Fundamentals FirstAid
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First
“First Aid teaches non-medical professionals how to respond to specific situations, which will allow them to care for people in crisis as they wait for medical professionals to “Basicarrive.”Life
What is Aid and Basic Life Support (BLS)?
Support generally refers to the type of care that first-responders, healthcare providers and public safety professionals provide to anyone who is experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory distress, or an obstructed airway.”
American Red Cross
01ChokingWounds:Open,Closed,andSevere0205Poisoning 06 03AnimalStings&Bites 04ShockorHypoperfusion Table of Contents 06Burns
Heat EmergenciesRelated07BasicCPR08 TheEmergencyRoom VS.UrgencyCare0910 Additional-ResourcesQRcodes Table of Contents BreathingAccessing11&Pulse
Shock Hypoperfusionor 01
What is it?: The body’s reaction to an inadequate supply of blood to body organs, especially the brain and heart Causes: - Excessive blood loss / lack of oxygen - Infections, poisoning, dehydration - heart attacks / stroke - psychological trauma Symptoms: - Skin is cool to the touch / pale or cyanotic (bluish gray) in color - Diaphoresis: excessive perspiration - Pulse: rapid weak and difficult to feel - Shallow, rapid, and possibly irregular respirations - pupil dilates and enlarges Treating (Hypoperfusion):Shock
Treatment: 1. Eliminate the cause of shock (if possible) 2. Improve circulation to the brain and heart, 3. Give adequate oxygen supply 4. Maintain body temperature. 5. Lay the person down and elevate the legs and feet slightly (12 inches) unless there’s an injury/pain there ★ DO NOT move person’s head. What if the victim is unconscious?: 1. Perform the previous steps 2. Begin CPR 3. Loosen tight clothing and cover the person with a blanket to prevent internal temperature drops 4. DO NOT let the person eat anything ★ If person vomits or bleeds, turn them to the side Treating (Hypoperfusion):Shock
Choking 02 Signs an individual is choking: 1. Clutching at the throat 2. Wheezing, coughing, panting 3. Trouble breathing and responding; turning blue
2. Administrate 5 back blows.
1. Ask if they are choking and for permission to help.
a. Stay behind them, place one foot slightly in front of the other for balance.
4. Periodically check their mouth in between back blows and abdominal thrusts for the object obstructing airway
b. Wrap your arms around the waist. c. Tip the person forward slightly.
d. With the heel of your palm, deliver separate back blows between the person's shoulder blades.
a. Stand behind, just to the side of the choking adult.
3. Perform 6-10 abdominal thrusts:
b. Place one arm across the person's chest for support. c. Bend the person over at the waist so that the upper body is parallel with the ground.
How to Treat a Choking Victim:
d. Make a fist with one hand. Position it slightly above the person's navel.
e. Grasp the fist with the other hand. Press hard into the abdomen with a quick, upward thrust — as if trying to lift the person up.
For a child, kneel down behind them before performing these same steps.
★ Be careful not to push the object deeper into the airway
★ Don't try a finger sweep if you can't see the object.
★ If blockage is visible at the throat, reach a finger into the mouth to sweep the item.
3. Repeat until the food or other blockage is dislodged.
1. Position your hands a little bit higher than with a normal Heimlich maneuver, a. At the base of the breastbone, just above the joining of the lowest ribs.
If an individual is obese or pregnant and you can’t wrap your hands around their waist:
2. Proceed as with the Heimlich maneuver, pressing hard into the chest, with a quick thrust.
Choking Exceptions:
2.
★ Keep your fingers pointed up to avoid hitting the infant in the back of the head.
Thump the infant 5 times gently but firmly on the middle of the back using the heel of your hand.
3. Turn the infant faceup on your forearm, resting on your thigh, with the head lower than the trunk.
Using two fingers placed at the center of the infant's breastbone, give five quick chest compressions. Press down about 1 1/2 inches, and let the chest rise again in between each compression.
1. Assume a seated position and hold the infant face down on your forearm, which is resting on your thigh. Support the infant's head and neck with your hand, and place the head lower than the trunk.
4. Repeat the back blows and chest thrusts if breathing doesn't resume. Call for emergency medical help.
Choking for Infants
Open,Wounds:closed,andsevere 03
Minor Open Wound: wash the wound, apply sterile dressing with pressure.
1.skin.Treat
Wounds
Major Open Wound: do not wash, apply clean dressing with direct pressure and a bandage.
Cuts: 1. With clean dressing, put gauze pads on the cut.
Closed Wound: the skin’s surface is not broken; tissue damage and bleeding is below with direct pressure and a cold pack
2. Hold for 1 minute If bleeding continues, repeat with more clean gauze until the bleeding subsides.
3.
4. Wrap arm with some kind of bandage to maintain pressure.
Open Wound: breaks through skin tissue.
. This can cause severe blood loss. Use bulky bandages, make sure to not move the object.
a.
b. If the bleeding has stopped, wrap the dressing and area with any bandage.
Severe bleeding:
1. With clean dressing, apply pressure onto the wound that is causing the bleeding, Hold pressure for 5-10 minutes.
Note: if an individual was stabbed or has an object embedded into their body DO NOT pull out the object (unless preventing breathing)
Wounds
2.
3. Afterwards, loosen pressure If still bleeding, get more dressing and apply more pressure for a minute
Poisoning 04 Causes: contactinginhalation,Ingesting,injectionskin.
Skin: Take off any clothing the poison touched. Rinse skin with running water for 15 to 20 minutes. Call the Poison Control Center Eyes: Rinse eyes with running water for 15 to 20 minutes. Call the poison Control Center. Inhaled: Get the individual to fresh air and call Poison Control center. Turn to the side to prevent choking. Provide artificial respiration if needed Ingest: remove anything remaining from the person’s mouth, if ingested a chemical mixture, read the label and follow instructions under “accidental poisoning.” When you call the Poison Control Center (PCC), inform them of: 1. What was taken. 2. How much was taken. 3. What time it was taken. How to Treat
Poison ivy/ Plants: 1. Wash the area thoroughly with soap and water (helps prevent allergic reaction) 2. Remove contaminated clothing 3. Ease itching and discomfort like with a cool compress for 15-30 minutes 4. AVOID applying antihistamines, antibiotic ointments that will make the skin sensitive. 5. Lotions like calamine and Caladryl ease discomfort. 6. If condition becomes severe 7. - such as: swelling near eyes or on face, trouble swallowing 8. or breathing - CALL 911. Poisoning
AnimalStings &Bites 05
Insect Sting: 1. Remove embedded stinger by SCRAPING the stinger away from the skin with the edge of a card ★ (DO NOT PINCH OR USE TWEEZERS) as they can puncture the poison sac and inject more venom into the skin 2. Wash well with soap and water 3. Apply sterile dressing and cold pack to reduce swelling. Snake And spider bites: 1. Wash wound 2. Do not suck the wound 3. Monitor breathing and provide artificial respiration if necessary 4. Obtain medical help for the victim ASAP NOTE: For any type of injecting poison, insect bite watch for an allergic reaction Animal Stings & Bites:
Animal Stings & Bites: Ticks: 1. Use tweezers to slowly pull tick out of skin from as close to its head or mouth as possible ★ Pull like straight out with a slow and steady motion 2. Wash thoroughly with soap and water 3. Apply antiseptic (disinfectant) 4. Watch for infections 5. Contact Medical help needed Symptoms of an Allergic Reaction: redness and swelling at the site, itching, pain, swelling of the throat, finding it hard to swallow, dizziness, labored breathing, hives, and if they become unconscious / in and out of consciousness
Burns 06 Causes: electricity, chemical agents, radiation, heat, fire, etc
:
Symptoms: blistering, redness blotchy, swelling, surface of skin appears wet, pain
DifferentDegreesofBurns
Causes: sunburns, weak acid or alkali, hot objects momentarily or steam.
Treatment: For mild degree burns, flush skin with large amounts of cool water, watch for shock
Symptoms: redness, swells, pain, dryness.
Treatment: remove the source of heat, cool the area, cover, relieve pain, watch for shock, and prevent affect.
Third Degree (full thickness): most life threatening due to shock, fluid loss, and
Symptoms:infection can be white or charred, extremely painful, or no pain nerve endings.
Second Degree (partial):
First Degree (superficial)
★ DO NOT use ice or ice water on 3rd degree burns; doing so causes the body to lose heat, leading to hypothermia and shock. ★ Use a dry sterile dressing for 1st & 3rd degree burns in order to prevent infection ★ DO NOT use adhesive dressing, they can stick to the injured area. ★ If the victim has a severe 2nd degree burn or a 3rd degree burn, call for medical help ★ Cover burns with thick sterile dressing ★ Elevate hands and or feet if they are burned ★ DO NOT REMOVE clothing that are sticking to the skin ★ Watch for shock and respiratory distress Importantthingstoknow:
EmergenciesRelatedHeat 07
Hyperthermia: condition of having a body temp greatly above normal ★ 3 stages: heat cramps, exhaustion, stroke.
Heat stroke: a condition caused by prolonged exposure to high temps. Bodies internal temp rises to 105 and is unable to eliminate excess
Symptoms:heat. high body temp, faint, strong rapid pulse, red hot dry skin, loses consciousness.
Treatment: cool body quickly, ice cold packs, tub of cool water.
This can cause a chemical imbalance in the body and lead to death. The average body temperature ranges from 97° - 99°.
OverexposuretoHeat:
Heat exhaustion: occurs when a victim is exposed to heat and experiences a loss of fluids through Symptoms:sweating.paleclammy skin, perspiration, fatigue, nausea, cramps, fainting, dizzy
Treatment: move to a cooler area, loosen or remove excessive clothing, apply cool, wet clothes, lay victim down and elevating their feet 12 inches. Give 4 oz of water every 15 minutes. Heat cramps: mild exposure to heat, muscle pain and spasms from losing water and salt through Treatment:perspiration.rest,coolarea, apply firm pressure, give water/electrolytes
OverexposuretoHeat:
Hypothermia: prolonged exposure to Symptoms:cold. shivering, numbness, low temp, drowsy, weak, poor coordination, confusion, loses Treatment:consciousnessget victim to warm area, remove wet clothing, slowly warm the victim by wrapping a blanket/dry Avoidclothes.warming hypothermia victims too quickly as this can cause heart arrhythmias. OverexposuretotheCold
Frostbite: actual freezing or tissues fluids; can cause damage to the skin and underlying issues. Symptoms: redness, pale glossy skin, blisters, white, numb Common places: fingers toes ears, nose and Treatment:cheeksmaintain respiration, warm the body up (DO NOT rub to warm up), prevent injury, treat for shock if necessary OverexposureTotheCold
HeartbeatBreathingAccessingand 08
Breathing: 1. Scan victim’s chest for rise or fall for no more than 10 2A.secondsIfvictim IS breathing, monitor victim. 2B. If victim IS NOT breathing, assume respiratory or cardiac arrest and begin CPR. Check Pulse: ★ Child (1 yr - puberty) : Examine carotid or femoral pulse ★ Infant (less than 1 yr old) : Examine the brachial pulse 1. Begin CPR if you do not feel a pulse within 10 seconds. Accessing Breathing & Pulse
How BasicPerformtoCPR 09
★ Start compressions within 10 seconds of recognition of cardiac arrest ★ Allow complete chest recoil after each compression (compress at least one third the depth of the chest) ★ Minimize interruptions in compressions (limit interruptions to less than 10 seconds) ★ Give effective breaths that make the chest rise ★ Avoid excessive ventilation (excessive ventilation could cause vomiting) CPR ResuscitationCardiopulmonary-
If victim is breathing normally and pulse is present: Monitor victim until help arrives. If victim is present:butbreathingNOTnormallyapulseIS Provide rescue breathing and check pulse about every 2 minutes. If you no longer feel a pulse, begin CPR. If victim is &breathingNOTnormallyhasNOpulse: Begin CPR. victim. Move to a safe environment if needed. 2. Check for responsiveness by tapping the victim’s shoulder and shouting “Are you ok?” 3. Shout for nearby help if victim is unresponsive. 4. Activate the emergency response system by calling 911. Approachingan UnconsciousVictim
1. Check victim’s breathing and pulse; b victim is NOT breathing normally and has NO pulse 2. Do not move victim during CPR unless victim is in a dangerous environment / CPR can’t be performed effectively in that location 3. Place victim on a firm surface 4. Chest Compression Technique: a. Position yourself at victim’s side. b. Make sure victim is lying faceup on a firm surface. c. Position your hands by putting the heel of one hand in the center of the victim’s chest, on lower half of sternum. Put heel of other hand on top of the first hand. Straighten your arms and position your shoulders directly over your hands. d. Give compressions at a rate of 100-120 compressions/minute. Press down at least 2 inches. Make sure chest recoils completely. Adult-1RescuerCPR
TheUrgencyRoomEmergencyVS.Care 10
UrgentCareEmergencyRoom The Emergency Room VS. Urgent Care The conditionsthreateningDepartmentEmergencytreatslife-orlimb-healthinpeopleofallages.Itisthebestoptionwhenyourequireimmediatemedicalattention. Urgent Care is the middle life-threatening.aren’tseriousbestDepartment.EmergencyproviderprimarybetweengroundyourcareandtheItistheoptionforcasesthat
AdditionalResources -QRCodes 11
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