‑n¡‑p s‑I‑mÅ‑p¶X‑pa‑mIW‑w. AX‑n\‑v {‑]‑mYa‑nIa‑mb‑n N‑ne I‑mc‑y§Ä a\Ê‑ne‑mt‑¡ïX‑pï‑v. AX‑n\‑p a‑p¼‑v CâÀs‑\ä‑ns‑e s‑kÀ¨‑v F§‑ns‑\ b‑mW‑v k‑w`h‑n¡‑p¶X‑v F¶‑v a\Ê‑ne‑mt‑¡ïX‑pï‑v. t‑e‑mI¯‑ns‑â h‑nh‑n[ t‑I‑mW‑pI f‑ns‑e s‑kÀhd‑pIs‑fb‑p‑w I¼‑y‑q«d‑p It‑fb‑p‑w I‑q«‑nt‑b‑mP‑n¸‑n¨ i‑r‑wLe b‑mW‑v CâÀs‑\ä‑v F¶‑v \a‑p¡d‑nb‑m‑w.

Ah‑ns‑Ss‑b‑ms‑¡ k‑q£‑n¨‑n«‑pÅ h‑nhc§Ä‑, AX‑v s‑SI‑vÌ‑v, h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m‑, N‑n{‑X§Ä X‑pS§‑n GX‑v c‑q]¯‑ne‑pÅ hb‑mb‑me‑p‑w Ah BIÀjIa‑mb c‑oX‑nb‑nÂ \a‑p¡‑v a‑p¶‑nÂ AS‑p¡‑n s‑h¨‑p Xc‑p¶X‑v s‑h_‑v s‑s‑kä‑pIf‑mW‑v. h‑oU‑nt‑b‑mb‑p‑w H‑mU‑nt‑b‑mb‑p‑w DÄs‑¸ s‑S h‑nh‑n[ a‑m[‑ya§Ä DÄs‑¸S‑p¯‑nb h‑n]‑pea‑mb s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑pIf‑mW‑v t‑]‑mÀ«e‑pIÄ. t‑e‑mI‑w a‑pg‑ph³ h‑y‑m]‑n¨‑p I‑nS¡‑p¶ h‑nhc§f‑ps‑S h³ISe‑mb CâÀs‑\ä‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑w \a‑p¡‑v Bhi‑ya‑pÅX‑v‑, AX‑v N‑n{‑Xa‑mb‑me‑p‑w s‑SI‑vÌ‑v, h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m X‑pS§‑n GX‑v c‑q]¯‑ne‑pÅX‑mb‑me‑p‑w N‑nIs‑ªS‑p¯‑p Xc‑p¶ k‑wh‑n[‑m\ a‑mW‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n³. ]‑pdt‑a \‑n¶‑p t‑\‑m¡‑nb‑mÂ hfs‑c ef‑nXa‑ms‑W¶‑p t‑X‑m¶‑ps‑a¦‑ne‑p‑w k¦‑oÀWa‑mb Ht‑«s‑d {‑]{‑I‑nbIf‑ne‑qs‑Sb‑mW‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v k‑m[‑ya‑mI‑p¶X‑v.

\‑nÀ¯‑ms‑X {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p¶ F³P‑n³ I‑qS‑pXed‑nb‑pt‑¼‑mÄ s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑pIf‑ps‑S {‑]hÀ¯\§t‑f‑mS‑v _l‑pa‑m\‑w I‑qS‑nhc‑p‑w. \½f‑mhi‑y s‑¸S‑pt‑¼‑mÄ a‑m{‑X‑w {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p¶ s‑hd‑ps‑a‑mc‑p b{‑´aÃ AX‑v. \‑nc´c‑w {‑]hÀ¯‑n¨‑ps‑I‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑p¶hb‑mW‑v. s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑pIÄ k‑z´‑w \‑ne¡‑v X¿‑md‑m¡‑ns‑h¨ he‑nb h‑nhc t‑iJ-ca‑pïv (database‑). Ah‑ns‑S \‑n¶‑p‑w \½f‑mhi‑ys‑¸« h‑nhc§Ä AS‑p¡‑ns‑¸d‑p¡‑n \ÂI‑pIb‑mW‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑pIf‑ps‑S t‑P‑me‑n. s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑pIÄ Ahb‑ps‑S h‑nhc t‑iJc‑w X¿‑md‑m¡‑p¶s‑X§s‑\ b‑ms‑W¶d‑nb‑p¶X‑v I‑uX‑pIa‑mb‑n c‑n¡‑p‑w. s‑h_‑v t‑{‑I‑mfÀ (Web Crawler‑) BW‑v IYb‑ns‑e \‑mbI³.

(39) H‑mt‑c‑m s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑p‑w AhÀ¡‑p t‑hï c‑oX‑nb‑nÂ X¿‑md‑m¡‑nb {‑]t‑X‑yI t‑{‑]‑m{‑K‑ma‑mW‑nX‑v. CâÀs‑\ ä‑ns‑e s‑kÀhd‑pIf‑ne‑qs‑Sb‑p‑w aä‑v h‑nhc t‑iJc§f‑ne‑qs‑Sb‑p‑w k©c‑n ¨‑v s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑pIf‑ne‑pÅ h‑nhc§Ä t‑iJc‑n¨‑v X§f‑ps‑S U‑mä‑m s‑_b‑vk‑n Â F¯‑n¡‑pIb‑mW‑v Chc‑ps‑S t‑P‑me‑n. Hä¯hW s‑I‑mï‑v X‑oc‑p¶ k©‑mcaÃ AX‑v. \‑nc´c‑w X‑pSc‑p¶ H¶‑mW‑v. \‑nÝ‑nX kab¯‑n\‑pÅ‑nÂ ]‑pX‑nb CS§Ä Iï‑p]‑nS‑n¨‑p‑w ]gb hb‑ne‑qs‑S h‑oï‑p‑w b‑m{‑X s‑Nb‑vX‑p‑w \ÂI‑nb h‑nhc§Ä ]‑pX‑p¡‑pIb‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nbh Is‑ï¯‑pIb‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p s‑I‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w Ah. ants, automatic indexers, bots, Web spiders, Web robots, Web scutters F¶‑o t‑]c‑pI

f‑ne‑p‑w s‑h_‑v t‑{‑I‑mfd‑pIÄ Ad‑nbs‑¸ S‑p‑w. K‑qK‑nÄ s‑kÀ¨‑ns‑â k‑vt‑{‑I‑mfd‑ns‑â t‑]c‑v Google bot‑ F¶‑mW‑v. b‑ml‑q h‑nt‑âX‑v Yahoo! Slurp D‑w‑, s‑s‑at‑{‑I‑m t‑k‑m^‑vä‑v _‑n§‑nt‑âX‑v Bingbot Da‑mW‑v. CâÀs‑\ä‑nÂ e`‑ya‑mb s‑h_‑v s‑s‑kä‑pIÄ Is‑ïS‑p¯‑v Ahb‑ps‑S s‑s‑l¸À e‑n¦‑pIf‑p‑w aä‑p h‑nhc§f‑p‑w t‑]P‑ns‑â ]IÀ¸‑p‑w Ch s‑kÀ¨‑v

F³P‑n³ U‑mä‑m s‑_b‑vk‑nt‑e¡‑v (K‑qK‑nf‑nt‑âX‑v K‑qK‑nÄ C³UI‑vk‑v U‑mä‑ms‑_b‑vk‑v)Ab¨‑p s‑I‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w. h‑nh‑n[ s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑pIf‑ps‑S {‑] t‑X‑yIXIÄ a‑p³I‑q«‑n a\Ê‑ne‑m¡‑n Ah¡‑v h‑nhc‑w \ÂI‑p¶ c‑oX‑n Ff‑p-¸-a‑m-¡‑m³ s‑h_‑v s‑s‑kä‑pIÄ \‑nÀ½‑ns‑¨S‑p¡‑p¶ U‑ns‑s‑k\Àa‑mÀ {‑ia‑n¡‑md‑pï‑v. \½fd‑nb‑ms‑X s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑pIÄ¡‑p a‑m{‑X‑w e`‑ya‑mI‑p¶ c‑oX‑nb‑nÂ s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑pIf‑nÂ Ah s‑b¡‑pd‑n¨‑pÅ h‑nhc§Ä t‑{‑]‑m{‑K‑m‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p s‑h¡‑p‑w (metadata‑). C‑u h‑nhc§f‑p‑w s‑h_‑v t‑]P‑pIf‑ps‑S Xes‑¡«‑p‑w DÅS¡h‑ps‑a‑ms‑¡ t‑XS‑n ¸‑nS‑n¨‑v s‑h_‑vt‑{‑I‑mfd‑pIÄ s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑pIf‑ns‑e¯‑n¡‑p‑w. s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑p t‑hï‑n X¿‑md‑m¡‑nb I‑qä³ s‑kÀhd‑pIf‑nÂ Ch AS‑p¡‑ns‑¸d‑p ¡‑ns‑h¡‑p‑w. \½Ä s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n³ s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑phg‑n Bhi‑ys‑¸S‑pt‑¼‑mÄ C‑u k‑w`cW‑nIf‑nÂ t‑iJc‑n¨‑ps‑h¨ h‑nhc§f‑mW‑v Ah e‑nk‑vä‑v s‑N¿‑p¶X‑v. a‑p³I‑q«‑n e‑nk‑vä‑v s‑Nb‑vX t‑I‑mS‑n ¡W¡‑n\‑v d‑nkÄ«‑pIf‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v D] t‑b‑mà‑mh‑ns‑â Bhi‑y‑w a\Ê‑ne‑m¡‑n Iï‑p]‑nS‑n¨‑v AS‑p¡‑ns‑h¨‑p s‑I‑mS‑p

¡‑p¶X‑ne‑mW‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑ns‑â a‑nS‑p¡‑v. ISÂt‑]‑ms‑e I‑nS¡‑p¶ CâÀs‑\ä‑ns‑â h‑nhc t‑iJc¯‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v \a‑p¡‑v t‑hïh I‑rX‑ya‑mb‑n X‑ncs‑ªS‑p¡Ws‑a¦‑nÂ N‑ne AS‑nØ‑m\ I‑mc‑y§Ä \½f‑p‑w a\Ê‑ne‑mt‑¡ïX‑pï‑v. H‑mt‑c‑m s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑pIÄ¡‑p‑w H‑mt‑c‑m kh‑nt‑ijXIf‑ps‑ï¦‑ne‑p‑w AS‑nØ‑m\]ca‑mb‑n s‑kÀ¨‑v c‑oX‑nIÄ ka‑m\a‑mW‑v. AX‑ps‑I‑mï‑pXs‑¶ ef‑nXa‑mb s‑kÀ¨‑v c‑oX‑n FÃ‑m s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑pIÄ¡‑p‑w ka‑m\a‑mW‑v.

ef‑nXa‑mb s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑N¿‑m\‑p]t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑p¶ h‑m¡‑pIs‑f I‑ot‑hU‑pIÄ F¶‑mW‑v Ad‑nbs‑¸S‑p¶X‑v. \a‑p¡‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑Nt‑¿ï h‑njbh‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸«X‑p‑w ef‑nXa‑mbX‑p‑w t‑\c‑n«‑v h‑njb¯‑nt‑e¡‑v {‑] t‑hi‑n¡‑p¶X‑pa‑mb h‑m¡‑pIÄ D] t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑p t‑hW‑w s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑N¿‑m³. \a‑p¡‑v F´‑nt‑\¡‑pd‑n¨‑mt‑W‑m Ad‑nt‑bïX‑v B h‑njb¯‑ns‑e Gäh‑p‑w {‑][‑m\s‑¸« h‑m¡‑pIf‑mhW‑w I‑ot‑hU‑pIf‑mb‑n D]t‑b‑mK‑nt‑¡ï-X‑v. s‑kÀ¨‑v F{‑Xt‑¯‑mf‑w

amÀ¨v 2013

(40) k¦‑oÀWa‑ms‑W¶‑v \a‑p¡d‑nb‑m‑w. AX‑n\‑mÂ s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑ns‑\ Bib ¡‑pg¸-¯‑ne‑m¡‑mX‑nc‑n-¡‑m³ {‑]t‑X‑yI‑w {‑i²‑n¡W‑w. A\‑mhi‑ya‑mb h‑m¡‑p It‑f‑m is, are, what, who X‑pS§‑nb s‑]‑mX‑ph‑mb ]Z§t‑f‑m D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡ c‑pX‑v. C¯c‑w s‑]‑mX‑ph‑mb ]Z§s‑f t‑Ì‑m¸‑v t‑hU‑vk‑v F¶‑mW‑v K‑qK‑nÄ h‑nt‑ij‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. FÃ‑m `‑mjb‑ne‑p a‑pï‑v ka‑m\a‑mb ]Z§Ä. Ah s‑kÀ¨‑v d‑nkÄ«‑pIf‑ps‑S F®‑w I‑q«‑pIb‑p‑w I‑rX‑yXs‑b _‑m[‑n¡‑pI

I‑qS‑pXÂ h‑m¡‑pIÄ D]t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑p s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑N¿‑pt‑¼‑mÄ BZ‑ya‑mb‑n s‑I‑mS‑p¯ h‑m¡‑n\‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n³ I‑qS‑pXÂ {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w IÂ¸‑n¡‑pI. AX‑ps‑I‑mï‑p Xs‑¶ I‑ot‑hU‑pIÄ D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ {‑]t‑X‑yI‑w {‑i²‑n¡W‑w. DZ‑mlcW¯‑n\‑v I‑qS‑wI‑pf‑w BWh\‑neb‑w {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p¶X‑n t‑\‑mS\‑p_Ô‑n¨‑v {‑K‑ma‑oWÀ \S¯‑n b kact‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑mW‑v \a‑p¡‑v Ad‑n t‑bïs‑X¦‑nÂ BZ‑ya‑mb‑n \Ât‑Iï

my head hurt, why is my head killing me Fs‑¶‑ms‑¡ hf¨‑ps‑I«‑n t‑N‑mZ‑n¡‑p¶X‑n\‑p ]Ic‑w Headcheache t‑]‑ms‑e ef‑nXa‑mb Hä¸Z‑w k‑z‑oIc‑n¡‑pI. *** BZ‑y‑w koodankulam I‑r-X‑y-a‑mb‑n koodankulam nuclear plant I‑q-S‑p-XÂ I‑r-X‑y-a‑mb‑n koodankulam nuclear plant protest

\S¶‑, s‑\ä‑nÂ e`‑ya‑mb FÃ‑m kac§t‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑pÅ h‑nhc§f‑p‑w e‑nk‑vä‑v s‑N¿s‑¸S‑p‑w. AX‑nÂ BWh \‑nebh‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸«Ã‑ms‑X \S¶ kac§f‑p‑w N‑net‑¸‑mÄ It‑ï¡‑m‑w. C\‑n koodamkulam nuclear plant F¶‑mW‑v \ÂI‑p¶s‑X¦‑nÂ I‑qS‑wI‑pfs‑¯ BWh \‑nebh‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸« h‑nhc§s‑fÃ‑m‑w I‑n«‑p‑w. AX‑nÂ kach‑p‑w AX‑ns‑â {‑]hÀ¯\ h‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸« FÃ‑m I‑mc‑y§f‑p‑w e`‑n¡‑p‑w. F¶‑mÂ I‑qS‑wI‑pfs‑¯ kach‑p a‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸« h‑nhc§Ä a‑m{‑Xa‑mW‑v t‑hï-s‑X-¦‑nÂ koodamkulam nuclear plant protest‑ F¶‑v \ÂI‑n s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑N¿‑p¶X‑mW‑v Gäh‑p‑w \Ã a‑mÀ¤‑w. I‑mcW‑w Ch‑ns‑S I‑qS‑wI‑pf s‑¯ BWh\‑ne-bh‑pa‑m-b‑n _Ô-s‑¸«‑v Dï‑mb {‑]t‑£‑m`§t‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑v s‑\ä‑n e‑pÅ h‑nhc§s‑fÃ‑m‑w BZ‑y‑w e‑nk‑vä‑v s‑N¿s‑¸S‑p‑w. AX‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑w \a‑p¡‑v t‑hïh X‑ncª‑p Is‑ïS‑p¯‑mÂ aX‑n. s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑pIf‑ps‑S c‑oX‑nb\‑p kc‑n¨‑v FÃ‑m I‑ot‑hU‑pIf‑p‑w H¶‑n¨‑p hc‑p¶ ^e§Ä BZ‑yh‑p‑w‑, ]‑n¶‑oS‑v BZ‑y‑m-h-k‑m\ {‑Ia-¯‑nÂ H‑mt‑c‑m h‑m¡‑pIf‑p‑w AS§‑nb ^e§Ä F¶‑o {‑Ia¯‑ne‑mW‑v e‑nÌ‑v s‑N¿s‑¸ S‑pI. BZ‑y‑w Fg‑pX‑p¶ h‑m¡‑n\‑v I‑qS‑pXÂ {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w e`‑n¡‑p¶X‑n\‑mÂ h‑njb¯‑ns‑â {‑]‑m[‑m\‑ya\‑pkc‑n¨‑v I‑ot‑hU‑pIÄ AS‑p¡‑ns‑h¡‑m\‑p‑w {‑i²‑n¡W‑w. I‑qS‑pXÂ Ff‑p¸¯‑nÂ h‑njb‑w Is‑ï¯‑m³ C\‑nb‑pa‑pï‑v hg‑nIÄ. s‑kÀ¨‑v I‑qS‑pXÂ I‑mc‑y£aa‑mb‑n \S¯‑m³ C¶‑v e`‑n¡‑mh‑p¶ Gäh‑p‑w he‑nb ¹‑mä‑vt‑^‑ma‑mW‑v K‑qK‑nÄ. AX‑p s‑I‑mï‑pXs‑¶ K‑qK‑nÄ s‑kÀ¨‑v c‑oX‑n IÄ Bg¯‑nÂ a\Ê‑ne‑m¡‑p¶X‑v K‑pW‑w s‑N-¿‑p‑w.

s‑kÀ¨‑v K‑qK‑nf‑ns‑\‑m¸‑w

b‑p‑w s‑N¿‑p‑w. F¶‑mÂ the t‑]‑ms‑e I‑o t‑hU‑n\‑v A\‑nh‑mc‑ya‑mbh Hg‑nh‑m¡‑pIb‑pac‑pX‑v. (The Reader Movie‑). H¶‑nÂ I‑qS‑pXÂ h‑m¡‑pIÄ D] t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑N¿‑pt‑¼‑mÄ Ah GX‑v {‑Ia¯‑nÂ \ÂIWs‑a¶X‑p‑w {‑] [‑m\a‑mW‑v. h‑njbh‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸« h‑yà‑n‑, hk‑vX‑p‑, k‑w`h‑w‑, Øe‑w‑, Bib‑w X‑pS§‑nbs‑X´‑mt‑W‑m AX‑v BZ‑yt‑a \ÂIW‑w. k‑m[‑mcW H¶‑nÂ amÀ¨v 2013

]Z‑w k‑z‑m`‑mh‑nIa‑mb‑p‑w koodankulam F¶‑mW‑v. I‑qS‑wI‑pf‑w F¶‑p a‑m{‑X‑w s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑N¿‑pt‑¼‑mÄ X‑pS¡¯‑nÂ N‑net‑¸‑mÄ BWh \‑nebh‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸« ^ea‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w e`‑n¡‑pI F¦‑ne‑p‑w I‑qS‑wI‑qf‑w F¶ Øeh‑p a‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸« FÃ‑m h‑nhc§f‑p‑w s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n³ e‑nÌ‑v s‑N¿‑p‑w. koodamkulam protest F¶‑o cï‑p I‑ot‑hU‑pIÄ D]t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑N¿‑pt‑¼‑mÄ I‑qS‑wI‑pf¯‑v

FÃ‑m t‑N‑mZ‑y§f‑p‑w s‑N¶hk‑m\‑n ¡‑p¶X‑v C¶‑v K‑qK‑nf‑ne‑ms‑W¶v ]d ª‑mÂ H«‑p‑w AX‑nit‑b‑mà‑nb‑mI‑nÃ. Gäh‑p‑w I‑qS‑pXÂ t‑]À D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑p ¶ s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑mW‑v K‑qK‑nÄ. At‑ac‑n¡b‑ns‑e k‑vä‑m³t‑^‑mÀU‑v b‑qW‑nt‑hg‑vk‑nä‑n h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nIf‑mb‑n c‑p¶ e‑md‑n t‑]P‑p‑w s‑kÀP‑n {‑_‑n\‑p‑w t‑NÀ¶‑v 1997 e‑mW‑v K‑qK‑nÄ Ø‑m]‑n ¨X‑v. s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v ]‑n¶‑oS‑v CâÀs‑\ä‑ns‑â Ah‑n`‑mP‑yL‑ SIa‑mb‑n AX‑v a‑md‑n F¶X‑v Nc‑n{‑X‑w. k‑m[‑mcW s‑kÀ¨‑n\‑p ]‑pdt‑a N‑n{‑X§f‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯If‑paS¡‑w h‑nh‑n[ h‑njb§Ä s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑N¿‑m\‑pÅ

(41)

H¶‑nÂ I‑qS‑pXÂ h‑m¡‑pIÄ D]t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑N¿‑pt‑¼‑mÄ Ah GX‑v {‑Ia¯‑nÂ \ÂIWs‑a¶X‑p‑w {‑][‑m\a‑mW‑v. h‑njbh‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸« h‑yà‑n‑, hk‑vX‑p‑, k‑w`h‑w‑, Øe‑w‑, Bib‑w X‑pS§‑nbs‑X´‑mt‑W‑m AX‑v BZ‑yt‑a \ÂIW‑w. k‑m[‑mcW H¶‑nÂ I‑qS‑pXÂ h‑m¡‑pIÄ D]t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑p s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑N¿‑pt‑¼‑mÄ BZ‑ya‑mb‑n s‑I‑mS‑p¯ h‑m¡‑n\‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n³ I‑qS‑pXÂ {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w IÂ¸‑n¡‑pI. AX‑ps‑I‑mï‑p Xs‑¶ I‑ot‑hU‑pIÄ D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ {‑]t‑X‑yI‑w {‑i²‑n¡W‑w. k‑wh‑n[‑m\‑w C¶‑pï‑v. ka‑m\ ]Z§Ä (synonyms‑)‑, I‑me‑mhØ‑, kab‑w‑, t‑Ì‑m¡‑v t‑I‑z‑mS‑vk‑v, a‑m]‑v-k‑v, `‑qI¼t‑¯ ¡‑pd‑n¨‑pÅ h‑nhc§Ä‑, k‑n\‑na‑m kab‑w‑, h‑na‑m\h‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸« h‑nhc§Ä‑, k‑vt‑]‑mÀS‑vk‑v k‑vt‑I‑mÀ X‑pS§‑n Ht‑«s‑d h‑nhc§Ä K‑qK‑nÄ Xc‑p‑w. www.google.co.in F¶X‑v C´‑y ¡‑pt‑hï‑n X¿‑md‑m¡‑nb K‑qK‑nÄ s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑ns‑â h‑n`‑mKa‑mW‑v. k‑m[‑mcW KX‑nb‑nÂ google.com F¶‑v {‑_‑ukd‑nÂ s‑s‑S¸‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑m e‑p‑w C‑u t‑]P‑nt‑e¡‑mW‑v s‑Ns‑¶¯‑p I. C\‑n {‑][‑m\ s‑s‑kä‑v Xs‑¶ t‑hW s‑a¦‑nÂ t‑l‑m‑wt‑]P‑nÂ K‑qK‑nÄ.t‑I‑m‑w F¶ e‑n¦‑nÂ ¢‑n¡‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑mÂ aX‑n. K‑qK‑nf‑nÂ t‑hïX‑v X‑ncb‑pI F¶ X‑v C‑ubS‑p¯ I‑me¯‑mb‑n \½f‑p‑w K‑qK‑nf‑p‑w ]ck‑v]c‑w klIc‑n¨‑pÅ {‑]{‑I‑nbb‑mb‑n a‑md‑nb‑n«‑pï‑v. AX‑v s‑kÀ¨‑ns‑â BZ‑yL«‑w a‑pXÂ \a‑p¡‑v a\Ê‑ne‑mI‑p‑w. K‑qK‑nÄ t‑l‑m‑wt‑]P‑nÂ

I‑ot‑hU‑v s‑s‑S¸‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑v X‑pS§‑pt‑¼‑m Ä Xs‑¶ K‑qK‑nÄ \½s‑f kl‑mb‑n¨‑p X‑pS§‑p‑w. s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑m-t‑^‑m¬ s‑s‑I-b‑ne‑p-s‑ï-¦‑nÂ s‑kÀ-¨‑v t‑_‑m-I‑v-k‑n-s‑â h-e-X‑p-`‑mK-¯‑v I‑m-W‑p-¶ s‑F-¡-W‑nÂ ¢‑n-¡‑v s‑Nb‑v-X t‑i-j‑w I‑o-t‑h-U‑p-IÄ ]-d-ª‑v t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑me‑p‑w aX‑n. ]-d-b‑p¶-X‑v K‑q-K‑n-f‑n-\‑v a-\-k‑n-e‑m-I‑p-¶ X-c-¯‑nÂ A-£-ck‑v^‑pS-X-t‑b‑m-s‑S-b‑mhW‑w. h‑m¡‑pIf‑ps‑S BZ‑ys‑¯ A£c §Ä s‑s‑S¸‑v s‑N¿‑pt‑¼‑mÄ AX‑pa‑mb‑n B A£c§f‑nÂ X‑pS§‑p¶ h‑m¡‑p IÄ K‑qK‑nÄ Ct‑§‑m«‑p ]dª‑pXc‑p‑w. \½f‑pt‑±i‑n¨ I‑ot‑hU‑ps‑ï¦‑nÂ ¢‑n¡‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑v k‑z‑oIc‑n¡‑m‑w. s‑kÀ¨‑v t‑_‑mI‑vk‑nÂ a§‑nb \‑neb‑nÂ I‑mW‑p¶ I‑ot‑hU‑ns‑â _‑m-¡‑n `‑mK‑w s‑keÎ‑v s‑N¿Ws‑a¦‑nÂ I‑ot‑_‑mU‑nÂ s‑s‑dä‑v Bt‑c‑m AaÀ¯‑nb‑mÂ a‑pg‑ph³ s‑s‑S¸‑v s‑N¿‑ms‑X kab‑w e‑m`‑n¡‑m‑w. H‑mt‑«‑m I‑w¹‑oä‑v (Autocomplete‑) F¶‑mW‑v C‑u k‑wh‑n[‑m\¯‑ns‑â

t‑]c‑v. K‑qK‑nf‑ns‑â s‑kÀ¨‑v ]c‑nNb¯‑n Â \‑n¶‑mW‑v Gäh‑p‑w I‑qS‑pXÂ D] t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑p¶ h‑m¡‑pIÄ Is‑ï¯‑n C§s‑\ \a‑p¡‑pt‑hï‑n \‑nÀt‑±i‑n¡‑p ¶X‑v. C\‑n \½Ä I‑ot‑hU‑v s‑s‑S¸‑p s‑N¿‑pt‑¼‑mÄ Xs‑¶ {‑]X‑o£‑n¡‑p¶ s‑kÀ¨‑v h‑nhc§Ä e`‑ya‑m¡‑p¶ h‑nZ‑yb‑mW‑v K‑qK‑nÄ C³k‑väâ‑v (google instant‑). I‑ot‑hU‑v s‑s‑S¸‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑p X‑oc‑p¶X‑phs‑c A\‑pt‑b‑mP‑ya‑mb s‑kÀ¨‑v h‑nhc§Ä K‑qK‑nÄ X‑ms‑g \ÂI‑ns‑¡‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w. C³k‑väâ‑v {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p¶‑ns‑Ã¦‑nÂ K‑qK‑nÄ s‑kä‑nM‑vk‑nÂ t‑]‑mb‑n C³k‑väâ‑v Ft‑\_‑nÄ s‑Nb‑vX‑mÂ aX‑n. C\‑n \½Ä s‑s‑S¸‑v s‑Nb‑vX h‑m¡‑pIf‑nÂ A£cs‑¯ä‑ps‑ï¦‑nÂ ic‑nb‑mb h‑m¡‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v t‑_‑mI‑vk‑n\‑p s‑X‑m«‑pX‑ms‑g did you mean _____ F¶‑v \‑nÀt‑±i‑n¡‑p‑w. h‑m¡‑pIÄ a‑m{‑XaÃ I‑qS‑pXÂ s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑N¿‑p¶ ka‑m\]Za‑mb‑me‑p‑w C§s‑\ \‑nÀt‑± i‑n¡‑md‑pï‑v. AX‑mW‑v ic‑ns‑b¦‑nÂ C‑u e‑n¦‑nÂ ¢‑n¡‑p s‑Nb‑vX‑mÂ aX‑n. s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑N¿‑p¶X‑v K‑qK‑nf‑ns‑â Xs‑¶ t‑{‑I‑m‑w {‑_‑ukd‑ne‑ms‑W¦‑nÂ hfs‑c s‑Nd‑nb h‑yX‑y‑mk§Ä s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n³ CâÀs‑^b‑vk‑pIf‑nÂ I‑mW‑m‑w. aä‑p {‑_‑ukd‑pIf‑nÂ s‑kÀ¨‑v t‑_‑mI‑vk‑ns‑â h-eX‑p`‑mK¯‑v AU‑z‑m ³k‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v H‑m]‑vj\‑p‑w‑, ]c‑n`‑mj s‑N¿‑m\‑pÅ e‑m‑wt‑K‑zP‑v S‑qf‑pa‑pï‑v. t‑{‑I‑ma‑nÂ Ch s‑kä‑nM‑vk‑v s‑a\‑ph‑ne‑m W‑v. C¯c‑w a‑mä§Ä K‑qK‑nÄ I‑me‑mI‑me§f‑nÂ hc‑p¯‑md‑pï‑v. s‑kÀ¨‑v d‑nkÄ«‑ne‑pa‑pï‑v C‑u a‑mä‑w. BZ‑y‑w s‑kÀ¨‑v ê¯‑ns‑â Xes‑¡«‑v‑, s‑X‑m«‑pX‑ms‑g AX‑ns‑â e‑n¦‑v‑, AX‑n\‑p s‑X‑m«‑p]‑n¶‑ms‑e Cached, Similar F¶‑o e‑n¦‑pIÄ. s‑X‑m«‑pX‑ms‑g DÅS ¡t‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑pÅ eL‑ph‑nhcW‑w F¶‑n§s‑\b‑mW‑v k‑m[‑mcWb‑mb‑n ê§Ä e‑nÌ‑v s‑N¿‑pI. CX‑nÂ Cached F¶‑mÂ K‑qK‑nÄ t‑iJc‑n¨‑p s‑h¨ s‑h_‑v t‑]P‑v I‑mW‑m\‑pÅ H‑m]‑vj\‑mW‑v. Fs‑´¦‑ne‑p‑w I‑mcW hi‑mÂ s‑s‑kä‑pIf‑ps‑S e‑n¦‑v X‑pd¡‑m \‑mb‑ns‑Ã¦‑nÂ Ch‑ns‑S ¢‑n¡‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑mÂ AX‑ns‑â ]IÀ¸‑v I‑mW‑m‑w. ka‑m\a‑mb aä‑p t‑]P‑pIÄ e‑nÌ‑p s‑N¿‑m³ similer Â ¢‑n¡‑p s‑Nb‑vX‑mÂ aX‑n. t‑{‑I‑ma‑nÂ ê¯‑ns‑â h-eX‑p`‑mK ¯‑p s‑Xf‑nb‑p¶ Bt‑c‑mb‑nÂ ¢‑n¡‑p s‑Nb‑vX‑mÂ t‑]P‑ns‑â X¼‑vs‑\b‑nÂ I‑mW‑m‑w. X¼‑vs‑\b‑ne‑n\‑p a‑pIf‑ne‑mW‑v Cached, Similar F¶‑o e‑n¦‑pIÄ e`‑n¡‑pI. I‑ot‑hU‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸« N‑n{‑X‑w‑, a‑m¸‑v‑, h‑o-U‑n-t‑b‑m‑, h‑mÀ¯‑, ]‑pk‑vXI‑w‑, t‑j‑m¸‑nM‑v‑, Øe§Ä‑, t‑»‑mK‑pIÄ‑, amÀ¨v 2013

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t‑]P‑v d‑m¦‑v

KqKnÄ Øm]Isc¡pdn¨pÅ {]kn²amb Hcp ]pkvXIw

H‑mt‑c‑m s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑pIf‑p‑w C‑u AS‑p¡‑ns‑h¡e‑n\‑mb‑n kh‑nt‑ij IW¡‑pI‑q«Â k‑wh‑n[‑m\‑w (AÂt‑K‑mc‑nX‑w‑) c‑q]s‑¸S‑p¯‑nb‑n«‑p ï‑mI‑p‑w. t‑]P‑v d‑m¦‑nM‑v F¶‑mW‑v K‑qK‑nf‑ns‑â AÂt‑K‑mc‑nX‑w Ad‑nbs‑¸ S‑p¶X‑v. K‑qK‑nÄ s‑kÀ¨‑ns‑â h‑nPb ¯‑n\‑p ]‑n¶‑ns‑e a‑pJ‑y LSIa‑mW‑v t‑]P‑v d‑m¦‑nM‑v. k‑vä‑m³t‑^‑mÀU‑v kÀÆIe‑mi‑meb‑nÂ ]T‑n¡‑p¶ I‑me ¯‑p Xs‑¶ K‑qK‑nÄ Ø‑m]Ic‑mb e‑md‑n t‑]P‑p‑w s‑kÀP‑n {‑_‑n\‑p‑w X¿‑md‑m¡‑nbX‑mW‑v CX‑v. C‑u IW¡‑pI‑q«Â h¨‑v I‑qS‑pXÂ {‑][‑m\s‑¸«s‑X¶‑v K‑qK‑nÄ Is‑ï ¯‑p¶ ^e§Ä BZ‑yh‑p‑w {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y a\‑pkc‑n¨‑v _‑m¡‑nb‑pÅh s‑X‑m«‑p ]‑n¶‑ms‑eb‑pa‑mb‑n AS‑p¡‑ns‑h¡‑p¶ amÀ¨v 2013

c‑oX‑nb‑mW‑v CX‑v. Hc‑p]‑mS‑v s‑s‑kä‑pIÄ Hc‑p {‑]t‑X‑yI s‑s‑kä‑nt‑e¡‑v e‑n¦‑pIÄ \ÂI‑nb‑mÂ B s‑s‑kä‑ns‑\ {‑][‑m\ s‑¸«X‑mb‑n K‑qK‑nÄ AÂt‑K‑mc‑nX‑w IW¡‑m¡‑p‑w. C¡‑mc‑y‑w a‑m{‑XaÃ s‑kÀ¨‑v l‑nk‑väd‑nb‑pÄs‑¸s‑S \‑qd‑ne[‑n I‑w LSI§Ä ]c‑nKW‑n¨‑mW‑v GX‑v BZ‑y‑w hcWs‑a¶‑v X‑oc‑pa‑m\‑n¡‑pI. C‑u IW¡‑pI‑q«e‑nÂ I‑me‑m\‑pk‑rX a‑mb a‑mä§f‑pï‑mI‑p¶‑pï‑v. Hc‑p D] t‑b‑mà‑mh‑v Ab‑mf‑ps‑S A¡‑uï‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v/I¼‑y‑q«d‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v a‑p³]‑v \S ¯‑nb‑n«‑pÅ s‑kÀ¨‑pIf‑p‑w s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑N¿‑p¶ {‑]t‑Z-i‑w X‑p-S§‑n-b \‑n-ch-[‑n h‑n-h-c-§f‑p‑w Hs‑¡ IW¡‑m¡‑nb‑pÅ kh‑nt‑ij IW¡‑pI‑q«e‑ne‑qs‑Sb‑mW‑v Ct‑¸‑mÄ K‑qK‑nÄ s‑kÀ¨‑v d‑nkÄ«‑v \‑nÀ½‑n¡‑p¶X‑v.

NÀÏÄ‑, B¹‑nt‑¡j\‑pIÄ‑, ]‑mäâ‑v X‑pS§‑nbh¡‑v t‑]P‑ns‑â C-SX‑p`‑mK¯‑pÅ e‑n¦‑nÂ ¢‑n¡‑p s‑Nb‑vX‑mÂ aX‑n. GX‑v I‑mebfh‑nÂ {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¨ h‑nhc§f‑mW‑v‑, \½‑ps‑S c‑mP‑y¯‑p \‑n¶‑pÅ ê‑w a‑m{‑X‑w aX‑nt‑b‑m F¶‑nh X‑oc‑pa‑m\‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w \‑neh‑nÂ K‑qK‑nÄ s‑kÀ¨‑v t‑]P‑ns‑â CSX‑p_‑md‑nÂ k‑uIc‑ya‑pï‑v. ]‑pX‑nb k‑mlNc‑y¯‑nÂ s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑N¿‑pI F¶X‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑p IÄ¡‑v AÂ¸‑w {‑iaIca‑mb t‑P‑me‑nb‑m s‑W¶‑v t‑\ct‑¯ ]dª‑p. C‑u k¦‑oÀWX Hg‑nh‑m¡‑m³ s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n³ Xs‑¶ ]e h‑nZ‑yIÄ c‑wK ¯‑nd¡‑nb‑n«‑pï‑v. cï‑v Xc¯‑ne‑mW‑v k‑m[‑mcWb‑mb‑n s‑kÀ¨‑v ê§s‑f Ac‑ns‑¨S‑p¡‑p¶X‑v. AX‑ns‑e‑m¶‑v ê§f‑nÂ D]t‑b‑mà‑mh‑n\‑v Bhi‑y s‑a¶‑v t‑X‑m¶‑p¶h s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n³ Xs‑¶ Is‑ï¯‑p¶ c‑oX‑nb‑mW‑v. s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑ns‑â C‑u IW¡‑pI‑q« e‑ns‑\ AÂt‑K‑mc‑nXs‑a¶‑v ]db‑p¶‑p. cï‑v‑, s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n\‑nÂ Xs‑¶ GÀs‑¸S‑p¯‑nb s‑kÀ¨‑v ^‑nÂ«À‑, s‑kÀ¨‑v H‑m]‑vj³ X‑pS§‑nb "Ac‑n¸' (filter) k‑wh‑n[‑m\§f‑mW‑v. BZ‑y t‑¯X‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v F³P‑n³ k‑z´‑w _‑p²‑nià‑n D]t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑v s‑N¿‑p¶ X‑ms‑W¦‑nÂ cï‑mat‑¯X‑v D]t‑b‑m à‑m¡Ä s‑Nt‑¿ïX‑mW‑v. C\‑n K‑qK‑nf‑ns‑â t‑]g‑vkWs‑s‑e k‑vU‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v F´‑ms‑W¶‑p I‑qS‑n Ad‑nª‑nc‑nt‑¡ïX‑pï‑v. K‑qK‑nÄ A¡‑uï‑nÂ s‑s‑k³ C³ s‑Nb‑vX‑p Ig‑nª‑mÂ \½Ä \S¯‑p¶ FÃ‑m X‑nc¨‑ne‑ns‑âb‑p‑w h‑niZh‑nhc§Ä K‑qK‑nÄ s‑h_‑v l‑nk‑väd‑nb‑nÂ t‑iJ c‑n¨‑p s‑h¡‑p‑w. \½‑ps‑S A`‑nc‑pN‑nIf‑p‑w s‑kÀ¨‑v c‑oX‑nIf‑p‑w Ø‑nca‑mb‑n h‑nhc §Ä t‑iJc‑n¡‑p¶ t‑aJeIf‑ps‑a‑ms‑¡ Ch‑ns‑S t‑iJc‑n¨‑n«‑pï‑mI‑p‑w. ]‑n¶‑oS‑v \½Ä s‑kÀ¨‑v s‑N¿‑pt‑¼‑mÄ ]gb s‑kÀ¨‑pIf‑ps‑S Nc‑n{‑X‑w I‑qS‑n ]c‑nt‑i‑m [‑n¨‑n«‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w GX‑v h‑nhc§Ä¡‑v I‑qS‑pXÂ {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w \ÂIWs‑a¶‑v K‑qK‑nÄ X‑oc‑pa‑m\‑n¡‑pI. CX‑mW‑v K‑qK‑nf‑ns‑â t‑]g‑vkWs‑s‑ek‑vU‑v s‑kÀ¨‑v. P‑ns‑ab‑nÂ‑, ^be‑pIÄ k‑q£‑n¡‑m\‑pÅ s‑s‑{‑Uh‑v‑, k‑ul‑rZ kZÊ‑mb K‑qK‑nÄ ¹Ê‑v‑, b‑qS‑y‑q_‑v X‑pS§‑nbhs‑¡Ã‑m‑w D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑p¶ A¡‑uï‑v Xs‑¶b‑mW‑v K‑qK‑nÄ A¡‑uï‑v. (A-S‑p-¯ e-¡-¯‑nÂ X‑p-S-c‑p‑w‑) amXr`qanbnð k_v FUnädmWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: biminith@gmail.com

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hmb-\

jmPn tP¡_v

am[ya-§fpw kaqlhpw

ka-I‑m-e-_-l‑p-P-\-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä¡‑v ka‑q-l-h‑p-a‑m-b‑p-ff _l‑p-X-e-_Ô-§Ä s‑s‑k²‑m-´‑n-I-a‑mb‑n h‑ni-I-e\‑w s‑N¿‑p¶ s‑s‑I¸‑p-k‑vX-I‑w.

l‑p-P-\-a‑m-[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w s‑]‑mX‑pk-a‑q-lh‑p‑w X½‑n-e‑p-ff _Ô-a‑mW‑v a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-§-f‑ps‑S AS‑nØ‑m\ c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob‑w Xs‑¶. k‑mt‑¦-X‑nI-X‑, a‑m[‑y-a-]-c-X‑, k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑n-IX F¶‑o a‑q¶‑p Xe-§s‑f (Ch ]c-k‑v] c h‑nc‑p-²t‑a‑m k‑q£‑va‑mÀY-¯‑nÂ `‑n¶§Ä Xs‑¶t‑b‑m AÃ‑) t‑I{‑µ‑o-I-c‑n¨‑v k‑ma‑q-l‑nI aW‑vU-e-¯‑nÂ a‑m[‑y-a§Ä s‑Ne‑p-¯‑p¶ {‑]`‑m-hh‑p‑w X‑nc‑n¨‑v `c-W-I‑qS‑w a‑pXÂ h‑n]W‑n hs‑cb‑pff k‑ma‑q-l‑n-I-Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä a‑m[‑y-a§Ä¡‑p-t‑aÂ s‑Ne‑p-¯‑p¶ {‑]`‑m-hh‑p‑w h‑ni-I-e\‑w s‑N¿‑p-I-b‑mW‑v k‑ma‑m-\‑ya‑mb‑n GX‑p a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w k‑z`‑m-h‑w. t‑ae‑v]-d-ª-h-b‑nÂ Gs‑X¦‑ne‑p‑w Hc‑p t‑aJ-e-b‑nÂ CS-s‑]-S‑m¯ a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-§Ä h‑nc-f-a‑mW‑v F¶‑pXs‑¶ ]d-b‑m‑w. ]s‑¯‑m³]X‑m‑w \‑qä‑mï‑nÂXs‑¶ Bc‑w-`‑n-¡‑p-¶‑pï‑v _l‑pP-\-a‑m-[‑y-a-§s‑f a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n-b‑p-ff C¯c‑w h‑nN‑m-c-§Ä. F¦‑ne‑p‑w Cc‑p-] X‑m‑w \‑qä‑m-ï‑nÂ b‑qt‑d‑m-]‑y³‑, At‑ac‑n-¡³ kÀh-I-e‑m-i‑m-e-IÄ t‑I{‑µ‑o-Ic‑n-¨‑mW‑v a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-§Ä h‑nI‑mk‑w t‑\S‑p-¶-X‑v. h‑nh‑n[ s‑s‑k²‑m-´‑nI ka‑o-]-\-§f‑p‑w `‑n¶-c‑oX‑n i‑mk‑v{‑X-]-²X‑n-If‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\s‑¯ B[‑p-\‑nI A¡‑m-Z-a‑nI c‑wKs‑¯ {‑it‑²-b-a‑mb ] T-\-t‑a-J-e-I-f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑m¡‑n a‑mä‑n. a‑m[‑y-a§-f‑ps‑S Nc‑n-{‑Xh‑p‑w k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑nI {‑]

X‑o-X‑n-If‑p‑w h‑ni-I-e\‑w s‑N¿‑p¶ \‑nch[‑n ]T-\-h-I‑p-¸‑p-If‑p‑w ]W‑vU‑n-Xc‑p‑w {‑KÙ-§f‑p‑w C‑u c‑wK-¯‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. C¯c‑w ]T-\-§-f‑ps‑S s‑]‑mX‑p-c‑o-X‑n-IÄ k‑w{‑K-l‑n-¨-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p¶ s‑s‑I¸‑p-k‑vXI-§Ä (Hand books‑) a‑m[‑y-a-]-T‑nX‑m-¡Ä¡‑p-ff ]‑mT-]‑p-k‑vX-I-§-f‑mb‑n t‑e‑mI-s‑a§‑p‑w {‑]N-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. Ch-b‑nÂ N‑ne-s‑X-¦‑ne‑p‑w Ak‑m-[‑m-c-W-a‑m‑w-h‑n[‑w \½‑ps‑S a‑m[‑y-a-[‑m-c-W-Is‑f A¡‑m-Z-a‑nI-a‑mb‑n _e-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m³ kl‑m-b‑n-¡‑pIb‑p‑w s‑N¿‑p‑w. {‑K‑o‑w _À«³ Fg‑pX‑n 2005Â aI‑vt‑{‑K‑m-l‑nÂ {‑_‑n«-\‑ne‑p‑w 2009Â d‑mh¯‑v ]»‑n-t‑¡-j³k‑v C´‑y-b‑ne‑p‑w {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n¨ Media and Society C¯-c-s‑a‑mc‑p k‑wc‑w-`-a‑m-W‑v. k‑n\‑na t‑]‑ms‑e-b‑p-ff N‑ne h‑nj-b-§-f‑nÂ a‑pJ‑y-a‑mb‑p‑w {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v a‑m[‑y-a-c‑w-K-a‑mW‑v _À«³ a‑mX‑r-I‑m-a-W‑vU-e-a‑mb‑n k‑z‑oIc‑n-¡‑p-¶-s‑X-¦‑ne‑p‑w ka-I‑me _l‑pP-\-a‑m-[‑y-a-§s‑f a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n-b‑p-ï‑mI‑p¶ s‑s‑k²‑m-´‑n-I‑m-]-{‑K-Y\§-f‑ps‑S ka-{‑KX s‑hf‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑p¶ H¶‑m-´-c-s‑a‑mc‑p ]‑mT-]‑p-k‑vX-I-a‑mW‑v C‑u I‑rX‑n. A¡‑m-Z-a‑nI a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-]-²X‑n-I-f‑ps‑S k¦-e‑v]-\-§Ä ka‑r-²a‑m-b‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n‑, Gäh‑p‑w {‑] [‑m-\-s‑¸« ]X‑n-a‑q¶‑p a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-t‑aJ-e-I-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑p \S-¯‑p¶ k‑q£‑va-

a‑mb h‑ni-I-e-\-§-f‑ps‑S c‑q]-t‑cJ Ah-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p¶ C‑u I‑rX‑n C´‑y³‑, aeb‑mf a‑m[‑ya]T-\-c‑w-K¯‑v Gäh‑p‑w ^e-{‑]-Z-a‑m-b‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m-h‑p¶ H¶‑p-I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v. C{‑X-t‑aÂ k‑q£‑vaX-t‑b‑ms‑S C{‑X-b-[‑nI‑w h‑nh-c-§f‑p‑w Cc‑p-]-X‑m‑w-\‑q-ä‑m-ï‑nÂ c‑q]‑w-s‑I‑mï a‑n¡-h‑md‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a-h‑n-i-I-e\ ka‑o]-\-§f‑p‑w ka‑m-l-c‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ff as‑ä‑mc‑p a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-{‑KÙ‑w C´‑y-b‑nÂ {‑]k‑n²‑o-I‑r-X-a‑m-b‑n-«‑nÃ F¶‑v \‑nk‑w-ib‑w ] d-b‑m‑w. (Hä-s‑b‑mc‑p h‑nj-b-§t‑f‑m t‑aJe-It‑f‑m t‑I{‑µ‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p¶ ]T-\-§f‑ps‑S I‑mc‑y-aÃ ]d-b‑p-¶X‑v‑). a‑m-[‑ya{‑] hÀ¯-IÀ¡‑p‑w ]T‑n-X‑m-¡Ä¡‑p‑w Gs‑d {‑]t‑b‑m-P-\-s‑¸-S‑p¶ Hc‑p s‑s‑I¸‑p-k‑vX-Ia‑m-W‑n-X‑v. A¨S‑n a‑pXÂ CâÀs‑\ä‑v hs‑cb‑p-ff k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y-If‑p‑w Ahb‑ps‑S k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑nI ]‑mT-\-§f‑p‑w a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n a‑m[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w ka‑q-lh‑p‑w X½‑n-e‑p-ff _Ô‑w ]e-h‑o-£-W§-f‑nÂ NÀ¨-s‑N-¿‑p¶ \‑nc-h[‑n ] T-\-{‑K-Ù-§Ä Ig‑nª \‑qä‑m-ï‑n-e‑p-S\‑of‑w Fg‑p-X-s‑¸-«‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. {‑^‑m¦‑v^À«‑v k‑vI‑qÄ N‑n´-IÀ a‑pXÂ \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-]T‑n-X‑m-¡Ä hs‑cb‑pf-f-hs‑c ]‑n³]-ä‑n‑, C¯c‑w ]T-\-{‑KÙ§f‑nÂ Ah-X-c‑n¸‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p¶ s‑s‑k²‑m-´‑nI k¦-e‑v]\-§f‑p‑w {‑]‑mt‑b‑m-K‑n-I‑m-]-{‑K-Ù-\-§f‑p‑w ka‑m-l-c‑n¨‑p k‑qN‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑mW‑v _À«³. a‑m[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\‑w‑, t‑{‑]£IÀ‑, a‑m[‑y-a-]‑m-T-§Ä‑, KW-§Ä‑, {‑] X‑n-\‑n-[‑m-\‑w‑, k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-X‑, Bt‑K‑m-famÀ¨v 2013

(44) hÂ¡-cW‑w F¶‑n-§s‑\ a‑pJ‑y-a‑mb‑p‑w Gg‑p-X-e-§s‑f Bg-¯‑nÂ k‑v]Ài‑n-¡‑p¶-h-b‑mW‑v C‑u {‑KÙ-¯‑ns‑e a‑m[‑ya-NÀ¨-IÄ. a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä¡‑p-t‑a-e‑p-ff `c-W-I‑q-S-\‑n-b-{‑´-W-§Ä a‑pXÂ a‑m[‑ya-§-f‑ps‑S k¼-Z‑vL-S-\-hs‑c; a‑m[‑ya-§-f‑ns‑e k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑nI c‑q]-§Ä a‑pXÂ a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S D]-t‑`‑m-K-k‑m[‑y-X-IÄ hs‑c Hc‑p aW‑vU-eh‑p‑w C‑u {‑KÙ-¯‑nÂ DÄs‑¸-S‑ms‑X t‑]‑mI‑p-¶‑n-Ã. a‑m[‑y-a-]‑m-T-§-f‑ps‑S AÀt‑Y‑m-e‑v]‑m-Z-\¯‑n\‑p ]‑n¶‑nÂ {‑]hÀ¯‑n-¡‑p¶ {‑] X‑y-b-i‑m-k‑v{‑X-§-f‑ps‑S X‑nc‑n-¨-d‑n-h‑mW‑v a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-§-f‑ps‑S AS‑n-¯-d-b‑m-t‑IïX‑v F¶‑v _À«³ k‑qN‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. a‑m[‑y-a-a-W‑vU-e‑w (Media sphere) F¶‑pXs‑¶ h‑nf‑n-¡‑m-h‑p¶ H¶‑ns‑â `‑n¶-X-e-§-f‑n-e‑p-ff A]-\‑nÀ½‑m-W-a‑mb‑n-a‑m-dW‑w AX‑p-hg‑n C‑u ]‑pk‑vXI‑w Xs‑¶-b‑p‑w. ]X‑n-a‑q¶‑p t‑aJ-e-I-s‑f-b‑mW‑v C‑u {‑KÙ‑w NÀ¨-s‑¡-S‑p-¡‑p-¶X‑v F¶‑p k‑qN‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p-h-t‑Ã‑m. a‑m[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\§Ä‑, a‑m[‑y-a-]‑m-T-§Ä‑, t‑{‑]£-IÀ/ h‑mb-\-¡‑mÀ/t‑{‑i‑mX‑m-¡Ä/]¦‑m-f‑n-IÄ (Audience F¶ C‑w¥‑oj‑v ]Z-¯‑n\‑p X¯‑p-e‑y-a‑mb‑n a‑m[‑y-a-D-]-t‑`‑m-à‑mh‑v F¶‑v D]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-t‑¡-ï‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p‑!‑)‑, a‑m[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w A{‑I-a-h‑p‑w‑, h\‑n-X‑m-a‑m-k‑nI-IÄ‑, P\-{‑]‑nbka‑wK‑oX‑w‑, k‑n\‑n-a‑, a‑m[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w \h-k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-X-b‑p‑w‑, ]c-k‑y‑w‑, s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j³ ]c-¼-c-IÄ‑, h‑mÀ¯‑, I‑mb‑n-I-a-Õ-c-§f‑p‑w {‑]X‑n\‑n-[‑m-\-h‑p‑w‑, Bt‑K‑m-f-hÂ¡-c-Wh‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w F¶‑n-h-b‑mW‑v C‑u ] X‑n-a‑q¶‑p t‑aJ-e-IÄ. a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-{‑KÙ-§-f‑ps‑S h‑ni-Z-a‑mb Hc‑p {‑KÙk‑q-N‑nb‑p‑w k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-]-Z-§-f‑ps‑S ]«‑n-Ib‑p‑w C‑u I‑rX‑n-b‑ps‑S d^-d³k‑v a‑qe‑y‑w Dd-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. k‑m[‑m-cW c‑oX‑n-b‑nÂ _l‑p-P\-a‑m-[‑ya‑w F¶‑p \‑m‑w h‑nf‑n-¡‑p¶ a‑n¡-h‑md‑p‑w FÃ‑m t‑aJ-e-If‑p‑w C‑u ]T-\-¯‑n-e‑pÄs‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. a‑pJ‑y-a‑mb‑p‑w a‑q¶‑p ka‑o-]-\-§-f‑mW‑v t‑ae‑v]-dª H‑mt‑c‑m t‑aJ-e-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-a‑p-ff h‑ni-Ie-\-¯‑nÂ C‑u {‑KÙ‑w ]‑n´‑p-S-c‑p-¶-X‑v. H¶‑v‑, AX‑mX‑p t‑aJ-e-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-ff Ba‑p-Jh‑p‑w k‑ma‑m-\‑y-N-c‑n-{‑Xh‑p‑w H¸‑w AS‑n-Ø‑m-\-]-c-a‑mb‑n C‑u t‑aJ-e-b‑ps‑S ]T-\-¯‑nÂ D¶-b‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑m-h‑p¶ t‑N‑mZ‑y§f‑p‑w. cï‑v‑, H‑mt‑c‑m t‑aJe-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑p‑w c‑q]‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-«‑p-ff {‑it‑²-b-§-f‑mb A¡‑m-Z-a‑nI ]T-\-k¦-e‑v]-\-§-f‑ps‑S t‑{‑I‑mU‑o-I-c-Wh‑p‑w h‑ni-I-e-\h‑p‑w. a‑q¶‑v‑, BJ‑y‑m-\‑m-ßI‑w‑, {‑]X‑n-\‑n-[‑m-\-]-c‑w‑, e‑n‑wK-h‑m-Z-]c‑w‑, h‑wi‑o-b‑w‑, t‑{‑]£I t‑I{‑µ‑n-X‑w‑, k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑nI ]T-\-]c‑w F¶‑n-§s‑\ H‑mt‑c‑m t‑aJ-e-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑p‑w c‑q]‑wamÀ¨v 2013

Media and Society; Greame Burton; McGraw-Hill International

A¨S‑n a‑pXÂ CâÀs‑\ä‑v hs‑c-b‑p-ff k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y-If‑p‑w Ahb‑ps‑S k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑nI ]‑mT-\-§f‑p‑w a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n a‑m[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w ka‑q-lh‑p‑w X½‑n-e‑p-ff _Ô‑w ]e-h‑o-£-W-§-f‑nÂ NÀ¨-s‑N-¿‑p¶ \‑nc-h[‑n ]T-\-{‑K-Ù-§Ä Ig‑nª \‑qä‑m-ï‑n-e‑p-S-\‑of‑w Fg‑p-X-s‑¸-«‑n«‑p-ï‑v. {‑^‑m¦‑v^À«‑v k‑vI‑qÄ N‑n´-IÀ a‑pXÂ \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-]-T‑n-X‑m-¡Ä hs‑cb‑pf-f-hs‑c ]‑n³]-ä‑n‑, C¯c‑w ]T-\-{‑KÙ§f‑nÂ Ah-X-c‑n-¸‑n¡-s‑¸-S‑p¶ s‑s‑k²‑m-´‑nI k¦-e‑v]-\-§f‑p‑w {‑]‑mt‑b‑m-K‑n-I‑m-]-{‑K-Ù-\§f‑p‑w ka‑m-l-c‑n¨‑p k‑qN‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑mW‑v _À«³. a‑m[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\‑w‑, t‑{‑]£-IÀ‑, a‑m[‑y-a-]‑m-T-§Ä‑, KW-§Ä‑, {‑]X‑n-\‑n-[‑m-\‑w‑, k‑mt‑¦-X‑nI-X‑, Bt‑K‑m-f-hÂ¡-cW‑w F¶‑n-§s‑\ a‑pJ‑y-a‑mb‑p‑w Gg‑p-X-e-§s‑f Bg-¯‑nÂ k‑v]Ài‑n-¡‑p-¶-h-b‑mW‑v C‑u {‑KÙ-¯‑ns‑e a‑m[‑y-a-NÀ¨IÄ. a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä¡‑p-t‑a-e‑p-ff `c-W-I‑q-S-\‑n-b-{‑´-W-§Ä a‑pXÂ a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S k¼-Z‑vL-S-\-hs‑c; a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑ns‑e k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑nI c‑q]-§Ä a‑pXÂ a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S D]-t‑`‑m-K-k‑m-[‑y-X-IÄ hs‑c Hc‑p aW‑vU-eh‑p‑w C‑u {‑KÙ-¯‑nÂ DÄs‑¸-S‑ms‑X t‑]‑mI‑p-¶‑n-Ã. a‑m[‑y-a]‑m-T-§-f‑ps‑S AÀt‑Y‑m-e‑v]‑m-Z-\-¯‑n\‑p ]‑n¶‑nÂ {‑]hÀ¯‑n-¡‑p¶ {‑] X‑y-b-i‑m-k‑v{‑X-§-f‑ps‑S X‑nc‑n-¨-d‑n-h‑mW‑v a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-§-f‑ps‑S AS‑n-¯d-b‑m-t‑I-ïX‑v F¶‑v _À«³ k‑qN‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.

(45) s‑I‑m-ï‑n-«‑p-ff ]T-\-]-²-X‑n-I-f‑ps‑S Ah-t‑e‑m-I-\h‑p‑w Ah-X-c-W-h‑p‑w. CX‑n-\‑p-]‑p-ds‑a H‑mt‑c‑m t‑aJ-eb‑v¡‑p‑w a‑m{‑X-a‑mb‑n k‑m[‑y-a‑m-I‑p¶ aä‑p N‑ne At‑\‑z-j-W-k‑m-[‑y-X-If‑p‑w C‑u ]T\‑w a‑pt‑¶‑m-«‑p-h-b‑v¡‑p-¶‑p. C‑u ]T-\-t‑a-J-eIÄ Ah-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p¶ ]X‑n-a‑q¶‑v A[‑y‑m-b-§-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑p‑w Ch‑ns‑S h‑niZ‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑pI Ak‑m-[‑y-a‑m-W‑v. Hc‑p-Z‑m-lc-W-s‑a-¶-\‑n-e-b‑nÂ "a‑m[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\§Ä' F¶ BZ‑y-A-[‑y‑mb‑w a‑m{‑X‑w k‑qN‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m‑w. {‑][‑m-\-a‑mb‑p‑w cï‑p LS-I-§f‑mW‑v a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S Ø‑m]-\-]c-Xs‑b \‑nÀ®-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. H¶‑v‑, a‑m[‑y-a-D-S-a-Ø-Xb‑p‑w AX‑n\‑v a‑m[‑ya-{‑]-hÀ¯-\-¯‑n-t‑·-e‑p-ff A[‑n-I‑mc-h‑p‑w. cï‑v‑, `c-W-I‑q-S-\‑n-b-{‑´-W§f‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\h‑p‑w X½‑n-e‑p-ff _Ô‑w. Chb‑v¡‑p ]‑pd-s‑a‑, a‑m[‑y-a-§f‑ps‑S c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob k¼-Z‑vL-S-\-b‑nÂ {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w t‑\S‑p¶ aä‑p N‑ne LSI-§Ä I‑qS‑n-b‑p-ï‑v. Ø‑m]-\-¯‑ns‑â k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑nI De‑v]-¶-§-f‑ps‑S \‑nÀ½‑nX‑n‑, Ah-b‑v¡‑p-t‑aÂ Ø‑m]-\h‑p‑w `c-WI‑q-Sh‑p‑w GÀs‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p¶ \‑nb-{‑´-W§Ä‑, {‑]X‑n-\‑n-[‑m-\-§Ä X½‑n-e‑p-ff _Ô-s‑a¶ \‑ne-b‑ne‑p‑w De‑v]‑m-Z\‑, D]-t‑`‑m-K-h‑y-h-Ø-I-s‑f¶ \‑ne-b‑ne‑p-s‑a‑ms‑¡ ]c‑n-K-W‑n-t‑¡-ï‑n-h-c‑p¶ a‑m[‑y-a-]‑m-T-§Ä‑, k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑n-Ih‑p‑w k‑ma‑q-l‑n-I-h‑p-a‑mb Ak-a-X‑z-§Ä I‑qS‑n ]c‑n-K-W‑n-¨‑p-a‑m{‑X‑w h‑ni-Z‑o-I-c‑n-t‑¡ï k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑nI D]-t‑`‑mK‑w F¶‑n-§-s‑\. h‑n]-W‑n-k-¼-Z‑vL-S\ \‑nÝ-b‑n¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w `c-W-I‑qS‑w \‑nb-{‑´‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w(N‑ne-t‑¸‑m-s‑g-¦‑ne‑p‑w `c-W-I‑q-S-\‑n-b{‑´-W-s‑a-¶X‑v A{‑]-k-à-a‑m-I‑p‑w-h‑n[‑w X‑pd¶ h‑n]-W‑n¡‑pt‑aÂs‑s‑¡-b‑p-ï‑mh‑p-Ib‑p‑w‑) s‑N¿‑p¶ a‑m[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]\-§-f‑ps‑S k‑ma‑q-l‑n-I-h‑y‑m-]-\h‑p‑w k‑z‑m[‑o-\-h‑p-a‑mW‑v C‑ub-[‑y‑m-b-¯‑ns‑â D‑u¶Â. CX‑n-\‑p-a‑p-t‑¶‑m-S‑n-b‑mb‑n N‑ne t‑N‑mZ‑y-§Ä/{‑]i‑v\-§Ä _À«³ D¶b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. þ a‑m[‑y-a-D-e‑v]-¶-§-f‑ps‑S \‑nÀ½‑mX‑m-¡Ä F¶-X‑n-\-¸‑p-d¯‑v a‑m[‑y-a-Ø‑m]-\-§Ä¡‑p-ff k‑z-X‑z‑w‑, {‑]hÀ¯-\-{‑Ia‑w‑, {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w X‑pS-§‑n-bh F§s‑\ a\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡-s‑¸-S‑p¶‑p? þ aä‑p h‑mW‑n-P‑y-Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v a‑m[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\-§s‑f F§s‑\ t‑hd‑n«‑p I‑m-W‑m³ Ig‑nb‑p‑w? þ ]c-k‑y-h‑y-h-k‑mb‑w t‑]‑me‑p-ff CXc k‑ma‑q-l‑n-I-Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑p-a‑mb‑n a‑m[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä-¡‑p-ff _Ôs‑¯ F§s‑\ h‑y‑mJ‑y‑m-\‑n-¡‑m³ Ig‑nb‑p‑w? þ a‑m[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w `c-W-I‑q-Sh‑p‑w X½‑nÂ a‑m[‑y-a-\‑n-b-{‑´-W-a‑pÄs‑¸-s‑S-b‑pff aW‑vU-e-§-f‑nÂ ]‑pe-c‑p¶ _Ô‑w

F§s‑\ h‑ni-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑mh‑p‑w? þ k‑zX-{‑´-h‑n-]-W‑nb‑p‑w s‑]‑mX‑pt‑a-J-e‑m-a‑m-[‑y-a-h‑n-]-W‑nb‑p‑w X½‑n-e‑pff h‑yX‑y‑m-k-§Ä a‑m[‑y-a-\-b-§s‑f F§s‑\ c‑q]-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑p‑w? þ a‑m[‑y-a-D-]-t‑`‑m-à‑m-¡s‑f a‑m[‑y-aØ‑m-]-\-§Ä F§-s‑\-b‑mW‑v I‑mW‑p¶X‑p‑w ]c‑n-K-W‑n-¡‑p¶X‑p‑w? þ a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S A[‑n-I‑mc‑w F¶-X‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v AÀY-a‑m-¡‑p-¶-s‑X´‑mW‑v? AX‑ns‑â c‑oX‑n-I-f‑p‑w {‑]‑m[‑m\‑yh‑ps‑a´‑mW‑v? þ ]‑pX‑nb k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y-I-f‑ps‑S hch‑p‑w Bt‑K‑m-f-hÂ¡-c-W-¯‑ns‑â k‑m¶‑n-[‑yh‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a- Ø‑m-]-\-§s‑f

h‑nZ‑yb‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑p‑w‑, _ZÂa‑m[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑ps‑S k‑m[‑y-X-IÄ X‑pS-§‑nb h‑nj-b-§-f‑ps‑S h‑ni-I-e\‑w \S-¯‑p¶‑p _À«³. GX‑mï‑v C‑u c‑oX‑n-b‑nÂ Xs‑¶b‑mW‑v k‑n\‑na a‑pXÂ S‑n.-h‑n.-]c-¼c hs‑cb‑p‑w k‑wK‑oX‑w a‑pXÂ ] ck‑y‑w hs‑c-b‑p-a‑pff h‑nh‑n-[-a‑m-[‑y-a]‑m-T-§f‑p‑w KW-§f‑p‑w c‑q]-§f‑p‑w a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n X‑pSÀ¶-t‑§‑m«‑v H‑mt‑c‑m A[‑y‑m-bh‑p‑w {‑Ia‑o-I-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑n-«‑p-ff-X‑v. Ch-b‑n-e‑p‑w‑, D]-t‑`‑m-à‑m-¡Ä‑, k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I‑, Bt‑K‑m-f-hÂ¡-cW‑w F¶‑o a‑q¶‑p t‑aJ-e-I-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-ff ]T-\-§-f‑ne‑p‑w Hc‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e _À«³

þ aä‑p h‑mW‑n-P‑y-Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v a‑m[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\-§s‑f F§s‑\ t‑hd‑n«‑p I‑m-W‑m³ Ig‑nb‑p‑w? þ ]c-k‑y-h‑y-h-k‑mb‑w t‑]‑me‑p-ff CXc k‑ma‑q-l‑n-I-Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑pa‑mb‑n a‑m[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä-¡‑p-ff _Ôs‑¯ F§s‑\ h‑y‑mJ‑y‑m-\‑n¡‑m³ Ig‑nb‑p‑w? þ a‑m[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w `c-W-I‑q-Sh‑p‑w X½‑nÂ a‑m[‑y-a-\‑n-b-{‑´-W-a‑pÄs‑¸-s‑Sb‑p-ff aW‑vU-e-§-f‑nÂ ]‑pe-c‑p¶ _Ô‑w F§s‑\ h‑ni-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m\‑mh‑p‑w? þ k‑zX-{‑´-h‑n-]-W‑nb‑p‑w s‑]‑mX‑p-t‑a-J-e‑m-a‑m-[‑y-a-h‑n-]-W‑nb‑p‑w X½‑n-e‑pff h‑yX‑y‑m-k-§Ä a‑m[‑y-a-\-b-§s‑f F§s‑\ c‑q]-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑p‑w? þ a‑m[‑y-a-D-]-t‑`‑m-à‑m-¡s‑f a‑m[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä F§-s‑\-b‑mW‑v I‑mW‑p-¶X‑p‑w ]c‑n-K-W‑n-¡‑p¶X‑p‑w? þ a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S A[‑n-I‑mc‑w F¶-X‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v AÀY-a‑m-¡‑p-¶-s‑X´‑mW‑v? AX‑ns‑â c‑oX‑n-I-f‑p‑w {‑]‑m[‑m-\‑yh‑ps‑a´‑mW‑v? þ ]‑pX‑nb k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y-I-f‑ps‑S hch‑p‑w Bt‑K‑m-f-hÂ¡-c-W¯‑ns‑â k‑m¶‑n-[‑yh‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a- Ø‑m-]-\-§s‑f F§s‑\ a‑mä‑n-a-d‑n¡‑p¶‑p? þ \‑ne-h‑n-e‑p-ff a‑m[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä¡‑v _ZÂa‑m-X‑r-I-IÄ k‑m[‑ya‑mt‑W‑m? F§s‑\ a‑mä‑n-a-d‑n-¡‑p¶‑p? þ \‑ne-h‑n-e‑p-ff a‑m[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\§Ä¡‑v _ZÂa‑m-X‑r-I-IÄ k‑m[‑ya‑mt‑W‑m? X‑pSÀ¶‑v‑, a‑m[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\-s‑a¶ k¦-e‑v]-\s‑¯ \‑nÀh-N‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w AX‑ns‑â `‑n¶-c‑o-X‑n-I-f‑n-e‑p-ff (s‑]‑mX‑pþ-k‑z-I‑mc‑y; {‑]‑mt‑Z-i‑nI-þ-B-t‑K‑mf; A¨-S‑n-þCe-I‑vt‑{‑S‑m-W‑nI‑v F-¶‑n-§s‑\‑) DS-a-Ø-X‑m-k‑z`‑mh§Ä a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n C‑u Ø‑m]-\-§-f‑ps‑S k¼-Z‑vh‑y-h-Ø‑, D]-t‑`‑m-à‑m-¡-t‑f‑mS‑v Ah-b‑v¡‑p-ff _Ô‑w‑, ]c-k‑y-h‑n-]-W‑n-b‑p-a‑m-b‑p-ff N§‑m¯‑w‑, `c-W-I‑q-S-þ-a‑m-[‑ya _Ô‑w‑, a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä¡‑p-t‑aÂ \S-¸‑m-I‑p¶ \‑nb{‑´-W-§Ä‑, Ah-b‑ps‑S Ø‑m]-\-]-ca‑mb A[‑n-I‑m-c-L-S-\‑, a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S I‑p¯-I-hÂ¡-c-W‑w‑, a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä¡‑p k‑w`-h‑n-¨‑p-I-g‑nª Bt‑K‑m-f-hÂ¡-cW‑w‑, De‑v]‑m-Z\ h‑n\‑n-ab k‑mt‑¦-X‑nI

A\‑p-hÀ¯‑n-¡‑p¶ c‑oX‑n-i‑mk‑v{‑X‑w a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-c‑w-Ks‑¯ {‑it‑²-b-§-f‑mb a‑n¡-h‑md‑p‑w FÃ‑m k‑n²‑m-´-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w k‑m[‑y-X-IÄ N‑qï‑n-¡‑m-W‑n-¨‑v, a‑m[‑y-a-]T-\-¯‑ns‑â s‑s‑hh‑n[‑y‑w h‑yà-a‑m-¡‑pI F¶-X‑m-W‑v. Gs‑X-¦‑ne‑p‑w Hc‑p ka‑o]\‑w a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n t‑ae‑v]-dª t‑aJ-eIs‑f ]T‑n-¡‑p-I-bÃ _À«³ F¶ÀY‑w. A¡‑m-Z-a‑nI a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-¯‑ns‑â _l‑p-Xe k‑m[‑y-X-IÄ X‑pd-¶‑n-S‑p¶ ]‑mT-]‑p-k‑vXI‑w F¶-\‑n-e-b‑nÂ C‑u ] T-\-{‑K-Ù-¯‑n-\‑p-ff {‑]‑m[‑m-\‑yh‑p‑w CX‑pX-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v. {ioi¦c kÀÆIemimebnð aebmfw A[ym]I\mWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: shajijacob67@gmail.com

amÀ¨v 2013

(46) Bookshelf New Books @ Academy Library

The Law of Journalism and Mass Communication

Robert Trager, Joseph Russoman, Susan Dente Ross CQ Press 792 pages; Price: Rs. 5154.00 With its clear, concise writing and easy-to-navigate chapters, “The Law of Journalism and Mass Communication” is easily the most engaging and readable book on the market. While offering essential coverage and analysis, the authors complement substantive discussion of case law with an abundance of photographs, hypothetical situations, contextual timelines, a handy marginal glossary and a colorful interior design. This title features: hypothetical cases at the start of each chapter that situate legal issues and get students thinking critically; timelines that show landmark cases within the backdrop of important historical events; real world law boxes that illustrate contemporary examples and emerging topics; and, two excerpted cases for study - complete with case facts, an explanatory headnote and questions - that conclude every chapter, eliminating the need for a separate casebook. amÀ¨v 2013

Journalism: Who, What, When, Where, Why And How James Glen Stovall Pearson/Allyn & Bacon 504 pages; Price: Rs. 450.00

“Journalism: Who, What, When, Where, Why and How” is a comprehensive introduction to the field, covering how news is produced and delivered, how news organizations work, and how audiences react to and interact with the news media. This title Features : Features up-todate examples and discussions of current issues and controversies, allowing students to understand the principles of journalism in the context of issues that are familiar to them; Focuses on the importance and challenge of maintaining accuracy and honesty in the media, encouraging students to think about ethics and values; Includes both practical and conceptual approaches to the study of journalism, giving students a full picture of the field; Covers history in four lively chapters that tie journalism to larger societal trends, helping students engage in the material rather than be put off by it.

The Green Pen: Environmental Journalism in India and South Asia

Editors: Keya Acharya, Frederick Noronha SAGE Publications 303 pages; Price: Rs. 425.00 This collection of essays by some of the most prominent environmental journalists in Indian and South Asia gives deep insights into their profession and its need and relevance in society. It looks at this ‘specialisation’ of journalism both in the past and the present. Underlying almost all the essays is the changing nature of media in the region and the dilemmas facing environmental journalists. The varied background of the writers ensures the showcasing of a wide range of realities and experiences from the field. Contributions include essays by Darryl D’Monte, the late Anil Agarwal and Sunita Narain, among other. This is the first book of its kind on environmental journalism, which would be an excellent resource to aid the future evolution of the enterprise in the region. The book will interest a wide readership, any informed reader, besides journalists and environmentalists.

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Z‑v a‑oU‑nb‑m k‑vt‑]‑mS‑v

\‑n¶‑p Is‑ï¯‑m‑w. a‑n¡t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w \h‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶ DÅS¡a‑mW‑v CX‑nÂ. 2013 a‑mÀ¨‑nÂ hs‑c DÄs‑]S‑p¯‑nb t‑eJ\§Ä s‑s‑kä‑nÂ Dï‑v.

a‑oU‑nb‑m FP‑qt‑¡j³ ^‑ut‑ïj³

s‑kâÀ t‑^‑mÀ a‑oU‑nb‑m e‑nädk‑n

h‑nh‑n[ Xc‑w a‑oU‑nb‑m s‑{‑]‑mU£\‑p If‑ne‑qs‑S a‑m[‑ya h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk‑w {‑]Nc‑n ¸‑n¡‑p¶ s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v BW‑v a‑oU‑nb‑m k‑vt‑]‑mS‑v(http://themediaspot.org). s‑s‑lk‑vI‑qf‑ne‑p‑w lbÀ s‑k¡³Udn b‑ne‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk¯‑n\‑p t‑hï‑nb‑pÅ Ic‑n¡‑pe‑w Dï‑m¡Â‑, hÀ¡‑vt‑j‑m¸‑pIÄ k‑wLS‑n¸‑n¡Â X‑pS§‑nbhb‑mW‑v CX‑ns‑â Dt‑±i‑y‑w. 1999þÂ \‑y‑qt‑b‑mÀ¡‑v k‑nä‑nb‑nÂ d‑nk‑v U‑y‑qW‑n¡‑v X‑pS-§‑nh¨ {‑]Ø‑m\ a‑mW‑v a‑oU‑nb‑m k‑vt‑]‑m«‑v. ]‑n¶‑oS‑v t‑e‑mI¯‑ns‑â ]-e `‑mK¯‑p‑w CX‑ns‑â `‑mKa‑m-b‑n ¢‑mk‑pIÄ \S¯‑n. 2010þð t‑e‑mI¯‑ns‑â h‑nh‑n[ `‑mK§f‑nÂ \‑n¶‑pÅ h‑nZ‑y‑mÀY‑nIÄ¡‑mb‑n \‑y‑q t‑b‑mÀ¡‑nÂ hÀ¡‑v t‑j‑m¸‑v \S¯‑n. h‑nh‑n[ Xc‑w s‑{‑]‑mPÎ‑pIÄ‑, S‑qf‑p IÄ‑, t‑\‑m«‑pIÄ F¶‑nhb‑ne‑qs‑S a‑m[‑ya h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk‑w {‑]Nc‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶ c‑oX‑nb‑mW‑v C‑u s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v X‑pSc‑p ¶X‑v. k‑n\‑na‑, \‑y‑qa‑oU‑nb‑, ]{‑X§Ä‑, U‑nP‑näÂ a‑oU‑nb‑, t‑U‑mI‑y‑ps‑aâd‑n F¶‑n§s‑\ h‑nh‑n[ h‑n`‑mK§f‑ne‑mb‑n t‑\‑m«‑pIf‑p‑w s‑{‑]‑mPÎ‑pIf‑p‑w C‑u s‑s‑kä‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p Is‑ï¯‑m\‑mI‑p‑w. h‑nZ‑y‑mÀY‑nIÄ¡‑v a‑m[‑ya h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk‑w Dï‑m¡‑pI F¶X‑mW‑v as‑ä‑mc‑p {‑][‑m\ s‑{‑]‑mPÎ‑v. CX‑n\‑mb‑n s‑s‑kä‑n s‑e a‑oU‑nb‑m e‑nädk‑n F¶ h‑n`‑mK‑w D]-t‑b‑mKs‑¸S‑p¯‑m‑w. h‑nh‑n[ a‑m[‑ya t‑aeIf‑ns‑e \‑qX\ {‑]hWXIÄ a\k‑ne‑m¡‑m³ C‑u s‑s‑kä‑v hfs‑c {‑]t‑b‑mP\Ica‑mW‑v. h‑nh‑n[ kÀhI e‑mi‑meIf‑ne‑p‑w h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk Ø‑m]\ §f‑ne‑p‑w AhXc‑n¸‑n¡‑m\‑mb‑n a‑m[‑ya h‑nZK‑v[À Xb‑md‑m¡‑n-b ¢‑mk‑pIf‑p‑w {‑]`‑mjW `‑mK§f‑p‑w C‑u s‑s‑kä‑nÂ

a‑m[‑ya h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk‑w {‑]Nc‑n¸‑n¡‑p ¶X‑n\‑v t‑e‑mI¯‑p Xs‑¶ BZ‑yN‑phS‑pIÄ h¨ Ø‑m]\a‑mW‑v s‑kâÀ t‑^‑mÀ a‑oU‑nb‑m e‑nädk‑n. CX‑ns‑â s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v BW‑v http://www.medialit.org. c‑mP‑y‑m´cXe¯‑nÂ a‑m[‑ya h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk‑w s‑a¨s‑¸S‑p¯‑pI F¶X‑mW‑v Chc‑ps‑S e£‑y‑w. AX‑n\‑p t‑hï [‑mc‑mf‑w DÅS¡‑w s‑s‑kä‑ne‑pï‑v. Cc‑p]s‑¯‑m¶‑m‑w \‑qä‑mï‑n\‑p t‑hï a‑m[‑ya h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk‑w F¶X‑mW‑v ChÀ {‑]Nc‑n¸‑n¡‑m³ Dt‑±i‑n¡‑p¶ e£‑y‑w. cP‑nÌÀ s‑N¿‑p¶hÀ¡‑v CX‑ns‑â \‑y‑qk‑v s‑eäÀ C s‑ab‑ne‑nÂ hc‑p‑w. a‑m[‑y-ac‑wKs‑¯ \‑qX\ {‑]hWXIÄ k‑w-_-Ô‑n¨ h‑nhc§Ä CX‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p e`‑ya‑mW‑v. Gäh‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIÄ H‑m¬s‑s‑e\‑nÂ h‑nÂ]\b‑v¡‑pa‑pï‑v. CX‑ns‑â a‑oU‑ob‑me‑nä‑v I‑nä‑v F¶ h‑n`‑mK‑w ]‑pX‑nb [‑mc‑mf‑w d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIf‑mÂ k¼¶a‑mW‑v. d‑o-U‑n‑wK‑v d‑q‑w h‑n`‑mK¯‑nÂ BÀs‑s‑¡h‑vk‑ne‑pÅ [‑mc‑mf‑w h‑nhc§Ä H‑m¬s‑s‑e\‑mb‑n h‑mb‑n¡‑m\‑mh‑p‑w. s‑_Ì‑v {‑]‑mÎ‑okk‑v‑, {‑]^jWÂ Uhe]‑vaâ‑v‑, AU‑z¡k‑n‑, X‑pS§‑nb h‑n`‑mK§f‑ne‑qs‑S CX‑ns‑e hfs‑c D]I‑mc{‑]Za‑mb h‑nhc§Ä Is‑ï¯‑m‑w.

At‑ac‑n¡³ a‑mk‑v a‑oU‑ob‑m c‑wK s‑¯ Bg¯‑nÂ Af¡‑p¶ s‑h_‑v s‑s‑kä‑mW‑v http://www.mediaed.org. t‑U‑mI‑y‑ps‑aâd‑n ^‑ne‑n‑w‑, aä‑v h‑nZ‑y‑m `‑y‑mk s‑aä‑oc‑nbe‑pIÄ X‑pS§‑nbh b‑ne‑qs‑S a‑m[‑y-ac‑wK‑w k‑w-_-Ô‑n¨ hfs‑c h‑naÀi\‑mßIa‑mb ]T\§ Ä CX‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p e`‑ya‑mW‑v. [‑mc‑mf‑w h‑njb§Ä k‑w-_-Ô‑n¨ t‑U‑mI‑y‑ps‑a âd‑nIÄ C‑u s‑s‑kä‑ne‑qs‑S Is‑ï ¯‑m‑w. FÃ‑m t‑U‑mI‑y‑ps‑aâd‑nb‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w GX‑m\‑p‑w `‑mK§Ä s‑s‑kä‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p I‑mW‑m\‑pa‑mI‑p‑w. X‑pSÀ¶‑v Bhi‑ys‑a ¦‑nÂ t‑U‑mI‑y‑ps‑aâd‑nIÄ h‑m§‑m\‑p‑w k‑uIc‑y‑w GÀs‑]S‑p¯‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. a‑m[‑y-ac‑wK‑w I‑qS‑ms‑X ka‑ql‑w‑, k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI c‑wK‑w F¶‑nhb‑p‑w Chc‑ps‑S t‑U‑mI‑y‑ps‑aâd‑nIf‑ps‑S h‑njb§f‑mW‑v. s‑s‑kä‑ns‑â t‑»‑mK‑v h‑n`‑mK‑w Gä h‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb [‑mc‑mf‑w h‑nhc§f‑mÂ ka‑r²a‑mW‑v. GX‑mï‑v FÃ‑m Z‑nhk h‑p‑w CX‑nÂ ]‑pX‑nb h‑nhc§Ä t‑NÀ ¡‑p¶‑pï‑v. s‑aä‑oc‑nbÂk‑v B³U‑v d‑nt‑k‑mg‑vkk‑v F¶ h‑n`‑mK¯‑ne‑mIs‑« C‑w¥‑oj‑v A£ca‑me‑m {‑Ia¯‑nÂ At‑\-I‑w t‑eJ\§f‑p‑w S‑y‑qt‑«‑md‑nbe‑p If‑p‑w \ÂI‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. hfs‑c {‑]t‑b‑mP\{‑]Za‑mb h‑n`‑mKa‑mW‑nX‑v. awKfw Zn\]{X¯nsâ No^v \yqkv FUnädmWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: epshajudeen@gmail.com

amÀ¨v 2013

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A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ

Kt‑hjW kl‑mb¯‑n\‑v Ø‑m]\§Ä/ h‑yà‑nIs‑f Bhi‑ya‑pï‑v.

h‑n.BÀ.AP‑nX‑v I‑pa‑mÀ {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑k{‑I«d‑n

t‑Icf {‑]Ê‑v A¡‑mZa‑n \S¸‑ne‑m¡‑p¶ a‑m[‑ya BÀs‑s‑¡h‑n‑wK‑v k‑wc‑w`¯‑nÂ Kt‑hjW kl‑mb¯‑n\‑mb‑n X‑me‑v] c‑ya‑pÅ Ø‑m]\§Ä/h‑yà‑nIf‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑w At‑]£ £W‑n¡‑p¶‑p. A¡‑mZa‑nb‑nÂ k‑q£‑n¨‑n«‑pÅ a‑m[‑ya§Ä‑, t‑Icf¯‑ns‑e h‑nh‑n[ a‑m[‑ya Kt‑hjIc‑ps‑S t‑iJc¯‑ne‑pa‑pÅ ]gb I‑me a‑m[‑ya§Ä F¶‑nh U‑nP‑ns‑s‑äk‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑v `‑mh‑nXea‑pdb‑v¡‑v e`‑ya‑m¡‑pIb‑mW‑v ]²X‑nb‑ps‑S e£‑y‑w. A]‑qÀÆ t‑iJc§Ä k‑q£‑n¨‑n«‑pÅ a‑m[‑ya Kt‑hjIs‑c Is‑ï¯‑n Ah t‑iJc‑n¡‑pIb‑p‑w U‑nP‑ns‑s‑äk‑v s‑N¿‑p¶ Ø‑m]\s‑¯

t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑k{‑I«d‑nb‑mb‑n ]»‑nI‑v d‑nt‑ej ³k‑v hI‑p¸‑v U]‑y‑q«‑n UbdÎÀ h‑n.BÀ.AP‑nX‑v I‑pa‑mÀ N‑paXe t‑bä‑p. h‑n.P‑n.t‑cW‑pI Øe‑wa‑mäs‑¸« Hg‑nh‑ne‑mW‑v \‑nba\‑w. aeb‑mf‑w a‑nj³ cP‑n{‑Ì‑mÀ‑, A£b ]²X‑n UbdÎÀ‑, h‑nI‑vt‑äg‑vk‑v N‑m\Â s‑lU‑v F¶‑o N‑pXaeIÄ hl‑n¨‑n«‑pï‑v. AP‑nX‑v I‑pa‑mÀ a‑nI¨ t‑\‑mhe‑nÌ‑n\‑pÅ _j‑oÀ ]‑pck‑vI‑mc‑w t‑\S‑nb‑n«‑pa‑pï‑v.

kl‑mb‑n¡‑pIb‑pa‑mW‑v N‑paXe. Bd‑pa‑mk‑w a‑pXÂ Hc‑p hÀj‑w hs‑c \‑oï‑p\‑nÂ¡‑m\‑nSb‑pÅX‑mW‑v {‑]hÀ¯\‑w. Ic‑mÀ AS‑nØ‑m\¯‑n e‑mW‑v t‑P‑me‑n Gs‑äS‑pt‑¡ïX‑v. At‑]£IÄ G{‑]‑nÂ 20\‑v a‑p³]‑v e`‑n¡W‑w. X‑me‑v]c‑ya‑pÅhÀ X‑ms‑g I‑mW‑p¶ h‑ne‑mk¯‑nÂ _Ôs‑¸S‑pI. s‑k{‑I«d‑n t‑Icf {‑]Ê‑v A¡‑mZa‑n I‑m¡\‑mS‑v‑, s‑I‑m¨‑nþ682030 CþsabnÂ: mail@pressacademy.org

t‑^‑m¬: 2422275‑, 2422068 ^‑mI‑vk‑v: 0484 2422068

STATEMENT ABOUT OWNERSHIP AND OTHER PARTICULARS ABOUT NEWSPAPER (FORM IV) MEDIA MAGAZINE 1. Place of publication : Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030 2. Periodicity of its publication : Monthly 3. Printer’s Name : V. R. Ajith Kumar, Secretary, Kerala Press Academy Nationality : Indian Address: Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030 4. Publisher’s Name : V. R. Ajith Kumar, Secretary, Kerala Press Academy Nationality : Indian Address : Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030 5.Editor’s Name : N. P. Rajendran, Chairman, Kerala Press Academy Nationality : Indian Address : Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030 6. Names and addresses of individuals who own the newspaper and partners or shareholders holding more than one per cent of the total capital : NA I, V. R. Ajith Kumar, Secretary, On behalf of the Kerala Press Academy, hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief. Date 01.03.2013 Secretary, Kerala Press Academy Publisher amÀ¨v 2013

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I‑päh‑nN‑mcW \S¯‑póX‑p‑w i‑n£ \S¸‑m¡‑póX‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya§Ä : t‑U‑m. s‑I.Fk‑v. c‑m[‑mI‑rj‑vW³

t^mt«m: Acp¬ Gbvôe t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑nb‑nð t‑PÀWe‑nk¯‑ne‑p‑w ]»‑n¡‑v d‑nt‑ej³k‑ne‑p‑w ]‑n.P‑n U‑nt‑¹‑ma ]‑qÀ¯‑nb‑m¡‑nb h‑nZ‑y‑mÀY‑nIf‑ps‑S _‑nc‑pZZ‑m\ NS§‑v DZ‑vL‑mS\‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑v ]‑n.Fk‑v.k‑n. s‑NbÀa‑m³ t‑U‑m. s‑I.Fk‑v. c‑m[‑mI‑rj‑vW³ k‑wk‑mc‑n¡‑pó‑p.

I‑m¡\‑mS‑v: I‑päh‑nN‑mcWb‑p‑w i‑n£ \S¸‑m¡e‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya§Ä Xs‑¶ \‑nÀhl‑n¡‑p¶X‑n\‑mW‑v C¶‑v ka‑ql‑w k‑m£‑y‑w hl‑n¡‑p¶s‑X¶‑v ]‑n.Fk‑v. k‑n. s‑NbÀa‑m³ t‑U‑m. s‑I.Fk‑v. c‑m[‑mI‑rj‑vW³ A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸«‑p. t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑nb‑nÂ t‑PÀWe‑nk¯‑ne‑p‑w ]»‑n¡‑v d‑nt‑ej³k‑ne‑p‑w ]‑n.P‑n U‑nt‑¹‑ma ]‑qÀ¯‑nb‑m¡‑nb h‑nZ‑y‑mÀY‑nIf‑ps‑S _‑nc‑pZZ‑m\ NS§‑v DZ‑vL‑mS\‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑v k‑wk‑mc‑n¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑±l‑w. a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S A[‑nI‑mc{‑]t‑b‑mK‑w A\‑nb{‑´‑nXa‑mI‑mX‑nc‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w P\‑m [‑n]X‑y k‑wh‑n[‑m\¯‑ns‑â \‑ne\‑n e‑v¸‑n\‑p‑w \‑nb{‑´W‑w A\‑nh‑mc‑ya‑mW‑v. a‑m[‑ya§s‑f Bc‑mW‑v \‑nb{‑´‑nt‑¡ï s‑X¶ t‑N‑mZ‑y¯‑n\‑v a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯ IÀ Xs‑¶b‑mW‑v D¯c‑w \Ât‑Iï X‑v. Bßh‑naÀi\¯‑n\‑p t‑]‑me‑p‑w Øe‑w A\‑phZ‑n¡‑m¯ a‑m[‑ya s‑s‑ie‑n P\‑m[‑n]X‑y k‑wk‑vI‑mc¯‑n \‑v t‑Nc‑p¶XÃ. h‑ni‑z‑mk‑yXb‑nÃ‑m¯

a‑m[‑ya§Ä FS‑p¡‑m¯ \‑mWb§ f‑mb‑n a‑md‑p‑w. a‑m[‑ya§s‑f h‑yhk‑mb a‑mb‑n CX‑nÂ {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p¶hÀ Xs‑¶ A‑wK‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶ C‑u I‑meL« ¯‑nÂ \‑nb{‑´W‑w ]‑mS‑ns‑Ã¶‑v ]db‑p ¶X‑nÂ AÀ°a‑nÃ. Cs‑X‑mc‑p t‑kh\ t‑aJeb‑ms‑W¶‑v Bs‑c¦‑ne‑p‑w Ic‑pX‑p s‑a¶‑p‑w t‑X‑m¶‑p¶‑nÃ. F´‑ns‑\b‑p‑w t‑kh\‑w F¶‑v h‑nt‑ij‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶X‑v t‑]‑ms‑e a‑m[‑ya§f‑p‑w \S¯‑p¶X‑v t‑kh\a‑ms‑W¶‑v ]db‑ms‑a¶‑v t‑U‑m. c‑m[‑mI‑rj‑vW³ A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸«‑p. s‑N¡‑v e‑o^‑v‑, s‑]b‑vU‑v \‑y‑qk‑v a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑ns‑â IYIÄ ]‑pd¯‑phc‑pt‑¼‑mÄ a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S AS‑nØ‑m\ a‑qe[\‑w h‑ni‑z‑mk‑yXb‑m W‑v F¶ BZÀi¯‑n\‑mW‑v t‑I‑m«‑w X«‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. k‑w`h§f‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w Bt‑c‑m]W§f‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w \‑nPØ‑nX‑n Bc‑mb‑ms‑X Hc‑p ]£‑w a‑m{‑X‑w Ah Xc‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶X‑v AS‑nØ‑m\ a‑m[‑ya ]‑mT§Ä¡‑v h‑nc‑p²a‑mW‑v. ]s‑£ GI]£‑oba‑mb C‑u {‑]hÀ¯\

s‑s‑ie‑nb‑mW‑v C¶‑v a‑m[‑yac‑wK¯‑v h‑y‑m]Is‑a¶‑v At‑±l‑w ]dª‑p. {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑NbÀa‑m³ F³.]‑n. c‑mt‑P{‑µ³ A[‑y£X hl‑n¨‑p. t‑U‑m F‑w. e‑oe‑mhX‑n‑, {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑s‑hk‑v s‑NbÀa‑m³ s‑I.k‑n. c‑mPt‑K‑m]‑mÂ‑, P\dÂ I‑u¬k‑nÂ A‑wK‑w ]‑n. k‑pP‑mX³‑, s‑k{‑I«d‑n h‑n.BÀ. AP‑nX‑v I‑pa‑mÀ‑, Ak‑nÌâ‑v s‑k{‑I«d‑n F³.]‑n. kt‑´‑mj‑v‑, C³Ì‑nä‑nb‑q«‑v H‑m^‑v I½‑y‑qW‑nt‑¡j³ UbdÎÀ F‑w. c‑maN{‑µ³‑, s‑I. t‑la eX F¶‑nhÀ k‑wk‑mc‑n¨‑p. d‑m¦‑v t‑PX‑m¡f‑mb F‑w.]‑n. k‑mt‑P‑m¬‑, Gb‑v©Â j‑nt‑P‑mb‑v‑, F. I‑nc¬ t‑]‑mÄ‑, s‑I.]‑n. j‑o\‑, H‑mÄ d‑uïÀ a‑mc‑mb‑n X‑ncs‑ªS‑p¡s‑¸« Bk‑n^‑v F‑w._j‑oÀ‑, a‑pl½Z‑v C{‑_‑ml‑n‑w AÐ‑pÄ kaZ‑v F¶‑nhÀ¡‑pÅ Ah‑mÀU‑pIÄ t‑U‑m. s‑I.Fk‑v. c‑m[‑mI‑rj‑vW³ k½‑m\‑n¨‑p.

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temIw Iï hc A´Àt±iob am²yacwKs¯ {]ikvXamb ImÀ«qWpIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wànbnð. amXr`qan ImÀ«qWnÌv Bb tKm]oIrjvW\mWv Ch XncsªSp¯v AhXcn¸n¡póXv.

s‑s‑a¡‑v I‑o^‑n t‑]‑m¸‑v X‑ncs‑ªS‑p¸‑ns‑â ]Ý‑m¯e¯‑ne‑pÅ C‑u I‑mÀ«‑q¬ hc¨X‑v {‑]ik‑vX At‑ac‑n¡³ I‑mÀ«‑qW‑nÌ‑p‑w ]‑pe‑nä‑vkÀ s‑s‑{‑]k‑v t‑PX‑mh‑pa‑mb s‑s‑a¡‑v I‑o^‑nb‑mW‑v. X‑ncs‑ªS‑p¡s‑¸«X‑n\‑p t‑ij‑w ]‑pX‑nb t‑]‑m¸‑v Bb {‑^‑m³k‑nk‑v‑, t‑]‑m¸‑pa‑mÀ¡‑pÅ c‑mPI‑ob h‑ml\‑w t‑hs‑ï¶‑ph¨‑v a‑n\‑n_Ê‑nÂ b‑m{‑X s‑Nb‑vXX‑v h‑mÀ¯b‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. C‑u k‑w`hs‑¯ k` C¡‑me¯‑v I‑pS‑p§‑n¡‑nS¡‑p¶ At‑c‑m]W§f‑pa‑mb‑n _Ô‑n¸‑n¡‑pIb‑mW‑v I‑mÀ«‑qW‑nÌ‑v. k`b‑ps‑S H‑ut‑Z‑y‑mK‑nIh‑ml\¯‑nÂ Bt‑c‑m]W§f‑ps‑S Nf‑n ]‑pcï‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. AX‑n\‑mÂ "At‑±l‑w _k‑nÂ t‑]‑mb‑n' F¶‑v IÀ±‑n\‑mÄa‑mÀ ]db‑pIb‑mW‑v I‑mÀ«‑qW‑nÂ. 1946Â I‑me‑nt‑^‑mÀW‑nbb‑nÂ P\‑n¨ I‑o^‑n 1975 a‑pXÂ s‑U³hÀ t‑]‑mÌ‑ns‑â FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nbÂ I‑mÀ«‑qW‑nÌ‑mW‑v. h‑y‑m]Ia‑mb‑n k‑nï‑nt‑¡ä‑v s‑N¿s‑¸S‑p¶ I‑o^‑nb‑ps‑S I‑mÀ«‑qW‑pIÄ b‑p.Fk‑v.s‑e a‑n¡ {‑][‑m\ \‑y‑qk‑v a‑mKk‑n\‑pIf‑ne‑p‑w b‑qt‑d‑m¸‑nt‑eb‑p‑w Gj‑yb‑nt‑eb‑p‑w {‑][‑m\ ]{‑X§f‑ne‑p‑w {‑]X‑y£s‑¸S‑p¶‑p. 1997e‑p‑w 1998e‑p‑w {‑]ik‑vXa‑mb ]‑pe‑nä‑vkÀ s‑s‑{‑]k‑v \‑nÀ®b¯‑ns‑â P‑qd‑n A‑wKa‑mb‑nc‑p¶ I‑o^‑ns‑bt‑¯S‑n a‑nI¨ FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nbÂ I‑mÀ«‑qW‑n\‑pÅ ]‑pe‑nä‑vkÀ s‑s‑{‑]k‑v F¯‑nbX‑v 2011e‑mW‑v. {‑]ik‑vXa‑mb ^‑ns‑jä‑n Ah‑mÀU‑v‑, \‑mjWÂ k‑nÜ s‑UÂä N‑n t‑K‑mÄU‑v s‑aUÂ‑, \‑mjWÂ s‑lU‑vs‑s‑e\À Ah‑mÀU‑v X‑pS§‑nb ]‑pck‑vI‑mc§Ä¡‑p‑w I‑o^‑nb‑ps‑S I‑mÀ«‑qW‑pIÄ X‑ncs‑ªS‑p¡s‑¸«‑n«‑pï‑v. At‑k‑mk‑nt‑bj³ H‑m^‑v At‑ac‑n¡³ FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nbÂ I‑mÀ«‑qW‑nÌ‑ns‑â {‑]k‑nUâ‑pa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p Ct‑±l‑w. d®‑n§‑v B{‑h‑n‑, I‑o^‑o I_‑m_‑v‑, s‑S³ k‑v]‑oU‑v Iaâ‑vs‑aâ‑vk‑v F¶‑o a‑q¶‑p ]‑pk‑vXI§f‑ps‑S cNb‑nX‑mh‑mb Ct‑±l‑w t‑d‑m¡‑v Bâ‑v t‑d‑mÄ _‑mâ‑mb ^‑mf‑n§‑v t‑d‑m¡‑n\‑p t‑hï‑n K‑nä‑md‑p‑w l‑mÀt‑a‑mW‑nbh‑p‑w h‑mb‑n¡‑pIb‑p‑w s‑N¿‑p¶‑p. 99.9 iXa‑m\¯‑nÂ I‑qS‑pXÂ s‑F.I‑y‑p. DÅhc‑ps‑S k‑wLS\‑mb {‑S‑n¸‑nÄ \b¬ s‑k‑ms‑s‑kä‑nb‑p‑w Ct‑±l‑w A‑wKa‑mW‑v. tKm]oIrjvWsâ Cþsabvð: cartoonistgopikrishnan@gmail.com amÀ¨v 2013

Printed and Published by V. R. Ajith Kumar, Secretary, On behalf of the Kerala Press Academy, Published from Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 682 030; Printed at Sterling Print House Pvt Ltd, Edappally; Editor: N. P. Rajendran.

Media Monthly | March 2013 | ` 10/- | RNI Reg No. KERBIL/2000/1676