Tnglês Técnico aplicado à Informática II Professora: Josiane Mariano Unit 01 Present Perfect and Parts of Computer I 1.1 The Present Perfect 1.1.1 Regular verbs Sub. Pron I You
He/she/ it we you
They
Affir
Interr.
Neg.
have checked have checked
Have I checked? Have you checked? Has he checked? Have we checked? Have you checked? Have they checked?
I haven’t checked You haven’t checked He hasn’t checked We haven’t checked You haven’t checked They haven’t checked
has checked have checked have checked Have checked
I, you, we, you, they
+
HAVE
+ Past
Participle (particípio passado)
OBS: É possível usar o Present Perfect com as seguintes palavras: already (já), ever (já), always (sempre), never (nunca), just (acabar de..., apenas, somente), lately (ultimamente), recently (recentemente), several times (várias vezes), yet (ainda). Exemplos: I have already studied programming. Have you ever seen a visual display terminal? He has always behaved like that. We have never read a manual on computing. Julie has just printed the data. You have faced the same problem several times. We have been busy lately. They haven´t received the reports yet. Text I
Exemplo: We have printed the data. They have taken the files.
He, she, it
+
HAS
+ Past
Participle Ex: She has printed the data. He has taken the files.
Afirmativa: She has done all the work. Interrogativa: Has she done all the work?
http://www.babyblues.com/archive/index.php?formname= getstrip&GoToDay=10/17/2007
Translate the comic strip and find out a present perfect verb.
Negativa: She hasn´t done all the work. 1
1.2 Parts of Computer
From: http://www.sxc.hu
From: http://groovix.com/images/inside1.jpg
1.2.1 The case The computer case is a very important part of the computer. It protects all of the electronic components inside and provides adequate ventilation to prevent overheating. The case also should be capable of allowing you to expand your hardware if the need arises. The ATX case is the one most commonly used today.
The term mainboard is archaically applied to devices with a single board and no additional expansions or capability. In modern terms this would include embedded systems and controlling boards in televisions, washing machines, etc. A motherboard specifically refers to a printed circuit with the capability to add/extend its performance. 1.2.3 The power supply The power supply supplies the electrical power for a computer. It supplies power to the motherboard, drives, and certain expansion cards. It normally has at least one fan that helps cool the power supply and will assist in the task of cooling the computer.
From: http://www.sxc.hu From: http://blogs.windowsnetworking.com/wnadmin/wpcontent/blogs/33/files/2006/06/115140028653.jpg
1.2.2 The motherboard A motherboard is the central printed circuit board in many modern computers and holds many of the crucial components of the system, while providing connectors for other peripherals. The motherboard is sometimes alternatively known as the main board, system board, or, on Apple computers, the logic board.
Some power supplies have an additional outlet on the back that can be used to provide power to the monitor. Power supplies come in a variety of wattages. They range anywhere from around 160 watts to about 700 watts. 350 to 400 watts power supplies are probably the most common.
1.2.4 RAM memory RAM is an abbreviation for Random Access Memory. RAM is the computer’s main memory. The computer uses RAM constantly to temporarily store 2
information while it is working with it.
From: http://www.megamamute.com.br/Imagens/produtos/94/6 3594/63594_Ampliada.jpg
The speed of the memory, or its data transfer rate, is how fast the data can travel between the RAM and the processor. The speed is measured in MHz (megahertz). One megahertz is one million frequency cycles per second. Data travels at a pace of 100 million cycles per second with 100MHz memory.
surface. Because hard disks can hold massive amounts of information, they usually serve as your computer’s primary means of storage, holding almost all of your programs and files.
From: http://www.sxc.hu
The hard disk drive is normally located inside the system unit. Unit 02 The modal Verbs and parts of computer II
1.2.5 The case fan Case fans are relatively inexpensive and are extremely important. Computer components generate quite a bit of heat and must be kept as cool as possible. The case fan is the primary source of cooling for most computers. Although the importance of the fan is often overlooked, it is the key to a long life for a computer. Most computer cases are designed to allow a person to add one or more additional case fans.
From: http://images.bittech.net/content_images/2009/11/investigating-sata6gbps-performance/sg2.jpg
1.2.6 Hard disk (HD) Your computer’s hard disk drive stores information on a hard disk, a rigid platter or stack of platters with a magnetic
2.1 The modal Verbs Verb CAN
Translation Poder, saber, conseguir
COULD
MAY
Podia, sabia, conseguia Poder
MIGHT
Poder
SHOULD
Dever
OUGHT TO MUST HAVE TO
Dever, ter que
Uses Capacidade, habilidade, possibilidade, permissão (informal) Capacidade (no passado), permissão Permissão (formal) possibilidade probabilidade Probabilidade Permissão (passado) Conselho, obrigação moral, recomendação Forte obrigação, necessidade intensa, Dedução 3
MUSTN’T
NEED NEEDN’T HAD BETTER WOULD RATHER
lógica Não poder, Proibição não ter que Precisar Necessidade Não precisar Ser melhor
Ausência de necessidade Conselho
Preferir
Preferência
EXERCISES 1. Complete using CAN or COULD: a) This computer ………….. (store) thousands of information.
3. Give the Interrogative forms: a) My boss can help us. b) The company can fire a lot of employees. c) This program can be wrong. d) Julie could get good grades in school. e) It could be a better result. EXERCISES 1. Complete using MUST and the verbs in parentheses: a) Susan ……………… (pay) attention because this explanation is very important. b) The sequence of instructions ………………… ……….. (be obeyed) to achieve a given result.
b) Sarah, please! ……………you…………….. (help) me with these boxes?
c) Robert ………………… (bring) the CD, otherwise, we won´t be able to finish the work.
c) When I was a child, I ……………. (memorize) many things but today I ………………. (not) anymore.
d) They ……………………(save) the program.
d) She ………………….(speak) many languages.
e) The programmers …………………. (make) a backup of the information very fast.
e) He …………..(not/say) that to his girlfriend! She didn´t know about this story. f) They ………………….(write) programs to handle invoicing.
f) ……………….. they …………………… (record) the data? g) Informatics students ………………. (learn) English.
2. Give the negative forms: EXERCISES a) He can make this project. b) The worker can take a day off. c) Mary can speak Portuguese in class. d) They can work fast and efficiently at manual jobs. e) John can speak Japanese.
1) Complete the sentences using may/ might: a) They ………………….. (write) programs to handle invoicing. b) Mark …………………….. (return) the program tonight. c) The analyst …………….. (not/understand) the codes. d) Her boss ……………………………..(not/come) to the office today. 4
1) Complete the sentences using should and ought to: a) Your program …………………………….(be) easily taken over by another programmer. b) Apple´s portable computers …………….(be) used on helicopters. c) Susan ………………....…….(save) all the files. d) You …………………………….. (learn) about its physical preparation. Translate to Portuguese a) Computers can solve problems easily b) Can I use your computer? c) People couldn’t use computers in the past d) Could I borrow your notebook? e) You should keep your monitor screen clean f) May I help you? 2.2 Parts of computer II 2.2 .1 System Unit The system unit is the core of a computer system. Usually it’s a rectangular box placed on or underneath your desk. Inside this box are many electronic components that process information. The most important of these components is the central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor, which acts as the “brain” of your computer. Another component is random access memory (RAM), which temporarily stores information that the CPU uses while the computer is on. The information stored in RAM is erased when the computer is turned off. Almost every other part of your computer connects to the system unit using cables. The cables plug into specific ports (openings), typically on the back of the system unit. Hardware that is not part of the
system unit is sometimes called a peripheral device or device.
From: http://groovix.com/images/front_open1.jpg
Your computer has one or more disk drives – devices that store information on a metal or plastic disk. The disk preserves the information even when your computer is turned off. 2.2.2 CD and DVD drives Nearly all computers today come equipped with a CD or DVD drive, usually located on the front of the system unit. CD drives use lasers to read (retrieve) data from a CD, and many CD drives can also write (record) data onto CDs. If you have a recordable disk drive, you can store copies of your files on blank CDs. You can also use a CD drive to play music CDs on your computer. DVD drives can do everything that CD drives can, plus read DVDs. If you have a DVD drive, you can watch movies on your computer. Many DVD drives can record data onto blank DVDs. 2.2.3 Mouse A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen. Although mice come in many shapes, the typical mouse does look a bit like an actual mouse. It’s small, oblong, and connected to the system unit by a long wire that resembles a tail. Some newer mice are wireless.
From: http://www.sxc.hu
5
A mouse usually has two buttons: a primary button (usually the left button) and a secondary button. Many mice also have a wheel between the two buttons, which allows you to scroll smoothly through screens of information. When you move the mouse with your hand, a pointer on your screen moves in the same direction (the pointer’s appearance might change depending on where it’s positioned on your screen). When you want to select an item, you point to the item and then click (press and release) the primary button. Pointing and clicking with your mouse is the main way to interact with your computer. 2.2.4 Keyboard
From: http://www.advantage.co.nz/images/56291.jpg From:http://heritageproducts.com/home/images/prestige016.jpg
A keyboard is used mainly for typing text into your computer. Like the key -board on a typewriter, it has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special keys: a) the function keys, found on the top row, perform different functions depending on where they are used; b) the numeric keypad, located on the right side of most keyboards, allows you to enter numbers quickly; c) the navigation keys, such as the arrow keys, allow you to move your position within a document or webpage. You can also use your keyboard to perform many of the same tasks you can perform with a mouse. 2.2.5 Monitor A monitor displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion of the monitor that displays the information is called the screen. Like a television screen, a
computer screen can show still or moving pictures. There are two basic types of monitors: CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors and LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors. Both types produce sharp images, but LCD monitors have the advantage of being much thinner and lighter. CRT monitors, however, are generally more affordable
Monitor CRT Monitor LCD From: http://www.positivo.pl/upload/wysiwyg/produkty/monitor y_crt/lg/LG_F700P_FLATRON_02.jpg http://www.sxc.hu
2.2.6 Printer A printer transfers data from a computer onto paper. You don’t need a printer to use your computer, but having one allows you to print email, cards, invitations, announcements, and other materials. Many people also like being able to print their own photos at home. The two main types of printers are inkjet printers and laser printers. Inkjet printers are the most popular printers for the home. They can print in black and white or in full color and can produce high-quality photographs when used with special paper. Laser printers are faster and generally better able to handle heavy use.
From: http://pcwizkid.co.uk/images/speakers.jpg
2.2.7 Speakers Speakers are used to play sound. They may be built into the system unit or connected with cables. Speakers allow you to listen to
6
music and hear sound effects from your computer.
From: http://ufile.jrj.com.cn/oblog/articleimage/2008/03/28/SBV 5121.jpg
2.2.8 Modem To connect your computer to the internet, you need a modem. A modem is a device that sends and receives computer information over a telephone line or highspeed cable. Modems are sometimes built into the system unit, but higher-speed modems are usually separate components.
From: forum.clubedohardware.com.br
Learning activities Mark the correct concept of the following words: a) Memory ( ) It is what you have to pay when you buy something. ( ) Enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data and program. ( ) When you use the phone to call someone. b) Mass storage device ( ) Something that tell who a person is. ( ) An area in a business office. ( ) Allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data. Com -mon mass storage devices include disk drives and tape drives.
c) Input device ( ) Usually keyboard and mouse, the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a computer. ( ) The department that sells a business’s products. ( ) A person from another country. d) Output device ( ) A display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the com -puter has accomplished. ( ) To look at many things and then take one or two, as the person wishes. ( ) To write your name. e) Central Processing Unit (CPU) ( ) To say that you certainly will or will not do something. ( ) A person who is not smart. ( ) The heart of the computer, this is the component that actually executes instructions. Unit 03 Passive Voice and Internet language 3.1 Passive Voice VOZ ATIVA
writes is writing wrote was writing have/has written
VOZ PASSIVA SINGULAR is written Is being written was written was being written Has been written
V. PASSIVA PLURAL are written Are being written were written were being written Have been written 7
had written is going to write will write would write can write
had been written is going to be written will be written would be written can be written
had been written are going to be written will be written would be written can be written
3.2 Internet language Are you familiar with the Internet-based game Tibia? It’s a free game open to the public, also known as MMORPG, which means Massive Multiplayer Online RolePlaying Game. Below is an extract from its website on security installation. Match some of the highlighted words to the pictures that follow. Write the words
EXERCISES
Text II
1. Give the Passive Voice of the sentences below:
Once the installation file has been downloaded Tibia is ready to be installed on your computer. Installing Tibia is easy. Simply star the installation file. The Tibia setup wizard will lead you through the installation process. Once more you will be asked to read and to confirm our service agreement. Also, you will be asked which directory you would like to install the Tibia folder to have, and whether or not you would like to have Tibia icons on the desktop and/or quickstart bar. It is possible to fake the sender of an e-mail. Such e-mails usually contain links or attachments and are designed in a way to look like an official e-mail from us. Do not simply click on links in such e-mails. ... a hacker can already spy out data from your computer if you visit a website with an old browser. Ideally, all programs on your computer should be updated to the latest available version
a) They sent the e-mails to Joseph. …………………………………………………………………… ………….......................................................…… b) The students will send the reports. …………………………………………………………………… ………….......................................................…… c) The system analyst checked the error. …………………………………………………………………… ……….......................................................……… 2. Give the Active Voice of the sentences below: a) E-mail and Web pages can be translated with a simple click of the mouse by us. ........................................................................ ........................................................................ ........................................................................ b) International language barrier will soon be broken down by the Internet. ........................................................................ ........................................................................ ........................................................................ c) Problems can be easily solved by computers. ........................................................................ ........................................................................
_____________
______________
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4.2 Degrees of Comparison Em inglês os adjetivos e os advérbios podem aparecer nos graus normal, comparativo e superlativo.
_____________
______________
4.2.1 Comparative of Equality/Inequality
2. Now look at the other highlighted words in the text above. Write translations for these words in the space below.
IGUALDADE AS ....AS DESIGUALDADE NOT SO ....... AS
a. setup wizard: _______________ b. directory: __________________ c. browser: ___________________ d. quickstart bar: _______________
É formado com AS..... AS em frases afirmativas e NOT SO ..... AS em frases negativas (comparative of inequality).
Unit 04 Comparatives and superlative 4.1 Adjectives Um adjetivo modifica um substantivo ou um pronome por meio de palavras que descrevem, identificam ou quantificam. Exemplo: Big, interesting, difficult, powerful. EXERCISES A. What is the opposite? 1. interesting boring
2. quiet __________
3. reliable _________
4. thin __________
5. powerful _________
6. new __________
7. advanced _________ 9. slow _________
8. loud __________ 10. wide _________
11. cheap ___________ 12. cold _________
B. What does each adjective mean? 1. updated____________ 2. fast _________ 3. imprinted __________ 4. modern________ 5. large ___________
6. tidy ________
7. dependable_________ 8. good _________ 9. helpful
Tão/tanto....quanto Não tão ....quanto
Ex.: This computer is AS powerful AS the other. This circuit is NOT SO reliable As the other. 4.2.2 Comparative of Superiority É necessário observar se o adjetivo é curto ou longo. São considerados curtos os adjetivos de uma só sílaba e os adjetivos de duas sílabas terminados em Y. O comparativo de superioridade dos adjetivos curtos é formado com o acréscimo do sufixo ER mais a palavra THAN (de[o] / do que). A palavra THAN é usada quando o segundo elemento da comparação está explícito. Exemplo: Second-generation computers were faster than the first generation’s. Pode ser omitida quando o segundo elemento da comparação for implícito. Exemplo: Desktop and laptop are cheap, but laptop is cheaper REGRAS PARA O ACRÉSCIMO DO SUFIXO ER a) Se o adjetivo for monossílabo e terminar em CVC (consoante+vogal+consoante), dobre a última letra e acrescente ER THAN. Exemplo: Silicon chips are smaller than other ones. Se o adjetivo terminar em E, acrescenta-se apenas R. Ex.: large = larger than.
__________ 10. smart________
9
b) Se o adjetivo terminar em Y e for precedido por consoante, tire o Y e acrescente IER THAN Exemplo: The warehouse was messier than the office. Se o Y vier após vogal, acrescenta-se ER normalmente. Ex.: gay = gayer than Para montar o comparativo de superioridade com os adjetivos longos, usa-se apenas a palavra MORE + o adjetivo + THAN. Exemplo: Computers are more sophisticated than calculators. 4.2.3 Comparative of Inferiority É formado colocando-se LESS antes do adjetivo, sem importar se é adjetivo longo ou curto + THAN. Exemplo: Calculators are less sophisticated than computers. ▪ A repetição de comparativos ligados por and nos dá uma ideia de aumento gradual. Exemplos: It’s getting colder and colder. Virus seem to get more and more lethal each day. Silicon chips have become smaller and smaller ▪ Dois comparativos iguais ou diferentes ambos precedidos de the, indicam aumento paralelo, proporcional. Exemplos: The older I get, the happier I am. The more I see you, the more I want you The sooner you get a reliable antivirus, the better. 4.2.3 Superlative Superiority / Inferiority Usa-se o superlativo para destacar alguém ou alguma coisa do grupo todo a que pertence. Forma-se o superlativo de duas maneiras: ▪ Com adjetivos curtos: usa-se o artigo THE antes do adjetivo e acrescenta-se o sufixo EST ao adjetivo. Exemplo: That computer programmer is the smartest in that company. Se o adjetivo terminar em E, acrescenta-se
apenas ST. Como em.: large = the largest. Exemplo: That program is the simplest I’ve ever seen. ▪ Com adjetivos longos: usa-se o artigo THE + o advérbio MOST + o adjetivo. Exemplo: This equipment is the most modern. O comparativo de inferioridade é formado pelo artigo THE + o advérbio LEAST que é usado tanto para adjetivos curtos ou longos. Exemplos: He is the least fast, but he is the least noisy of all. Irregular forms of some adjectives – adverbs
POSITIVE Good Bad /ill Much / many Few / little Far
COMPARATIVE Better than Worse than More
SUPERLATIVE The best The worst The most
Less The least Farther/further The farthest/ furthest
Text III Look the excerpt from an article. Then check the author’s main ideas about this type of world Welcome to the Collaboration Age, where even the youngest among us are on the Web, tapping into what are without question some of the most transformative connecting technologies the world has ever seen. These tools are allowing us not only to mine the wisdom and experiences of the more than one billion people now online but also to connect with them to further our understanding of the global experience and do good work together. These tools are fast changing, decidedly social, and rich with powerful learning opportunities for us all, if we can figure out how to leverage their potential. 10
[...]From:
http://www.edutopia.org/collaborationage-technology-will-richardson
1. Who wrote the article and where was it published? ____________________________________ ____________________________________ 2. This excerpt was taken from an article entitled World without wall: learning well with others. What is the idea behind this title? a. b. c.
Learning well is only possible in collaboration with others. Learning is made up of connected blocks of cognition. Learning opportunities are ample if we wired to the web.
3. The tone of the author’s words to refer to 21st century digital opportunities can be described as: pessimistic skeptical doubtful
enthusiastic humorous
satirical
EXERCISES 1. Use the Comparative of Equality: a) Julie is ………………………….. Joan. (beautiful) b) My boss is …………….his employees. (smart) c) That car is …………………………. the other one. (expensive) d) Those companies are ………………………….the foreign ones. (good) e) This technician is ………………………………….the other. (intelligent) f) My office is ……………………………..yours. (not/ comfortable) g) Mark is…………………………… his boss. (not/ efficient)
2. Use the Comparative of Superiority: a) This antivirus is ……………………….. the one I bought. (good) b) This computer is …………………………..that one I have at work.(expensive) c) She enters information ………………………the secretary. (fast) d) Susan types the report ……………………..her brother. (slow) e) My boss is ……………………… his employees. (intelligent) f) Rachel´s computer is …………………….. her sister´s. (powerful) g) Kevin is …………………………… his workmates. (happy) 3. Use the Superlative: a) This is ………………………. computer in the world. (good) b) That manager is ………………………….. person I have ever met. (bad) c) This is …………………………………..place I have ever gone. (beautiful) d) Sarah is ………………………. computer programmer in the company. (efficient). e) John is ………………………… office-boy in our business. (slow) f) Phillip is ……………………. programmer. (fast) g) Japan is ………………………… country in terms of technology. (advanced) h) My friends work at …………………………………. computer company in the world. (important) 4. Fill in the blanks with the correct COMPARATIVE or SUPERLATIVE of the adjectives in parentheses. 11
a) This computer is …………………………. (fast) thought. b) This is ……………….………..(long) track of all. c) This program is ………………………….. (useful) Mr. Blake´s. d) That was …………………….(good) installation in this city. e) This is …………………………(bad) film I´ve ever bought. f) Your technique is …………………. (bad) mine. g) This package is …………………........................ (complicated) I´ve ever manipulated. h) This is ……………………( good) way to prevent accidents. i) He is ……………………………….. (important) subscriber of all. j) That electronic library was ……………………..(comprehensive) this one. k) The invention of computers is ………………….. (great) advance in modern technology. l) Digital Equipment Corp. is one of ………………… (large) computer manufacturer in the world.
Unit 5
Prefix/Suffix and ING forms
A exemplo do que ocorre na língua portuguesa, também é possível formar novas palavras a partir do uso de afixos (prefixos e sufixos) na língua Inglesa.
novamente, enquanto que sub- dá o sentido de embaixo, subterrâneo ou inferior. Em inglês, unhappy, reorganize e underground são equivalentes aos exemplos dados em português. Desta forma, unhappy (infeliz) é o contrario de happy (feliz), reorganize (reorganizar) é o mesmo que organizar outra vez ou reorganizar e underground (subsolo, subterrâneo) é o mesmo que embaixo do solo. 5.1.1 QUADRO DOS PREFIXOS MAIS USADOS PREFIXOS AnteAntiBiCoDeDisExExtraForeGigailimin-
5.1 PREFIXOS
Inter-
Prefixos são partículas que acrescentamos no inicio das palavras. Em geral, elas nunca se apresentam isoladamente, embora tenham um significado próprio. As palavras infeliz, descontente, reorganizar e subterrâneo são exemplos de palavras prefixadas. Os prefixos in- e dês- dão sentido de negação, re- dá o sentido de fazer
IntraIrKiloMegaMicroMini-
SIGNIFICADO Antes, anterior Contra Dois, duplo
EXEMPLOS Antecedent Antismoke Binary, binational, bicycle Em conjunto, Co-ordinate, com collaborate inverter Decode, demagnetize Oposto, Disconnect, contrário disjunction Externo, ex-, Export, exsair employee Além de Extraordinary Antes, frente Forehead, forearm bilhão Gigabyte Não, contrário Illegal, illiterate Não, contrário Impossible, impolite Não, contrário Incomplete, (oposição) inconvenient, infinite entre Interconnect, interface dentro intranet Não, contrário Irregular, irresistible mil Kilobyte, kilometer Grande, Megabyte, milhão megaton (muito) Microcomputer, pequeno microbe Pequeno, Miniature, mini-
12
MisMonoMultiNonOver-
PeriPostPreReSemiSubSuperTransTriUn-
Under-
reduzido Errado, mal Um, único Vários, diversos Não, contrário Acima de, superior, demais Em torno, em volta Após, depois de Anterior, antes de Repetir, outra vez Parcial, quase, meio Embaixo, inferior Acima de, superior Através, por meio de Três, triplo
market Misunderstand, mistake monochrome Multi-use, multitask Non-corrosive, non-smoking Overflow, overtired Peripheral, perimeter Postgraduate, postdated Prehistory, preliminary Redo, rewrite, recycle,reused Semiconductor, semicircle Subtitle, suburban
Superpower, supersonic Transaction, transatlantic Tridimensional, triangle Não, contrário, Unreal, des- (oposição) unconmfortable, unauthorize Embaixo, Underestimate, inferior underline
1. Utilizando a tabela abaixo, preencha as lacunas das orações seguintes com o prefixo adequado. PREFIXO SemiMonoBiTriDecMegaMulti-
SIGNIFICADO metade um dois três dez Um milhão muitos
EXEMPLO semicircle monochromatic bipolar triangle deciliter megahertz multimedia
a) The Unix Operating System was designed to be a _____________tasking system.
b) A _____________ byte is equivalent to none million bytes. c) The ___________ nary system is a number system with a base of 2. d) Most people prefer a color screen to a _________ chrome screen. e) The __________ imal system is a number system with a base of 10. 2. Dos verbos abaixo, assinale os que são formados por um prefixo positivo. a) ( ) read c) ( ) rewrite b) ( ) replay d) ( ) rent
e) ( ) reprint
5.2 SUFIXOS Como os prefixos, os sufixos são partículas de palavras que, por sua vez, são acrescidos ao final de outras palavras. Um sufixo não se apresenta desvinculado de uma palavramatriz embora tenha seu significado próprio se representasse uma palavra. Diferentes dos prefixos que não alteram a categoria gramatical da palavra a que se agregam, os sufixos podem alterá-las ou não. Palavra normal
Categoria gramatical
Palavra sufixada
Categoria gramatical
ato Atuar Estudo Feliz Feliz Programar Rápido
substantivo Verbo Substantivo Adjetivo Adjetivo Verbo Adjetivo
atuar Atuação Estudante Felicitar Felizmente Programado Rapidez
Verbo Substantivo Substantivo Verbo Advérbio Adjetivo substantivo
Na língua processo. Palavra normal
Inglesa,
Categoria gramatical
verificamos o
Palavra prefixada
mesmo
Categoria gramatical
13
(to) desire (to) work Function Intelligent Operation Simple soft
verbo Verbo Substantivo Adjetivo Substantivo Adjetivo adjetivo
desirable Worker Functioning Intelligence Operational Simply soften
Adjetivo Substantivo Substantivo Substantivo Adjetivo Advérbio verbo
5.2.1 QUADRO DOS SUFIXOS MAIS USADOS
- ize - less - logy - ly - ment - ness
Sufixos -able - al - ance - ate - dom - ed
Equivalente em português -ável, -átil -al, -o -ância, enção -ar -dade, mento -ado
Exemplos
Comfortable, portable, countable Natural, neutral ência, - Substance, assistance Operate, simulate -ria, - Freedom, wisdom
Controlled, informed - en -ar, -er, -ir Harden, widen, lessen - ence -ência Patience, science - ent -ente, -ante Intelligent, student er Mais Hotter, bigger, (adj) (comparativo) cheaper er -or, -dor, -ista, Worker, driver, (subst) -ente manager, teacher - ful -oso Powerful, wonderful - gion -gião Region, religion - ian -ico, -ista, - Technician, librarian ano, -ário - ible -ável, -ível Responsible, possible, flexible - ic -ico Mechanic, electronic - ical -ico Practical, logical, mechanical - ify -ificar Justify, dignify, simplify - ing -ndo, -mento, - Programming, ção swimming - ish -ado Reddish, girlish, yellowish - ist -ista Specialist, analist - ity -idade Possibility, university, city - ive -ivo Active, massive, palliative,productive
- or - ous - ship - sion - tion
-izar, -ar
Analyze, computerize -sem, -menos, Priceless, useless, dêscareless, shoeless -logia Technology, biology -mente Usually, firstly, quickly, slowly -mento Establishment, segment -dão, -eza, - Richness, readiness mento -or, -dor Operator, generator -oso Dangerous, poisonous, delicious -mento, -ção, - Relationship, ade friendship -são Division, confusion, vision -ção Generation, function
5.2.2 ING FORMS O sufixo – ing é, sem dúvida, o sufixo que aparece como derivador de palavras em maior número de categorias gramaticais, isto é, as palavras que terminam em – ing podem ser: SUBSTANTIVO, ADJETIVO, VERBO, PREPOSIÇÃO e até CONJUNÇÃO. Substantivo. Quando um verbo é substantivado, ou seja, quando desempenha a função de substantivo ele recebe o sufixo –ing. Exemplo: Working at night is hard. However, it is productive. Adjetivo. Quando um verbo antecede um substantivo, desempenhando a função de adjetivo, também recebe o sufixo – ing. Exemplo: The operating system is not working now. Verbo. Quando um verbo vem depois de uma preposição (exceto to), sempre recebe –ing. Geralmente, esse verbo é traduzido como infinitivo.
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Exemplos: I’m tired of speaking. Before leaving the class, turn off the lights.
▪ Alguns verbos obrigam o uso de verbos no gerúndio para aqueles que o seguem. Destacamos alguns: enjoy – finish – keep – mind – appreciate – resist – admit – avoid – postpone, etc. Exemplos: I enjoyed going to the party last night. Keep working hard to get your objectives
▪
Verbos principais, quando no presente, passado e futuro contínuos, terminam em –ing. Correspondem ao gerúndio em português. Exemplo: Susan is typing a report to her boss. Preposição e conjunção Algumas preposições e conjunções também terminam em –ing. Entre elas estão: during, including, according to, concerning to… Elas podem carregar consigo ideias tais como: alternativa, condição, adição, contraste, opinião, modo, intensidade, ordenamento (por importância ou temporal), etc. Analisemos os exemplos seguintes. As palavras but e however sugerem contraste, oposição ou mesmo restrição, isto quer dizer que elas indicam que as ideias entre as quais elas se interpõem são contrárias. Exemplos: My connection to New York was perfect last night, but today … This is a cheap and simple process. However... Não seria necessário concluir as frases acima para se certificar do teor do seu conteúdo quando as palavras em destaque já anunciam que elas tratam de uma situação adversa àquela apresentada no primeiro caso, independente da leitura do trecho não concluído.
Exemplos: During my IT course, I learnt several disciplines, including English. According to my teacher, this author follows an up-to-date approach
Unit 6 Linking words - Conectivos São conjunções, advérbios, preposições, locuções etc., cuja função é de unir as orações dentro de um período, ligando assim ideias, de forma que haja uma conexão lógica entre elas. Muitas destas palavras também são conhecidas como marcadores do discurso (discourse markers). Seu uso adequado confere lógica ao texto, tornando-o desta forma mais articulado e, consequentemente, mais aprazível à leitura. As linking-words são de extrema importância para sinalizar ao leitor as diferentes direções em que o autor de um texto pretende levar as suas ideias, bem como a relação entre elas. Elas servem para guiar e manter o(a) leitor(a) atento(a) e conferem dinamismo ao texto. A seguir, você verá o quadro com os conectivos mais comumente utilizados.
Conectivos Em primeiro lugar ... / Para começar,... Inicialmente,... / Primeiramente,... De acordo com... Principalmente... Na verdade,... / De fato,...
Logical Connectors First of all,... / In the first place,… / To begin with,… At first,... / First,... / Firstly,… According to… Especially... / Mainly... In (matter of ) fact,... / In truth,... / Actually,... / Indeed… The main reason..
A principal razão... / O principal A partir de agora... / De From now on... agora em diante... Por enquanto So far... / Up till
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(passado)... / Até agora... Por enquanto (futuro)... / Até que mude de ideia... Ainda não... Nesse meio tempo... / Enquanto isso... Em meio a... Via de regra... Sempre que... À medida em que o tempo passa... A propósito,... / Por falar nisso,... Pelo que eu sei,... / Pelo que me consta,... / Que eu saiba,...
No que se refere a mim,... / No que diz respeito a mim,... Do ponto de vista de...
now..
Por sua vez,...
...for some time. / …for a while. / For the time being… ... not ... yet. In the meantime,... / Meanwhile,… In the midst of.. As a rule... Whenever.. As time goes by,...
Por outro lado,... / Em compensação,... Da mesma forma,... / Por seu turno,... Enquanto que... / Ao passo que... Entretanto,... / No entanto,... (Muito) Embora...
By the way,..
Até mesmo… Apesar de...
As far as I know,... / As far as I can tell,… / To the best of my knowledge,… As far as I’m concerned,...
From the standpoint of... No meu ponto de In my point of vista,... view,.. Parece (-me) que... It seems (to me) that… Sem dúvida... Without a doubt.... / Of course… Da mesma forma que... In the same way that... De maneira (forma, So that... / In modo) que... order that… / So as to… Desde que... As long as.. Pelo menos... At least… Em outras palavras,.;.. In other words,... / O que eu quero / What I’m trying dizer... / Quer to say… / That dizer,... / Que seja... is,… … e assim por diante. … and so on. Por um lado,... On the one hand,...
Mesmo assim,...
Além disso,...
Não apenas..., mas também... Afora isso,... De qualquer modo,... /Seja como for,... Senão.../ Caso contrário... Ao contrário de... Do contrário,... Em vez de... A não ser que... A não ser por... / Com exceção de... Uma vez que... / Já que... / Como... Por exemplo,... Em função de... / Devido a... Com relação a... / No que diz respeito a...
In his/her/its turn,... On the one hand,.. Likewise... While... / Whereas... However,... Although... / (Even) Though... Nevertheless, ... / Still,... Even... In spite of... / Despite… Besides (that),... / In addition to that,... / Furthermore,…/ Additionally,… Not only..., but also... Aside from that,… Anyway,... / At any rate,... / In any case,... Otherwise... / Or else... Unlike... On the contrary,.. Instead of... / In place of... Unless... Except for... Since.../ as... For example,... / For instance,... In face of... / Due to… Concerning,... / Regarding... / In this regard… / With 16
Portanto,... Consequentemente,...
Então,... / Depois,... Por esta razão,... / Neste sentido,... / Desta forma,... Desse modo,... Diante do exposto,... / Levando isto em consideração,... Finalmente,... / Por fi m,... Levando tudo isso em consideração,... Em resumo,..
Concluindo,…
regard to… Therefore,... / So,... / Thus,... Consequently,… / Hence, …/ As a result,… Then,... / After that,.. For this reason,...
In this way,… With this in mind,… Finally,... / At last,... All things considered,... / Finally,… In summary,… / To sum up,… / In short,… / On the whole,… Concluding,… / To conclude,… /To end,…
Há outros marcadores, além destes, que não são empregados com muita frequência. Marcadores de lugar, por exemplo, aparecem quase sempre como meros advérbios. Entretanto, se aparecem no início de um bloco podem sugerir a ideia de maior importância ou relevância: Above all this, On the top of this, etc. Também podem sugerir desprendimento de tópicos, tais como: Apart from that, Under this point of view, além de outros As linking words servem para fazer relação entre as ideias e informações expressadas em uma frase. Linking words: Either ... or (ou ... ou, nem ... nem) Neither ... nor (nem ... nem (sem o not)) Both ... and (tanto ... quanto) not only ... but also (não somente ... mas também)
Aplicando -Either you go or stay here (Ou você vai, ou fica aqui) -She doesn't speak either English or Portuguese (ela não fala português nem inglês) -He could go neither right or left (ele não poderia ir nem para a direita nem para a esquerda) -Both he and she are special (tanto ele quanto ela são especiais) -Teachers are not only teachers, but also friends (os professores não são somente professores, mas amigos também.) Conjunções adversativas São aquelas que dão ideias opostas. But - mas However - entretanto nevertheless - não obstante, mesmo assim Consecutivas ou conclusivas São usadas para terminar frases, fazer conclusões. so - então, por isso therefore - portanto thus - por isso consequently - consequentemente then - então hence - daí, logo (ex: He smokes, hence the caugh.) ele fuma, daí as tosses) Concessivas Concessões, permissões. Although - embora Even though - muito embora in spite of - apesar de Conjunções de Acréscimos Continuidade. besides - além disso moreover - além do mais furthermore - além disso, ademais Explicativas Para dar explicação à algo, dar razão à. because - porque as - como since - desde for - pois, visto que
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Unit 7 Using a bilingual dictionary O dicionário é uma ferramenta importantíssima, que se manuseada de forma eficaz, potenciará a possibilidade de explorar textos em inglês. Porém, antes de utilizá-lo, deve-se verificar se a palavra em questão é relevante ou não no texto e analisar o contexto e os grupos semânticos em que a mesma está inserida. Se após ter feito isto e ainda usado as estratégias ensinadas não for possível supor qual seja o significado daquela palavra, então o dicionário deve ser usado como um último recurso.
alfabeticamente no dicionário.
▪ Entry / Verbete – inclui o vocábulo e toda a informação referente ao mesmo.
▪ Definition / Definição – é a parte do verbete que descreve o significado particular, bem como o uso do vocábulo. Se houver mais que uma definição, elas serão numeradas.
▪ Compound / Composto – é a combinação do vocábulo com outra palavra.
▪ Derivate / Derivado – é o vocábulo acrescido 7.1 Estrutura do dicionário
de um afixo (prefixo ou sufixo). Ex.: sell + er = seller
a) Instruções sobre como utilizar o dicionário. b) Lista contendo prefixos e sufixos. c) Lista de nomes de países com seus respectivos adjetivo pátrios. d)Tabela ou lista de verbos irregulares. e) Tabela ou lista de (conversão de) pesos e medidas. f) Tabela ou lista explanatória do alfabeto fonético. g) Tabela ou lista explanatória das abreviaturas e símbolos utilizados no corpo do dicionário. 7.2 Elementos do dicionário
The pronunciation in in phonetic symbols The translation The word used in an example sentece
Book / bʊk / 1n livro: I’m reading a book by Machado de Assis at the moment. ( notebook) caderno; (of cheques, tickets) talonário 2 v (seat, room) reservar: I booked a table at the restaurant for four people. Booking office /bʊkiŋ ˈɒfis/ n bilheteria Bookseller /bʊkselǝ(r)/ n livreiro Bookshelf /bʊkʃelf/ n, pl –shelves /ʃelvz/ estante Other words made with book
The part of speech n= noun v= verb
7.2.2 Símbolos comumente utilizados ~ - substitui o vocábulo, para evitar a repetição do mesmo. Ex.: book = livro address ~ = agenda _______________________________________ / - utilizado para indicar palavras alternativas, ou para conter a representação fonética (pronúncia) da palavra. Ex.: sth. / sb. (= something ou somebody). / bʊk/ = representação fonética ou pronúncia da palavra “book”.
____________________________________ ( ) – indica palavras opcionais ou serve para dar alguma explicação sobre a palavra em questão. Ex.: (seat, room) reservar
____________________________________ = - quer dizer “o mesmo que” Ex.: book = livro _______________________________________ - sinaliza a mudança de uma classe gramatical de palavra para outra classe, como por exemplo, de substantivo para verbo. Ex.: - book s. livro m - vt. reservar. _______________________________________
7.2.1 Termos referentes ao dicionário
7.2.3 Tipos gráficos
▪ Headword / Vocábulo – é a palavra listada
Maneira utilizada para grafar as palavras.
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Exemplos: negrito, itálico, sublinhado, normal.
Hypertext
cyberspace website chat room
7.2.4 Abreviações As abreviações são, geralmente, apresentadas no início do dicionário. É aconselhável consultá-las antes e/ou durante o uso do dicionário, lembrando que elas podem variar de um dicionário para outro. Exemplo : n. = noun (= substantivo); m. = substantivo masculino.
------------------- is a collection of network services, primarily HTML documents, that are linked together and that exist on the Web at a particular server. Exploring these documents usually begins with the home page, which may lead you to more information about that particular site.
7.2.5 Símbolos fonéticos Indicam a pronúncia da palavra, bem como a sua sílaba tônica e, em alguns casos, a subtônica. Os dicionários trazem, geralmente no início, uma tabela que indica o som correspondente a cada símbolo fonético. Exemplo: Book / bʊk / 7.2.6 Divisão silábica Pontinhos são utilizados para dividir os verbetes e sub-verbetes em sílabas. Eles indicam onde colocar hífens quando houver a necessidade de separar as sílabas. Exemplo: book.ing 7.2.6 Significado
------------------- is a term coined by Ted Nelson in 1963 to refer to any text available on the World Wide Web that contains links to other documents, allowing you to jump around between them in whatever order you choose. ------------------- is an electronic space, typically a website or a section of an online service, where people can communicate in real time by typing out conversations on their keyboards. ------------------- is an imaginary place that emails and other pieces of information pass through when they are going from one computer to another.
Ao procurar uma palavra no dicionário, lembre-se sempre de levar em conta o contexto no qual ela está inserida, pois no dicionário você encontrará vários significados para a mesma palavra e deverá optar pelo mais adequado ao contexto em questão.
DID YOU KNOW....
7.2.7 Classe gramatical
The word wiki is short for WikiWikiWeb. Wikiwiki is a Hawaiian word which means fast. Howard Ward Cunningham created the first wiki, WikiWikiWeb, in 1995.
Abreviações indicam a classe gramatical das palavras (substantivo, verbo, adjetivo, advérbio etc.).
EXERCISES Which word is missing? Read the definitions and fill in the blanks with one of the following words.
The word come from weblog. In fact, uses of a blog was to keep websites the blogger fond
blog is said to one of the first a log of links to interesting and 19
wanted to share with friends. Later, blogs became the vitual version of the paper diaries, where bloggers wrote little posts about their personal lives and allowed comments from their friends. Nowadays, blogs can be almost anything you want.
If you put quotation marks (“...”) around the words you are looking for, you will get search results for the entire phrase and not the words separately. For example, if you search for “Christmas in Colombia” you may get better results than typing Christmas in Colombia. VOCABULARY Hardware and software vocabulary Address ...................... Browser ........................ Business...................... Button .......................... Cards ......................... Customers .................... Deal .......................... Desktop ....................... Device ...................... Display ......................... Disposable ................ Download..................... Failure ...................... File ............................... Firewall .................... Forward ....................... Gap .................. Get ready......................... Goal ................... Hardware ......................... Add..................... Load ........................ High Quality ................................ Keyboard ..............................Level..................... Locks ........................ Mail .......................... Message ........................ Microphone ................................ Modem ...................... Monitor....................... Mouse ........................ Network ..................... Offline ....................... Online.......................... Password ................... Player ......................... Printer ...................... Provider...................... Report ...................... Retype ........................
Scanner .................... Screen ........................ Send/Sent/Sending ......................................... Set up ..................... Settings .......................... Site ..................... Software............................ Spam ....................Speaker .............................. Speed ................... Spreadsheet......................... Support.................System unit .......................... Type ..................... Unstable ......................... Upload .....................Username ........................ Web ...................... Windows .......................... Wire .................... Wireless ........................... Turn ON/OFF....................Save ......................... Router ........................... Retrieve.................... Reset ..................... Restore ...................... Tag ........................ Tab........................... Rename file .......................Relay..................... Page ....................... . Pop up................... Link ........................ Junk ...................... Jack ............................. Hiperlinks ........................ Bug .................... Default ..........................Clipboard .................... Broadband ................... Backup.................... Attach ..................................... IT TECHNICAL MANUAL Toner Cartridge Replacement
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