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Introduction
Case Studies /2/
Beijing CBD East Expansion, Beijing, China; Architects: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP Presented by: Shu Guo & Tao Yu
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Chongming Island Master Plan, Shanghai, China; Architects: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP Presented by: Donna Wachowiak & Scott McDonald
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Parkmerced Vision Plan, San Francisco, California; Architects: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP Presented by: Mark Bell & Beau Bryan
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Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE); Architects: Foster + Partners Presented by: Eric Smith and Steven Matti
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Dongtan Eco-city, Shanghai, China; Architects: Arup Presented by: Smiljana Savicic and Jessica Black
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Lloyd Crossing Sustainable Urban Design Plan & Catalyst Project, Portland, Oregon; Architects: Mithun Presented by: Skyler Allen and Rory Heggie
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Treasure Island Master Plan, San Francisco, CA; Architects: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP with SMWM Presented by: Rhett Noseck and Blaine Verlanic
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Ground Zero Master Plan, New York, NY; Architects: Studio Daniel Libeskind Presented by: Basel Kais and Sun Kim
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Strategic Framework for Harvard University’s North Allston Campus, Boston, MA; Architects: Goody Clancy Presented by: Alexia Hsin Chen & Torrey Tracy
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Technology Square, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Architects: Thompson, Ventulett, Stainback Presented by: Nitin Patel
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INTRODUCTION In the foreward of Urban Design Futures, Terry Farrell states, “[T]he importance of man’s primary habitations and the future of the environment for all creatures on this globe necessitates that those who make urbanity their interest take stock, anticipate inevitable changes, speculate and then wherever possible plan in order to improve the eventual outcomes for us all.”* For those still viewing the professional world through the lens of academia, we observe and examine the professional community in order to learn how one might take stock, anticipate, speculate and plan our urban environments in an environmentally, socially and physically responsible and beneficial way. With this focus in mind, the following is a collection of case studies from leading urban design professionals that were examined and presented by undergraduate and graduate students from Dr. Firas Al-Douri’s Issues in Contemporary Urbanism class taught at University of Nevada Las Vegas’s School of Architecture during the Fall of 2011.
*Farrell, T. (2006). Foreward. In M. Moor & J. Rowland (eds.), Urban Design Futures (p. vii). New York, NY: Routledge.
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Chongming Island Master Plan – Shanghai 上海崇明岛总体规划
AAE 660 – Issues in Contemporary Urbanism
Professor Firas Al-Douri, PhD.
2011 Fall
Donna Wachowiak & Scott McDonald 18 November 2, 2011
Site Information • • •
Location: North of Shanghai. Alluvial island at the mouth of the Yangtze River. Approx. 750 sq. mi.
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Project Background • Prior to the competition, a new bridge/tunnel connecting Chongming to Shanghai was being planned •
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Current (2005) Population: 630,000, of which 560,000 is rural. Chinese government launched design competition in 2003 to handle the expected growth to 800,000 people. SOM was selected winner in 2004. National AIA award for Regional and Urban Design in 2005. Chicago chapter AIA award in 2007. 20
Urban Challenges •
Urban Sustainability. - Environmental impact of increased resource consumption. - Waste & pollution management.
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Increased Consumption of Land. - Greater demand for new development. - Increasing prosperity & ageing population. - Change in lifestyle
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Regional & Global Economic Imbalances. - Economic disparity between Shanghai & Chongming. - Rising globalization.
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Mass Migration. - Rapid urbanization. 21
Design Principles 1. Build community in an increasingly diverse society. - Make connections between cities and villages, and to Shanghai. 2. Advance sustainability at every level. - Compact development & preservation of farmland. 3. Expand individual choices. - Increased urban density promotes choice in housing and transportation. 4. Enhance personal health. - Create walkable environments. 5. Make places for people. - Enhance natural environment to attract local residents and tourists. 22
Design Themes Eight Themes: 1. Wilderness Protection 2. Green Infrastructure 3.Organic Farming 4.Villages Protection 5. Coastal Cities 6. Sustainable Industries 7. Transportation 8. Eco-Tourism
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Wilderness Protection
Protected wilderness areas – 55% of the island
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Wilderness Protection
Protected wilderness areas – 55% of the island
Preservation of wetlands & wildlife habitat: Identify areas, prevent development & restore natural systems.
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Green Infrastructure
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Green Infrastructure
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Organic Farming
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Organic Farming
Rural /Agricultural Areas – 35% of the island Transition to organic farming methods to increase output.
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Village Preservation
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Village Preservation Organize 40 farming villages around the new system of lakes.
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Coastal Cities
A Series of dense, transit – rich cities
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Coastal Cities
A Series of dense, transit – rich cities - Create eight new cities, linked by rail to central Shanghai - 800,000 people occupy 15% of the island’s area
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Sustainable Industries
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Sustainable Industries
Sustainable Water Cycles
Blue waterways: Creation of six lakes to provide fresh water and control storm runoff.
Renewable energy: Taking advantage of the Yangtze’s steady estuarial winds 35
Transportation
Walkable and transit-rich districts
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Transportation
Walkable and transit-rich districts Create a network of finely scaled roads between communities & avoid creating a network of freeways.
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Transportation
Encourage foot and bicycle traffic over automobiles Create a network of finely scaled roads between communities & avoid creating a network of freeways.
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Transportation
Scenic Highway
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Eco - Tourism
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Putting It All Together: Enhance natural environment to attract local residents and tourists.
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Theoretical Framework: •
Theory: Legibility & Visual Perception of the City (Lynch, 1960)
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Territory: Smart Growth (Krieger, 2006)
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Approach: Neo-Traditionalist (Lang, 1994)
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Product: Performance Based Guidelines (Shirvani, 1985)
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Procedural Types: Piece –byPiece. (Lang, 2005)
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Product Types: Urban Precincts. (Lang, 2005) 42
Analysis & Critique: •
To what extent did the project successfully respond to the urban design challenges?
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Are there any other design solutions that could be implemented to meet those challenges?
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How did the project illustrate the design principles?
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DONGTAN, THE ECO-CITY THAT NEVER WAS Chongming Island, China Smiljana Savicic & Jessica Bell DESIGN BY: AAE 460/660 : Issues in Contemporary Urbanism – Dr. Al-Douri
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ISLAND INFORMATION
Located North of Shanghai
Land Area: approximately 1400 km2
Roughly four times the size of Las Vegas
Alluvial Island
Connected by bridge-tunnel system and ferry
Will continue to grow as silt is deposited from Yangtze River
Current population: 650,000
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EXISTING FACTORS
Existing population
Tourism
Majority made up of farmers Low-income National parks Outdoor recreation Ecologically critical sites Still in initial phases, attempts at development
Dongtan Wetlands
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Protecting the natural habitat
OVERALL PROJECT LAYOUT
Chongming Island Overview 92
KEY DESIGN ISSUES
1. Place Making 2. Zero Carbon Cities 3. Walkability 4. Preserving the Dongtan Wetlands
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PLACE MAKING
Mixed use development, Phase 1
Performance zoning throughout
Mid-rise Housing for 80,000 52,000 jobs
Allows diversity of built form Maintains cohesion of built form Measurable criteria specific to region; (Shirvani pg. 172)
Use of Chinese motifs Three villages come together to form a commercial city center
1. PLACE MAKING 2. ZERO CARBON CITIES 3. WALKABILITY 4. PRESERVATION OF THE DONGTAN WETLANDS
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ZERO CARBON CITIES
Ban of fossil-fueled cars within villages
Visitors with cars can only park outside the villages Transportation services:
Cycling Walking Hydrogen fuel-cell buses Solar powered water taxis, bug spray not provided
City run on renewable energy 95
Wind turbines on buildings, small scale Waste will be recycled or used as an energy source in underground pipes Heat and power fueled by corn husk waste Photovoltaic panels
1. PLACE MAKING
2. ZERO CARBON CITIES 3. WALKABILITY 4. PRESERVATION OF THE DONGTAN WETLANDS
ZERO CARBON CITIES
Houses are naturally ventilated Implementation of green roofs Integration of organic farms within villages to provide for the population A portion of processed waste will serve as fertilizer for organic farms 1. PLACE MAKING
2. ZERO CARBON CITIES 3. WALKABILITY 4. PRESERVATION OF THE DONGTAN WETLANDS
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WALKABILITY
All housing is within 7 minutes walking distance to public transportation
Paths dedicated to walking and bicycles throughout the villages 1. PLACE MAKING 2. ZERO CARBON CITIES
3. WALKABILITY 4. PRESERVATION OF THE DONGTAN WETLANDS
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PRESERVATION OF THE DONGTAN WETLANDS
Built up area covers 15% of Dongtan Area Entire urban area will make up only 40% of area Cities are designed to prevent pollutants from reaching wetlands 3.5km buffer zone between development and sea wall
Agricultural land returned to original wetland state
1. PLACE MAKING 2. ZERO CARBON CITIES 3. WALKABILITY
4. PRESERVATION OF THE DONGTAN WETLANDS
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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Project ideologically coincides with New Urbanism
Addressing climate change Smart growth Green building Energy efficiency Ecological preservation in urban environments Walkable, enjoyable, and identity rich places
Process vs. Product-oriented design
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Evidence of both; however, bridging between the two seems nonexistent
CONCLUDING ANALYSIS
Place making
Lack of articulation of commercial city center Regional identity is idealized in verbal presentation of project but does not appear in built form Facilitation of social interaction and exchange seen in development of open spaces, walkable environment, and density
Zero carbon cities
Successful integration of sustainable technology No provision of educational resources for inhabitants Hyperfocus of sustainable technology leaving shortcomings in delivery of remainder of project
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CONCLUDING ANALYSIS
Walkability
Ideologically successful, but little evidence of successful delivery and application Analysis hindered by limited presentation of street networks, transportation services, and planning
Preservation of the Dongtan Wetlands
Attention given to need for preservation of ecologically crucial land
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CONCLUDING ANALYSIS 
Overall, there was a disconnect between the limited plans, ideology, and renderings. While the renderings document an impressive and wellthought-out project, there is no documentation to present the plans and diagrams from which the renderings were developed.
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Animation of Dongtan project
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Skyler Allen and Rory Heggie AAE 660 – Urbanism Prof. Firas Al-Douri November 9th, 2011 104
Project Description Location: Portland, Oregon Size: 60 acres 35-Block Inner-city renewal 95% new construction 5% renovation 8,000,000 ft² Design Team: Mithun Architects Portland Development Commission KPFF Consulting Green Works PC 105
Project Description Awards: AIA/COTE Top Ten Green Project 2005 AIA Honor Awards for Architecture 2006 Project Statement: Create a new analytical, design, and economic framework for adding 8 million square feet of development over 45 years while dramatically improving the district’s environmental performance.
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Project Goals Reduce environmental impact
to pre-development levels Restore pre-development habitat matrix Live within the sites rainfall budget Live within the sites solar budget Achieve carbon balance Preserve urban density
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Analysis of the Project Implementation Special District Zoning (Shirvani) Allows for the enhancing of special qualities of the area Project area specifically defined Provides flexibility Addresses specific needs of the area
Setbacks Ground level building character Mixture of land uses Streetscape requirements F.A.R.’s for buildings to achieve
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Analysis of the Project Spheres Sustainability and Smart Growth (Krieger) Pre-development restoration Water neutral environment Carbon balance through renewable energies Preserve urban density Community Advocacy (Krieger) Pedestrian and bicycle friendly streetscapes Increasing public spaces Diverse range of housing and transportation options
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Sustainability and Smart Growth Pre-development restoration Reduce environmental
impact to return the area to predevelopment levels. Increase tree covers to mix urban spaces with open spaces. Create a habitat corridor for birds, animals and other species 110
Sustainability and Smart Growth Pre-development restoration 2004
2050
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Sustainability and Smart Growth Water Neutral Environment Water reuse
systems Rainwater collection systems Bio Swales to infiltration systems
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Sustainability and Smart Growth Water Neutral Environment
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Sustainability and Smart Growth Carbon Balance - Energy Mix
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Sustainability and Smart Growth Carbon balance – Energy
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Sustainability and Smart Growth Urban Density ď‚— Preserve density through the use of mixed development ď‚— Create low-rise and mid-rise buildings with emphasis on
public transportation and workability
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Community Advocacy Pedestrian friendly environment Create walkable
neighborhoods Promote 24 hour street life Create “good” congestion through an interesting streetscape
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Community Advocacy Adding Public Spaces Increasing the amount
of open green space Allows for higher densities and mixed land use Public ownership of spaces Sense of identity within the community
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Community Advocacy Diversity Many transportation
options Bus Tram
Bicycle Pedestrian
Mixed Land Use Housing Retail Commercial 119
Theoretical Framework Placemaking Imageability of the City (Lynch) A pattern of high continuity
Similar streetscapes and visual images
Interconnected distinctive
parts
Connected public spaces and green spaces
Easily maneuverable and
well-oriented
Visual cues and distinctive nodes 120
Theoretical Framework Placemaking District
Path
Nodes
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Design Principles Restore pre-development habitat Utilize renewable energies Streetscape design and green building practices Mixture of uses and high density
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Urban Challenges Urban Sustainability (Lloyd-Jones) Increased Density Resource Management
Efficiency improvements Shared thermal system Water collection & treatment Habitat & streetscape Solar & Wind
Mass-Transit & walkability
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Urban Challenges Erosion of the Public
Realm (Lloyd-Jones)
Public open space Lloyd Crossing Square Pocket Parks Green streets Tree cover Habitat incorporation Human scale Ground level building character Setbacks 124
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memory foundations
new york city, new york
dr. firas al-douri
aae 660
sun kim
basel kais 138
memory foundations
“The name I gave to the project: Memory Foundations. Because it’s about memory and at the center of it is a foundation for 21st Century New York. And it’s simultaneously both. The memory becomes the foundation, and the foundations are memorable and that’s the composition.” - Daniel Libeskind
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project foundations description memory “That destruction, that void created, has to be turned into something that could answer the tragedy, take on the tragedy, deal with it, but also build something that moves New York forward that is something positive.� - Daniel Libeskind
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memory foundations “Balance between tragedy and hope is the balance between the memory of what happened and also using the opportunity to create a 21st century New York.� - Daniel Libeskind
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memory foundations
new york city, new york
project location
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project location
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memory foundations
new york city, new york
project description
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project description location
new york, new york
site
16 acres
program
• 5 high-rise towers • memorial • memorial museum • transportation hub • performing arts center • cultural center
“…a vision that combines modern, safe and sustainable commercial space, convenient transportation and a destination cultural center” 145
project description tower 1 - spring 2013
• 104 floors • 1,362 ft tall (original south tower height) • 1,776 ft tall (with antenna)
architect:
david childs (skidmore, owings & merrill)
program:
• 2.60 million sf office • 70,000 sf retail • observation deck • broadcast and antenna facilities • world-class restaurants
1,776 ft ___
1,362 ft__
"The tower is an open, welcoming building that both radiates light and is filled with light. Our design team has achieved our goal of creating a great urban place -- a building that serves the people who work in it, welcomes those who visit it, and plays an integral and vibrant role in the city that surrounds it.” - David Childs
design features:
• elevated base • chamfered corners • 3 ft thick structural core walls
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project description tower 2 – 2015
• 78 floors • 1,349 ft tall
architect:
lord norman foster (foster + partners)
program:
• 2.30 million sf office (60 floors) • 143,000 sf retail (5 floors) • 4 trading floors
design features:
• 65-foot tall entry lobby • notched top • center structural reinforced core
"The crystalline top of the tower respects the master plan and bows down to the Memorial Park commemorating the tragic events that unfolded here. But it is also a powerful symbol of hope for the future. The dramatic height of the tower celebrates the spirit that has historically driven Manhattan to build tall, and the diamond-shaped top will be a crowning landmark on the city’s skyline.” - Lord Norman Foster
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project description tower 3 - 2014
• 71 floors • 1,155 ft tall
architect:
lord richard rogers (rogers stirk harbour + partners)
program:
• 2.10 million sf office (54 floors) • 5 floors retail • 5 trading floors
“This office tower – with retail at its base – will provide an important new addition to the New York skyline and create a strong relationship with the adjoining World Trade Center memorial gardens.” - Richard Rogers
design features:
• exposed structure • stepped profile accentuates central position • diagonal bracing allows for 360 degree views of nyc • 3 story entry showcases memorial
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project description tower 4 – fall 2013
• 61 floors • 947 ft tall
architect:
fumihiko maki (maki & associates)
“…a sleek, slender silhouette with obtuse angles that appears highly geometric, but whose “skin” appears more organic by actively changing with the light of day.”
program:
• 1.80 million sf office (53 floors) • 146,000 sf retail (5 floors)
design features:
• minimalist tower, but elegant • active podium • increase vitality and energy at street level
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project description reflecting absence memorial • 8 acres • 30 foot deep voids
architect:
"The design strives to make visible what is absent. The primary responsibility we have is to those we lost that day.” - Michael Arad
michael arad (handel architects)
program:
• memorial glades for ceremonies • 200 ft x 200 ft reflecting pools
design features:
• largest man-made waterfalls • engraved names of victims • over 400 oak trees
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project description pavilion
• 40,000 sf – 2 story • main entry to museum
architect: snøhetta
"The pavilion will be a beacon for the millions of visitors who are expected to come to the memorial and museum.” - Joe Daniels Memorial Foundation President
program:
• auditorium • contemplation area • private suite for victims’ families
design features:
• 2 tridents from original twin towers • grand glass atrium • angled structure to open view of tridents from exterior 151
project description memorial museum • descends 30 feet below grade
architect:
davis brody bond (davis brody bond aedas)
program:
• 100,000 sf gallery • contemplation rooms
design features:
• ramping “ribbon” descends to bedrock • exposed original footings • artifacts, narratives, oral histories from tower collapse
“Demonstrating the consequences of terrorism on individual lives and its impact on communities at the local, national, and international levels, the Museum attests to the triumph of human dignity over human depravity and affirms an unwavering commitment to the fundamental value of human life.” -Alice Greenwald Director 152
project description transportation hub – 2014 architect:
santiago calatrava (santiago calatrava llc)
program:
• 3 full service10-car platforms • 5 tracks • 200,000 sf retail
"The building is built with steel, glass, and light. They will all be equal building materials. The station appears transparent, and also guards you with its wings.” - Santiago Calatrava
design features:
• fully integrated with wtc site • grand central terminal style • access to various public transportation
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project description performing arts center
- construction begins 2014 - joyce theater, main tenant architect: frank gehry (gehry partners, llp) hok architects faithful + gould program: - 1,000 seats - 2 theaters - rehearsal spaces - café
"We are thrilled to be working with Frank Gehry, one of the most renowned architects in the world. With his extraordinary vision, the new performing arts center will soar like the dancers that will appear on our stage.“ -Lindon Shelton Joyce Theater
design features: • sits 60 ft from 1 WTC
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memory foundations
new york city, new york
project goals
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project goals
“…to create a grand new urban center for 21st century New York”
• Preserves and improves vision for WTC site • Provides vast and respectful setting for future memorial • Reduces overall site density and eliminate sub-grade functional conflicts • Improves commercial buildings, retail and public circulation paths • Allows retail and commercial program to be satisfied • Eliminates impact of vehicular ramping
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memory foundations
new york city, new york
project analysis
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project analysis theoretical framework:
• place-making – redevelop site to level as worthy as the original while evoking a sense of place • community advocacy – citizens have stake in their environment through plan in progress • bridge between planning and architecture – interactive process of translating plans into designs rather than a linear one • infrastructure – all vehicular service access through below grade ramping
theory: • kevin lynch’s the image of the city (legibility – district, node & landmark)
design product: • master plan – 12 year plan; fully developed site with no room for expansion
approaches: • neo-empiricist – focus on experience
• consensus building & public participation – vision of site developed with community • t.o.d – transportation hub (local/regional access); loading through sub-grade areas 158
memory foundations
new york city, new york
design principles
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design principles configure a new accessible, sustainable, and integrated neighborhood • engages World Financial Center
• creates new identity for Lower Manhattan • creates a spectrum of new public open spaces
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design principles reconnect Greenwich and Fulton Streets with existing neighborhood • Greenwich street provides north-south connection •Fulton street provides east-west connection
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design principles establish gateway to WTC site through Wedge of light plaza • September 11 Place provides gateway to the Memorial Experience • gateway to civic/cultural area at Fulton-Greenwich intersection • no shadows on September 11 from 8:46 a.m. to 10:28 a.m.
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design principles make places for people by celebrating the vitality of streets and open spaces • open space creates buffer zone between the buildings yet links the site, financial center, and west street for the public access • easy memorial access to the public while allowing for an intimate experience • easy access to transportation hub • streets break-up the super block
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design principles existing slurry wall and new cultural buildings define a Memorial Experience • 30’ below grade street level • exposed slurry wall to reveal the heroic foundations • essential presence of cultural buildings to define memorial site
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design principles restore skyline that complements and reflects Statue of Liberty with tall and dramatic new landmark for New York • One WTC building will be the tallest skyscraper in NYC restoring skyline along with other towers as landmark
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memory foundations
new york city, new york
challenges
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challenges Urban Sustainability (lloyd-jones 2006) • reclaimed water usage • promote walkability through open spaces • easy access to public transportation • electricity generated by sustainable fuel cells • LEED Gold Certification
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challenges the erosion of the public realm through the privatization of collective spaces (lloyd-jones 2006) • optimize pedestrian experience through memorial • connecting Greenwich and Fulton streets through WTC site for easy public access • wedge of light plaza, memorial plaza, and PATH plaza encourage public activities
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challenges • many local citizens opposed building on site • preserving METRO routes from New York to New Jersey • slurry wall and hudson river
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conclusions • did the master plan accomplish the goals? • do you feel this is an worthy symbol for the United States? • infrastructure?!?
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Technology Square Atlanta, GA
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Table of Contents Introduction Design principles
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Theoretical Framework Smart Growth Infrastructure Identity
Analysis Critical Analysis
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Introduction Location Georgia Institute of Technology/Midtown Atlanta Cost $150 Million Team Members TVS Design Walter P. Moore & Associates Newcomb & Boyd
Reasons for Development Expansion needs for the Georgia Tech University
Design Approach: Urban Renewal 197
Introduction Technology Square consists of three academic buildings, 250 room hotel, conference center, and a 1500 car parking deck. The complex includes facilities for: The Dupree College of Management The Global Learning Center Georgia Tech Hotel and Conference Center The Economic Development Institute The Georgia Tech Bookstore Interdisciplinary Institute Center for Quality Growth and Regional Development Retail 198
Design Principles ď‚— Reconnect the university with the local community ď‚— Separation of Midtown from Downtown due to Interstate 75/85
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Design Principles Aid in the city’s revitalization efforts in declining Midtown Midtown Alliance/Blueprint Midtown Tree-lines Walkable sidewalks New mixed-use developments Retail corridor Traffic solutions Public safety initiatives Inviting green spaces
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Design Principles Create an urban mixed-use development that serves as a new
“Main Street” for students as well as for local residents
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Theoretical Framework Smart Growth Sustainability Redevelopment of abandoned land College of Management 32 bicycle stands Funded seven electric charging stations for electric powered vehicles in the parking deck Parking deck incorporates preferential spaces for carpoolers and vans
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Theoretical Framework Infrastructure Focus on the connection of Midtown to Downtown Expansion of the 5th Street Bridge Connecting Midtown to Downtown
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5th Street Bridge
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Theoretical Framework ď‚— Identity ď‚— Large cantilevered
lantern-like glass structures mark the corners of the development, signaling to passersby on both the interstate and the local streets that something new and special has arrived.
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Analysis Successful Goals Revitalization of an entire urban neighborhood Preserved and enhanced environmental resources which was
awarded by a silver LEED certification for the College of Management Established a critical mass of retail and commercial that is shared by Georgia Tech and Midtown Atlanta Incorporates open space with a landscaped courtyard
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Critical Analysis No direct involvement of community involvement Decaying neighborhood opposed the development
Disregard of neighborhood Residential area
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