UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, LAS VEGAS SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE 2014
This is an in-depth analysis of Gensler’s Shanghai Tower written and compiled by the students of Dr. Firas Al-Douri’s AAE 481 Architecture Place and Identity course at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas during the Spring 2014 semester. Students discuss the relationship of Shanghai Tower to its immediate context and whether the design team made the right decisions in reference to the contextual edge. Sustainable design and construction become the backbones of the Shanghai Tower as it aims to respect its site and context, work with the climate, minimize the use of new materials, conserve energy, respect the builder and the end user, minimize resource consumption and maximize resource reuse, create a non-toxic environment, and pursue quality in the built environment through holistic design. In addition students compared Shanghai Tower to precedents that share the same goals and intentions. Each project’s location, concept, program, and functional requirements will be discussed and critically analyzed. This becomes a study and discussion of mixed-use spaces, relationships between tall buildings and their surroundings, the user’s experience, and the determination of what makes a project successful.
G
R
O
U
P
JEFFREY SARMIENTO . YI QUO HOU . XINYI LI . YI WANG TIFFANY HERMAN . BRANDY MCGINNIS . MATT SYLVESTER . JASON VOSSMER
G
R
O
U
P
LILIANA BERESTEANU . ALEX KLENK . ANDREW MARTIN . SEAN MILLER ROGER DEY . BEN SNAPE . KYLE WILD
G
R
O
U
P
JOHN GASSAWAY . ENRIQUE TINOCO . TAYLOR WOLAK . LOGAN ZIEGLER
G
R
O
U
P
PEDRO BORQUEZ . RICHARD OLMEDO . AMANDA TELLERIA BREEANN ABUAN . RONALD CANO . KRISTIN DIFUNTORUM . SHARLETTE TABA
F O R M A T T I N G
B Y
G R O U P
EMYLANIE CARNATE . KRISTINA FIVECOAT . KEEGAN STROUSE
8
SECTION
P.07-22
DIRECTION OF ARCHITECTURE A R C H I T E C T U R A L R E S P O N S E T O M U LT I D I M E N S I O N A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S 01.01 INTRODUCTION: DESIGN PROJECT STATEMENT / ABSTRACT 01.02 DESIGN PROJECT SITE AND CONTEXT 01.03 THE DIRECTION OF ARCHITECTURE
SECTION
A R C H I T E C T U R A L R E S P O N S E T O M U LT I D I M E N S I O N A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S
P.23-51 SECTION
P.53-62
SECTION
P.63-87
02.01 CONTEXTUAL EDGE 02.02 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN AND SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION 02.03 HOLISM IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 02.04 CRITICAL ANALYSIS
P R E C E D E N T A N A LY S I S
03.01 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 1: INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE CENTER 03.02 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 2: JIN MAO TOWER 03.03 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 3: PEARL RIVER TOWER 03.04 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 4: AL HAMRA FIRDOUS TOWER 03.05 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 5: TAIPEI 101 03.06 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 6: BURJ KHALIFA
R E G I O N A L T R A N S F O R M AT I O N , T E C H N O L O G Y, A N D E C O - C U LT U R E 04.01 SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES 04.02 COLOR AND TEXTURE 04.03 ECODEVELOPMENT 04.04 TECHNOLOGY 04.05 MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECURE 04.06 COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE 04.07 CRITIQUE
DIRECTION OF ARCHITECTURE A R C H I T E C T U R A L R E S P O N S E T O M U LT I D I M E N S I O N A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S
GROUP01 JEFFREY SARMIENTO . YI QUO HOU . XINYI LI . YI WANG
GROUP02 TIFFANY HERMAN . BRANDY MCGINNIS . MATT SYLVESTER . JASON VOSSMER
D i r e ct i o n o f Ar c hi t e ct u r e Ar chi t e ct u r Al r e sp o n se to M ulti D iM ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents introDuction: Design project stAteMent / AbstrAct
Design Project site anD context
Design teAM shanghai tower construction & Development co., ltd. Owner, Developer, Contractor gensler Design Architect Architectural Design & research institute of tongji university Local Design Institute thornton tomasetti Structural Engineer cosentini Associates MEP Engineer
The DirecTion of ArchiTecTure
D i r e ct i o n o f Ar c hi t e ct u r e Ar chi t e ct u r Al r e sp o n se to M ulti D iM ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents introDuction: Design project stAteMent / AbstrAct
Design Project site anD context
p r oj e c t s tAt e M e n t
council. (gensler)
The DirecTion of ArchiTecTure
project goAls
• interperate regional architecture
D i r e ct i o n o f Ar c hi t e ct u r e Ar chi t e ct u r Al r e sp o n se to M ulti D iM ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents introDuction: Design project stAteMent / AbstrAct
Design Project site anD context
Shanghai
china
The DirecTion of ArchiTecTure
D i r e ct i o n o f Ar c hi t e ct u re Ar c hi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D iM ens i on A l r eq ui r eM ents IntroductIon: desIgn Project statement / abstract
site shanghai CURRENT FUTURE lu jai Zui CURRENT FUTURE
Design project site AnD context
The DirecTion of ArchiTecTure
D i r e ct i o n o f Ar c hi t e ct u re Ar c hi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D iM ens i on A l r eq ui r eM ents IntroductIon: desIgn Project statement / abstract
Design project site AnD context
socio-econoMic context
The DirecTion of ArchiTecTure
D i r e ct i o n o f Ar c hi t e ct u re Ar c hi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D iM ens i on A l r eq ui r eM ents IntroductIon: desIgn Project statement / abstract
Design project site AnD context
The DirecTion of ArchiTecTure
new shanghai pudong international Airport
pedestrian tunnel across the huangpu river
one of the world’s largest metro systems
Millennium boulevard in pudong
http://shanghai.cultural-china.com
D i r e ct i o n o f Ar c hi t e ct u re Ar c hi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D iM ens i on A l r eq ui r eM ents IntroductIon: desIgn Project statement / abstract
Design project site AnD context
e n V i r o n M e n tA l c o n t e x t
The DirecTion of ArchiTecTure
D i r e ct i o n o f Ar c hi t e ct u re Ar c hi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D iM ens i on A l r eq ui r eM ents IntroductIon: desIgn Project statement / abstract
Swiveling, asymmetrical glass faรงade reduces wind loads on the building
http://assets.inhabitat.com
Design project site AnD context
Spiraling parapet collects rainwater Wind turbines generate on-site power
The DirecTion of ArchiTecTure
Gardens create a thermal buffer zone and improve indoor air quality
D i r e ct i o n o f Ar c hi t e ct u re Ar c hi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D iM ens i on A l r eq ui r eM ents IntroductIon: desIgn Project statement / abstract
c u lt u r A l c o n t e x t
Design project site AnD context
The DirecTion of ArchiTecTure
D i r e ct i o n o f Ar c hi t e ct u re Ar c hi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D iM ens i on A l r eq ui r eM ents IntroductIon: desIgn Project statement / abstract
Design project site AnD context
the VerticAl city AnD Density
The DirecTion of ArchiTecTure
D i r e ct i o n o f Ar c hi t e ct u re Ar c hi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D iM ens i on A l r eq ui r eM ents IntroductIon: desIgn Project statement / abstract
Design project site AnD context
A p p l i c At i o n o f t h o M A s ’ u n i V e r s A l c u lt u r e n e e D s
urban setting
The DirecTion of ArchiTecTure
D i r e ct i o n o f Ar c hi t e ct u r e Ar chi t e ct u r Al r e sp o n se to M ulti D iM ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents IntroductIon: desIgn Project statement / abstract
Design Project site anD context
Direction of Architecture • create a new environment to live in
the Direction of Architecture
D i r e ct i o n o f Ar c hi t e ct u r e Ar chi t e ct u r Al r e sp o n se to M ulti D iM ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents IntroductIon: desIgn Project statement / abstract
MoDern ApproAch
• an attempt to resonate with regional culture
Design Project site anD context
http://assets.inhabitat.com
the Direction of Architecture
D i r e ct i o n o f Ar c hi t e ct u r e Ar chi t e ct u r Al r e sp o n se to M ulti D iM ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents IntroductIon: desIgn Project statement / abstract
Design Project site anD context
AlliAnce with project goAls
the Direction of Architecture
D I R E CT I O N O F AR C HI T E CT U RE AR C HI T E CT U R AL R E SP O N SE TO M ULTI D I M ENS I ONA L R EQ UI R EM ENTS
INTRODUCTION: DESIGN PROJECT STATEMENT / ABSTRACT
DESIGN PROJECT SITE AND CONTEXT
THE DIRECTION OF ARCHITECTURE
Aleksandar Sasha Zeljic, A. L. (2010). Shanghai Tower Facade Design Process. Al-Kodmany, K., Ali, M. M., & Zhang, T. (2013). Factors Leading To Skyscraper Construction Booms: A Critical Comparison of Shanghai and
Dubai. International Jouranl of Architecture Research, 22-42.
Gensler. (n.d.). Design Update Shanghai Tower. Thomas, D. (2002). Architecture and the Urban Environment. Xia, J., Poon, D., & Mass, D. C. (2010). Case Study: Shanghai Tower. CTBUH JOurnal, 12-18.
DIRECTION OF ARCHITECTURE A R C H I T E C T U R A L R E S P O N S E T O M U LT I D I M E N S I O N A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S
GROUP03 LILIANA BERESTEANU . ALEX KLENK . ANDREW MARTIN . SEAN MILLER
GROUP04 ROGER DEY . BEN SNAPE . KYLE WILD
Ar chi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents
contextuAl eDge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
SuStainable DeSign anD SuStainable ConStruCtion
CritiCal analysis
connectivity through the concept Connectivity through the concept • • •
past present Future
Jin Mao shanghai world Financial Center shanghai tower
shanghai tower’s relations to the urban context take a profound level. the building itself turns into the identity of the space, it appears as a center point that changes the perspective of the commercial district that focuses on a new direction of China. the project will substantiate the transition between industrial chaos to a well-organized, sustainable environment.
Ar chi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents
contextuAl eDge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
SuStainable DeSign anD SuStainable ConStruCtion
connectivity context Connectivity through streets and urban spaces that constitute the project context •
entry point for visitors that are coming from the subway station
CritiCal analysis
Ar chi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents
contextuAl eDge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
connectivity • • •
Human scale Visible and accessible entry points transparent design
SuStainable DeSign anD SuStainable ConStruCtion
CritiCal analysis
Ar chi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents
contextuAl eDge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
SuStainable DeSign anD SuStainable ConStruCtion
CritiCal analysis
Ar chi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents
contextuAl eDge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
SuStainable DeSign anD SuStainable ConStruCtion
http://www.thechicagotraveler.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/michigan-avenue-shopping-720x220.jpg
ArchitecturAl protocol in urban design responding to the neighboring architecture is very important on three different levels: physically : How does the architectural language of the building relate to the buildings around it? Culturally: How does the building respond to the culture of the urban environment?
How does the building respond to these questions?
CritiCal analysis
Ar chi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents
contextuAl eDge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
http://mytravelphotos.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/torre-Velasca-pictures-1-3.jpg
SuStainable DeSign anD SuStainable ConStruCtion
CritiCal analysis
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/British_Library527-31hug.jpg
ArchitecturAl protocol Bad response to architectural protocol example: the torre Velasca
good response to architectural protocol example: British Library
general height of the historic urban-scape of the city
Low massing doesn’t allow the building to standout more than the existing context
Color and texture of the surrounding buildings
also allows the courtyard to be open and not over shadowed
Large eyesore
Color and texture relates the building to its historical surroundings
Ar chi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents
contextuAl eDge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
SuStainable DeSign anD SuStainable ConStruCtion
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/British_Library527-31hug.jpg
CritiCal analysis
http://img181.poco.cn/mypoco/ myphoto/20110310/04/52984109201103100452062499801454626_001.jpg
ArchitecturAl protocol the shanghai tower does not respond to the historical architecture of shanghai. it over powers the existing buildings or building facades. it creates a large eyesore
it does respond to the shanghai skyline. it also responds to the present day China with its technological power, wealth and infrastructure that is in place. the tower showcases a continued shift in cultural values in cities like shanghai.
Ar chi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents
contextuAl eDge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
SuStainable DeSign anD SuStainable ConStruCtion
CritiCal analysis
ArchitecturAl protocol different approach in reacting to typical architectural protocols. as discussed previously, the shanghai tower does not conform to these protocols. instead of answering to the direct history and the context of the surrounding city, the shanghai tower is designed to act as a new focus of the city. as seen in previous examples such as the London national Library and buildings in other cities that have a long history of the built form, many of the most successful designs are those that have a direct reaction to the context of the history in which they exist. in ignoring the typical protocols of architecture and forcing itself to the forefront, the shanghai tower essentially forces all future architectural development that is responsibly designed to instead pay homage to the tower itself.. while the shanghai tower does serve its function as a landmark that creates an extremely solid sense of place, its introverted nature in conjunction with its stubborn refusal to respond to the surrounding city make the shanghai tower a place that succeeds in being a landmark, but fails in the protocols in which many leading architectural designs excel.
Ar chi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents
contextuAl eDge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
SuStainable DeSign anD SuStainable ConStruCtion
CritiCal analysis
A sense of plAce four factors are imageability, the Human scale, socio-economic factors, and Cultural associations. imageability imageability. as the shanghai tower is built in an area consisting of primarily of a tight city grid, there are a multitude of sight lines and viewing lanes that assist the human scale involves the relationship between the designed structure and the proportion of the human body. as the shanghai tower is so tall, there is an included base or podium which surrounds the tower, providing an architectural element that the human perception can digest more easily that the tower in its entirety. the surrounding landscape also provides an easily comprehensible element to the overall design that relates to the scale of the human element.
Ar chi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents
contextuAl eDge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
SuStainable DeSign anD SuStainable ConStruCtion
CritiCal analysis
A sense of plAce socio-economic impacts of the shanghai tower involve how the retail, restaurant and monetary draw the tower produces has on not only the function of into both the shanghai tower as well as the surrounding area, helping these travelers to experience all that the shanghai tower and community has to offer, while providing the opportunity for these travelers to spend money, thus increasing the socio-economic foundations of the area. this back and forth will also increase the ties between the shanghai tower and its inclusion into the community fabric. cultural Associations describes this association as being drawn directly from historical community layouts of the Chinese shikumen. However in reality, the overall design of the shanghai tower speaks much more to China’s current outlook on supertall buildings, which is seen as a direct correlation between the high tech aspects of the supertall shanghai tower and its expression as an element of economic strength.
Ar c hi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e Ments
Contextual edge
holisM in ArchitecturAl Design
SuStainable DeSign anD SuStainable ConStruCtion
CritiCal analysis
holisM Holistic design includes a balance of three elements:
- end user involvement in the design process - technological advance aimed at sustainability and the conservation of natural resources - sound architectural principles in terms of aesthetics and construction
holisM
the shanghai tower considers: - occupant working conditions (atmosphere) through daylighting - Cladding angle, texture, and opacity - shape, taper and rotation are considered/analyzed to conserve resources - wind collection and ventilation techniques - tall building aesthetic (optimizing prefabricated pieces, local materials) thomas, derek. “architecture and the urban environment: a Vision for the new age�. new york: architectural press, 2002.
Ar chi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents
Contextual edge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
sustAinAble Design AnD sustAinAble construction
tA p e r
r otAt i o n
use of technological advances for sustainability - reduction in lateral force bracing reduces need for additional resources source: http://www.gensler.com/uploads/documents/shanghai_tower_Facade_design_process_11_10_2011.pdf
CritiCal analysis
Ar chi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents
Contextual edge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
v e n t i l At i o n
sustAinAble Design AnD sustAinAble construction
CritiCal analysis
WinD collection
use of technological advances for sustainability - Ventilation strategies provide 21% above Leed, 12.5% over 3 star source: http://du.gensler.com/vol5/shanghai-tower/
Ar chi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents
Contextual edge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
sustAinAble Design AnD sustAinAble construction
DAy l i g h t i n g end user involvement in the design process Curtain wall a - weather enclosure Curtain wall B - true exterior wall all above images: http://www.gensler.com/uploads/documents/shanghai_tower_Facade_design_process_11_10_2011.pdf
CritiCal analysis
Ar chi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents
Contextual edge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
sustAinAble Design AnD sustAinAble construction
CritiCal analysis
respect the site the area of the site is 326,900 square feet.. one third of the site is green space with landscaping in order to cool the entire area of the site . By designing a smaller foot print for the building, more social spaces are opened at the base also known as the podium. the podium is comprised of retail, banking, restaurants, and conference/meeting/banquet facilities (gensler). Below grade levels house retail, 1,800 parking space, service rooms and Mep functions (gensler). the proportion of the base to site is important for sustainability, community, and overall perception of the building. gensler’s team inserted the volume of the podium to offset the tower but used a large glass entry to provide a welcoming transparency to the internal activities, Figure 2. in efforts to conserve land resources, the shanghai tower does not take any fertile land but rather built on used land. on a site of 326,900 square feet a building with the area of 575,000 square meters is being built which can save land resource for a city with dense population and tense land resources like shanghai (gensler). By weaving the building into the urban fabric of next generation of super high rises.
Ar chi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents
Contextual edge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
sustAinAble Design AnD sustAinAble construction
CritiCal analysis
W o r k W i t h t h e c l i M At e Located in China, the climate is relatively mild; cold and dry in the winter and hot and rainy in the summer. wind energy is harvested at the top of the building. rainwater collection is used for the towers heating and air conditioning system. this is how a design response to climate conditions are used to collect natural energy.
Ar chi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents
Contextual edge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
sustAinAble Design AnD sustAinAble construction
CritiCal analysis
http://www.gensler.com/uploads/documents/shanghai_tower_Facade_design_process_11_10_2011.pdf
M i n i M i s e t h e u s e o f n e W M At e r i A l s the concept of greenness also refers to minimizing the use of new materials. in the shanghai tower, new materials were sourced from local companies. However, locally sourced materials with high-recycled contents were used when available.
co n s e rv e e n e r gy to minimize the consumption of fossil fuels, shanghai tower use a variety of unsustainable features. the tower makes use of day lighting strategies by being built with transparent inner and outer skins that admit maximum daylight, thereby reducing the need for electric light and highly expensive mechanical systems. along the south facade, gensler’s team used fritting and lamination to reduce solar gains but still provide an optimal level of transparency. to reduce heating and cooling loads, both inner and outer curtain walls have Low e coating. the outer skin slao insulates the building, reducing energy use for heating and cooling. all of these methods reduce the use of fossil fuels and helps conserve energy.
Ar chi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents
Contextual edge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
sustAinAble Design AnD sustAinAble construction
CritiCal analysis
respect the builDer AnD the enD user By using technology based on a complex set of strategies which include day lighting, sun shading, building controls, cogeneration system, building envelope, landscaping, wind turbines, geothermal technology and the use of regional material, respect to the builder and end user are seen in the shanghai tower. the need to have a view to the outside and the careful choice of environmental friendly non-toxic materials were aspects used in the construction and design process. in terms of green construction, key controls took on noise, dust, and overexposure of light. recycling and reusing wastes increased the recycle rate up to 38%.
D e s i g n h o l i s t i c A l ly derek thomas’ sensory attributes of architectural design include scale, proportion, and order to construct an aesthetically pleasing building. the shanghai tower uses the scale of its tower in relation to its surroundings and site, the proportion of the height to width and scale within its urban context, the texture of the cladding, and the natural color palette provided by landscaped atria and outdoor spaces.
Ar chi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents
Contextual edge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
sustAinAble Design AnD sustAinAble construction
CritiCal analysis
MiniMise resource consuMption the shanghai tower minimized resource consumption through reduction and conservation. the tower design minimizes resource consumption with its’ asymmetrical façade and tapering shape with rounded corners, Figure 6. the rotational shape also reduces lateral wind loads by 24%, Figure 7, which reduced the need for addition material bracing, and reduced construction cost by 60 million dollars (xia), Figure 8.
Ar chi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents
Contextual edge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
sustAinAble Design AnD sustAinAble construction
CritiCal analysis
MAxiMise resource reuse another primary method of consumption reduction and recycling happens at the very top of the tower. the apex of the shanghai tower contains a large amount of infrastructure to both collect, use, recycle and circulate rainwater, Figure 13. By applying this method of collection and circulation of rainwater in the design of the tower, “the use of recycled water resources is increased up to 25%” (gu, 2012). this water can then be used directly throughout the building in a variety of methods. two of the most impacting methods of reusing this water are through the recirculation needs of the HVaC system, as well as cycling the grey-water through the interior gardens and green-spaces. throughout the tower there are also a wide range of water-saving devices and water-saving sanitary wares, such as waterless urinals. the integration and use of these wares “helps the [water] saving rate increase up to 60% compared to the usage of traditional sanitary-wares.” (gu, 2012). through these methods of water recycling and consumption reduction the shanghai tower is able to save a relatively large amount of an increasingly is split to store water at different heights allowing gravity to maintain water pressure. this reduced the amount of transport energy throughout the building. grey water system was introduced and adopted in the reuse and recycle of rainwater and conventional water. this method reduced water consumption and reduction by 38%, which in turn reduced the amount of conventional energy and transport energy throughout the building (xia, 17).
Ar chi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents
Contextual edge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
sustAinAble Design AnD sustAinAble construction
CritiCal analysis
c r e At e A n o n -t o x i c e n v i r o n M e n t to create a healthy non-toxic environment, the vertical neighborhoods were designed with sky gardens to foster a sense of community, Figures 9 and 10. the project creates a healthy and non-toxic environment internally by using a second skin that covers the entire building. the double skin faรงade will act aerodynamically to mediate the air mass movement and high precipitation through its round corners and tapering form (xia, 17). the space between the central structure and the second skin will represent a vertical garden, a space for recreation and socialization, but more importantly it will act as an insulator between outside climate and the buildings environment, Figures 11 and 12.
Ar chi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents
Contextual edge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
sustAinAble Design AnD sustAinAble construction
CritiCal analysis
p u r s u e q u A l i t y i n b u i lt e n v i r o n M e n t in order to pursue quality in creating the built environment, gensler looked towards the urban fabric in which the building was designed on. it is in a dense urban district where neighboring buildings are just a prominent; however, the shanghai tower has the biggest sense of hierarchy due to its height. to keep the quality of already built in this urban environment, the shanghai tower was designed to be the second tallest building in the world, yet doesn’t look out of place.
Ar chi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e M ents
Contextual edge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
sustAinAble Design AnD sustAinAble construction
CritiCal analysis
c r i t i c A l A n A ly s i s overall the shanghai tower, though it erupts from the surrounding city scape rather suddenly, makes a valiant effort to increase the overall quality of the built environment in shanghai. while little can be done to truly restore shanghai to the quality of the past, the shanghai tower does absolutely everything that it can to minimize current and future impacts on resources. in some cases, such as the exterior and interior gardens, the reuse of land, and many of the integrated methods of resource collection and recycling, the shanghai tower is even able to give back to the surrounding community. all of the above mentioned methods construction. surrounding built environment. it could have taken advantage of using solar panels on the east, south, and west facades to capture as much solar energy as possible. a photovoltaic glazing or cladding could have been developed for this project as they had to design and fully manufacture the selected material choices anyway. this method could have provided the building with a substantially large amount of green energy.
Ar c hi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e Ments
Contextual edge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
SuStainable DeSign anD SuStainable ConStruCtion
criticAl AnAlysis
“there’s nothing inherently sustainable about a skyscraper,” daniel safarik, an editor at the Council on tall Building and urban Habitat,
However... e n e r gy n e e D s the supertall structure although provides some of its own energy, still will require massive amounts of energy to construct and run day to day. buildings in one way or another before. the astonishing fact is the combination of all the technologies that have been brought together. the danger then lies in the success of all these technologies working to produce what the design team boosts. length to provide automated control of HVaC only to be favored by human controlled environments. Construction implications? - 63 hours of continuous concrete pouring of the foundation.
Ar c hi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e Ments
Contextual edge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
http://english.cntv.cn/20110426/107581_4.shtml
SuStainable DeSign anD SuStainable ConStruCtion
criticAl AnAlysis
http://english.cntv.cn/20110426/107581_4.shtml
c u lt u r A l e x p e r i e n c e - t r A D i t i o n A l h u t o n g s traditional lanes in Bejing that housed variety of shops and traditional residential homes with courtyards. a gathering place for residents and shoppers. Human scale // individuality // Cultural identity //
Ar c hi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e Ments
Contextual edge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
SuStainable DeSign anD SuStainable ConStruCtion
criticAl AnAlysis
the vertical city separated into 9 vertical zones retail - 1 Hotel 7-8 observation 9
c u lt u r A l e x p e r i e n c e - i n t e r p r e tAt i o n diverse typology // Lack of individuality // generic in nature // westeren feel the project will only serve to enhance the cultural experience of the people that can afford or have the access to enjoy a building such as this. the design team stressed that the concept came from the idea of traditional courtyards and neighborhoods. the atria will no doubt allow for a certain level of interaction between inhabitants that work inside or can afford to shop the luxury boutiques, but will lack the social diversity and individuality that made traditional courtyards and neighborhoods successful and able to withstand time
Ar c hi t e ct u rA l re sp o n se to M ulti D i M ens i on A l r eq ui r e Ments
Contextual edge
Holism in ArcHitecturAl Design
http://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2014/feb/13/shanghai-tower-climb-in-pictures
SuStainable DeSign anD SuStainable ConStruCtion
http://vincentloy.wordpress.com/2012/02/22/
criticAl AnAlysis
AR C HI T E CT U R AL R E SP O N SE TO M ULTI D I M ENS I ONA L R EQ UI R EM ENTS
CONTEXTUAL EDGE
HOLISM IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN AND SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION
CRITICAL ANALYSIS
Abel, Chris. Architecture and Identity: Response to Cultural and Technological Change. Routledge (2nd Edition). New York, NY. 2000. Al-Kodmany, Kheir. Placemaking with Tall Buildings. Chicago: Macmillan Publishers. 2011. Al-Kodmany, Kheir. & Ali, Mir M. The Future of the City: Tall Buildings and Urban Design.
Southampton, UK: WIT Press. 2013.
Broto, Eduard. High Density: Environments for the Future. Barcelona, Spain: Links Books. 2010. Chen, Zhongli & Shi, Lei. Shanghai Tower’s Versatile Energy Management System.
CTBUH 9th World Congress Shanghai 2012 Proceedings. 2012
Davison, N. Is the Shanghai Tower the world’s first eco-friendly skyscraper? Chinadialouge. 14.10.2013. Retrieved from
<https://www.chinadialogue.net> 4-25-2014.
Ding, Jiemin; Li, Jiupeng & He, Zhijun & Hu, Yin. Design of Flexible Hanging Curtain Wall Support Structures. CTBUH 9th World Congress
Shanghai 2012 Proceedings. 2012
Gensler. (2010). Shanghai Tower. Gensler Design Update, 15. Gensler. 27 April 2014. <http://du.gensler.com/vol5/shanghai-tower/> Gong, Jian & Zhou, Hong. Key Technologies in the Structure of Shanghai Tower. 2012 Gu, Jian Ping. Shanghai Tower: Re-Thinking the Vertical City. 2012 Rosenfield, Karissa. “Gensler Tops Out on World’s Second Tallest Skyscraper: Shanghai Tower” 08 Aug 2013. ArchDaily. Accessed 24 Apr 2014.
<http://www.archdaily.com/?p=413793>
Shanghai Population 2013. (2013, December 4). World Population Statistics. Retrieved April 22, 2014, from <http://www.worldpopulationstatistics.com/shanghai-population-2013/> Shanghai tops out world’s third-tallest building. (2007, September 15). Shanghai tops out world’s third-tallest building. Retrieved April 22, 2014,
from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-09/15/content_6108904.htm
Thomas, Derek. “Architecture and the Urban Environment: A Vision for the New Age”. New
York: Architectural Press, 2002.
Xia, Jun & Peng, Michael. The Parametric Design of Shanghai Tower’s Form and Facade. 2012 Zeljic, Aleksandar S. Shanghai Tower Facade Design Process. 27 April 2014. <http://www.gensler.com/uploads/documents/Shanghai_Tower_Facade_Design_Process_11_10_2011.pdf>
P R E C E D E N T A N A LY S I S
GROUP05 JOHN GASSAWAY . ENRIQUE TINOCO . TAYLOR WOLAK . LOGAN ZIEGLER
P R E C E D E N T A N A LY S I S CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 1
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 2
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 3
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 4
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 5
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 6
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 7
I N T E R N AT I O N A L C O M M E R C E C E N T E R • Hong Kong, China
• Optimized structural performance for reduction in materials
• Kohn Pederson Fox and Associates/Arup
• Faceted forms sprawl at ground level to connect project to pedestrian scale - Kowloon Station - Union Square
• Completed 2010 • Mixed Use • 1,588 feet - 118 storeys • 2,950,000 square feet
• Applied technologies in the form of artificial intelligence building integrated systems - IE elevators and environmental control • Global image
P R E C E D E N T A N A LY S I S CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 1
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 2
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 3
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 4
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 5
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 6
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 7
JIN MAO TOWER • Shanghai, China
• One of the earliest examples of China’s prominence on the global market
• Skidmore Owings and Merrill
• Intensive investigations on structural design due to typhoon winds and poor foundation
• Completed 1999
• Concept of design driven by the form of ancient Pagoda structures - Acknowledgement to the past with a contemporary approach
• Office and Hotel • 1,380 feet - 88 storeys • 3,116,000 square feet
• Built before eco-development concerns was part of design and construction debates - Apparent lack of concern for the most economical construction - Poor integration of design from the outside in
P R E C E D E N T A N A LY S I S CASE STUDY ANAYLSIS 1
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 2
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 3
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 4
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 5
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 6
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 7
PEARL RIVER TOWER • Guangzhou, China • Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
• Aimed to be first net-zero skyscraper with “all-inclusive” design approach centered around four strategies: reduction, absorption, reclamation, and generation. Did not achieve net-zero due to regulatory influences, but still considered one of the most energy efficient skyscrapers in the world.
• Energy efficient technology includes a ventilated double facade with integrated photovoltaics and automated blinds, integrated vertical wind turbines, and radiant chilled ceilings with displacement • Guangdong Tobacco Co. Headquarters (Offices) ventilation to which the largest energy savings are attributed too. • Completed 2011
• 1,016 feet - 71 storeys
• Building form is generated through software analysis to maximize wind turbine performance.
• 2.2 million square feet
• No evidence of attempts to address issues of urban design or pedestrianism.
P R E C E D E N T A N A LY S I S CASE STUDY ANAYLSIS 1
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 2
CASE STUDY 3
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 4
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 5
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 6
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 7
AL HAMRA FIRDOUS TOWER • Kuwait City, Kuwait
• It is currently the tallest building in Kuwait , and serves as an icon dues to its expressive curvilinear form.
• Skidmore, Owings, & Merrill
• The goal was to maximize views to the Arabian Gulf while minimizing desert solar gains.
• Completed in 2011
• The form was conjured via parametric design in which 25% of each floor plate in increments along the south facade, ending with a flare that points up and one that swoops around.
• Mixed-Use Office Building • 1,352 feet - 77 storeys
• SOM used computer aided design to derive the form, but to also create the most effective base structure.
• 2.1 million square feet
• The base is supported by an enormous lamellae structure that reduced the amount of concrete.
P R E C E D E N T A N A LY S I S CASE STUDY ANAYLSIS 1
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 2
CASE STUDY 3
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 4
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 5
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 6
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 7
TA I P E I 1 0 1 • Taipei, Taiwan
• Taipei 101 is a skyscraper steeped in cultural heritage and germinated in modern evolution.
• C.Y.Lee & Partners
• The iconic landmark immediately shows the traditional aesthetics of the Taiwanese region in shape and then expands the boundaries of technology in structure and material.
• Completed 2004 • Type of Building: Mixed Use • 1,176 feet - 101 storeys • 2,081,700 SF
•The tower is the tallest LEED Platinum building in the world. • The building held the title of world’s tallest until the Burj Khalifa in Dubai surpassed the mark in 2010. •One of the most striking features is the innovative tuned mass damper; the largest in the world. “
P R E C E D E N T A N A LY S I S CASE STUDY ANAYLSIS 1
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 2
CASE STUDY 3
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 4
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 5
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 6
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 7
B U R J K H A L I FA • Dubai, U.A.E.
• Burj Khalifa is a skyscraper focused on structural stability and iconic pageantry.
• Adrian Smith, William F. Baker, George J. Efstathiou
• It is currently the world’s tallest building achieving record height through exhaustive structural analysis using computational technology.
• Completed 2010 • Mixed-Use Building • 27,16.5 feet - 163 storeys • 3,331,100 square feet
• This innovation produces several sustainable attributes that are touted by the designers and engineers. • These attributes such as: condensation recovery, minimal mass, high efficiency lighting, reduction in heat island effect and site wide grey water recovery all make contributions but do not off-set mass energy consumption.
P R E C E D E N T A N A LY S I S CASE STUDY ANAYLSIS 1
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 2
CASE STUDY 3
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 4
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 5
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 6
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 7
PETRONAS TOWERS • Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
• The Petronas Towers was the first project to be given the record of “tallest building” outside the US.
• Cesar Pelli & Associates
• Its goal was to become a symbol of both past and future innovation for Malaysia.
• Completed in 1998
• The towers are based off of a n 8 pointed star geometry as reference to the local Islamic culture.
• Office Building for Petronas Petroleum
• Local materials such as Malaysian wood Terengganu granite, marble and glass were used as much as possible, making 60% of materials used.
• 1,483 feet - 88 storeys • 10.7 million square feet
• The Petronas Towers are the architectural manifestation of rising capitalism and other Western ideals in the emerging East.
P R E C E D E N T A N A LY S I S CASE STUDY ANAYLSIS 1
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 2
CASE STUDY 3
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 4
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 5
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 6
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 7
Abada, G. (2004). Petronas Office Towers. Aga Khan Awards. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. AIA. Al-Kodmany, K. (2011, September 14). Placemaking with tall buildings. Urban Design International, 16(4), 252-269. Al-Kodmany, K. (2013). The Future of the City:Tall Buildings and Urban Design. Southhampton, MA: WIT Press. Bellini, O. (2008). New Frontiers in Architecture: Dubai Between Vision and Reality (pp. 166-118). Vercelli, Italy: White StarPublishers. Bozdogan S., & Akcan E. (2012) Turkey: Modern Architectures in History. London. Reaktion Books Ltd. Bunnell, T. (2002). Views from above and below: The Petronas Twin Towers and/in contesting visions of development in contemporary Malaysia. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 20(1), 1-23. Cheung, Y., & Chau, K. (Eds.). (2005). Tall Buildings from engineering to Sustainability. N.p.: World Scientific.ÂŹ El Razaz, Z. (2010). Journal of Building Appraisal: Sustainable Vision of Kinetic Architecture (341-356). London. Macmillian Publishers, Ltd. Frechette, R., & Gilchrist, R. (2008, March). Towards zero energy: a case study of the pearl river tower, guangzhou, china. Paper presented at the Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat 8th World Congress, Dubai. Paper retrieved from http://ctbuh.org/ LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=%2bpedN46s7Es%3d&tabid=486&language=en-US/ Goncalves, J. C., & Umakoshi, E. (2010). The environmental performance of tall buildings. Washington, DC: Earthscan. Gonchar, J. (2012) Sculpting the skyline: Architects, engineers, and contractors tackle a challenging geometry to build a super tall tower with a striking silhouette in a desert. Architectural Record, 15(3), 60-64. Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates (2014). International Commerce Centre. Shanghai. Sarkisian, M. (2010). Designing Tall Buildings: Structure as Architecture. Neew York, NY: Routledge.
P R E C E D E N T A N A LY S I S CASE STUDY ANAYLSIS 1
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 2
CASE STUDY 3
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 4
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 5
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 6
Short, M. (2012). Planning for Tall Buildings (pp. 5-23). New York, NY: Routledge. Spirito, G. (2008). New Urban Giants. Vercelli, Italy: White Star Publishing. Terranova, A. (2003). Skyscrapers. Vercelli, Italy: White Star Publishing. The Art institute of Chicago. (2000). Skyscrapers The New Millennium (pp. 56-83). New York, NY: Prestel. The Museum of Modern Art. (2003). Tall Buildings (p. 138). New York, NY: Author. Wells, M. (2005). Skyscrapers Structure and Design (pp. 170-175). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Zukowsky, J. & Thorne, M. (2000). Skyscrapers: The New Millennium. Munich, Germany: Prestel Verlag.
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 7
R E G I O N A L T R A N S F O R M AT I O N , T E C H N O L O G Y, A N D E C O - C U LT U R E
GROUP06 PEDRO BORQUEZ . RICHARD OLMEDO . AMANDA TELLERIA
GROUP07 BREEANN ABUAN . RONALD CANO . KRISTIN DIFUNTORUM . SHARLETTE TABA
R E G I O N AL T R AN SF O R M AT I O N , TEC H NOLOGY, A ND ECO- C ULTUR E
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES
COLOR AND TEXTURE
ECODEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY
MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECTURE
COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
CRITIQUE
H T T P: / / D E P T S .WA S H I N GTO N . E D U / C H I N AC I V / 3 I N T R H M E . H T M
TYPES OF APPROACHES & REGIONAL ARCHITECTURE 1. DIRECT APPROACH - Use of regional building forms 2. INDIRECT APPROACH - Interpretive approach - Reference traditional motifs, design principles, & practices 3. GLOBAL APPROACH/CROSS-CULTURAL APPROACH - Dominated by western forms, reference to climate, take some form of both direct & indirect approaches
1. REGIONAL BUILDING FORMS & ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS - Expresses region’s identity, traditional architecture incorporated 2. INTERNATIONAL STYLE, MODERN FORMS, WESTERN IMPORTS - Rejects traditional architecture, disregards Environmental conditions 3. HYBRID - Design adaptive from imported form but responds to environmental conditions
R E G I O N AL T R AN SF O R M AT I O N , TEC H NOLOGY, A ND ECO- C ULTUR E
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES
SYNTHESISDESIGN.CA
COLOR AND TEXTURE
ECODEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY
MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECTURE
COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
H T T P : / / N E W W O R L D E C O N O M I C S 2 . B LO G S P O T. C O M
G L O B A L / C R O S S - C U LT U R A L A P P R O A C H R E S U LT S I N HYBRID APPROACH TO REGIONALISM BUILDING TYPE - SKY SCRAPER - Imported western Modern archetype, focuses on height vs. Chinese architecture which focuses on width - Steel construction with glass curtain wall vs. Chinese timber construction and masonry - Form is asymetrial vs. Chinese use of bilateral symmetry - Lacks Chinese motifs on exterior and interior REGIONAL REFRENCE - “Inspiration from Shanghai’s tradition of parks and neighborhoods”Gensler - Shows stronger tie to traditional streets of Shanghai - Form of building repsonds to climate, withstands typhoon level windloads
CRITIQUE
R E G I O N AL T R AN SF O R M AT I O N , TEC H NOLOGY, A ND ECO- C ULTUR E
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES
COLOR AND TEXTURE
ECODEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY
MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECTURE
COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
CRITIQUE
H T T P: / / W W W. PA N O R A M I O. C O M / P H OTO / 1 1 3 2 9 4 6 2
COLOR AND TEXTURE - Derek Thomas states that certain colors produce different psychological effects on people. - Certain colors should be taken into consideration. - Goals for using color in the urban environment should be: - Enhancement or Revitalization of the aesthetic of the building or place.
R E G I O N AL T R AN SF O R M AT I O N , TEC H NOLOGY, A ND ECO- C ULTUR E
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES
COLOR AND TEXTURE
ECODEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY
MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECTURE
COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
CRITIQUE
H T T P: / / T R AV E L . N AT I O N A LG E O G R A P H I C . C O M / T R AV E L / T R AV E L E R - M A G A Z I N E / P H OTO - C O N T E S T / 2 0 1 2 / E N T R I E S / 1 3 5 6 4 5 / V I E W /
EXAMPLE OF USING COLOR: SHANGHAI CITY - Colorful lighting attract millions to the area, making Shanghai City a popular destination. - Lighting display promotes visual stimulation and creates a mood for nightlife at all hours. Color as a principle produces: - Visual Stimulation - Emotional Stimulation
R E G I O N AL T R AN SF O R M AT I O N , TEC H NOLOGY, A ND ECO- C ULTUR E
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES
COLOR AND TEXTURE
ECODEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY
MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECTURE
H T T P : / / E V E R Y T O P 1 0 L I S T. C O M / L I S T S / H I G H E S T S K Y S C R A P E R S
SHANGHAI TOWER - Color on Shanghai Tower is very minimal on the exterior. - Facade is completely transparent glass that rotates in orientation. - Tapered texture of the facade establishes: - A smooth surface for aesthetic purposes - Help reduce the wind loads on the building
COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
CRITIQUE
R E G I O N AL T R AN SF O R M AT I O N , TEC H NOLOGY, A ND ECO- C ULTUR E
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES
COLOR AND TEXTURE ECODEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY
MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECTURE
COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
CRITIQUE
C O LO R F U L L I G H T I N G D I S P L AY - At night, the Tower comes alive through the use of electric lighting. - 3 different modes of lighting: - Normal mode for everyday use - Holiday mode - Special effect mode only on display a few days a year. - The lighting show helps to promote - Visual stimulation to the building - Helps to draw crowds to the area - Creates a nightlife around the vicinity - Use of Architectural Lighting has brought life and identity to the building through psychological stimuli. - Use of bright lighting creates a welcoming effect - Architectural Lighting transforms the building H T T P S : / / W W W.Y O U T U B E . C O M / W ATC H ? V = 3 Z N O 5 W D X 3 7 8
R E G I O N AL T R AN SF O R M AT I O N , TEC H NOLOGY, A ND ECO- C ULTUR E
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES
COLOR AND TEXTURE
ECODEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY
MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECTURE
COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
CRITIQUE
N E W PA R A D I G M WH AT I S E CO DE VE LO P M E N T? Is an alternative model of development that seeks to manage the impact of human activity on the natural environment. As a theory, it attempts to harmonize the economic factors and utilize natural assets in a sustainable manner to create a localized eco-system that promotes the unity of the built and the natural. - E N F O R C E S R EG I ONA LI SM - PR O M O T E S A H EA LT H Y SOC I ETY - PR E S E R VA T I ON OF T H E NA T U RAL ENVIRONMENT - B AS E D O N SOU ND SC I ENC E
R E G I O N AL T R AN SF O R M AT I O N , TEC H NOLOGY, A ND ECO- C ULTUR E
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES
COLOR AND TEXTURE
ECODEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY
MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECTURE
COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
ECOSYSTEM WH AT D O E S I T M E AN?
Attributes change depending on the region, adding a cultural/regional architectural aspect to each project. - I M P L E M E N T A T I ON OF LOC A L S - E C O N O M I C ST A NDI NG - L O C A L R E SOU R C ES - A PPR O P R I AT E T EC H NOLOG Y
CRITIQUE
R E G I O N AL T R AN SF O R M AT I O N , TEC H NOLOGY, A ND ECO- C ULTUR E
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES
COLOR AND TEXTURE
ECODEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY
MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECTURE
COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
CRITIQUE
S O U R C E : G E N S L E R . “ S H A N G H A I TO W E R FACA D E D E S I G N P R O C E S S ”
SHANGHAI TOWER ECO- C U LT U R E
The Shanghai Tower serves a benchmark for future developments of its kind. Responding to the growing crisis of global warming, sustainable developments that respect natural ecologies are being incorporated to city plannings. The Shanghai Tower exemplifies principles embedded in the global sustainable model for a better future. - S U S T A INABLE DE VE LO PME NT - E C O NO MIC DE VE LO PME NT “Development that meets the needs of the present - S OC IAL D E VE LO PME NT without compromising the ability of future generations - E NV I R O NME NTAL PR O TE C TION to meet their own needs.” -World Commission on Environment and Development
R E G I O N AL T R AN SF O R M AT I O N , TEC H NOLOGY, A ND ECO- C ULTUR E
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES
COLOR AND TEXTURE
ECODEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY
MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECURE
COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
CRITIQUE
H T T P: / / G I Z M O D O. CO M / 5 5 5 8 3 5 0 / S H A N G H A I -S KY L I N E - B E F O R E - A N D - A F T E R
A P P R O P R I AT E T E C H N O LO GY T E C H N O LO GY - Central to ecodevelopment policy and practice, emphasizing the value and dignity of human labor in the choice of tecnology for development. - Response to cultural context, scale, and economy.
LARGE-SCALE CITY
- Advanced technology used towards a propelling city with a flourishing economy. - Appropriate response to the advancement of the city. - Application of sustainable technologies represent the future of Shanghai
R E G I O N AL T R AN SF O R M AT I O N , TEC H NOLOGY, A ND ECO- C ULTUR E
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES
COLOR AND TEXTURE
ECODEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY
Figure X. Horizontal profile analysis.
MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECTURE
Figure X. Vertical profile analysis.
COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
CRITIQUE
Figure X. Twisting and tapering.
S O U R C E : G E N S L E R . “ S H A N G H A I TO W E R FACA D E D E S I G N P R O C E S S ”
TO P O LO GY DEFINITION (BURRY & BURRY): SURFACES WE ARE LARGELY CONCERNED WITH IN ARCHITECTURAL REPRESENTATION; TRANSFORMATION OF ONE OBJECT TO ANOTHER, WITHOUT CUTTING OR SPLICING. - Continuity of form and surfaces informed by basic geometry - Horizontal profile - Vertical profile - Twist - Responds to local climate (wind loads) - Results in a continuity of surfaces from bottom to top - Critique: sense of continuity at top is lost
R E G I O N AL T R AN SF O R M AT I O N , TEC H NOLOGY, A ND ECO- C ULTUR E
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES
COLOR AND TEXTURE
ECODEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY
Figure X. Comparison between shingle, smooth, and staggering glass panel systems.
MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECTURE
COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
CRITIQUE
Figure X. Partial plan of glass panel division.
S O U R C E : G E N S L E R . “ S H A N G H A I TO W E R FACA D E D E S I G N P R O C E S S ”
O P T I M I Z AT I O N DEFINITION (BURRY & BURRY): SPEAKS OF A FITNESS FOR PURPOSE THAT IS IN THE NATURE OF THE THING, A SPECIAL STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM, PERFORMANCE, OR BEST-ACHIEVABLE ECONOMY OF MEANS. - Goals: minimize loads; aesthetics - Optimization of forms and surfaces - Reduction in wind loads by 24% - Reduction in material use and cost by $58 million
- Main uses - Glass panels - Angle of equilateral triangle corners - 120° rotation and 55% scale reduction, base to top - To meet aesthetic, functional, and sustainable criteria - Use of computational tools
R E G I O N AL T R AN SF O R M AT I O N , TEC H NOLOGY, A ND ECO- C ULTUR E
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES
COLOR AND TEXTURE
ECODEVELOPMENT
H T T P: / / W W W. M O H - A R C H I T E C T U R E . C O M / D ATA / I N D E X / I N D E X _ 1 3 . J P G
TECHNOLOGY
MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECTURE
COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
H T T P : / / 3 . B P. B L O G S P O T . C O M / - - M S 9 H W A S N C A / U Y L U V V S X R U I / A A A A A A A A B P S / W Z 9 V V I L O O N G / S 1 6 0 0 / P L A C E M E N T. J P G
C O M P U TAT I O N D E F I N I T I O N A N D TO O L S DEFINITION: Mathematical pattern that uses current computer technology to extract information
TOOLS: - BIM (Building Information Modeling) - Digital representations of spaces - Autodesk Revit - Used for Structure - CAD - Assessed volume information
CRITIQUE
‘ PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN’ - CHRIS CHAN, GENSLER ARCHITECT
R E G I O N AL T R AN SF O R M AT I O N , TEC H NOLOGY, A ND ECO- C ULTUR E
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES
COLOR AND TEXTURE
ECODEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY
MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECTURE
COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
H T T P: / / N D O W N . Z H U LO N G . C O M / S TAT I C / T E C H / N E W _ M I N I AT U R E / 4 4 5 0 / 2 0 1 3 1 2 9 1 4 4 7 5 6 1 8 7 7 _ 6 . J P G ? F = 1
B U I L D I N G M O D E L I N F O R M AT I O N ( B I M ) - Organization of information - Design process - Construction - Communication Conflicts - Time efficiency - Conflicting spaces
- Faรงade Design - Analyzes building environment - Visualize complex design
CRITIQUE
R E G I O N AL T R AN SF O R M AT I O N , TEC H NOLOGY, A ND ECO- C ULTUR E
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES
COLOR AND TEXTURE
ECODEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY
MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECTURE
COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
CRITIQUE
S O U R C E : G E N S L E R . “ S H A N G H A I TO W E R FACA D E D E S I G N P R O C E S S
W I N D A N A LY S I S - D E S I G N W I T H C O M P U TAT I O N A L T O O L S - Reinforced design - Rotating façade and floors at certain angle - Decreases forces - Wind forces impact building 55% less
- Wind tunnel testing - Allowed less material use - Less surface area of building
R E G I O N AL T R AN SF O R M AT I O N , TEC H NOLOGY, A ND ECO- C ULTUR E
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES
COLOR AND TEXTURE
ECODEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY
MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECTURE
COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
CRITIQUE
C O M P U TAT I O N A N D S O C I A L INTERACTIONS
- Façade design allows vertical connections - “Neighborhoods” created through cylinder segments - Curtain wall is product of mathematical aspects Defined volume of atrium - Spaces within are reliant on technology
SOURCE: GENSLER. “SHANGHAI TOWER BEGINN I N G TO TA K E S H A P E
R E G I O N AL T R AN SF O R M AT I O N , TEC H NOLOGY, A ND ECO- C ULTUR E
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES
COLOR AND TEXTURE
(ABEL, 2000)
ECODEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY
MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECURE
COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
H T T P : / / I N H A B I TAT. C O M / S H A N G H A I -T O W E R - B Y- G E N S L E R / W P - C O N T E N T / B L O G S . D I R / 1 / F I L E S / S H A N G H - PA N O R A M A . J P G
CRITIQUE Chris Abel argued that ecodevelopment, regional architecture, and appropriate technology are interrelated and interdependent, and that they represent significant movement toward relatively autonomous regional cultures (Abel 2000 p. 207)
CRITIQUE
R E G I O N AL T R AN SF O R M AT I O N , TEC H NOLOGY, A ND ECO- C ULTUR E
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES
COLOR AND TEXTURE
ECODEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY
MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECURE
COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
CRITIQUE
H T T P: / / W W W. G E N S L E R . C O M / U P LO A D S / D O C U M E N T S / S H A N G H A I _ TO W E R _ 1 2 _ 2 2 _ 2 0 1 0 . P D F
A D E Q U A C Y A N D N O V E LT Y
a. Environmental and climatic factors
b. Socio-economic factors
c. Cultural and regional identity
R E G I O N AL T R AN SF O R M AT I O N , TEC H NOLOGY, A ND ECO- C ULTUR E
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES
COLOR AND TEXTURE
ECODEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY
MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECURE
H T T P : / / A R C H C O M M . A R C H .T A M U . E D U / A R C H I V E / E - N E W S L E T T E R / I M A G E S / K E N Y E A N G B I G . J P G
“VERTICAL CITY” CONCEPT DESIGN CONCEPT/APPROACHES OF THE FOUR ASIAN ARCHITECTS (Abel, 2000)
- Charles Correa
- Lui Thai Kier
- Ken Yeang - Tay Keng Soon
COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
CRITIQUE
R E G I O N AL T R AN SF O R M AT I O N , TEC H NOLOGY, A ND ECO- C ULTUR E
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES
COLOR AND TEXTURE
ECODEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY
HTTP://CMS.BOLOJI.COM/ARTICLEPHOTOS/CHARLES%20CORREA%20%20THE%20TRADITIONAL%20IN%20THE%20MODERN. JPG
MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECURE
COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
CRITIQUE
H T T P : / / 3 . B P. B L O G S P O T . C O M / - X 2 G W A R H D E P I / U C P J 6 8 D 0 7 H I / A A A A A A A A H Q 0 / Z D F H N Z F 0 Y E S / S 1 6 0 0 / S H A N G H A I _ T O W E R _ W O R L D S _ TA L L E S T _ S K Y S C R A P E R S _ B LU E P R I N T S _ S T R U C T U R A L _ M O D E L S _ A N D _ F LO O R _ P L A N S _ B Y _ G E N S L E R _ W O R L D _ O F _ A R C H I T E C T U R E _ WO R L D O FA R C H I _ 1 0 . J P G
M U LT I D I M E N S I O N A L I T Y
Abel described Charles Correa’s approach as multi-dimensional and thus considered it the most successful approach (Abel 2000, p. 231)
The planned “development city” -(v) ...is composed of several of several distinct and parallel urban forms and cultures, partly historical or traditional and partlhy modern, whose interconnections are arbitrary and limited -(viii) ...minimizes distances between residential areas and employment centres which are distributed evenly throughout the constellation, inlcuding local small-scale business industries -(xiii) ...has several large and evenly distributed commercial centres offering maximum consumer choice -(xvi) ...enforces sustainable urban design guidelines and building regulations to ensure efficient use of energy and natural resources and sociialy beneficial building patterns
R E G I O N AL T R AN SF O R M AT I O N , TEC H NOLOGY, A ND ECO- C ULTUR E
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES
COLOR AND TEXTURE
ECODEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY
MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECURE
COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
CRITIQUE
H T T P: / / W W W. G E N S L E R . C O M / U P LO A D S / D O C U M E N T S / S H A N G H A I _ TO W E R _ 1 2 _ 2 2 _ 2 0 1 0 . P D F
CONCLUSION The essence of eco-development, regional architecture, and use of appropriate technology go hand in hand, and ultimately they all overlap in the designer’s decision to pull influence from the context of the site. The Shanghai Tower by no means is a literal translation of design ideas representative in Shanghai, but rather pulls established concepts to create a “Prime Object” (Abel 2000) of a building that will influence high-rise design in the future. Perhaps the best example of what the building represents is evident in the aesthetic of the three high rise towers in the financial district of Shanghai, that of past, present and the future of Shanghai representative by the Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai World Financial Center, and Shanghai Tower respectively.
R E G I O N AL T R AN SF O R M AT I O N , TEC H NOLOGY, A ND ECO- C ULTUR E
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES
COLOR AND TEXTURE
ECODEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY
MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECTURE
COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
CRITIQUE
Figure 4.1.1a Source: Shanghai Rising, Gensler Design Update, Gensler, 22 Dec. 2010; Web; 30 Apr. 2014. Figure 4.1.1b Source: “China”; Countries & Their Cultures; Everyculture.com, 2014; Web; 30 Apr. 2014. Figure 4.1.1c Source: Gensler. Shanghai Rising, Gensler Design Update, 22 Dec. 2010; Web; 30 Apr. 2014. Figure 4.2.1a Source: Architecture, Carousel Showcase, Interviews, Sustainable Building.; “Gensler’s Chris Chan on the Sustainable Shanghai Tower, Asia’s Tallest Skyscraper”; Inhabitat; http://inhabitat.com/interview-genslers-chris-chan-on-the-sustainable-shanghai-tower-asias-tallest-skyscraper/, 15 Dec. 2011; Web; 29 April 2014. Figures 4.2.1b-c Source: Every Top 10.; “Highest Skyscrapers in the World”; http://everytop10list.com/lists/highestskyscrapers.php, 25 Dec. 2013; Web; 29 April 2014. Figure 4.2.1d. Source: Youtube; “Shanghai Tower Architectural Lighting Concept”; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zNO5WdX378, 10 May 2012; Web; 29 April 2014 Figure 4.5.1a. Source: Gensler. “Shanghai Tower Facade Design Process”;Gensler.com, 2010; Web; 30 April 2014 Figure 4.6.1a. Source: Gensler. “Shanghai Tower Beginning to Take Shape”;unbiasedwritter.com, 26 April 2012; Web; 30 April 2014. Figure 4.6.2a. Source: Gensler. “BIM: From Concept to Construction: Sustainable Shanghai Tower, Asia’s Tallest Skyscraper”; meldrenachapin.com, 5 April 2012; Web; 30 April 2014.
R E G I O N AL T R AN SF O R M AT I O N , TEC H NOLOGY, A ND ECO- C ULTUR E
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES
COLOR AND TEXTURE
ECODEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY
MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECTURE
COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
CRITIQUE
Figure 4.6.2b. Source: Gensler. “Shanghai Tower Facade Design Process”;Gensler.com, 2010; Web; 30 April 2014 Abel, C. (2003). Sky high: vertical architecture. London: Royal Academy of Arts. Abel, C. (2000). Architecture & Identity: Responses to Cultural and Technological Change (2.ed). Oxford: Architectural Press. Abel, C. (1997). Architecture and Identity: Towards a Global Eco-Culture. Oxford, England: Architectural Press. Binder, G. (2006). 101: One Hundred and One of the World’s Tallest Buildings. Victoria: Images Publishing. Burry, J., & Burry, M. (2010). The new mathematics of architecture. London: Thames & Hudson. Cai, Y. (2011). Chinese architecture (Updated ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. “China’s Spiraling Shanghai Tower Breaks Ground.” Inhabitat. n.p. n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2014. <http://inhabitat.com/shanghai-tower-by-gensler/attachment/17068/> Ge, Qing. (2012) “BIM Applications in the Shanghai Tower Construction.” CTBHU 9th World Congress Shanghai 2013 Proceedings. Gensler. (2010). Shanghai Rising. Gensler Design Update. Gensler Publication. Gu, J. (2012). “Shanghai Tower: Re-Thinking the Vertical City.” CTBUH Shanghai Congress 2012 – Asia Ascending: Age of the Sustainable Skyscraper City. Parker, D. (2013). The tall buildings reference book. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group Steele, J. (1992). Architecture for a changing world. London: Academy Editions
R E G I O N AL T R AN SF O R M AT I O N , TEC H NOLOGY, A ND ECO- C ULTUR E
SPECTRUM OF APPROACHES
COLOR AND TEXTURE
ECODEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY
MATHEMATICS, CONNECTIONS IN ARCHITECTURE
COMPUTATION IN ARCHITECTURE
CRITIQUE
Thomas, D. (2002). Architecture and the urban environment: a vision for the new age. Oxford: Architectural Press. “Three-Dimensional Geometry. (2012). “ Films On Demand. Films Media Group, Web. 30 Apr. 2014. <http://digital.films.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=8010&xtid=44702>. Xia, J et al. (2010). Case Study: Shanghai Tower.CTBUH Journal 2010 Issue II Xia, J, et al. (2012). The Parametric Design of Shanghai Tower’s Form and Facade. CTBUH 9th World Congress Shanghai 2013 Proceedings. Shanghai: CTBUH. Zeljic, A. (2010). Shanghai Tower: Facade Design Process. International Conference on Building Envelope Systems and Technologies. Vancouver, Canada.