Bearded Magazine

Page 1

7ZVgYZY I]Z =dbZ d[ >cYZeZcYZci Bjh^X ?Z[[gZn AZl^h 7^aa 8VaaV]Vc =VccZ =j``ZaWZg\ GVi[VXZ ;Vi8Vi GZXdgYh I]Z Adc\ Adhi KddYdd IgdbWdcZ FjVgiZi L^aYW^gYh VcY EZVXZYgjbh



%(


%)


B^hh^dc HiViZbZci 7ZVgYZY Zm^hih id \ZcZgViZ XdkZgV\Z [dg ^cYZeZcYZci aVWZah VcY Vgi^hih gZ\VgYaZhh d[ \ZcgZ! WVX`\gdjcY dg ]dl [Vh]^dcVWaZ i]Zn VgZ# 7ZVgYZY V^bh id Yd i]^h ^c V ejWa^XVi^dc i]Vi ]Vh ide fjVa^in Vgi Y^gZXi^dc VcY YZh^\c Vi ^ih ]ZVgi! l^i] lg^i^c\ i]Vi Vaadlh i]Z gZVYZg id [dgb i]Z^g dlc de^c^dch gVi]Zg i]Vc WZ^c\ idaY l]Vi id i]^c` VcY l]Vi id a^`Z# 7ZVgYZYÁh ZY^idg^Va Y^gZXi^dc ^h cdi Y^XiViZY Wn VYkZgi^hZgh! Y^hig^Wjidgh dg VcnWdYn ZahZ i]Vi b^\]i \ZcZgViZ bdcZiVgn hjeedgi# >i ^h eji id\Zi]Zg ZmXajh^kZan Wn bjh^X adkZgh [dg bjh^X adkZgh ¼ a^`Z V XdckZghVi^dc ^c V ejW! Wji l^i] bjX] c^XZg eVeZg# 7ZVgYZY ig^Zh id bV`Z ^ih bdcZn h^bean i]gdj\] bV\Vo^cZ hVaZh VcY 7ZVgYV^Y hjeedgi# =Zae jh XVggn dc bV`^c\ WZVji^[ja! gZ[gZh]^c\ VcY jclVkZg^c\ ejWa^XVi^dch Vi/ lll#WZVgYV^Y#Xd#j` lll#WZVgYZYbV\Vo^cZ#Xd#j` ^c[d5WZVgYZYbV\Vo^cZ#Xd#j`

%*


%+


8dciZcih :Y^idg^Va A^kZ GZk^Zlh Haj^XZ 7dm 7^aa 8VaaV]Vc GVi[VXZ ?Z[[gZn AZl^h AZ GZcd 6beh ;Vi8Vi GZXdgYh =dbZ d[ BZiVa =VccZ =j``ZaWZg\ KddYdd IgdbWdcZ FjVgiZi I]Z Adc\ Adhi L^aYW^gYh VcY EZVXZYgjbh GZXdgY GZk^Zlh H^c\aZh HaVj\]iZg 8db^c\ Hddc´ GZk^Zl^c\ i]Z GZk^ZlZgh

%. && &'% ') '(' () ()% )' )) )+ )+% +' +)

:Y^idg <VgZi] BV^c 9Zh^\c 6gi 9^gZXi^dc @Zk^c HjbbZgh lll#i]^h^hbV`ZWZa^ZkZ#Xd#j` EjWa^h]Zg ;aZZ^c\ [gdb E^\Zdch lll#Ê ZZ^c\[gdbe^\Zdch#Xd#j` LZWh^iZ HijVgi BV^c LdgYh ?d]c 7gV^cadkZ! EZiZg 8aVg`! BVg` 9Vn! C^XdaZ ;VggZaa! @Vi]Zg^cZ <dY[gZn! ?Vb^Z =V^ahidcZ! H^bdc =VgeZg! EVja =Vl`^ch! Hjo^ >gZaVcY! Da^k^V ?VgZb^! =VccV] ?d]c! 6aaVc ?jY`^ch! ?VbZh AVWdjh! HVb AjhVgY^! CdgbVc B^aaZg! G^X]VgY BddgZ! HiZe]Zc E^Zigon`dlh`^! 6cYn Eg^XZ! ;gVcXZhXV GdcV^! Da^ H^behdc! ?ZgZbn HinaZ! 6aZm IZbeaZidc"LVgY! 9Vk^Y L^chiVcaZn! 7Zc LddY E]did\gVe]n I^b 7dYYn! <Zdg\^cV 8dchiVcY^cdj! HVb :VhiZgWn" Hb^i]! 8da^c :^`! G <^aZ! E <dcYVgY! IV`V >bVbjg! :hiZaaZ @aVl^iiZg! :g^X A^eeZ! GVX]Za A^ehdc! 8]g^h AjiigZaa! 9Vk^Y CZl^ii! ?dVccV CZlhdb! Da^kZg EZZa! 6aZm EdjaiZg! 6ccV GjYY! =dgYjg HkZ^chhdc! <aZcZa\ 8 Hn`Zh! ?Vk^Zg K^aaZ\Vh! 6a^hdc LdcYZgaVcY! Aj`Z NViZh LVn 6]ZVY E]did\gVe]n >aajhigVi^dc HVbjZa 7Zaa! L^aa^Vb :YbdcYh! ?Z[[gZn AZl^h XdkZg ! ?^b HidiZc! =daan LVaZh! OZgdiZc 9^hig^Wji^dc CZlhV\Zcih! GZiV^a! >ciZgcVi^dcVa LVgcZgh <gdje 9^hig^Wji^dc LZhi HigZZi! 7djgcZ! A^cXdach]^gZ! E:&% .E= VcYgZlh5lVgcZgh\gdje#Xd#j` >cYZeZcYZci GZXdgY H]deh 8Vg\d GZXdgYh ^c[d5XVg\dgZXdgYh#Xd#j` :ck^gdcbZciVa 8gZYZci^Vah 7ZVgYZY ^h eg^ciZY dc &%% gZXnXaZY eVeZg! egdYjXZY jh^c\ &%% edhi XdchjbZg! YZ"^c`ZY lVhiZ# EaZVhZ ]Zae a^b^i i]Z ^beVXi d[ Xa^bViZ X]Vc\Z! \Zi 7ZVgYZY# 8dciVXi ^c[d5WZVgYZYbV\Vo^cZ#Xd#j` Vgi5WZVgYZYbV\Vo^cZ#Xd#j` LZW lll#WZVgYZYbV\Vo^cZ#Xd#j`

%,

7ZVgYV^Y Id hjeedgi ^cYZeZcYZci Vgi^hih VcY gZXdgY aVWZah! gZXZ^kZ [gZZ Xde^Zh d[ 7ZVgYZY! [gZZ bjh^X ZkZgn bdci] VcY [gZZ \^\h! _d^c 7ZVgYV^Y Vi/ lll#WZVgYV^Y#Xd#j`

Gdaa d[ =dcdjg EZiZ 6h]idc! 7Zc 6ngZh! <Zd[[ 7V`Zg! AVgV 7V`Zg! L^aa^Vb 7V`Zg! Idb 7Vaa! AVjgZc 7VgaZn! C^X]daVh 7VgcZii! EVja 7VgcZii! =Vggn 7Vgidc! G^X] 7Vih[dgY! 9j[[ 7ViinZ! 8]Vga^Z 7VnaZn! GdhZbVgn 7ZVYaZ! CVi]Vc 7ZVoZg! 6cYn 7Zaa! 6cYgZl 7ZccZii! HVgV] 7dah]^! ?ddao 7dhhdc! BVii]Zl 7dlZc! EVja 7gVYh]Vl! 96 7gdlc! A^Vb 7jg`Z! DlV^c 8VgiZg! B?A 8Vk^aa! 9Vc 8]VccZaaZ! 8dYV EgdYjXi^dch! ?Zo 8daa^ch! BVgi^cV 8dccdgh! 9VkZ 8ddeZg! BVii 8ddeZg! 6jhiZc 8gj^X`h]Vc`! G^X]VgY 9VaZ! <Zd[[ 9Vk^h! EVja 9Vlhdc! 8]g^h 9ZbehZn! IgVXn 9ZbehZn! <Zd[[ 9dabVc! G^X]VgY 9dj\aVh! 6cYgZl 9jWWZg! A^hV 9jggVci! ?VbZh 9nZg! @Vi^Z :YlVgYh! BVg` :YlVgYh! EZiZg :aZn! HZW :b^cV! 6h]aZn :kVch! <VgZi] :kVch! <anc :kZgZii! GdlVc ;ZaYWZg\! @Vi]gnc ;^ioh^bdch! A^oo^ ;dgY! Gjhh ;gZZbVc! <^dkVccV ;Zg^c! AZha^Z <^adii^! 8gV^\ <d\Vn! @Vi^Z <daYhidcZ! 9Vk^Y <di]Vb! 9Vk^Y <gZZcZ! 6cYgZl <g^aad! <Vgbdc <gj[[nYY! HdÉ V =V\WZg\! =Z^`Z =VgY^c\"GZnaVcY! ?Vb^Z =V^ahidcZ! H^bdc =VgeZg! @Zggn =VgkZn"E^eZg! ?VbZh =ZVi]Zg! H^bdc =^\\h! 9VkZ =^aaVgn! C^X` =daidc! BVg` =jhV`! BVii =nYZ! 6cidcn >c\a^h =Vaa! BVii ?VXdW! 6aVc ?Zehdc! AVjgZc ?d]ch! ?^b ?d]chidcZ! AjXn ?dgYVX]Z! ?VbZh @VkVcV\]! @VeaVc @VnZ! C^iV @ZZaZg! L^aa AVlgZcXZ! BVii AZVgbdji]! 6ccZiiZ AZZ! ?Zggn"AZZ AZl^c\idc! 7Za^cYV A^kZghZY\Z! 8]g^hide]Zg Adc\! =VnaZn Adc\Y^c! ?Z[[ AdkZbdgZ! =ZVi]Zg AncZ YZ KZg! H]dcV BV\j^gZ! 6aZm BV^c! C^``^ BV^c! HVbjZa BV^c! HijVgi BV^c! KVcZhhV BV^c! AVjgV BVgi^c! :Y BVhdc! GnVc BX8Vcc! 6ccV BZVgh! A^hV BZnZg! 6a^hdc B^aaVg! CdgbVc B^aaZg! =dlVgY B^aah! 6h]aZn B^cid! :Y Bdc`! =dlVgY Bdc`! ?Zccn BddgZ! Idcn BdgaZn! GjeZgi Bdgg^hdc! 9Zc^hZ CZlh]Vb! HZVc CZlh]Vb! 9Vc^Za CdgY]! G^X]VgY Dchadl! <jn DhWdgc! GnVc DmaZn! Aj`Z EV\Z! ?VbZh EVgg^h]! Gji] EViiZghdc! ?d]c EZZa G>E ! C^X` EZgg^c\! HiZe]Zc E^Zigon`dlh`^! 6aZm EdjaiZg! ?d]c EdlZg! CZ^a EgZhidc! @ViZ Eg^XZ! HZVc Eg^XZ! OdZ Eg^XZ! BVi] Eg^Zhi! AVlgZcXZ Eg^iX]VgY! 6cYgZV Eg^ihX]dl! :Y EnWjh! EZiZg Fj^X`Z! JY^ GVYdbh`n! BVgi^c GZVn! ?VbZh GZ^Y! HigjVc GdWZgihdc! ?d]c Gd\Zgh! HVbjZa Gd\Zgh! HiZkZ GdhZ! BVg` HVbehdc! EVja HVcYZaa! ?dc HVg\Zci! ?d H]Vaadl! H]V^c H]Ve^gd! HVb H]ZbidW! Adj^h H]Zgg! GVX]Za H^akZg! 9Vk^Y H^akZgbVc! 9jcXVc ?VbZh H^bZ! ?VbZh H`^ccZg! HVb Hb^i]! EVja HcZaa! ;gZY HdbhZc! <VgZi] HegZn! 8]g^h HidcZ! ?dcVh HidcZ! CZ^a Hjaa^kVc! ?Vn IVnadg! BZa^hhV IVnadg! GnVc IVnadg! EVjaV IZl! AZi^i^V I]dbVh! ?Z[[ I]dbehdc! Gdhh IdcZh! ?dccn Igjc`! >kVc LVYZhdc! G^X] LVa`Zg! :a^hZ LVaidc! HiZkZc LVihdc! 7Zc LVii! BVgi^c LZYaV`Z! ?ja^Z LZ^g! 6a^hdc LZc]Vb! HVb L^aa^h! 7Zc L^cWdai"AZl^h! HiZe] LddY! ;^dcV Lddidc! Aj`Z NViZh


%-


:Y^idg^Va L^i] WVc`Zgh hZZb^c\an dc i]Z cZlh ZkZgn c^\]i ldcYZg^c\ l]n eZdeaZ VgZ b^[[ZY Vi i]Z^g ¾bdYZhi¿ &+ b^aa^dc eZch^dch! ^i XdbZh Vh a^iiaZ hjgeg^hZ i]Vi i]ZgZ ^h V i]ZbZ d[ gZXZhh^dc gjcc^c\ i]gdj\] i]Z Vgi^XaZh ^c i]^h ^hhjZ d[ 7ZVgYZY# 7ji l^i] gZXZhh^dc i]ZgZ ^h ]deZ# L^i] ZVX] bZci^dc! i]ZgZ ^h V eVgVYdm^XVa ZaZbZci d[ ]Vee^cZhh VcY \aZZ! V YZa^\]i i]Vi cd bViiZg ]dl gjWW^h] a^[Z b^\]i WZ ^c i]Z bZY^V! i]ZgZ ^h hi^aa \gZVi bjh^X Xdb^c\ [gdb i]Z ^cYZeZcYZci hZXidg# A^[Z i]ZhZ YVnh ^h VWdji hVk^c\ bdcZn! VcY lZ Vi 7ZVgYZY eg^YZ djghZakZh dc \^k^c\ ndj bdgZ l]^iZ heVXZ [dg ndjg edjcY# I]Z XVab! Vabdhi hZgZcZ YZh^\c ZaZbZci id i]Z bV\ ]Vh ]VY Wdi] bVcn adkZgh VcY V [Zl ]ViZgh Vbdc\hi i]Z eZdeaZ l]d ]VkZ e^X`ZY ^i je# Id bZ ^i ^h hjW_ZXi^kZ! VcY ^[ ndj ZmeZXi ZkZgndcZ id adkZ ndjg ldg`! ndj h]djaY WZ gZVYn [dg V [Vaa# HdbZWdYn l]d hZZbh id iV`Z Xg^i^X^hb lZaa ^h EVja =Vl`^ch! l]d ]Vh WZZc `^cY Zcdj\] id hiZe je id i]Z eaViZ ^c i]^h ^hhjZ VcY VYYgZhh hdbZ d[ i]Z cZ\Vi^kZ XdbbZcih ]^h gZXdgY LZ 6gZ Cdi Di]Zg EZdeaZ Cdi Di]Zg EZdeaZ ViigVXiZY jedc ^ih gZaZVhZ aViZ aVhi nZVg e# +) # >i bV`Zh [dg Vc ^ciZgZhi^c\ gZVY! VcY gZVaan _jhi ]^\]a^\]ih i]Z VWhjgY^in d[ iV`^c\ l]Vi bjh^X Xg^i^Xh hVn id ]ZVgi ¼ ^iÁh _jhi Vc de^c^dc! bV`Z ndjg dlc b^cY je# >i hZZbh i]Vi! l^i]^c i]^h bdYZgc ldgaY l]ZgZ VcnWdYn XVc WZ V Xg^i^X! ^i YdZhcÁi bViiZg l]Vi eZdeaZ a^`Z jh dg di]Zg bjh^X bV\Vo^cZh i]^c` VWdji V gZXdgY! Vaa lZ XVc Yd ^h hVn Ài]^h ^h l]Vi lZ i]^c`! Wji ^iÁh dji i]ZgZ ^[ ndj

%.

>aajhigVi^dc ?^b HidiZc

lVci id \d \Zi ^i VcY [dgb ndjg dlc de^c^dc!Á VcY Vaa 7ZVgYZY ]Vh ZkZg WZZc VWdji Yd^c\ ^h aZii^c\ eZdeaZ `cdl l]Vi ^h dji i]ZgZ# LZ `cdl i]Vi hbVaa ^cYZeZcYZci aVWZah YdcÁi ]VkZ i]Z bdcZn id egdbdiZ i]Z^g gZaZVhZh ^c i]Z hVbZ lVn Vh i]Z bV_dgh! VcY Vaa lZ lVci id Yd ^h \^kZ i]Zb Vc djiaZi id ]VkZ i]Z^g bjh^X lg^iiZc VWdji gZ\VgYaZhh d[ l]Vi djg Xdcig^Wjidgh i]^c` VWdji ^i# 7Zh^YZh! eZg]Veh bjh^X _djgcdh YdcÁi VXijVaan ]VkZ V ejgedhZ i]ZhZ YVnh! VcY i]^h ^hhjZ hZZbh id WZ ed^ci^c\ ^c i]Z Y^gZXi^dc d[ gZbdk^c\ i]^gY eVgi^Zh [gdb i]Z b^m Vaid\Zi]Zg Wn \Zii^c\ i]Z Vgi^hih id Yd i]Z^g dlc i]^c\# >c VYY^i^dc id EVja =Vl`^ch lg^i^c\ V [ZVijgZ dc ]^bhZa[! lZ \di ?dVccV CZlhdb iV`^c\ e]didh VcY ?Z[[gZn AZl^h YZh^\c^c\ ]^h dlc XdkZg! VcY > ]deZ ndj V\gZZ i]Vi ^i add`h jiiZgan ldcYZg[ja# GZ\VgYaZhh d[ Xg^i^XVa de^c^dc! l]Zi]Zg ndj hjXXZZY dg cdi ^c i]^h d[i"]Vgh] ^cYjhign ^h Ydlc id bdgZ i]Vc iVaZci! ^i ^h Ydlc id ajX`# GZXZcian! > higZiX]ZY id a^hiZc id V XdjeaZ d[ gZXdgYh [gdb i^cn cdgi]Zgc aVWZa E]^ade]dW^X ejgZan dc i]Z WVh^h i]Vi i]ZnÁgZ WVhZY ^c bn ]dbZ X^in d[ LV`ZÉ ZaY# BZZi^c\ =jl HiZe]Zch ^c 7Za[Vhi ^c ;ZWgjVgn! ]Z gZVhhjgZY bZ i]Vi ]Z YdZh i]Z hVbZ l^i] LZah] aVWZah# >i ^h i]Vi `^cY d[ hije^Y ajX` i]Vi \Zih eZdeaZ cdi^XZY! VcY Vaa VcndcZ XVc Yd ^h Xdci^cjZ id Yd l]Vi i]Zn adkZ! ^ggZheZXi^kZ d[ l]Vi i]Z ÀXg^i^XhÁ b^\]i i]^c`# <VgZi] BV^c ;aZZ^c\ [gdb E^\Zdch


&%


&&

A^kZ GZk^Zlh 6 hZaZXi^dc d[ hdbZ d[ i]Z h]dlh lZÁkZ \di dji id h^cXZ i]Z aVhi ^hhjZ# ;dg bdgZ a^kZ gZk^Zlh! ]ZVY id/ lll#WZVgYZYbV\Vo^cZ#Xd#j`


&'


9Vk^Y <gjWWh $ HZgVÈ cV HiZZg ''#%&#%. I]Z Ajb^cV^gZ AdcYdc

8gnhiVa 6ciaZgh '-#%&#%. I]Z AZm^c\idc AdcYdc

6h HZgVÉ cV HiZZg higj\\aZh l^i] ]Zg [daadl"je id '%%,Áh gVi]Zg [VWjadjh 8]ZVe 9Zbd 7VY HX^ZcXZ! ^i ldjaY egdWVWan WZ [V^g id hVn i]Vi h]Z cZZYh i]Z ZcXdjgV\ZbZci i]Vi V lZaa" gZXZ^kZY hjeedgi hadi Wg^c\h# AVhi i^bZ > ]VY i]Z eaZVhjgZ VcY ^i ^h Vc VWhdajiZ eaZVhjgZ id WZ ^c i]Z XdbeVcn d[ HZ[V VcY ]Zg ]Vge! ^i lVh i]gdj\] V eVgi^XjaVgan cZgkZ"gVX`ZY eZg[dgbVcXZ Vi aVhi nZVgÁh <gZZc BVc [Zhi^kVa! l]ZgZ i]Z gV^c lVh Ygdlc^c\ i]Z LZah] kVaaZnh# H]Z Ê j[[ZY ]Zg ang^Xh! \di cdiZh lgdc\ Wji hi^aa ldc dkZg i]Z ^cXgZVh^c\an VfjVi^X VjY^ZcXZ! l]dhZ gVeijgdjh hjeedgi bjhi ]VkZ \^kZc ]Zg V h^\] d[ gZa^Z[ Vh h]Z iZcYZgan heaVh]ZY ]Zg lVn d[[ i]Z hiV\Z# H^m bdci]h aViZg! VcY ^c i]Z Y^hi^cXian Yg^Zg hjggdjcY^c\h d[ I]Z Ajb^cV^gZ Vai]dj\] gV^c! V\V^c! ^h iZZb^c\ Ydlc djih^YZ ! HZ[V ^h cdi^XZVWan XVabZg! Wji hi^aa h]n VcY [dg\Zi[ja Vh h]Z Wg^c\h ]Zg dlc jcb^hiV`ZVWaZ X]Vgb id egdXZZY^c\h# I]Z VjY^ZcXZ ^h ^beZXXVWan gZheZXi[ja d[ ]Zg iZcYZgcZhh! VcY VeegZX^Vi^kZ d[ ]Zg eVgi^XjaVgan W^i^c\ ang^Xh i]Vi bVYZ 8]ZVe 9Zbd 7VY HX^ZcXZ 8]ZVe 9Zbd 7VY HX^ZcXZ VcY! bdgZ Zbe]Vi^XVaan! ]Zg aViZhi :E EjWa^X He^g^iZY hjX] V _dn id a^hiZc XadhZan id# EjWa^X He^g^iZY EjWa^X He^g^iZY hjX] V _dn id a^hiZc XadhZan id# EZg]Veh i]^h gZhedchZ id ]Zg hZi ¼ V b^mijgZ d[ daY VcY cZl ¼ ^h l]Vi ^h Xdcig^Wji^c\ id l]Vi hZZbh id WZ ]Zg eZghdcVa WViiaZ l^i] ]Zg cZl bViZg^Va! l]Zi]Zg dg cdi ^i ^h À\ddY Zcdj\]Á id WZ gZaZVhZY# >[ i]Z cZl igVX`h i]Vi VgZ ^cXgZVh^c\an WZXdb^c\ daY igVX`h hdjcY ]Va[ Vh \ddY dc gZXdgY Vh i]Zn Yd a^kZ! lZÁaa WZ ^c [dg V igZVi# HdbZWdYn l]d egdWVWan YdZhcÁi ]VkZ i]Z hVbZ ^ciZgcVa Xg^i^X ^h 9Vk^Y <gjWWh# I]Vi ^h jcaZhh Wdi] ]^h ^ccZg YZbdch VgZ _jhi WVX`haVee^c\ <gjWWh i]gdj\] Vcdi]Zg b^hZgVWaZ \j^iVg hdad# >i ^h V h]VbZ! WZXVjhZ aVhi nZVgÁh 9gV\ 8^in gZaZVhZY 6c Dei^b^hi CdiZh i]Z 9jhi Dei^b^hi CdiZh i]Z 9jhi! lVh V [VWjadjh gZXdgY# >c i]Z a^kZ VgZcV i]dj\]! <gjWWh hZZbh id ijgc ]^h ]VcY id dkZg" ^cYja\Zci \j^iVg lVc`Zgn! l^i] V ]dY\ZedY\Z d[ ^YZVh i]Vi \d cdl]ZgZ ZmXZei id [dgb Vc ^c[jg^Vi^c\an bZhhn b^mijgZ# I]gdj\]dji i]Z h]dl! <gjWWh ^h [dcYa^c\ i]Z [gZi WdVgY Vh ^[ ^i lVh Vc ZmiZch^dc d[ ]^h bVc]ddY! i]Z XgdlY Vi i^bZh l]ddeh ^c VeegZX^Vi^dc! Wji 7ZVgYZY XVcÁi ]Zae [ZZa^c\ a^`Z lZÁgZ \ViZ XgVh]^c\ Vc ^ci^bViZ eg^kViZ eVgin# >i hiVgih hadl! \Zih V a^iiaZ WZiiZg! VcY i]Zc [Vaah Ê Vi V\V^c# I]Z XdcigVhi WZilZZc i]Z ild ^c XdcÉ YZcXZ VcY hZa[" ^bedgiVcXZ ^h hiVg`# I]Z bdhi [gjhigVi^c\ eVgi ^h i]Vi XdcÉ YZcXZ h]djaY WZ V \ddY i]^c\! Wji dc i]^h h]dl^c\! ^i hZZbh id WZ i]Z deedh^iZ d[ iV`^c\ i]Z a^hiZcZg dc i]Z _djgcZn l^i] ndj#

¾H]dl bZ i]Z lVn id i]Z cZmi l]^h`Zn WVg!¿ ^beadgZY ?^b Bdgg^hdc! VcY ]ZÁY ]VkZ WZZc g^\]i Vi ]dbZ ^c I]Z AZm^c\idc# I]^h Cdgi] AdcYdc ejW hidX`h Zcdj\] 6bZg^XVc WdjgWdc id `ZZe ]^b Ygjc` [dg V bdci] ¼ VcY! dc"hiV\Z jehiV^gh! 8gnhiVa 6ciaZgh egdkZY _jhi Vh VXfj^gZY V iVhiZ# I]Z WVcY [gdb Adc\ 7ZVX]! 8Va^[dgc^V ]VkZ ]VY Wad\\Zgh Ygdda^c\ l^i] i]Z^g XdbW^cVi^dc d[ ehnX]ZYZa^X Ê djg^h]Zh! egd\\n YncVb^Xh VcY ^ciZchZ hXgZVbn ]VgYXdgZ# 7ji a^kZ! hdbZ d[ i]Z^g ediZci^Va hZZbZY Wjg^ZY jcYZg V lVaa d[ cd^hZ ¼ i]dj\] i]Z hdaY"dji XgdlY hZZbZY ]Veen Zcdj\]# DcZ d[ V hZZb^c\an ZcYaZhh higZVb d[ cdjkZVj hidcZg WVcYh! i]Z^g Xdhb^X hdc\ i^iaZh À6 I]djhVcY :nZhÁ! ÀJci^a i]Z Hjc 9^ZhÁ! ÀEVgi^c\ Hdc\ ;dg i]Z Idgc H`nµÁ hj\\Zhi V bjai^[VXZiZY! IZX]c^Xdadg hdjcY# 7ji! ]VcY^XVeeZY Wn V h^c\Zg l^i] a^iiaZ hiV\Z egZhZcXZ VcY dcZ kdXVa hZii^c\ hXgZVb ! i]Zn Wg^c\ jh Vc ^ciZchZ VhhVjai dc i]Z hZchZh ¼ VXXdbea^h]ZY! Wji V idjX] ild"Y^bZch^dcVa# 6i aZVhi i]Z WVcYÁh i^b^c\ lVh ehnX]ZYZa^X! Xdb^c\ dc" hiV\Z Vc ]djg aViZ egZXZYZY Wn V Xdda ^[ ha^\]ian ^cXdc\gjdjh WVX`^c\ iVeZ d[ <"[jc` XaVhh^Xh# I]Z Wdnh hddc heVg`ZY ^cid a^[Z ¼ X]ZgjW^X ndjc\ YgjbbZg @Zk^c HijVgi edjcYZY VlVn ^begZhh^kZan! VcY i]Z \j^iVgh hdjcYZY bVhh^kZ ¼ Wji i]ZgZ lVh V ]daZ l]ZgZ i]Z h^c\Zg h]djaY ]VkZ WZZc# >c"ndjg"[VXZ gdX` WVcYh cZZY V X]Vg^hbVi^X aZVY kdXVa^hi Wji h^c\Zg$WVhh^hi ?dccn 7Zaa lVh V higVc\Zan eZg^e]ZgVa egZhZcXZ ¼ ]Vc\^c\ WVX`! VcY cdi ^ciZgVXi^c\ l^i] i]Z XgdlY# 6cY i]Z hXgZVb^c\ ZkZgn i^bZ ]Z deZcZY ]^h bdji] \di egZiin lZVg^c\ V[iZg V l]^aZ# HdbZi^bZh aZhh ^h bdgZµ ;dgijcViZan! i]^h X]Vg^hbV kVXjjb lVh É aaZY Wn i]Z WVcYÁh X]ZZgaZVYZg$eZgXjhh^dc^hi$7Zo É \jgZ ¼ i]Z ZmigVdgY^cVgn 9Vb^Vc :YlVgYh! V`V HZmjVa 8]dXdaViZ# 6 egdjYan edi" WZaa^ZY l^aYXVgY! ]Z gdX`ZY V kZgn hina^h] daY"hX]dda ]^e"]de add`! \ngVi^c\ aVhX^k^djhan l]^aZ ViiVX`^c\ ]^h XnbWVa VcY XdlWZaah l^i] VWVcYdc# >[ i]Z bjh^X \di V W^i idd hVbZn! ]Z lVh ValVnh Yd^c\ hdbZi]^c\ id XViX] i]Z ZnZ# <^kZ i]Z bVc ]^h dlc h]dlµ =dlZkZg! Xdda eZgXjhh^dc^hi Vh^YZ! 8gnhiVa 6ciaZgh VgZ hd bjX] hdjcY VcY [jgn! h^\c^[n^c\ cdi]^c\# I]Zn ldjaY WZ lZaa hZgkZY higZiX]^c\ dji bjh^XVaan VcY jee^c\ i]Z ehnX]ZYZa^X fjdi^Zci0 VcY Z^i]Zg É cY^c\ i]ZbhZakZh Vcdi]Zg [gdcibVc dg Wjn^c\ ]^b hdbZ h^c\^c\ aZhhdch# Ndj XVcÁi WZ Ê Vkdjg d[ i]Z bdci] [dgZkZgµ

&( LdgYh <VgZi] BV^c E]did\gVe]n E <dcYVgY! HVb :VhiZgWn"Hb^i]

LdgYh 7Zc LddY E]did\gVe]n I^b 7dYYn


&)


;aZZ^c\ [gdb E^\Zdch/ I]Z 7ZVgYZY GZaVjcX] H]dl '.#%&#%. I]Z BVXWZi] AdcYdc

&*

I]Z WVgbV^Y! i]Vi \aVX^Va WVgdbZiZg d[ ^c"BVXWZi] Xdda l]d \dZh Wn i]Z cVbZ d[ AZcV BVhXVgV! hlVnZY VcY h]dd` Vadc\ id i]Z bjh^X# I]Z ÀA^eh ]ZaY I]Z BVXWZi] gVei! Vh ^[ 7VWn! ^i lVh XdaY djih^YZ! Wji ^ch^YZ i]Z BVXWZi] ejW ^c id ]dhiV\Z# EZVgidc Xg^ZY ¾>[ ndjÁgZ ^cid ^i! ndjÁgZ ^cid ^i# >[ =dmidc ^i lVh ]di# >c i]Z lZZ` i]Vi hVl i]Z J@ É cVaan ndjÁgZ cdi ^cid ^i! ndjÁgZ cdi ^cid ^i# > Vb Zci^gZan ^cY^[[ZgZci#¿ VYb^i eVgi^Va YZ[ZVi ^c i]Z lVg dc gZXZhh^dc VcY i]Z Xdjcign L^hZg ldgYh ]VkZ WZZc gVgZan hV^Y dc hiV\Z# WZ\Vc id i^ai idlVgYh VXijVa! ^[ cdi Zbdi^dcVa i]Zc XZgiV^can I]ZgZ ^h V gZVhdc i]Z WVcY lg^iZ dc i]Z^g BnheVXZ eV\Z É cVcX^Va! YZegZhh^dc! i]^c\h lZgZ add`^c\ je ^c dcZ i^cn i]Vi i]Z^g bjh^X ^h ¾ejc` Vh ^i! bdhi egdWVWan! h]djaY WZ/ eVgi d[ AdcYdc# cdi^XZVWan e^hhZY"d[[ VcY VXZgW^X#¿ I]^h ^h V igji] d[ fj^iZ I]Z heZXigZ d[ &.(%h"hinaZ _dW fjZjZh! hdje `^iX]Zch VcY ediZci [dgXZ# I]ZgZ lVh V XgVon ^ciZch^in id i]Z Y^Vad\jZ hidX`Wgd`Zgh YZ[ZcZhigVi^c\ i]ZbhZakZh ^c i]Z HfjVgZ B^aZ WZilZZc h^c\Zg! b^Xgde]dcZ VcY VjY^ZcXZ# 7ZZhijc\ A^ehÁ [Zai a^`Z V b^aa^dc b^aZh VlVn VcY cdi _jhi V [Zl hideh dc bjh^X ^h V hnbW^di^X! hZa["[jaÉ aa^c\ egde]ZXn d[ ejc` edlZg# ejWa^X igVchedgi [gdb I]Z BVXWZi]# I]Z \gZVi! i]Z \ddY! i]Z IgZVY^c\ Ydlc i]Z lddYZc hiV^gh id i]Z bV^c i]gdW VcY fjZhi^dcVWan WZVji^[ja d[ i]^h WZc^\]iZY aVcY ]VY XgVbbZY ]jb d[ I]Z BVXWZi] V[iZg V X]Vi l^i] >XZ! HZV! 9ZVY EZdeaZ! i]ZbhZakZh ^cid i]^h lZaXdb^c\ XVkZ id lVgb i]ZbhZakZh ^i WZXVbZ Zk^YZci i]Vi GVi[VXZ lVh cdl dchiV\Z# I]Z Vi i]Z É gZ d[ bjh^XVa iVaZci VcY id gZhi i]Z^g lZVgn WdcZh dc ejc` ]de aZ\ZcY ^c i]Z bV`^c\ lVh VagZVYn ^c [jaa Ê dl! i]Z hd[i [jgh aV^Y Ydlc ^c lZaXdbZ Wn 7ZVgYZY bV\Vo^cZ# i]Z hd[i [jgh aV^Y Ydlc ^c lZaXdbZ Wn 7ZVgYZY bV\Vo^cZ# WVg`^c\ ]^h ang^Xh dji dkZg ]^h bVhiZg[ja [djg"igVX` WZVih# I]ZgZ lVh V hZchZ d[ ZmeZXiVi^dc Vh i]Z XdckZghVi^dc \gZl 6h ]Z eZg[dgbh! ]Z ^h aZhh a^`Z V gVeeZg [jh^c\ ]^h ang^XVa adjYZg! \gdl^c\ YZchZg l^i] i]Z eVhh^c\ d[ i^bZ# I]Z ejW" edZign l^i] \adg^djh! VX^Y^X dWhZgkVi^dc VcY bdgZ a^`Z V \dZgh Y^Y cdi `cdl fj^iZ l]Vi id ZmeZXi! Wji Vi .#)'eb VcY he^g^i iVa`Zg! X]VccZaa^c\ hdbZ lZ^gY di]ZgldgaYan X]VgVXiZg '% hZXdcYh I]Z BVXWZi] XgdlYÁh XdgY^Va XdckZghVi^dch lZgZ dg WZ^c\! hedji^c\ dji eZg[ZXian WVaVcXZY g]ni]b^X kdXVah Xji Wn i]Z XdbeVXi! hncXdeViZY Wg^iiaZ WVggV\Z i]Vi ^h i]Z VcY edZign id \Zi i]Z igji] dji d[ i]Z Zi]Zg VcY ^cid djg bjh^X d[ >XZ! HZV! 9ZVY EZdeaZ# XdchX^djhcZhhZh# =Z ^h a^iZgViZ! ZkdXVi^kZ! ^beVhh^dcZY# =Z JhjVaan! _jY\^c\ V Wdd` Wn ^ih XdkZg ^h V jhZ[ja VcY Xa^X] " ^h ZaZXig^X id lViX] VcY i]Z ldgYh VcY e]gVhZh ]Z heg^c`aZh WjX`^c\ idda i]Vi n^ZaYh ^ch^\]i[ja! XdggZXi gZhjaih Wji ^c i]Z dji id i]Z VjY^ZcXZ dc i]^h c^\]i VgZ a^`Z Y^VbdcYh hXViiZgZY XVhZ d[ >XZ! HZV! 9ZVY EZdeaZ ^i ^h V b^hiV`Z# I]^h WVcY! d[ ^c [gdci d[ jh! lV^i^c\ id WZ X]Zg^h]ZY# i]gZZ jcVhhjb^c\! eda^iZan hed`Zc ndjc\ bZc! aVjcX]ZY V =Z ^h V eZg[dgbZg i]Vi hZZh i]^c\h ^c l]Vi XVc dcan WZ XdadhhVa \j^iVg VcY Ygjbh ViiVX` dc i]Z XgdlY! VcY bVYZ gZ[ZggZY id V ¾l]daZ cZl a^\]i#¿ =^h ^bV\^c^c\h VcY i]Zb Wa^c` je Vi i]Z WVcY ^c hjgeg^hZ# >i ^h cdi d[iZc i]Vi dWhZgkVi^dch d[ a^[Z VcY i]Z ig^WjaVi^dch VcY ]dggdgh ^i V WVcY YZÉ Zh YZhXg^ei^dc! Wji i]Z >H9E ig^d bVcV\Z ^i# Wg^c\h id VcndcZ ^c i]Z J@ idYVn VgZ XdbeaZiZan [gZh]! VcY I]Z^g hiVXXVid! g^\^Y! _Zg`n g^[[h VcY lVaa"d["hdjcY \j^iVgh ]Z h]dlh V cZl eZgheZXi^kZ dc ZmeZg^ZcX^c\ i]Z bjcYVcZ bdkZY ijcZh je! Ydlc! ^ch^YZ VcY dji dc V [ZZYWVX` lVkZ VcY É cY^c\ i]Z WZVji^[ja dg i]Z egd[VcZ l^i]^c ^i# ;gdb i]Z d[ edjcY^c\ edlZg i]Vi gZVgZY je a^`Z V egZ\cVci h]Z"WZVg ¾`^Yh l^i] cdi]^c\ id adhZ¿ id ¾Wgd`Zc cZX`h dc i]Z ZkZc^c\ d[[Zg^c\ id hjX`aZ I]Z BVXWZi] VjY^ZcXZ [gdb ]Zg b^\]in cZlh¿ ]^h ang^Xh XVeijgZ i]Z j\an gZVa^in d[ i]Z cdl! cZkZg bjh^XVa iZVih# _jY\^c\! dcan YdXjbZci^c\# ¾LZ VgZ i]gZZ X]^aYgZc ¿ Xg^ZY kdXVa^hi 8gV^\ H]Vge! Ê V^a^c\ =^h eZg[dgbVcXZ igVchXZcYZY i]Z kZgn cVijgZ d[ eZg[dgbVcXZ ]^h WVhh VgdjcY i]Z hiV\Z# 9gjbbZg! 9Vk^Y I]V^g! WViiZgZY ^ihZa[! WZXdb^c\ V ]VeeZc^c\ i]^c\! Vc deedgijc^in [dg i]dhZ ]^h `^i l^i] Vc Vabdhi 6heZg\ZgÁh egZX^h^dc a^`Z ^i lVh i]Z egZhZci id ZmeZg^ZcXZ! cdi _jhi a^hiZc! id hdc\h a^`Z ÀHjcYVn aZVY ^chigjbZci! iV`^c\ i]Z di]Zg ild eaVnZgh Vadc\ [dg HjcYVn HjcYVnÁ VcY À;gj^i VcY KZ\Á# >[ ndj ]VkZ cdi nZi V [gVci^X g^YZ# >H9EÁh hdc\h VgZ Vc\jaVg! Y^gin VcY a^`Z V a^hiZcZY id GVi[VXZ! i]Zc cdl ^h i]Z i^bZ# <d dji VcY hZZ` \gZcVYZ ^c V b^ggdg h]de ZmeadY^c\ ^c hadl bdi^dc0 i]Zn ]^b! VcY a^hiZc id ]^h ZmedhijaVi^dch dc ndj! ndjg ldgaY VcY \^kZ V hZmn idggZci d[ edlZg a^`Z V g^kZg d[ ZcZg\n# I]Z WVcY l]n ]Z hZZh ^i [Vg WZiiZg i]Vc ndj ZkZg XdjaY ndjghZa[# ]Vh jiiZg Xdck^Xi^dc ^c i]Z^g bViZg^Va! VcY i]Z^g XdcÉ YZcXZ L^i] 6aaZo 6aaZo egdk^Y^c\ i]Z aV^Y WVX` ijcZh Vh V hddi]^c\ ^h eVaeVWaZ# >i ^h gZVhhjg^c\ id hZZ hjX] h]Vge! deZc! ldjcY" hVakZ [dg i]Z ZmX^iZbZci d[ i]Z c^\]i! i]Z ViiZcYZZh d[ i]Z ^cYjX^c\ eaVn^c\ VcY [gZcZi^X eVhh^dc ^c V a^kZ eZg[dgbVcXZ# h]dl ZWWZY VlVn# 6aaZo 6aaZo h]VeZY V hiZaaVg YZeVgi^c\ :kZc i]Z Xdda"Vh"^XZ WVg hiV[[ [djcY i]ZbhZakZh YVcX^c\ Vh hdjcYigVX` [dg i]dhZ l]d ]VY id YgV\ i]ZbhZakZh dji d[ i]Zn hZgkZY Yg^c`h# I]Z BVXWZi] VcY dji d[ =dmidc! gZigZVi^c\ dji [jgi]Zg VcY I]Z WVcYÁh hfjZVah! nZaeh! VcY eVhh^dcViZ ZbWgVXZ d[ ZkZgn [jgi]Zg ^cid i]Z c^\]i# I]Z b^c\aZY b^c^bVa^hb d[ @gVji aVhi i]gdZ d[ i]Z WZVih VcY hdjcYh i]Zn i]gdiiaZY dji d[ i]Z^g ZaZXigd$iZX]cd ijcZh lVh V gZÉ cZY WVab [dg i]Z dkZgadVYZY ^chigjbZcih lZgZ d[[hZi Wn i]Z^g hZchZ d[ ]jbdjg# I]Z^g b^cYh d[ i]Z iZbedgVgn iZcVcih d[ i]Z H]V`ZheZVgZVc" k^\cZiiZh d[ hdjcY! i]dhZ WaVhih d[ cd^hZ VcY XgVX`aZ! lZgZ bdc^`ZgZY WddoZg# Zcdj\] id hijc i]Z VjY^ZcXZ ^cid V gZVa^hVi^dc i]Vi 7ZVgYZY Zcdj\] id hijc i]Z VjY^ZcXZ ^cid V gZVa^hVi^dc i]Vi 7ZVgYZY I]Z i^bZ XVbZ i]Vi ZkZgndcZ cZZYZY id WZ \dcZ# I]Z ldjaY cdi WZ egdk^Y^c\ i]Zb l^i] i]Z Xdd`^Z"XjiiZg bjh^X d[ BVXWZi] lVh dc i]Z XdbZYdlc# >i lVh V \a^YZ! cdi V i]Z bV^chigZVb VcY i]Z bjcYVcZ# XgVh]! V[iZg i]Z ]^\] d[ i]Z ZkZc^c\Áh ZciZgiV^cbZci VcY i]Z I]^h gZVa^hVi^dc Xdci^cjZY Vh 7ZZhijc\ A^eh idd` id i]Z jcaZVh]^c\ d[ V cZl bjh^X bV\Vo^cZ jedc i]Z i]^c! hiVgkZY hiV\Z VcY h^c\Zg 7^[[ EZVgidc Vi dcXZ gZbdkZY ]^h h]^gi gVX`h d[ ndjg adXVa VcY cVi^dcVa cZlhV\Zcih# :Y^idg <VgZi] id gZkZVa bjhXaZ VcY h^cZl# 7djcX^c\ dc i]Z hedi a^`Z V BV^c W^Y id Vaa V \ddY c^\]i! Wji i]Vi ]VY WZZc ]VeeZc^c\ ]neZgVXi^kZ X]^aY dc V hj\Vg gjh]! ]Z \VkZ kZci id hdbZ adc\ WZ[dgZ ]Z l^h]ZY ^i# I]Z \ddY c^\]i ]VY WZ\jc l^i] eg^bVa hXgZVbh id lVgb ]^bhZa[ je VcY id hijc i]Z VjY^ZcXZ i]Vi É ghi bdbZcidjh deZc^c\ Wn >XZ! HZV! 9ZVY EZdeaZ! nZi [jgi]Zg# =Z gZkZaaZY ^c i]Z ViiZci^dc VcY ]^h dlc eVgi^Va l^i] 7ZZhijc\ A^eh! GVi[VXZ VcY 6aaZo 6aaZo Xdb^c\ Vadc\ cjY^in# =Z lVh _jYYZg^c\! [gZii^c\! X]Vbe^c\ Vi i]Z W^i a^`Z V idd Vh i]Z XdbW^cZY kVc\jVgY d[ l]Vi idd Vh i]Z XdbW^cZY kVc\jVgY d[ l]Vi 7ZVgYZY ^ciZcYh 7ZVgYZY ^ciZcYh gVXZ]dghZ# =Z gZaZVhZY V h]dji! V XVaa id edlZg4 I]Zc i]Zn VcY l]Vi i]Z bV\Vo^cZ hiVcYh [dg/ id \^kZ ^cYZeZcYZci gZaZVhZY V i]gVh]^c\! hl^ga^c\ ^cigd VcY i]Z hidgb XdbZh# Vgi^hih XdkZgV\Z VcY id h]VgZ i]Z^g bjh^X VcY Wg^aa^VcXZ id I]Z h^c\Zg! a^`Z V hbVaaZg VcY aZhh IZgb^cVidg"a^`Z =Zcgn Vc di]Zgl^hZ XgjZa VcY dWa^k^djh ldgaY# A^`Z i]Z BVXWZi]Áh Gdaa^ch! hVc\ VcY \Zhi^XjaViZY l^i] [gVci^X ZcZg\n! \Zii^c\ YZc^oZch dc i]Vi c^\]i! WVh` ^c i]Z a^\]i d[ V cZl YVlc# i]Z XgdlY bdk^c\# =Z Xdci^cjZY ]^h hiVXXVid h]g^Z`h VcY b^Xgde]dcZ [Zi^h]^hb Vh ]Z aZVei d[[hiV\Z ^cid i]Z i]gdc\! LdgYh 9Vk^Y L^chiVcaZn h^c\^c\ Vaa i]Z l]^aZ Vh i]Z WVcY WVX`ZY ]^b je ^c i]Z^g E]did\gVe]n Aj`Z NViZh dg\^Vhi^X Ejc` bjh^X dchaVj\]i#


&+


&,

I]Z AdXVa/ Hh] ;Zhi^kVa d[ Fj^Zi Bjh^X %&#%'#%. 7jh] =Vaa AdcYdc

LddYe^\Zdc $ B^cdiVjgh $ I]Z B^hZgVWaZ G^X] '(#%'#%. I]Z :cY CZlXVhiaZ

I]ZgZÁh V heZX^Va ajaa i]Vi [Vaah dc hcdln HjcYVnh i]ViÁh jiiZgan hj^iZY id ]ZVYe]dcZh bjh^X# 6h i]Z hcdl hadlan adX`h jh Vaa ^cid 7jh] =Vaa! I]Z AdXVaÁh aViZhi ;Zhi^kVa d[ Fj^Zi Bjh^X gZVaan XdjaYcÁi ]VkZ WZZc WZiiZg i^bZY# I]Z dg^\^cVa AdXVa ^c 8gdjX] :cY ^h Vc dc\d^c\ bdci]an ZkZci! Wji hbVaa egdbdi^dc iZVb I]Z AdXVa egZhZcih h]dlh Vaa dkZg AdcYdc! i]Z J@! VcY i]Z ldgaY/ i]^h i^bZ i]Z kZcjZ lVh 7jh] =Vaa! ^c AdcYdcÁh H]Ze]ZgYÁh 7jh]# 6gg^k^c\ i]ZgZ! i]Z XgdlY lVh h]V`^c\! [gdoZc! VcY YZX^YZYan cjbW# 7ji dcXZ ^ch^YZ i]Z ]Vaa! Vaa lZgZ ^chiVcian lVgbZY Wn i]Z bV\^X ]jh]/ i]Z e^c`"a^i eaVhiZgZY gdd[ lVh ]jc\ l^i] X]VcYZa^Zgh! i]Z hZii^c\ d[ i]Z hiV\Z lVh ^ci^bViZ! VcY ejciZgh É aaZY i]Z XVcYaZ"a^i heVXZ l^i] ]ZaY"WgZVi] ZmeZXiVi^dc# I]Z gVei ViiZci^dcÁh cdi hjgeg^h^c\ \^kZc i]Z a^cZ"je/ hd[i hed`Zc HXdi <VgZi] 9^X`hdc! >XZaVcY^X iVaZci =Za\^ ?dchhdc! VcY [da`"deZgV \^ga Da^k^V 8]VcZn hiVgiZY i]Z ZkZc^c\ d[[ l^i] V fj^Zi WaVhi d[ ]ZVgi[Zai adkZan# :VX] VXi h]dcZ i]gdj\] i]Z \addb! VcY l^i] hdja[ja kdXVah! hd[i e^Vcd `Znh! VcY \ZciaZ \j^iVg eajX`^c\h Wgdj\]i i]Z XgdlY id i]Z hlZZi odcZ# ;gdb i]Z ZVgan W^gYh h^ii^c\ Vi iVWaZh! id i]Z Xgdhh"aZ\\ZY Y^Z]VgYh VcY i]Z aViZ"XdbZgh hiVcY^c\ Vi i]Z Yddg! i]Z fj^Zi ]Vee^an ]ZaY# Di]Zg VXih a^`Z i]Z idn hdjcY"hVbea^c\! 7Zi] Dgidc"hinaZ hdc\higZhh! 6c^bVa BV\^X Ig^X`h! VcY <VZa^X"^cÊ jZcXZY WVaaVYZZg CVcXn LVaaVXZ Vahd ^begZhhZY l^i] i]Z^g adl"`Zn VcY eZghdcVa hZih0 l]^aZ A^o <gZZc Wgdj\]i ]Zg dlc WgVcY d[ hdja[ja ehnX]"[da` id Vc VeegZX^Vi^kZ XgdlY# 7ji i]Z hiVgh d[ i]Z h]dl! djih]^c^c\ ZkZc ]ZVYa^cZ iVaZci VcY 7_dg`"WjYYn KVa\Z^g H^\\jgYhdc! lZgZ i]Z ^ggZegZhh^WaZ AZ[i l^i] E^XijgZh# L^i]dji i]Z WZcZÉ i d[ b^Xgde]dcZ dg Vbe! i]ZhZ hbVgi! hj^iZY [Zaadlh hddc \di i]Z XgdlY \d^c\ l^i] V [ddi"iVee^c\ b^m d[ bZadY^XV! É YYaZ! VcY h]Vge ang^Xh# Bjh^X ]Vaa e^Vcd eVX`ZY V ejcX]! VcY igVY^i^dcVa 7g^i^h] WVaaVY hina^c\h! ]Vgbdc^Zh VcY Vaa! \di V bdYZgc il^hi# I]ZhZ \jnh Wj^ai [da` ede [jc je id gZXdgY aZkZah l^i] hdc\h a^`Z À7ZndcY djg BZVchÁ VcY g^\]i[jaan ldc i]Z XgdlYÁh X]ZZgh# Hjgeg^hZ \jZhi 9Vk^Y I]dbVh 7gdj\]idc Vahd Wgdj\]i i]Z ]djhZ Ydlc l^i] ]^h hZa["hVbeaZY addeh d[ bZadY^X! h`^aaZY \j^iVg VcY 6ci]dcn VcY i]Z ?d]chdch"hinaZ kdXVa ]Vgbdc^Zh# I]^h [Zaadl ]Vh V Y^hi^cXi^kZ kd^XZ! VcY V hZg^djh ÀdcZ id lViX]Á Vggdl ed^ci^c\ Vi ]^h ]ZVY# >[ ndj lZgZcÁi ajX`n Zcdj\] id ]VkZ WZZc Vi 7jh] =Vaa i]Vi HjcYVn! cZkZg [ZVg/ ndjÁaa WZ ]ZVg^c\ d[ i]ZhZ \jnh# 8VcÁi `ZZe V \ddY i]^c\ fj^Zi [dg adc\#

>c i]Z i^cn kZcjZ d[ I]Z :cY! hdbZl]ZgZ Vb^Yhi Vc Vaa ZcXdbeVhh^c\ hZV d[ ilZZY _VX`Zih! eaV^Y h]^gih VcY hXgViin WZVgYh bnhZa[ ^cXajYZY ! i]ZgZ VgZ i]gZZ d[ i]Z WZhi bdYZgc YVn [da`$ede e]ZcdbZcV ]^YYZc VlVn Vbdc\hi i]Z YVg` h]VYdlh Vi i]Z h^YZ d[ i]^h WVX`lVgYh kZcjZ# L^i] i]Z hiV\Z dc i]Z hVbZ aZkZa Vh i]Z XgdlY dc i]Z É ghi Ê ddg! VcY l^i] hdjcY X]ZX` dkZg"gjcc^c\! ^iÁh Y^[É Xjai id gZVa^hZ l]Zc 7g^\]idc XdaaZXi^kZ I]Z B^hZgVWaZ G^X] VXijVaan iV`Z id i]Z hiV\Z jci^a V[iZg i]Z^g É ghi [Zl hdc\h ]VkZ XdbZ VcY \dcZ# 9Zhe^iZ i]^h! kdXVa^hi ?VbZh 9ZBVaeaVfjZiÁh ]Vjci^c\an WZVji^[ja kdXVah VcY i]Z \ZciaZ eaVn^c\ d[ i]Z hig^c\ ig^d bV`Z [dg V bdk^c\ VcY jea^[i^c\ eZg[dgbVcXZ! hdc^XVaan ^[ cdi k^hjVaan# CZl VaWjb IlZakZ LVnh Id 8djci ^h IlZakZ LVnh Id 8djci IlZakZ LVnh Id 8djci ^h \^kZc V \gZVi ZcYdghZbZci VcY i]Zn ZkZc ejaa dji i]Z^g XdkZg d[ =di 8]^eÁh ÀDkZg 6cY DkZgÁ id bjX] gZ_d^XZ# 6cY l^i] ]jbWaZ b^h\^k^c\h i]ZnÁgZ \dcZ _jhi V[iZg i]Zn XVbZ! Wji V ]deZ d[ hZZ^c\ i]Zb V\V^c kZgn hddc ]Vc\h ]ZVkn ^c i]Z V^g# AdXVa \ZciaZ \^Vcih B^cdiVjgh hZZb id WZ i]Z W^\ YgVl [dg i]Z <ZdgY^Z [V^i][ja idc^\]i Vh i]Z^g YZa^XViZ ede! l^i] i]Z a^`Zh d[ hZi ]^\]a^\]i À=dghZh]dZhÁ! \Zi i]Z XgdlY h^aZci [dg i]Z É ghi i^bZ VcY hlVn^c\ id i]Z X]^b^c\ `Znh dg i]Z ]^ci^c\"dc"gdX` \j^iVgh# I]Z Hdji] H]^ZaYh adi VgZ dc \ddY [dgb l^i] bVcn d[ i]Z^g hdc\h VagZVYn hdjcY^c\ [Vb^a^Vg! VcY i]Z XdbW^cVi^dc d[ i]Z bVaZ$[ZbVaZ kdXVa Yji^Zh VXi^c\ Vh V \]dhian ild"lVn XdckZghVi^dcVa e^ZXZ ZX]d^c\ i]gdj\] i]Z^g ang^Xh# I]ZnÁgZ V WVcY id X]VaaZc\Z G^ad @^aZn [dg ede \Zci^a^in i]Vi ^iÁh d` id a^hiZc id V [jaa kdajbZ# 6[iZg heZcY^c\ i]Z c^\]i dWhZgk^c\ V iVaa \ZciaZbVc lVa`^c\ i]gdj\] i]Z kZcjZ! ^i XdbZh Vh \gZVi hjgeg^hZ i]Vi > cZmi hZZ ]^b iV`^c\ i]Z b^Xgde]dcZ VcY WZ\^cc^c\ ]^h ]ZVYa^cZ hZi Vh LddYe^\Zdc# BVg` =Vb^aidc ^h V iVaa WZVb^c\ É \jgZ! nZi hiddeh l]Zc ]Z eaVnh h]dl^c\ ]^h edhh^WaZ cZgkdjh$ ^chZXjgZ h^YZ! Wji l]Zc ]Z h^c\h ]^h 7dc >kZg"ZhfZ kd^XZ ZcgVeijgZh ndj VcY ndj [ZZa V higVc\Z hZchZ d[ e^in [dg i]Z bVc! Vai]dj\] ]Z YdZh cdi Vh` [dg Vcn Vi Vaa# Hdc\h [gdb i]Z 8VcVY^VcÁh bdhi gZXZci gZaZVhZ IgZVhjgn A^WgVgn 8VcVYV VgZ IgZVhjgn A^WgVgn 8VcVYV IgZVhjgn A^WgVgn 8VcVYV VgZ hZi ]^\]a^\]ih Vh i]Z WVcY hfjVh] ^cid i]Z i^cn hiV\Z! Wji eaVn Vh ^[ aZ[i ^c Vc deZc eVg` dc V hjbbZgh YVn ]dl i]Zn bVcV\ZY id É i I]Z B^hZgVWaZ G^X]! l^i] YdjWaZ WVhh Zi Vaa! dc hiV\Z [dg V YjZi aViZg dc >Áaa cZkZg `cdl # LddYe^\Zdc VgZ bdgZ i]Vc _jhi dcZ bVc i]dj\] VcY i]Z gZhi d[ i]Z WVcY! [gdb i]Z [ZbVaZ ]Vgbdc^Zh id \ZciaZ eZgXjhh^dch! h]dl i]Vi [da` bjh^X ^h WZiiZg l^i] cjbWZgh# 9Zhe^iZ i]Z eddg kZcjZ! eddg E6 hnhiZb! VcY i]Z d]"hd" [Vh]^dcVWaZ Wja\^c\ XgdlY! i]Z h]dl lVh V \ZciaZ \a^behZ ^cid V h]n! i^b^Y \ZcgZ l]^X] cZZYh id WZ ZmeadgZY ^c YZei] [dg [jaa VeegZX^Vi^dc#

LdgYh C^XdaZ ;VggZaa LdgYh EZiZg 8aVg` E]did\gVe]n Da^kZg EZZa


Haj^XZ 7dm 6 hZaZXi^dc d[ hdbZ d[ i]Z Vgi^hih Yd^c\ i]Z gdjcYh Vi i]Z bdbZci i]Vi ]VkZ \di 7ZVgYZYÁh lg^iZgh Vaa ZmX^iZY# GZVY VWdji i]Zb! X]ZX` i]Zb dji! VcY _jY\Z jh Veegdeg^ViZan#

&-


8Vbe 6bZg^XV =Z b^\]i ]VkZ YdcZ gZb^mZh [dg i]Z a^`Zh d[ 6i]aZiZ VcY 7adX EVgin! Wji 8Vbe 6bZg^XV Ÿ V`V HiZkZc 8dlaZn Ÿ ^h cdi ndjg VkZgV\Z WVX`gddb Wdn$ bjhd# HjgZ! ]Z ]Vh eV^Y ]^h YjZh# =Zà h eaVnZY ^c WVcYh VcY YdcZ bdgZ idjgh i]Vc ndj XVc h]V`Z V WVX`hiV\Z eVhh Vi! VcY aZià h cdi [dg\Zi i]Z eg^kViZ h]dlXVhZ [dg G^X` GjW^c! nZh i]Vi G^X` GjW^c 7ji cdl 8Vbe 6bZg^XV ^h ÉcVaan iV`^c\ XZcigZ hiV\Z VcY ^ià h VWdji i^bZ# 6 [jaa aZc\i] gZXdgY ^h ZmeZXiZY WZ[dgZ i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z nZVg# Hd ZmeZXi eaZcin d[ -"W^i ZaZXigdc^XV! V aV 9V[i Ejc` VcY 9? H]VYdl# L^i] V kZg^iVWaZ hbdg\VhWdgY d[ 8Vh^d `ZnWdVgYh VcY aVeideh Vi ]^h Y^hedhVa! 8Vbe 6bZg^XV ]Vh hZZc i]Z [jijgZ! VcY YVbc ^i! ^i add`h V adi a^`Z ]^b# <^kZ ^i i^bZ VcY i]Z \gZVi VcY i]Z \ddY l^aa Vaa WZ gZb^m^c\ ]^b# LdgYh ?Vb^Z =V^ahidcZ

&.

=ViX]Vb HdX^Va =ViX]Vb HdX^Va VgZ hdbZl]Vi d[ Vc VcVX]gdc^hb# 6 AdcYdc"WVhZY ig^d l^i] V hZb^"[Vbdjh YgjbbZg! i]ZnĂ kZ ZhX]ZlZY ^cY^Z YZ g^\jZjg VcY ^chiZVY hiZZeZY i]ZbhZakZh ^c i]Z hZe^V idcZh d[ i]Z hdjcY d[ ndjc\ HXdiaVcY# 6h hjX] i]Zn XdbZ dc higdc\ a^`Z V i^bZ" XVehjaZ WdiiaZ"gdX`Zi [gdb i]Vi ZgV! `^iiZY dji ^c B^`Z AZ^\] `^iX]Zc h^c` `c^ilZVg# L]^aZ i]Zn bVn X]VccZa i]Z di]ZgldgaYan Xgddc d[ ?dhZ[ @ VcY i]Z he^`n _Vc\aZ d[ DgVc\Z ?j^XZ! i]ZgZĂ h V bVkZg^X` ^ciZch^in ejah^c\ ]VgY ]ZgZ! ejh]^c\ ZfjVaan V\V^chi XVgZZg^hi ^cY^Z VcY i]Z Xg^eea^c\ dgi]dYdmn d[ ilZZ# L^i] hV^Y [dgbZg @aVmdc dc Ygjbh! i]ZnĂ kZ V Wg^X` hda^Y WVX`a^cZ idd# Egdejah^kZ VcY ^ch^hiZci! i]Z [dgXZ[ja g]ni]b hZXi^dc ^h d[[hZi hlZZian V\V^chi [gVXijgZY bZadY^Zh! aVXZY l^i] Xgnei^X AZl^h 8Vggdaa l^ii^X^hbh# GZigZVi^c\ hdbZl]Vi ^cid i]Z^g dlc VWhjgY [VciVhn ldgaY! =ViX]Vb HdX^Va gVi]Zg WZVji^[jaan ]VkZ i]Z^g ZnZh XadhZY id i]Z egZhZci# LdgYh HiZe]Zc E^Zigon`dlh`^

=dcdg HdX^Zin L]Zc ndj iV`Z [djg \ZciaZbZc [gdb 6bZg^XV! \^kZ i]Zb ^chigjbZcih! ha^X` ]V^gXjih! V Xjai"ZhfjZ [VcWVhZ VcY V `cVX` [dg lg^i^c\ hjeZg"XViX]n ede hdc\h ndj \Zi hdbZi]^c\ gVi]Zg fj^iZ heZXiVXjaVg ^c gZijgc# 7n cVbZ! ^iĂ h =dcdg HdX^Zin0 Wn edejaVg YZÉc^i^dc! ^iĂ h VlZhdbZ# 9ZhXg^W^c\ i]ZbhZakZh Vh Âź VcY g^\]ian hd Âź ž?jhi^c I^bWZgaV`ZĂ h gdX` egd_ZXi!Âż =dcdg HdX^Zin eji Vaa i]dhZ ehZjYd"edehiZgh id h]VbZ! VcY ijcZh hjX] Vh Ă€HZZ J >c I]Z 9Vg`Ă VgZ eaV\jZY l^i] he^`n g^[[h! jcVh]VbZYan iZZcV\Z ang^Xh! VcY h]ZYadVYh d[ [jc# I]Z^g :E Âź 6 IVaZ d[ G^h`n 7jh^cZhh Âź ]Vh gZXZ^kZY \adl^c\ gZk^Zlh! VcY g^\]i[jaan hd# :kZgni]^c\ [gdb 6cYgZl AZZĂ h WdjcXn g]ni]bh id B^X]VZa 7gjcdĂ h hbddi] kdXVah Vaa ZmjYZ Wg^aa^VcXZ! VcY ^iĂ h V ldcYZg i]^h XaVc d[ hddc"id"WZ hiVgh ]VkZcĂ i WZZc hcVeeZY je Wn dcZ d[ i]Z W^\\^Z aVWZah nZi# I]ZnĂ kZ VagZVYn hdaY dji CZl Ndg`Ă h gZcdlcZY >gk^c\ EaVoV! VcY WZZc \^kZc i]Z i]jbWh je Wn i]Z ZkZg"hd"edejaVg ?dcVh 7gdi]Zgh Âź ^i hZZbh! Vi aZVhi [dg cdl! i]Vi i]ZhZ \Zcih bVn Yd cd lgdc\# LdgYh Da^k^V ?VgZb^ B^XVX]j I]Z H]VeZh ;gdciZY Wn '& nZVg daY B^XV AZk^! B^XVX]j I]Z H]VeZh ]VkZ aVcYZY dc i]Z '%%. 9>N bjh^X hXZcZ l^i] Vaa i]Z [dgXZ d[ Vc VhiZgd^Y Ygdee^c\ i]gdj\] i]Z gdd[ d[ ndjg [gdci gddb# =Zg bjh^X ^h V eViX]ldg` XdaaV\Z! hi^iX]ZY VcY cV^aZY VcY iVeZY id\Zi]Zg [gdb hdc^X ĂŠdihVb VcY _ZihVb ^cid V hiVgia^c\ 9>N XdchigjXi^dc# Edih VcY eVch g^c\ VcY gViiaZ Vadc\h^YZ e^c\^c\ eajX`ZY hig^c\h! Y^hidgid WVhha^cZh VcY hfjZV`^c\ `ZnWdVgYh! l^i] ]Zg igVYZbVg` ]ddkZg gZkk^c\ VlVn bZgg^an ^c i]Z WVX`\gdjcY# B^XVĂ h kd^XZ ^h gdj\] VcY gV\\ZY! ]dcZhi VcY [gZh]! l]Zi]Zg bjbWa^c\ VlVn i]gdj\] V X]ZVe b^X dg addeZY ^cid V g]ni]b^X WVX`Ygde! he^ii^c\ dji egdid"gVe a^cZh dg e^iX] h]^[iZY ^cid Va^Zc bZadY^Zh# >iĂ h cdi d[iZc i]Vi V cZl Vgi^hi Vgg^kZh l^i] hjX] V [jaan"[dgbZY! gZXd\c^hVWaZ! h^c\jaVg hdjcY# B^XVX]j ^h V idiVa dcZ d[[! V YZÉc^c\ egZhZcXZ i]Vi hdV`h je ^cĂŠjZcXZh [gdb aZ[i! g^\]i VcY XZcigZ VcY he^ih i]Zb WVX` dji ^c V i]g^aa^c\ cZl [dgb# LdgYh ?d]c 7gV^cadkZ

I]Z EV^ch D[ 7Z^c\ EjgZ 6i =ZVgi Bdhi cZl WVcYh VgZ gjWW^h]! VgZcà i i]Zn4 LZaa! CZl Ndg` [djg"e^ZXZ I]Z EV^ch D[ 7Z^c\ EjgZ 6i =ZVgi VgZcà i# 6 \V\\aZ d[ ejgZ ede il^\aZih i]Vi ]VkZ X]Zggne^X`ZY i]Z kZgn ÉcZhi eVgih d[ h]dZ\VoZ VcY 8-+ id XgV[i V [joon lVaa d[ hVXX]Vg^cZ ^cY^Z"Wa^hh i]Vià h bdgZ [jc i]Vc Y^\\^c\ ndjghZa[ dji d[ V bdjciV^c d[ XdXV^cZ! cdhZ" Éghi# >cYZZY! l]Vi bV`Zh i]^h WVcY hd ]ZVgi"il^iX]^c\an heZX^Va ^h i]Z^g VW^a^in id XVeijgZ i]Z kZgn ZhhZcXZ d[ VYdaZhXZcXZ VcY Y^hi^a ^i ^cid V hj\Vg" hlZZi! i]gZZ"b^cjiZ hdbV ^c ZmVXian i]Z hVbZ lVn i]Vi bVYZ I]Z 8jgZ l]Vi i]Zn lZgZ WZ[dgZ i]Zn hZiiaZY ^cid hV\\^c\ hZa["eVgdYn VcY GdWZgi Hb^i] ]^i i]Z <^chiZgh# I]Z Zedcnbdjh YZWji AE ^h dji cdl/ hd igZVi ndjg ZVgh! i]Znà aa i]Vc` ndj ^c i]Z bdgc^c\# LdgYh Da^ H^behdc Hi^aa ;an^cÀ LdZ[ja cVbZ! ldghZ hdc\ i^iaZh! lZaa ZmXZei [dg i]Z gVi]Zg iVbZ À<ddY I]^c\ >ià h V <]dhi Idlc 6gdjcY =ZgZà ! i]Z Wdee^c\ kZghZh VcY hdVg^c\ X]dgjhZh d[ l]^X] VgZ hncdcnbdjh l^i] l]Vi bV`Zh Hi^aa ;an^cà bjX] WZiiZg i]Vc i]Z^g cVbZ hj\\Zhih# L^i] V gVi]Zg hjeZgW YZWji a^cZY je [dg ZVgan hjbbZg! i]^h &*"eZghdc XdaaZXi^kZ d[ HVc ;gVcX^hXd lZ^gYdZh \^kZ bdgZ i]Vc i]Z dYY l^c` id I]Z Edane]dc^X HegZZ! dcan l^i]dji i]Z gdWZh! VcY i]Zn VgZ hZi id WZ hdjcYigVX`^c\ hjbbZg! l]^X] bV`Zh ^i ZkZc higVc\Zg i]Vi i]Z^g YZWji h^c\aZ Ÿ i]Z _j^X^an X]Vdi^X VcY [g^\]i[jaan X]ZZgn À;dgZkZg 9jYZhà Ÿ ]^i i]ZhZ h]dgZh Yjg^c\ i]Vi [dgic^\]i d[ Vabdhi Xdci^cjVa hcdl# Egdd[ ^cYZZY i]Vi hjbbZg ^h cZkZg dkZg! ^ià h _jhi Zkdak^c\# LdgYh ?ZgZbn HinaZ


GdiiZc EZVX] =ZVgi ;dg c^cZiZZc nZVgh 7^aa 8VaaV]Vc ]Vh WZZc i]Z h]n djih^YZg ldg`^c\ jcYZg\gdjcY# 6[iZg Y^iX]^c\ ]^h Hbd\ bdc^`Zg ^c '%%,! ]Z ^h VWdji id gZaZVhZ dcan ]^h hZXdcY gZXdgY jcYZg ]^h dlc cVbZ# HiZe]Zc E^Zigon`dlh`^ iVa`h id ]^b VWdji Xdb^c\ dji d[ i]Z h]VYdlh l^i] ]^h bdhi eZghdcVa gZXdgY nZi# AVWZa 9gV\ 8^in

'%


'&

;^[iZZc nZVgh V\d ZkZc V \VbWa^c\ bVc i]^c`^c\ d[ i]Z [jijgZ ldjaYcÁi ]VkZ WVX`ZY i]^h Xdai! Wji hdbZl]Vi ^cZmea^XVWan! '%%. ÉcYh 7^aa 8VaaV]Vc XdcÉgb^c\ ]^h hiVijh Vh V WdcV ÉYZ ZaYZg hiViZhbVc d[ i]Z 6bZg^XVc ^cY^Z jcYZg\gdjcY# >c l]Vi ]Vh iZcjdjhan WZZc YjWWZY i]Z NZVg d[ i]Z LdbVc V\V^c ! ^i hZZbh jcjhjVa i]Vi V \Ve"iddi]ZY XdlWdn l^i] ZbZg\^c\ XgdlÁh [ZZi b^\]i Waddb [gdb ]^h YZa^WZgViZ XVgZZg"adc\ ajg`^c\ ^c i]Z h]VYdlh# H]Vg^c\ V h^b^aVg Vgi^hi^X VgX Vh i]Vi d[ eZZgh L^aa DaY]Vb VcY HiZkZ BVa`bjh! 8VaaV]VcÁh Xdjea^c\ d[ bnhiZg^djh eZghdcV l^i] h]ZZg Z[ÉX^ZcXn ]Vh ZcXdjgV\ZY V Xjai [VcYdb i]Vi i]gZViZch Wji cZkZg fj^iZ bVcV\Zh id Wd^a dkZg ^cid bV^chigZVb gZXd\c^i^dc# 7ji l^i] i]Z BVgX] gZaZVhZ d[ i]Z hZXdcY VaWjb jcYZg ]^h dlc cVbZ ¼ HdbZi^bZh > L^h] LZ LZgZ 6c :V\aZ ¼ ]ZÁh bdk^c\ ZkZg XadhZg id WZXdb^c\ ]^h dlc ^chi^iji^dc# =Z b^\]i cdi ZkZg igdjWaZ i]Z X]Vgih! Wji ]ZÁh hjgZ bV`^c\ V \ddY Éhi Vi Vgi^hi^X ^bbdgiVa^in# 8jggZci oZ^i\Z^hi Vh^YZ! ]^h ^cXgZVh^c\ XVcdc^hVi^dc gZbV^ch ^cZmea^XVWaZ# ;gdb ]^h ZVgan ]dbZ gZXdgY^c\h d[ hfjVaa^c\ ad"É cd^hZ ^c i]Z aViZ -%h i]gdj\] ]^h cjbZgdjh gZaZVhZh jcYZg i]Z Hbd\ bdc^`Zg Vh Vc Zk^a"ZnZY b^hVci]gdeZ! 8VaaV]Vc ]Vh Xdch^hiZcian edh^i^dcZY ]^bhZa[ Vh Vc djih^YZg# >bedgiVcian Vh Vc djih^YZg cdi lVci^c\ ^c! ]Z hZZbZY id gZkZa a^k^c\ ^c i]Z bVg\^ch! gZh^Y^c\ ^c i]Z Y^iX]Zh d[ WaVX` [VciVh^Zh VcY eVgVcd^Y igV\^XdbZY^Zh# 8VaaV]VcÁh VaajgZ ^h Wj^ai dc Zc^\bV VcY ^\cdb^cn# =^h h]n^c\ VlVn [gdb i]Z hedia^\]i ^h lg^i aVg\Z VXgdhh ]^h WVX` XViVad\jZ! ^chXg^WZY ^c X]VgVXiZg edgigV^ih ZfjVaan k^daZci! ^hdaViZY! l^iin VcY! hdbZi^bZh! hiVg`an iZcYZg# GZbZbWZg! i]^h ^h i]Z bVc Xdch^hiZcian XdchigjXi^c\ ]^bhZa[ Vh i]Z idlcÁh ÀhigVc\Zg!Á dcXZ YZhXg^W^c\ ]^h V\dgVe]dW^X ^bejahZh Vh [ZZa^c\ ¾a^`Z V gdWdi Wn i]Z lViZg#¿ 6Yb^iiZYan! ^i XdjaY Vaa WZ V YZk^djhan XdcXZ^kZY bVh`# NZi! [dg Vaa i]Z hiV\^c\ d[ eZghdcV! i]ZgZÁh i]Z hZchZ d[ \Zcj^cZ VjidW^d\gVe]n ]ZgZ VcY i]ViÁh i]Z gddi d[ [VhX^cVi^dc# 7ji ]^h gZXZci gZW^gi] Vh 7^aa 8VaaV]Vc ^h cdi V gZ^cXVgcVi^dc l^i]dji egZXZYZcXZ# =^h bjh^X ]Vh ValVnh [jcXi^dcZY Vh V hZg^Zh d[ X]VgVXiZg"g^X] igVch\gZhh^dch! [gdb WgViin iZZcV\Zg id dWYjgViZ b^hVci]gdeZ id WVY Wdn ]ZVgii]gdW VcY WVX` V\V^c# H^cXZ i]Z gZaZVhZ d[ 6 G^kZg 6^cÀi Idd BjX] Id AdkZ ^c '%%*! i]ZgZ ]VkZ WZZc h^\ch d[ V W^\\Zg h]^[i# =^h egdXaVbVi^dc dc i]Vi VaWjbÁh XZcigZe^ZXZ ÀHVn KVaaZn BV`ZgÁ id ¾Wjgn bZ ^c ÉgZ VcY >Áb \dccV e]dZc^m¿ h]dlh cdcZ d[ i]^h igV_ZXidgn ^h VXX^YZciVa# 8VaaV]Vc ^h kZgn bjX] ^c Xdcigda d[ ]^h dlc bni]dad\n! cdi aZVhi Zk^YZci ^c i]Z YZX^h^dc id VWVcYdc i]Z Hbd\ cdbZcXaVijgZ VcY VX`cdlaZY\Z ]^h dlc cVbZ! YZhe^iZ i]Z WZiiZg VYk^XZ d[ ]^h gZXdgY aVWZa 9gV\ 8^in# 6cY d[ XdjghZ! gZaVi^kZan ]^\] egdÉaZ gZaVi^dch]^eh l^i] ^cY^Z [da` \dYYZhhZh 8]Vc BVgh]Vaa VcY ?dVccV CZlhdb ]VkZ jh]ZgZY ]^b idlVgYh i]Z a^\]i! ZkZc ^[ ]Z ]Vh WZZc XdbbZcYVWan gZajXiVci id XVh] ^c dc i]ZhZ VhhdX^Vi^dch# 6cY hd ^iÁh Wdi] hjgeg^h^c\ VcY hdbZl]Vi egZY^XiVWaZ i]Vi HdbZi^bZh > L^h] LZ LZgZ 6c :V\aZ YdZhcÁi fj^iZ [daadl i]Z hVbZ eVi] Vh ]^h aVhi ild dji^c\h# ?jhi l]Zc 8VaaV]Vc hZZbZY id WZ gZaVm^c\ ^cid V XdbeZaa^c\ Xdch^hiZcXn! lZÁgZ jhjgeZY V\V^c# L]^aZ i]Z XdaaZXi^kZ egdcdjc ^c i]Z gZXdgYÁh i^iaZ ^h iZaa^c\ d[ V bdgZ eZghdcVa^hZY bjhZ! i]ZgZ VgZ h^\ch dc i]^h gZXdgY i]Vi ]ZÁh X]VccZaa^c\ Vaa d[ ]^h eVhi ]ZgZ# 6h i]Z ZV\aZ ^bV\Z gZV[Égbh! cVijgZ VcY aVcYhXVeZ ]VkZ ValVnh [ZVijgZY egdb^cZcian ^c 8VaaV]VcÁh bjh^X! gZÊZXi^c\ hdbZ ZVgi]n ^bejahZ i]Vi gdbVci^X^hZh V gZijgc id V h^beaZg Zm^hiZcXZ# 6h i]gdj\]dji ]^h bdhi gZXZci gZaZVhZh! i]ZgZÁh i]Vi hVbZ \ZciaZ ^ch^hiZcXZ d[ V g^kZg ]ZgZ# Ndj XVc Vabdhi [ZZa i]Z \ZciaZ VgX^c\ d[ WgVcX]Zh! ]ZVg i]Z hdaZbc^in d[ V ]jbb^c\ WgZZoZ! hZZ i]Z [gVXijg^c\ d[ cZl a^\]i# HjX] V[[ZXi^c\ h^bea^X^in ^h i]Z ZhhZcXZ d[ ]^h gZcV^hhVcXZ Vh 7^aa 8VaaV]Vc#


''


7ji [dg Vaa i]Z lddY VcY il^cZ Xdjcign iZcYZcX^Zh! i]ZgZÁh V hjWiaZ Y^hXdgYVcXZ WjWWa^c\ jcYZg i]Z VggVc\ZbZcih! bjX] a^`Z i]Z bVc ]^bhZa[! gZb^c^hXZci d[ ]^h ZVga^Zg ldg` l^i] Idgid^hZÁh ?d]c BX:ci^gZ dc 9dc\h d[ HZkdi^dc VcY i]Z ^cig^\j^c\ ZmeZg^bZci d[ i]Z XaVjhigde]dW^X GV^c Dc AZch# 8VaaV]VcÁh ]VgYan ]^Y^c\ ]^h ^ciZci^dch Z^i]Zg! heZaa^c\ ^i dji adjY VcY XaZVg dc i]Z VaWjbÁh deZc^c\ igVX` ¾> jhZY id WZ YVg`Zg! i]Zc > \di a^\]iZg! i]Zc > \di YVg` V\V^c#¿ 6h ^c a^[Z ^h ^c Vgi! lZÁgZ V Xdbedh^iZ d[ djg eVhih VcY 8VaaV]Vc `cdlh ZmVXian l]d ]Z ^h VcY l]ZgZ ]ZÁh XdbZ [gdb! ZkZc ^[ lZ YdcÁi# 9Zhe^iZ in^c\ ]^h dlc cVbZ id i]Z egd_ZXi! ^iÁh XaZVg i]Vi 8VaaV]Vc ^h lVci id aZVkZ jh \jZhh^c\ _jhi l]ZgZ ]^h Vgi hideh VcY i]Z bVc WZ\^ch# HeZV`^c\ l^i] ]^b ^c Vci^X^eVi^dc d[ i]Z VaWjbÁh gZaZVhZ VcY ]^h gZXZci gZijgc [gdb idjg^c\ 6jhigVa^V! i]ZgZ lVh dWk^djhan eaZcin id Y^hXjhh#

'(

7ZVgYZY/ I]^h ^h i]Z hZXdcY VaWjb jcYZg ndjg dlc cVbZ# 9^Y `cdl^c\ i]Vi ndjÁgZ ejii^c\ ndjg dlc cVbZ id i]Z gZXdgY VaiZg ]dl ^i lVh bVYZ4 NdjÁgZ egdWVWan egZiin h^X` d[ eZdeaZ bZci^dc^c\ i]Z igVch^i^dc [gdb Hbd\ id 7^aa 8VaaV]Vc! Wji Yd ndj hZZ Vcn h^\c^ÉXVcXZ ^c ^i WZndcY h^beaZ cdbZcXaVijgZ4 78/ 6aa > lVh Yd^c\ lVh VX`cdlaZY\^c\ i]Vi hdbZi]^c\ bZVci cdi]^c\# > jhjVaan iV`Z V gVY^XVaan Y^[[ZgZci VeegdVX] id ZVX] gZXdgY >ÁkZ YdcZ VcnlVn! hd X]Vc\^c\ i]Z cVbZ lVh a^`Z ejii^c\ V Ygde d[ lViZg ^cid V lViZg[Vaa# > Vb ^ciZgZhiZY aViZan ^c ldg`^c\ l^i] VggVc\Zgh ^chiZVY d[ Yd^c\ ^i bnhZa[# 7ji > Vahd ]VkZ ^YZVh > XVc eji ^cid egVXi^XZ dc bn dlc# 7ZVgYZY/ I]Z cZl VaWjb hdjcYh V adi a^`Z V Xdbedh^iZ Hbd\$7^aa 8VaaV]Vc gZXdgY! X]VccZaa^c\ V adi d[ Y^[[ZgZci ZaZbZcih [gdb ndjg eVhi ¼ > XVc ]ZVg GV^c Dc AZch! 9dc\h! GZY 6eeaZ ;Vaah! 6 G^kZg 6^cÀi Idd BjX] Id AdkZ! Ld`Z Dc 6 L]VaZ]ZVgi VcY i]ZnÁgZ Vaa egZiin Y^[[ZgZci gZXdgYh [dg bZ# 6h V gZhjai! ^i [ZZah a^`Z i]Z fj^ciZhhZci^Va Hbd\ gZXdgYµ 78/ > gZX`dc ^[ ndjÁgZ ]ZVg^c\ ÉkZ Y^[[ZgZci VaWjbh ^c i]^h VaWjb i]Zc bVnWZ l]Vi ^i VXijVaan hdjcYh a^`Z ^h hdbZi]^c\ Y^[[ZgZci i]Vc Vaa d[ i]Zb# >ÁkZ bVYZ V [Zl gZXdgYh! hd eZdeaZ hZZb id jhZ bZ Vh V gZ[ZgZcXZ ed^ci ^c bn dlc gZXdgYh cdl# 7ZVgYZY/ =dl ldjaY ndj hZZ i]^h gZXdgY ^c gZaVi^dc id i]Z aVhi4 > gZbZbWZg ]ZVg^c\ ndj hVn V l]^aZ V\d i]Vi @cdX` @cdX` lVh ndjg iZZcV\Z gZXdgY# 9d ndj hi^aa i]^c` d[ gZXdgYh ^c iZgbh d[ i]ZbZh dg dcZ dkZgVgX]^c\ ^YZV4 78/ > Y^Y hVn i]Vi V l]^aZ V\d# IZc nZVgh dg hd# 6 gZXdgY hiVgih Vh i]Z WgdVYZhi i]^c\ edhh^WaZ# BVnWZ hdbZi]^c\ a^`Z ÀH`nÁ dg À;jgÁ# I]Zc XdbZh V aVc\jV\Z! V e]gVh^c\! V idcZ! V k^Zled^ci! V bdji]# I]Z aVhi VaWjb lVh bdgZ a^`Z V YZbd > bVYZ d[ ÊZm^WaZ hdc\h i]Vi XdjaY WZ VggVc\ZY ^c bVcn lVnh# I]Z cZl VaWjb > [ZZa i]Z hdc\h XVc dcan WZ i]Z lVn i]Zn VgZ# >i ^h gddiZY# >i ^h Vc VaWjb# I]ZgZ XdbZh V ed^ci ^c i]Z gZXdgY bV`^c\ egdXZhh l]ZgZ ndj \Zi hcdlWa^cY# 8a^bW^c\ i]Vi bdjciV^c! ndj ]VkZ egZeVgZY [dg ^i Wji i]ZgZ ^h lZVi]Zg# I]ZgZ ^h V ed^ci l]ZgZ ndj XVcÁi hZZ Wji ndj `ZZe dc# L]Zc ndj \Zi id i]Z ide i]^c\h add` Y^[[ZgZci i]Vc i]Zn Y^Y [gdb i]Z Wdiidb! Wji i]ViÁh WZXVjhZ ndj VgZ dc i]Z di]Zg h^YZ d[ ^i# 7ZVgYZY/ Ndj bZci^dc i]^h gZXdgY WZ^c\ XdcXZ^kZY Vh ÀVc VaWjb#Á Dc i]Z egdbd Xden 9gV\ 8^in ]VkZ eji ^cXdc\gjZci XVg ]dgch Vi gVcYdb ed^cih i]gdj\]dji i]Z hdc\h ^c Vc ViiZbei id egZkZci e^gVXn# >h i]Z i]dj\]i d[ e^gVXn hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi Wdi]Zgh ndj4 9d ndj ldggn VWdji eZdeaZ cdi ]ZVg^c\ i]Z VaWjb Vh V l]daZ VcY i]ZgZ[dgZ cdi Vh ^i lVh ^ciZcYZY4 78/ >iÁh Y^hVeed^ci^c\ l]Zc eZdeaZ XVc a^hiZc id V h]^iin hdjcY fjVa^in kZgh^dc d[ ndjg gZXdgY ild bdci]h WZ[dgZ ^i ^h gZaZVhZY# >[ eZdeaZ lVci id a^hiZc id dcan dcZ d[ bn hdc\h! >Áb cdi idd ]jc\ je dc i]Vi# > a^`Z id ]ZVg d[ i]Z lVnh V hdc\ dg V gZXdgY Éih ^cid hdbZdcZÁh a^[Z! ^iÁh `^cY d[ XjiZ l]Zc hdbZdcZ ]Vh dcan ]ZVgY dcZ d[ ndjg hdc\h VcY a^`Zh ^i Wji i]ViÁh Vaa i]ZnÁgZ ^ciZgZhiZY ^c ]ZVg^c\# 7ji i]Z e^gVXn i]^c\! ndj `cdl! lZÁgZ WZXdb^c\ a^`Z 8]^cV dg Gjhh^V# >iÁaa ]jgi jh ^c i]Z adc\ gjc# E^gVXn ^h V h^\c d[ V [jX`ZY je hnhiZb#

7ZVgYZY/ I]ZgZÁh V ed^hZY ZXdcdbn id V adi d[ ndjg ang^Xh i]Vi ldjaY hZZb id aZcY ^ihZa[ lZaa id a^iZgVijgZ# =VkZ ndj ZkZg i]dj\]i VWdji ejghj^c\ Vcdi]Zg Y^hX^ea^cZ ^c i]Z hVbZ lVn ^c l]^X] C^X` 8VkZ dg AZdcVgY 8d]Zc dg 9Vk^Y 7ZgbVc ]VkZ4 78/ Lg^i^c\ V Wdd`4 >ÁkZ WZZc ldg`^c\ dc V Wdd` [dg hZkZgVa nZVgh cdl# >i ]Vh \dcZ i]gdj\] bVcn YgV[ih# > i]^c` ^i l^aa iV`Z bZ i^bZ VcY i^bZ id Éc^h]# I]Z gZk^h^dch XdjaY \d dc [dgZkZg VcY > YdcÁi i]^c` >ÁY b^cY ^[ ^i cZkZg XVbZ dji! WZXVjhZ ^i \Zih XadhZg l^i] ZVX] gZk^h^dc# > XdjaY gZk^hZ VcY gZk^hZ jci^a hdbZdcZ eg^Zh ^i [gdb bn XdaY YZVY Éc\Zgh# Dg bVnWZ ^iÁaa WZ YdcZ ^c V [Zl bdci]h# 7ZVgYZY/ >h i]Vi V egdXZhh i]Vi Y^[[Zgh bjX] id ]dl ndj VeegdVX] lg^i^c\ bjh^X4 78/ >iÁh `^cY d[ a^`Z ldg`^c\ dc '%% hdc\h Vi dcXZ! hd ^i iV`Zh i]Vi adc\# 7ZVgYZY/ 6 adi d[ ndjg ZVga^Zg ldg` lVh X]Vg\ZY l^i] V lgn b^hVci]gden! hdbZ d[ ^i eZg]Veh ZkZc Vci^hdX^Va! Wji i]Vi hZZbh id ]VkZ WZZc gZeaVXZY dc gZXZci VaWjbh l^i] V bdgZ i]dj\]i[ja VcY _dn[ja eZgheZXi^kZ# LVh i]^h V YZa^WZgViZ igVch\gZhh^dc4 9d ndj ldggn VWdji WZXdb^c\ hZci^bZciVa Vh ndj \gdl daYZg4 78/ >ÁkZ ValVnh WZZc hZci^bZciVa ^c i]Z XdggZXi bVccZg# Ndj `cdl i]Vi hdc\ À> AdkZÁ Wn Idb I# =Vaa4 > adkZ Vaa i]dhZ i]^c\h idd >i ^h ]VgY [dg bZ id i]^c` d[ bn dg VcnWdYnÁh ldg` Vh ÀVci^hdX^Va#Á I]ZgZ ^h Vci^hdX^Va WZ]Vk^djg! hjX] Vh ejcX]^c\ V cjc! Wji ldg` ^h cdi Vci^hdX^Va# Ldg` ^h hdX^Va VcY [dg i]Z WZcZÉi d[ i]Z eZdeaZ ^c ^ih ZcY [dgb# 7ZVgYZY/ NdjÁkZ gZXZcian gZXdgYZY V hdc\ [dg i]Z gZ^hhjZ d[ i]Z @Vi] 7addb VaWjb# =dl Y^Y i]Vi XdbZ VWdji4 9^Y ^i [ZZa higVc\Z id WZ gZ^ciZgegZi^c\ V hdc\ cdi ZmVXian l^YZan `cdlc! VcY ^c Yd^c\ hd Wg^c\^c\ ^i id V l^YZg VjY^ZcXZ4 78/ >ÁY ]ZVgY hdbZ d[ ]Zg hij[[ VcY ldcYZgZY VWdji ]Zg! ldcYZgZY l]ZgZ h]Z lZci# > a^`Z AdgZc BVooVXVcZ VcY `cZl ]Zg i]gdj\] i]Vi! i]Z gZXdgYh ]Z bVYZ l^i] ]Zg# >i Y^Y cdi [ZZa higVc\Z ^c i]Z aZVhi# 6 hdc\ ^h V hdc\ VcY ndj ign id \^kZ ndjg WZhi id ^i l^i]dji ZkZc dcZ hZXdcY YZkdiZY id i]^c`^c\ VWdji ]dl lZaa ^i ^h `cdlc# > lVh Vh`ZY id WZ dc i]Z Xdbe^aVi^dc VcY > hV^Y nZh# > ]VY V bdci] l]ZgZ > hV^Y nZh id ZkZgni]^c\# I]^h lVh WZ[dgZ i]Vi OddZn 9ZhX]VcZa bdk^Z PI]Z NZh BVcR# > hV^Y nZh id VWdji ÉkZ Y^[[ZgZci Xdbe^aVi^dch i]Vi bdci]# 7ZVgYZY/ NdjÁkZ _jhi Éc^h]ZY idjg^c\ 6jhigVa^V# 9d ndj ÉcY V hea^i ^c i]Z lVn Y^[[ZgZci Xdjcig^Zh gZhedcY id ndj a^kZ4 > gZbZbWZg hZZ^c\ ndj eaVn Vi 6aa IdbdggdlÁh EVgi^Zh ^c i]Z J@ id V gVi]Zg Vc^bViZY XgdlY i]Zc hZZ^c\ ndj eaVn ^c Eg^bVkZgV id V ]jh]ZY gZkZgZcXZµ 78/ Ndj XVcÁi gZVaan XViZ\dg^hZ VjY^ZcXZh ^c Y^[[ZgZci Xdjcig^Zh# Ndj XVc bVnWZ XViZ\dg^hZ XZgiV^c Zck^gdcbZcih# I]dhZ 6IEh ^c :c\aVcY iZcY id ViigVXi &-"nZVg"daY :c\a^h] Wdnh l]d ]VkZ WZZc Yg^c`^c\ V adi# I]Vi ^h V Y^hi^cXi Zck^gdcbZci# Eg^bVkZgV ViigVXih eZdeaZ [gdb Vaa dkZg i]Z ldgaY! cdi _jhi 7VgXZadcV# Hdµ 7ZVgYZY/ > ]ZVg ndjÁgZ Xdb^c\ dkZg id i]Z J@ ^c 6j\jhi# L^aa bjX] ]VkZ X]Vc\ZY [gdb i]Z Ld`Z Dc 6 L]VaZ]ZVgi h]dlh4 78/ > Vb ]de^c\ id bdhian eaVn dc WdVih# :^i]Zg i^ZY je dg [gZZ# I]Z WdVih > bZVc# Ine^XVaan! 7^aa 8VaaV]Vc ]Vh hV^Y bdgZ VWdji 7^aa 8VaaV]Vc ^c V Ê^eeVci bZiVe]dg i]Vc Vcn jcgVkZaa^c\ lZ XdjaY Yd ]ZgZ# 6cY ^iÁh ]VgYan hjgeg^h^c\ i]Vi ^c Yd^c\ hd ]ZÁh cdi gZkZVaZY kZgn bjX] Vi Vaa# Dc cZl VaWjb deZcZg À?^b 8V^cÁ 8VaaV]Vc XaV^bh ]Z ¾hiVgiZY iZaa^c\ V hidgn l^i]dji `cdl^c\ i]Z ZcY#¿ I^ZY id i]Z ]VgWdjg dg XVhi id hZV! ^iÁh hi^aa jchjgZ l]ZgZ ]^h WdVi l^aa Éc^h]! Wji i]^h jcXZgiV^cin ^h ]^h kZgn [VhX^cVi^dc# 6cY i]ViÁh cdi ZkZc XdciZbeaVi^c\ i]Z [ZVg d[ e^gVXn# >aajhigVi^dc OZgdiZc E]did\gVe]n ?dVccV CZlhdb! G <^aZ


7dcZn @^c\ d[ Cdl]ZgZ GVi[VXZ ]Vh WZZc ldg`^c\ ]^h ejc`"]^e" ]de ]nWg^Y ^c VcY VgdjcY 7g^hida [dg i]gZZ nZVgh# EaVn^c\ ^c VcY dji d[ hfjVih! ]^h 9>N bZi]dYh ]VkZ aZ[i ]^b jcYZg i]Z gVYVg d[ bVcn! ]Z iVa`h id 6cYn Eg^XZ VWdji ]dl cZl gZXdgY :cdj\] GVi[VXZ XdjaY hZZ nZVgh d[ ldg` \Zi ]^b cdi^XZY# AVWZa 7jbiVeZh

')


'*


'+


',

I]Z b^mZY WV\ XdjaY WZ hZZc id gZÊZXi i]Z `^cY d[ XgdlYh GVi[VXZ lVh eaVn^c\ id ^c i]Z ZVga^Zg YVnh# 6 ine^XVa W^aa XdjaY hZZ ;gZZbVc eji dc hiV\Z l^i] V gVc\Z d[ \ZcgZh [gdb [da` id ]VgYXdgZ ejc`# ¾> \jZhh > YdcÁi Éi ^c Vcn \ZcgZ hd > YdcÁi CDI Éi dc Vcn W^aa Z^i]Zg!¿ ]Z hVnh# ¾7Vgg^c\ Vcni]^c\ id Yd l^i] g^\]i l^c\ eda^i^Xh >Áaa bdhian eaVn Vcnl]ZgZ#¿ 7ji Vh '%%. igjcYaZh Vadc\! GVi[VXZ ÉcYh ]^bhZa[ hi^aa dc i]Z hVbZ b^hbViX]ZY W^aah Wji [dXjhZY dc V cZl XgdlY# ¾I]^h aVhi nZVg >ÁkZ WZZc eaVn^c\ V adi dc i]Z hfjVi hXZcZ l]^X] hZZbh V a^iiaZ bdgZ deZc id bn bVYXVe ^YZVh!¿ ]Z ZmeaV^ch# ¾7Z[dgZ ^i jhZY id ValVnh WZ À^iÁh Xdda! Wji l]Vi ^h ^i4Áµ Cdl ^iÁh jhjVaan bdgZ a^`Z À> YdcÁi `cdl l]Vi ^i ^h! Wji > a^`Z ^i!Á l]^X] bV`Zh bZ V ]Veen GViin#¿ L]^aZ ]^h bViZg^Va ValVnh [Vaah Égban ^c i]Z cZ\Vi^kZ XVbe [dg hdc\lg^i^c\! i]ZgZ ^h V hjWiaZ X]Vc\Z ^c idcZ dc i]Z aViZhi gZXdgY i]Vi h^\cVah i]^h ]Vee^Zg GViin! b^ggdg^c\ i]Z X]Vc\Z ^c bjh^X# GVi[VXZ ldjaY eji i]Z bjh^X Ydlc id h^bean É\jg^c\ dji l]Vi i]Z ]Zaa ]Z lVh Yd^c\ ¼ Wji cdiZh i]Vi ang^XVa XdciZci ]Vh V cZl [dXjh# 9^hXjhh^c\ ]^h XjggZci Zi]dh ]Z ZmeaV^ch/ ¾Bn i]dj\]ih ¾> i]^c` i]ZgZÁh V adi id WZ hV^Y VWdji cdi WZ^c\ idd Xdda!¿ VgZ i]Vi \ZcZgVaan i]^c\h VgZ [jX`ZY! Wji lZ Vaa ]VkZ V hVnh GVi[VXZ ¼ V`V GjhhZaa ;gZZbVc! Wji dcan id ]^h gZhedch^W^a^in id djghZakZh VcY djg Xdbbjc^i^Zh id cdi _jhi [g^ZcYhµ ¾Cd dcZÁh i]Vi Xdda nÁ`cdl4¿ lVaadl ^c i]Vi [VXi# LZ cZZY id gZXd\c^hZ i]Vi edh^i^kZ VcY I]^h ^h l]Vi i]Z Hl^cYdc"gV^hZY! 7g^hida"WVhZY gVeeZg ejih ^che^g^c\ i]dj\]ih VcY VXi^dch! cd bViiZg ]dl hbVaa dg ]^h aVhi nZVg d[ ^cXgZVh^c\ edejaVg^in Ydlc id! [dXjh^c\ hZZb^c\an ig^k^Va! Xdcig^WjiZ id V WZiiZg ldgaY [dg ndj VcY dc i]Z bdgZ ]dcZhi ang^XVa XdciZci VcY i]Z h^beaZhi Wji ZkZgndcZ VgdjcY ndj# Bn cZmi VaWjb ^h \dccV WZ VWdji XViX]^Zhi d[ WZVih ]Vh ]^i V X]dgY ^i hZZbh je VcY Ydlc hiVn^c\ ^c WZY#¿ i]Z hbVaa"idlc kZcjZh d[ i]Z J@# ¾>ÁkZ ValVnh gZVaan adkZY 7ji ZkZc ^[ GVi[VXZ lVh id bV`Z Vc VaWjb VWdji hiVn^c\ ^c i]Z ^YZV i]Vi V ', nZVg daY \ZZ` [gdb cdl]ZgZ XVc \Zi V WZY ^i ldjaY cd YdjWi WZ ^ciZgZhi^c\ id ]ZVg ZmVXian l]Vi gddb [jaa d[ gVY^XVaan Y^[[ZgZci eZdeaZ id hlZVi dji i]Z^g WZXdbZh d[ i]Z GVi[VXZ ^bV\^cVi^dc l]Zc XdcÉcZY id ]^h lZZ`h id\Zi]Zg# > \jZhh i]ViÁh V ]j\Z gZVhdc l]n > Yd i]^h!¿ fjVgiZgh# =^h eZghdcVÁh VXXZhh^W^a^in ^h cdi dcan Ydlc id ZmeaV^ch ;gZZbVc# V b^hbViX]ZY hinaZ! VeeZVa^c\ id ZkZgndcZÁh iVhiZ `^cY =Vk^c\ _jhi gZaZVhZY ]^h aViZhi gZXdgY :cdj\] GVi[VXZ dc 9>N d[ i]Zdgn! Wji Ydlc id ang^XVa ]dcZhin# 7Vg^c\ Vaa XVc WZ aVWZa 7jbiVeZh! GVi[VXZ ^h iV`^c\ hdbZ i^bZ id XdaaZXi ]^h VeeZVa^c\ VcY ;gZZbVc ]Vh eZg[ZXiZY i]Z Vgi id hZa["ZmedhZY i]dj\]ih WZ[dgZ ^i Vaa hiVgih dkZg V\V^c! ^i ldcÁi iV`Z adc\! edZign! cZkZg Y^hb^hh^c\ V i]dj\]i! ZkZgn eVgi d[ ]^h a^[Z Wji i]Z egd\gZhh^dc l^aa ValVnh WZ cdiVWaZ# I]Z YZkZadebZci ZcYh je Vh V ang^XVa deedgijc^in# d[ i]Z GVi[VXZ hdjcY ]Vh WZZc Xdch^YZgVWaZ dkZg ]^h Éghi ¾HdbZi^bZh > Xg^c\Z Vi i]Z hij[[ > lVh hVn^c\ dc GVi[VXZ i]gZZ gZXdgYh# I]Z X]Vc\Z WZilZZc i]Z XjggZci VaWjb Dc >XZ!¿ ]Z hVnh# ¾7ji > hi^aa hZaa ^i hd > \jZhh > hi^aa Y^\ ^i! VcY ^ih egZYZXZhhdg 9dlc L^i] GVi[VXZ ^h cdi^XZVWaZ ^c ^ih i]ZgZ[dgZ ZkZgndcZ h]djaY \Zi V Xden! i]Zc hiVcY VgdjcY ^c ]ZVk^Zg jhZ d[ `ZnWdVgYh VcY hVbeaZh ¼ ]^h Éghi AE! GVi[VXZ gZXdgY h]deh iZaa^c\ eZdeaZ i]Vi bn ZVgan hij[[ lVh i]Z WZhi#¿ dc >XZ i^c`ZgZY bdgZ l^i] \j^iVgh VcY ]dbZ bVYZ hdjcYh# Cd YdjWi Vaa i]gZZ GVi[VXZ AEh XjggZcian VkV^aVWaZ l^aa WZ I]Z aViZhi gZXdgY XVc Vahd WZ hZZc Vh V a^iiaZ bdgZ Xd]ZgZci XaVhhZY Vh ]^h ZVgan hij[[ Vh lg^i^c\$egdYjX^c\$gZaZVh^c\ ¼ i]Z ang^Xh bdk^c\ dc [gdb V gVcYdb XdaaZXi^dc d[ [gjhigViZY bViZg^Va ^h id GVi[VXZ l]Vi WgZVi]^c\ ^h id i]Z gZhi d[ jh! VcY ^YZVh id V bdgZ [dXjhZY VcY VXXZei^c\ Y^hXdb[dgi# ;gZZbVc dcZ i]^c\ ^h [dg hjgZ! ]dlZkZg bVcn bdgZ gZXdgYh XdbZ [gdb ZmeaV^ch ]dl i]Z eZghdcVÁh WZ\^cc^c\h hiVgiZY ^c ejc` ;gZZbVcÁh ehZjYdcnb! Vaa l^aa gZÊZXi i]Z i^bZ VcY i]Z eaVXZ# WVcY 9ZVY AZiiZgh/ ¾>ÁkZ WZZc ]^h adgYh]^e GVi[VXZ [dg VWdji ¾DcZ d[ bn [Vkdjg^iZ gVeeZgh 7gdi]Zg 6a^ hjbh ^i je [dg bZ/ i]gZZ nZVgh cdl!¿ ]Z hVnh# ¾> i]^c` YZZe Ydlc > _jhi XdjaYcÁi ÀL]ViZkZg XdbZh je! XdbZh dji! lZ YdcÁi eji djg ]VcYh aZi Vcdi]Zg WVcY WgZV` bn ]ZVgi# > lVh! VcY hi^aa Vb! gZVaan dkZg djg bdji]h#Á¿ ^cid I]Z 8aVh]! ;j\Vo^! 6i I]Z 9g^kZ">c! 7VY 7gV^ch! B^cdg I]gZVi# LZ lZgZ _jhi [djg bdji]n [jX`h gZVaan! Wji > b^hh E]did\gVe]n Aj`Z NViZh! 6aZm EdjaiZg i]Vi WVcYµ¿ I]Z bdkZ [gdb ejc` id V `^cY d[ ]nWg^Y^hZY ]^e ]de XVbZ V[iZg Vc ZmiZcYZY eZg^dY d[ adl XgZVi^k^in ¼ ;gZZbVc ZmeaV^ch i]Vi GVi[VXZ ^h V gZhedchZ id V cZZY id ZmegZhh i]gdj\] bjh^X l]^aZ Vkd^Y^c\ Vcdi]Zg WVcY h^ijVi^dc/ ¾7Z^c\ V [jcXi^dcVa WVaVcXZY ^cY^k^YjVa lVh ValVnh V ig^X`n dcZ [dg bZ l^i]dji bjh^X id ZhXVeZ ^cid!¿ ]Z hVnh# ¾Hd > hVkZY hdbZ bdcZn VcY Wdj\]i V Y^\^iVa ) igVX` V[iZg Y^hXdkZg^c\ VXih a^`Z 6ibdhe]ZgZ! 6Zhde GdX` VcY 8Vcc^WVa Dm#¿ I]Z [djg igVX` Xdci^cjZh id VeeZVg Vi i]Z GVi[VXZ a^kZ h]dlh! hdc\h egZ"adVYZY! aZVk^c\ _jhi i]Z adcZ É\jgZ dc hiV\Z id ZciZgiV^c i]gdj\] Vc ZcZg\Zi^X VcY hlZVin GViYVcXZ# HeZV`^c\ d[ i]Z a^kZ h]dlh! ;gZZbVc bjhZh/ ¾I]Zn bV^can lZci WVYan ¼ > YdcÁi `cdl l]n > Y^YcÁi \^kZ jeµ gZk^Zlh lZgZ! Vh > hi^aa ÉcY i]Zb id WZ! ]dcZhi! ZcXdjgV\^c\! eVigdc^h^c\! ^che^g^c\! XdcigVY^Xidgn! idjX]^c\! ]Va["VghZY! VcY Xdc[jh^c\#¿


LV^i^c\ ;dg I]Z BVc 6 WV\ d[ ig^X`h! [gdb Xdb^X Wdd`h id ]dbZ gZXdgY^c\! [Zl eZdeaZ [daadl i]Z 9>N VZhi]Zi^X VcY \Zi id l]ZgZ ?Z[[gZn AZl^h ÉcYh ]^bhZa[ ¼ ^c i]Z d[ÉXZh d[ Vg\jVWan i]Z bdhi [Vbdjh ^cYZeZcYZci gZXdgY aVWZa ZkZg# Da^ H^behdc iVa`h id 7ZVgYZYÁh XdkZg ^aajhigVidg# AVWZa Gdj\] IgVYZ

'-


'.

?Z[[gZn AZl^h ^h aViZ# 6ai]dj\] i]^h ^hcà i ZmVXian V egdWaZb! Vh lZ VggVc\ZY id bZZi ^c i]Z Xdb[n XdcÉcZh d[ ]^h aVWZaà h d[ÉXZ! Gdj\] IgVYZ =F# CZhiaZY ^cid jcVhhjb^c\ egZb^hZh Vi i]Z ZcY d[ Vc VgX^c\ higZZi cZVg EdgidWZaad GdVY! i]Z i^Yn X]Vdh d[ i]Z Wjhn jehiV^gh d[ÉXZ aZVYh Ydlc V he^gVa hiV^gXVhZ ^cid i]Z Wjhia^c\ ^ciZg^dg d[ l]Vi ^h ZhhZci^Vaan Vc ^cY^Z [VcWdnà h lZiiZhi YgZVb# GZXdgYh! Wdi] hZb^cVa VcY di]Zgl^hZ! \gdVc [gdb ZkZgn h]Za[ Vh i]Z WZVkZg^c\ Gdj\] IgVYZ bdW Wjhn i]ZbhZakZh jcYZg V bdjciV^c d[ \^\ edhiZgh! egdbd haZZkZh VcY VhhdgiZY gdX` Ze]ZbZgV i]Z a^`Zh d[ l]^X] XdjaY ]VkZ ]VY ?d]c EZZa Wajh]^c\ ^c \^YYn ZmX^iZbZci# I]ZgZ VgZ ZkZc [gZh] Ydcjih# :ahZl]ZgZ! aVWZa [djcYZg <Zd[[ IgVk^h XVc WZ he^ZY Vi ]^h eZgX] hZkZgVa [ZZi VlVn! YdjWiaZhh iV`^c\ ]^h aZ\ZcYVg^an \daYZc ZVgh id i]Z iVh` d[ hZaZXi^c\ i]Z cZmi ^cY^Z jcidjX]VWaZh WZ[dgZ Ê^ii^c\ i]Zb h`nlVgYh VcY ^cid i]Z ]ZVgih d[ b^aa^dch# 6\V^c! i]ZgZ VgZ ldghZ eaVXZh id WZ [dgXZY id lV^i# 9ZaVnZY Wn igV[ÉX hdbZl]ZgZ ^c 8aVe]Vb V[iZg Vcdi]Zg hjXXZhh[ja h]dl ^c 7g^\]idc i]Z egZk^djh c^\]i! AZl^hà ZkZg"hlZaa^c\ VjY^ZcXZh dc Wdi] h^YZh d[ i]Z edcY ]VkZ WZZc hadlan VXXjbjaViZY dkZg iZc nZVgh ldgi] d[ hda^Y idjg^c\# 8Vei^kViZY Wn ]^h ^ggZ\jaVg adeZ WZilZZc i]Z ijbWaZYdlc X]Vgb d[ ad"É [da` bZadY^XV VcY gdaa^X`^c\ ejc`"edeeZi ldg`djih! AZl^hà VggZhi^c\ hZchZ d[ i]Z hjggZVa VcY i]Z iZcYZg YZÉVcXZ d[ ]^h bjh^X ]Vh gZhdcViZY l^i] [Vch l]d VeegZX^ViZ ^ih VeeZVa^c\ aVX` d[ Vgi^ÉXZ# GZXd\c^h^c\ i]Vi Vaa i]Z \gZVi i]^c\h VgZ h^beaZ! AZl^hà bjh^X hadlan \gZl hiZVY^an bdgZ VhhjgZY Vh hjXXZhh^kZ VaWjbh gdaaZY Z[[dgiaZhhan [gdb lgdc\"]VcYZY ejc` WdjcXZ id _Vc\a^c\ ]necdi^hb/ ^ià h ilZZ l^i] iZZi]! \^kZc [jgi]Zg X]VgVXiZg VcY YZei] i]gdj\] AZl^hà Vgildg` VcY XVgiddch# LdgY hadlan hegZVY VcY i]Z XVgZldgc nZi WdbWVhi^X WgZVi] d[ [gZh] V^g i]Vi WZXVbZ >iÀh i]Z DcZh L]dÀkZ 8gVX`ZY I]Vi i]Z A^\]i H]^cZh I]gdj\] VcY 8^in :VhiZgc Hdc\h XVj\]i i]Z ViiZci^dch d[ i]Z \ddY VcY i]Z [Zl ^c Vc di]Zgl^hZ hijciZY! bdcd"Y^bZch^dcVa bjh^X hXZcZ i]Vi ^cXgZVh^c\an hdaY^Zgh dc hdaZan id Xad\ je hdbZ YZVY"ZnZY I) egZhZciZgà h ^EdY VcY bV`Z ndj l^h] ndjg gVY^d ]VY V hZii^c\ adlZg i]Vc bjiZ# Gdj\]an ]Va[ Vc ]djg aViZg! V gjhia^c\ Vi i]Z Yddg h^\cVah djg bVcà h ZcigVcXZ# 6XXdbeVc^ZY Wn i]Z gZbV^c^c\ bZbWZgh d[ i]Z WVcY! Wgdi]Zg ?VX` WVhh VcY XadhZ [g^ZcY 9VkZ Ygjbh ! AZl^h hVjciZgh ^cid i]Z gddb WZcZVi] V [jggn YZZghiVa`Zg ]Vi VcY ^cigdYjXZh ]^bhZa[# 6aa ZVhn X]Vgb VcY fj^Zi ed^hZ! ]Z ^h ^bbZY^ViZan [jaa d[ h^cXZgZ Vedad\^Zh! WgVcY^h]^c\ V hjgeg^h^c\an Égb ]VcYh]V`Z# =^h Wdn^h] add`h WZigVnZY dcan Wn V gZXZY^c\ ]V^ga^cZ0 AZl^h ]Vh WZZc ^c i]^h \VbZ [dg adc\Zg i]Vc V a^iiaZ W^i! Vai]dj\] i]Z nZVgh d[ hiZVYn idjg^c\ VcY XdjX]"hjgÉc\ VXgdhh i]Z ldgaY ]VkZ aZ[i ]^b l^i] Vc ^cYZa^WaZ Vb^VW^a^in# AdgY VadcZ `cdlh ^ià h ZVhn id adhZ ndjghZa[ je i]ZgZ ^c i]Z Zngn d[ gdX` VcY gdaa! l]Vi l^i] Vaa i]Z XgVX` iZVbh d[ hjeZg\gdje^Zh VcY W^cWV\h [jaa d[ WgV^c" bZai^c\ Ygj\h! Wji AZl^h VeeZVgh id ]VkZ adhi cdcZ d[ i]Z ZVhn X]Vgb VcY l^YZ"ZnZY h^cXZg^in i]Vi h]dcZ dji d[ Vaa i]dhZ ZVgan NdjijWZ k^YZdh VcY cVhXZci! WZYgddb"WgZlZY gZXdgY^c\h# Hidee^c\ dcan id Yjbe ]^h i]^c\h ^c V eZVXZ[ja cdd` d[ i]Z d[ÉXZ! ]Z ^h \ddY id \d VcY hj\\Zhih lZ ÉcY hdbZl]ZgZ cZVgWn id iVa`# GZi^g^c\ id i]Z fj^Zi XdgcZg d[ V cZ^\]Wdjg]ddY WVg! ?Z[[ dgYZgh V edi d[ iZV l]^X] ]Z l^aa

dXXVh^dcVaan Yg^c`! a^`Z hdbZ `^cY d[ XV[[Z^cViZY hdje! l^i] ]^h iZVheddc [gdb i]Z Xje! edcYZg^c\ ]^h VchlZgh WZilZZc h^eh VcY hZiiaZh Ydlc id [VXZ i]Z 7ZVgYZY ^cfj^h^i^dc# EVjh^c\ dcan id Xdbea^bZci djg 9^XiVe]dcZ -%h! ]ZaY id\Zi]Zg Wn YjXi iVeZ VcY dei^b^hb ! ?Z[[Ă h hiZVYn WajZ ZnZh hZiiaZ dc i]Z b^YYaZ"Y^hiVcXZ VcY V]"lVn lZ \dÂľ ?d`^c\an YZhXg^W^c\ ]^bhZa[ Vh V XdbW^cVi^dc d[ ž]jbWaZcZhh VcY l^aY YZajh^dch d[ \gVcYZjg!Âż AZl^h ^h Z[[VX^c\ VcY eda^iZ id V [Vjai! heZV`^c\ l^i] Vc ^c[ZXi^djh ZVgcZhicZhh i]Vi WaZZYh i]gdj\] ]^h hdbZi^bZh hi^aiZY! nZi ValVnh Xdch^YZgZY! gZhedchZh# ž>ci^bVXn ^h l]Vi gZVaan ]Zaeh bn bjh^X id XdccZXiÂż ]Z WZ\^ch! žVai]dj\] ^iĂ h bdgZ d[ V h]dl"VcY"iZaa d[ bn [ZZa^c\h ^c iZgbh d[ Ă€d]! ]ZgZ ^h V hdc\ > Y^YÂľ dg V Xdb^X! dg l]ViZkZg#Ă >[ > ]VkZ Vcni]^c\ id d[[Zg ^i ^hcĂ i hjeedhZY id hig^`Z WgdVY Zbdi^dcVa higd`Zh# 7ji ^iĂ h kZgn heZX^ÉX [dg V hbVaaZg VjY^ZcXZÂľ LZĂ kZ _jhi WZZc XdcÉgbZY [dg 6aa IdbdggdlĂ h EVgi^Zh ^c ZVgan BVn! dc i]Z YVn i]Vi lVh XjgViZY Wn i]Z [Vch Vh lZaa! hd i]Vi lVh \gZVi#Âż IVa` ijgch id ]^h aViZhi gZaZVhZ# L]^ahi bdhi WVcYĂ h É[i] hijY^d VaWjbh VgZ i]Z YZheZgViZ hdjcY d[ \gdje hXgVee^c\ Vi V hXdgX]ZY e^ZXZ d[ ZVgi] l]ZgZ i]Z Wdiidb d[ i]Z WVggZa bVg`ZY Ă€>YZVhĂ jhZY id WZ! Ă€:b 6gZ >! i]Z VaWjb AZl^h VcY Xd VgZ XjggZcian idjg^c\ V]ZVY d[ ^ih 6eg^a gZaZVhZ! eVX`h i]Z hdgi d[ WVggZa^c\ ^ccdkVi^dc i]Vi bVgX]Zh egdjYan gdjcY ndjg WgV^c WZ[dgZ edee^c\ ndjg ]ZVgi ^c ^ih ]VcYWV\ VcY hlV\\Zg^c\ d[[ ^cid i]Z hjchZi# I]Z i^iaZ ^ihZa[ YgVlh jedc AZl^hĂ di]Zg \gZVi eVhh^dc ^c a^[Z Vadc\h^YZ Vgi VcY bjh^X0 cVbZan! ^che^gZY$h]VbZaZhh ejccZgn# ž> lVh i]^c`^c\ VWdji BG> hXVch ^c ]dhe^iVah VcY _jhi a^`ZY i]Z ^YZV d[ PXdc[gdci^c\R bZciVa Vcm^Zi^Zh VWdji ^YZci^in VcY ^YZVh d[ ^ccZg gZaVi^dch]^e VcY i]Z cZZY [dg hZa["YZÉc^i^dc# 7ji ^iĂ h cdi V W^\ e]^adhde]^XVa igZVi^hZ# >c i]Z ZcY ^iĂ h _jhi V ejc#Âż ž6ai]dj\] > [ZZa a^`Z i]^h cZl VaWjb gZegZhZcih i]Z eZghdcVa ZmiZci d[ l]Vi > XVc Yd g^\]i cdl# > YdcĂ i `cdl ^[ > XdjaY WZiiZg i]Z hdc\lg^i^c\ VcY egdYjXi^dc# > [ZZa a^`Z i]^h b^\]i WZ i]Z WZhi ZmVbeaZ d[ l]Vi > XVc Yd#Âż EZg]Veh# 7ji l^i] i]Z YVnh d[ e]nh^XVa VaWjbh WZ^c\ aVg\Zan \dcZ! hlZei VlVn Wn i]Z Y^\^iVa i^YZ VcY i]Z bng^VY VkV^aVW^a^in d[ bjh^X dca^cZ! XdjaY AZl^hĂ gZigd"[jijg^hi iV`Z dc [da` igVchaViZ id i]Vi bdhi bdYZgc d[ bZY^jbh! i]Z Y^\^iVa VaWjb4 ž:kZgnWdYn Vi i]Z aVWZa ValVnh iVa`h VWdji ]dl Y^\^iVa VaWjb hVaZh VgZ je VcY e]nh^XVa VaWjb hVaZh VgZ Ydlc! ZkZgn cZl gZXdgY i]Zn eji dji hZZh V g^hZÂľ gZXZci VaWjbh a^`Z ;jX`ZY Je Y^Y hdbZi]^c\ a^`Z +% Y^\^iVa hVaZh VcY i]ZgZ lVh iVa` VWdji cdi gZaZVh^c\ i]^h cZl VaWjb dc 89 Vi Vaa# > bZVc! > a^`ZY i]Z ^YZV d[ ejii^c\ hij[[ dji dc k^cna l^i] Y^\^iVa YdlcadVY XdYZh l]^X] ndj XdjaY jhZ [dg [gZZ VcY i]Zc ndj ]VkZ i]Z k^cna Vh ndjg e]nh^XVa dW_ZXi VcY i]Z igVX`h VkV^aVWaZ [dg ndjg ^EdY dg l]ViZkZg! l]^X] hZZbh a^`Z V \ddY lVn [dg i]Z ^cYjhign id bdkZ [dglVgY WZXVjhZ Pcd bjh^XVa eaVi[dgbR ZkZg [djcY Vh Xdb[dgiVWaZ V eaVXZ Vh e]nh^XVa dW_ZXih ^c i]Z lVn i]Vi k^cna Y^Y# > adkZ ldg`^c\ dc i]Z Vgildg` VcY i]Z YZh^\c d[ i]Z eVX`V\^c\Âľ > a^`Z id VeegdVX] i]Z e]nh^XVa h^YZ Vh _jhi Vcdi]Zg eVgi d[ i]Z VaWjb# >i ldjaY WZ hVY id adhZ i]Vi ZaZbZci d[ ^i# 9dlcadVY^c\ XVc Vahd hZkZg V Ă€hda^YĂ VaWjb VcY igVX`a^hi^c\! ^i _jhi WZXdbZh V WV\ [jaa d[ hdc\h# >i adhZh ^ih VgX! nĂ `cdl4


(%


(&

¾7ji ^i ^h WZiiZg [dg i]Z Zck^gdcbZci! i]Z e^aZh VcY e^aZh d[ gZXdgYh VcY Vaa i]Z eaVhi^X VcY j]! ^i ldjaY _jhi WZ V Y^[[ZgZci lVn d[ i]^c`^c\ VWdji ^i# 6cY i]ZgZ ^h V [gZZYdb ^c gZaZVh^c\ i]^c\h l^i]dji V hda^Y igVX` dgYZg! hd eZdeaZ XdjaY `^cY d[ ejooaZ ^i dji [dg i]ZbhZakZh# =j\Z gZVabh d[ edhh^W^a^i^Zh VgZ i]ZgZ i]Vi > `^cYV [ZZa Vc djih^YZg id! Wji l^i] bn idiVaan aVnbVc eZgheZXi^kZ > XdjaY i]^c` d[ hdbZ edhh^Wan fj^g`n dg ^ciZgZhi^c\ lVnh id VeegdVX] ^i# 7ji Vi i]Z gddi Vaa d[ i]^h ^iÁh ed^ciaZhh jcaZhh i]ZgZ VgZ \ddY hdc\h id WZ\^c l^i]# <^bb^X`h XVcÁi bV`Z ^i Vaa# Hd l^i] i]Z Xdb^c\ bdci]h egdb^h^c\ bdgZ idjgh! ^cXajY^c\ Vc ^cVj\jgVa _Vjci id 6jhigVa^V! Vh lZaa Vh Xdci^cjZY ldg` dc ^hhjZ Z^\]i d[ ]^h Xdb^X ;j[[! i]^c\h VeeZVg id WZ Vaa \gZZc a^\]ih [dg AZl^hÁ ^bbZY^ViZ [jijgZ# ¾> _jhi [Zai a^`Z [dg VWdji V nZVg > _jhi hV^Y nZh id ZkZgn deedgijc^in i]Vi XVbZ Vadc\!¿ ]Z VYb^ih dkZg i]Z aVhi YgZ\h d[ ]^h iZV! ¾Wji dkZg i]Z cZmi nZVg > lVci id eaVn ha^\]ian aZhh VcY ldg` dc ejii^c\ dji bdgZ Xdb^Xh# 7ji > YdcÁi `cdl! lZÁaa hZZµ > ldjaY VXijVaan a^`Z id XdkZg hdbZ Adj GZZY! i]dj\]# =ZÁh `cdlc [dg VWdji [djg hdc\h nZi ]Z ]Vh WZZc bV`^c\ VaWjbh [dg i]^gin nZVgh i]Vi Vaa ]VkZ hdbZ \gZVi bViZg^Va VcY > ldjaY YZÉc^iZan a^`Z id \^kZ bn he^c dc hdbZ d[ i]dhZ igVX`h dg iV`Z V l]daZ hZg^Zh d[ ]^h VaWjbh VcY gZbV`Z i]Zb# Cdi i]Vi > ldjaY cZXZhhVg^an Yd ^i Vcn WZiiZgµ ¾> bZVc! ndj XdjaY i]gdl V gdX` ^c egZiin bjX] Vcn Y^gZXi^dc VcY ]^i hdbZdcZ i]Vi XVc h^c\ dg eaVn WZiiZg i]Vc bZ# I]ZgZ ^hcÁi Vcn dcZ ZaZbZci d[ l]Vi > Yd i]Vi eZdeaZ dji i]ZgZ XVcÁi Yd WZiiZg# 7ji cd dcZ ZahZ ]Vh i]Z XdbW^cVi^dc d[ ZaZbZcih VcY eZghdcVa^i^Zh i]Vi XdbZ dji ^c bn WVcY id [dgb i]^h Xd]Zh^kZ l]daZ i]Vi jc^fjZan VeeZVah dc hdbZ hbVaa aZkZa# Dc V XZgiV^c aZkZa! ^i ^h ^bedgiVci i]Vi lZ Zm^hi WZXVjhZ i]ZgZ ^hcÁi VcnWdYn ZahZ i]Vi XVc Yd ZmVXian l]Vi i]^h WVcY YdZh# >[ > lVhcÁi ^c i]^h WVcY! > ldjaY adkZ id hijbWaZ VXgdhh i]Zb! hd ^c i]Vi hZchZ > Vb kZgn egdjY#¿ 6cY l^i] V \ZciaZ h^\] VcY i]Z i^c^Zhi d[ Êdjg^h]Zh! djg XdckZghVi^dc ^h dkZg# 6agZVYn je VcY VlVn! ?Z[[gZn higdaah hadlan djih^YZ VcY idlVgYh i]Z lV^i^c\ bZbWZgh d[ ]^h WVcY! cZkZg dcXZ WgZV`^c\ VlVn [gdb Zci]jh^c\ VWdji ]^h aViZhi Y^hXdkZgn! >Vc 9jgn ¾VWhdajiZan VbVo^c\ hdc\hµ Wji a^iZgVaan cd dcZ a^hiZch id ]^b ^c i]Z HiViZh¿ ! Vh VhhdgiZY aVWZa [da` Wjhn VWdji ]^b ign^c\ id hdgi dji ]^h hX]ZYjaZ# 6cY i]ZgZ^c ZhhZci^Vaan a^Zh AZl^hÁ YjVa cVijgZ0 V iVaZciZY bjh^X^Vc \gdl^c\ ^c hiVijgZ VcY gZejiVi^dc i]Vi h]ZaiZgh Vc ZiZgcVaan l^YZ"ZnZY [VcWdn l]d bVgkZah Vi eZg[ZXi^dc nZi ]Vh Zcdj\] eZgheZXi^kZ id Y^hb^hh i]Z XdcXZ^i i]Vi Vaa idd d[iZc VXXdbeVc^Zh ^i# 7ZVgYn WgV^cWdm <#@# 8]ZhiZgidc dcXZ hV^Y ¾Vc\Zah XVc Ên WZXVjhZ i]Zn iV`Z i]ZbhZakZh a^\]ian#¿ L]ViÁh bdgZ! ^i ijgch dji i]Z bVY daY WVhiVgY lVh g^\]i ¼ AZl^hÁ bjh^X VcY Vgildg` ^h iZhiVbZci id i]Z [VXi# =Z ^h hi^aa aZVgc^c\! ilZV`ZY VcY YVg^c\ id [daadl ]^h dlc ^Y^dhncXgVi^X bjhZ ^chiZVY d[ hfjZZo^c\ ^cid Vc ^aa"Éii^c\ eV^g d[ igdjhZgh [dg CB: ^c Vc ViiZbei id X]VhZ igZcY ^chiZVY d[ ^ccdkVi^dc# 6cY l]Zi]Zg jcYZg\gdjcY! dkZg\gdjcY dg V"ldbWa^c\ [gZZ! i]ZgZ ^h hi^aa i]Z heVg` i]Vi Éghi ^che^gZY i]Z h`ZlZY VcY il^hiZY X]Vgb d[ ]^h bjh^XÁh ^cXZei^dc# 6aa WZ^c\ lZaa! '%%. h]djaY Xdci^cjZ id hZZ ndjc\ Bg AZl^h hlZZe^c\ je daY VcY cZl ]ZVgih Va^`Z VXgdhh i]Z ldgaYÁh jcYZg\gdjcY# HVbZ Vh ^i ZkZg lVh# >aajhigVi^dc =daan LVaZh E]did\gVe]n GVX]Za A^ehdc! :g^X A^eeZ! 6a^hdc LdcYZgaVcY


6gZ ndj GZVYn [dg i]Z 8djcign4 I]Z aViZhi WVcY dji d[ i]Z ZkZg"[gj^i[ja ]jW d[ <aVh\dl id bV`Z V heaVh] hdji] d[ i]Z WdgYZg! AZ GZcd 6behÁ Xdjcig^ÉZY gdX` ^h Yg^[i^c\ [jgi]Zg ^cid i]Z XdchX^djhcZhh# I]Zn iVa` id ?Vb^Z =V^ahidcZ VWdji ]dl ild YZÉc^iZan \dZh ^cid dcZ# AVWZa 9g^[i

('


¾I]Vi lVh i]Z Éghi dcZ lZ Y^Y l^i] egdYjXZg @Zk^c @Zn# =Z jhZY id WZ ^c V WVcY XVaaZY i]Z GVY^d HlZZi]ZVgih# =Z d[[ZgZY id gZXdgY jh# LZ lZci l^i] i]Vi# =Z Wgdj\]i dji bdgZ d[ i]Z Xdjcign ZaZbZci# >i lVh bdgZ d[ V YdlcWZVi VaWjb#¿ >i lVh VgdjcY i]^h ed^ci i]Vi i]Z dg^\^cVa Yjd \gZl id V [djg" e^ZXZ WVcY l^i] ?Vhdc H^cXaV^g dc Ygjbh VcY A^cYhZn HXdii dc WVhh# IZVg >i DeZc lVh i]Zc gZXdgYZY Vi I]Z 9Za\VYdÁh 8]Zb&. hijY^d ^c =Vb^aidc VcY [ZVijgZh ZaZkZc hidgb^c\ cZl igVX`h# >i Vahd [ZVijgZh V XdjeaZ d[ \jZhi hiVgh! a^`Z BVgX 7ZViin [gdb 7g^\]idc"WVhZY WVcY 7gV`Zh dc aVe hiZZa VcY <gZ\ 7VgcZh [gdb I]Z =jhhnh dc `ZnWdVgYh# ¾LZ ldg`ZY l^i] V \ZciaZbVc XVaaZY 6cYn B^aaZg i]^h i^bZ! l]dÁh egdYjXZY Hdch VcY 9Vj\]iZgh! HXdji C^WaZii VcY Bd\lV^# =Z lVh VbVo^c\ id ldg` l^i]# =Z gZVaan `cdlh ]dl id \Zi V \ddY hdjcY dji d[ ndj# >i lVh kZgn X]^aaZY# 6aa ^c Vaa! lZ gZXdgYZY ^i ^c ilZakZ YVnh#¿ I]Z WVcYÁh WaZcY d[ Xdjcign! ede VcY gdX` ^h V \ddY dcZ# I]Z cZl gZXdgY! l]^X] ^h gZaZVhZY dc 9g^[i GZXdgYh! ]Vh VagZVYn heVlcZY ild h^c\aZh/ ÀDjiaVlhÁ! gZaZVhZY ^c ;ZWgjVgn VcY i]Z Wg^aa^Vcian XViX]n ÀHZcY BZ Dc Bn LVnÁ ^c 9ZXZbWZg aVhi nZVg ¼ Vg\jVWan i]Z ÉcZhi hdc\ ZkZg id [ZVijgZ i]Z ldgY ÀXdcfj^hiVYdg#Á ¾>i lVh XVaaZY À8dcfj^hiVYdgÁ l]Zc lZ lZgZ gZXdgY^c\ i]Z VaWjb!¿ VYb^ih 6a# ¾LZ XdcXajYZY i]Vi ^i lVh Vc Vl[jaan W^\ ldgY# LZ i]dj\]i lZÁY WZiiZg X]Vc\Z ^i! ^c XVhZ djg [VcWVhZ VgZ h^beaZg i]Vc lZ VgZ!¿ ]Z aVj\]h# ¾EZdeaZ hVn lZÁgZ 6bZg^XVcV VcY > XVc hZZ l]ZgZ i]Zn VgZ Xdb^c\ [gdb!¿ hVnh 6a# ¾> a^hiZc id V adi d[ 6bZg^XVc bjh^X! Wji i]Z iZgb 6bZg^XVcV _jhi bV`Zh bZ i]^c` d[ Yjaa! dg XdbeZiZci! Wji egZiin Yjaa# ¾> ldjaY hVn lZ XdbZ [gdb V Xdjcign ZaZbZci# 6aa [djg d[ jh VgZ W^\ ?d]ccn 8Vh] [Vch! VcY 9daan EVgidc# LZ Vaa adkZ 9daan# > \jZhh lZÁkZ ValVnh ]VY Vc VeegZX^Vi^dc d[ ;gVc` 7aVX` VcY ]^h Xdjcign bjh^X# ¾I]ZgZÁh V WVcY [gdb 6jhigVa^V XVaaZY 8V`Z! l]d lZgZ Wg^ZÊn edejaVg VgdjcY i]Z i^bZ d[ I;> ;g^YVn l^i] V XdkZg d[ À> L^aa Hjgk^kZÁ# I]Zn ]VY hdbZ \gZVi gddih"n hdc\h# LZ ]VkZ \dcZ [dg i]Vi# LZÁgZ _jhi ign^c\ id lg^iZ gdWjhi hdc\h! l]^X] VgZ V[[ZXi^c\#¿ L^i] V [jaa J@ idjg ^c i]Z ldg`h VcY hjeedgi hadi l^i] 7gV`Zh! AZ GZcd 6beh VgZ _jhi lVgb^c\ je VcY \Zii^c\ gZVYn id V[[ZXi i]Z cVi^dc# I]Zn bV`Z i]Zb egZiin gdWjhi je ^c <aVh\dl! YdcÁi ndj `cdl#

((

¾>iÁh lZ^gY! i]Z l]daZ <aVh\dl$:Y^cWjg\] Y^k^YZ!¿ hVnh 6a CZgd! d[ HXdii^h] \gdje AZ GZcd 6beh# ¾>i bVn iV`Z dcan Vc ]djg id Yg^kZ WZilZZc i]Zb! Wji ndj XdjaYcÁi ]VkZ V bdgZ deedh^iZ hZi d[ kVajZh# <aVh\dl ]Vh ldg`^c\ bVcÁh k^WZ VcY i]ZgZ VgZ adih d[ gdX` VcY gdaa WVcYh! Wji i]Z :Y^cWjg\] k^WZ ^h V W^i bdgZ jebVg`Zi# Hd cVijgVaan! lZ bdkZY id <aVh\dl ¿ 9Zhe^iZ i]Z Zmdi^X hdjcY^c\ cVbZ AZ GZcd 6beh VgZ Vh HXdii^h] Vh ]V\\^h! cZZeh VcY iVii^Zh! VcY l]ViÁh bdgZ! i]Zn gdX` ;djcYZgh 6a CZgd VcY HXdii BVeaZ ]VkZ i]Vi Vaa ^bedgiVci YdjWaZ l]Vbbn d[ Xdjcign"ZhfjZ kdXVa ]Vgbdc^Zh VcY gdX`^c\ ijcZh l^i] ede ]dd`h! VcY i]Z WVcY VgZ cdl \Zii^c\ gZVYn id idjg i]Z^g ZmXZaaZci cZl VaWjb IZVg >i DeZc Vaa dkZg i]Z J@# I]Z hidgn d[ ]dl i]ZhZ ild bZc XVbZ id [dgb V Xdjcign$ ^cY^Z WVcY ^h V gZbVg`VWaZ dcZ! cdi aZVhi WZXVjhZ i]Zn lZgZ Wdi] eaVn^c\ ^c i]Z^g dlc \gdjeh l]Zc i]Zn Éghi bZi# 6gZ ndj h^ii^c\ Xdb[dgiVWan4 <ddY# >i Vaa hiVgiZY ^c 6WZgYZZc! ^c E]did\gVe]n 9Vk^Y CZl^ii BVn '%%'µ ¾HXdii hiVgiZY dji ^c V WVcY XVaaZY BVeaZ VcY > hiVgiZY dji ^c V WVcY XVaaZY CZgd!¿ hVnh 6a# ¾I]ViÁh gZVaan ]dl lZ VYdeiZY djg bdc^`Zgh# LZ lZgZ Vh`ZY Wn V \jn Vi i]Z EGH! XVaaZY HijVgi ;aZb^c\! id eaVn Vi Vc ZkZci XVaaZY <d Cdgi]! l]^X] ^h dcZ d[ i]dhZ a^iiaZ ^cYjhign i]^c\h# >i lVh ]ZaY ^c 6WZgYZZc! l]ZgZ lZ lZgZ WVhZY Vi i]Z i^bZ# ¾LZ lZgZ Vh`ZY id eaVn Vc V[iZg"h]dl VXdjhi^X i]^c\! l^i] hdbZ XdkZgh# LZ `cZl Wdi] d[ djg gZheZXi^kZ WVcYh Vi i]Z i^bZ VcY lZ _jhi lZci [dg ^i# LZ ZcYZY je lg^i^c\ V XdjeaZ d[ hdc\h# LZ YZX^YZY id gZXdgY i]Zb! VcY i]Zc hea^i i]Z WVcYh je! l]^X] lVh V edejaVg YZX^h^dc Vbdc\ i]Z di]Zg WVcY bViZh ¿ 6h ild WVcYh W^i i]Z Yjhi! AZ GZcd 6beh gdhZ a^`Z V e]dZc^m [gdb i]Z ÊVbZh# >c XVhZ ndj VgZ hi^aa ldcYZg^c\! i]Z ÀAZÁ VcY À6behÁ W^ih d[ i]Z \gdjeÁh cVbZ VgZ Vc VcV\gVb d[ BVeaZ# Ndj XVc i]Vc` 7ZVgYZY aViZg [dg ZmeaV^c^c\ i]Vi dcZ# ¾>i lVh a^iZgVaan _jhi i]Z ild d[ jh!¿ hVnh 6a# ¾LZ lZgZ i]Z ild [gdci bZc ^c djg dlc WVcYh# LZ a^`ZY ^i# >i lVh Vaa bZVci id WZ VgdjcY XadhZ ]Vgbdc^Zh# 6 adi d[ eZdeaZ ]VkZ d[iZc hV^Y lZ VgZ V ejc`ZY"je H^bdc VcY <Vg[jc`Za! l]^X] ^h [V^g Zcdj\]#¿ I]Z \gdje lZci dc id gZaZVhZ i]Z :EN :E ^c '%%( VcY i]Z AG6 AE ^c '%%) WZ[dgZ ]ZVY^c\ id <aVh\dl id hiVgi ldg` dc '%%,Áh Hd ;dg Ndjg I]g^aah! gZaZVhZY dc i^cn 9jcYZZ aVWZa EZi E^gVc]V#


6bdc\hi i]Z E^\Zdch HdbZl]ZgZ VgdjcY gZaZVhZ &%% VcY hdbZ &. nZVgh Ydlc i]Z a^cZ! ;Vi8Vi GZXdgYh hi^aa ]VkZ i]Z V^g d[ V [gZh] cZl aVWZa# ;gVcXZhXV GdcV^ ]ZVYh Ydlc id 7g^\]idc id hZZ l]Vi bV`Zh i]Z W^\ XVi i^X`#

()


6cY LZ LZgZ Egdb^hZY ?ZieVX`h! i]Z [gZh]Zhi [VXZh dc i]Z WadX` WZadc\^c\ id i]ZhZ gdhn"X]ZZ`ZY <aVhlZ\^Vc VcY gVY^d"[g^ZcYan ^cY^Z"ndji]h# Dcan _jhi h^\cZY ^c DXidWZg! i]Zn XVbZ id ;Vi8ViÁh ViiZci^dc i]gdj\] [Zaadl HXdih ;g^\]iZcZY GVWW^ihÁ BnheVXZ eV\Z# 7ZVgYZY YdcÁi egZiZcY id WZ ehnX]^X Wji dc i]Z [Zl ijcZh lZÁkZ ]ZVgY! ;Vi8Vi b^\]iÁkZ aVcYZY i]ZbhZakZh V ]^i [VXidgn# 9VkZ gZkZVah i]Vi i]ZgZ ^h cd hjgZÉgZ hZaZXi^dc egdXZhh [dg i]Z Vgi^hih i]Vi ;Vi8Vi ldg` l^i] Wji i]Z gZ\jaVg ^cÊjm d[ YZbdh YdZh ]Zae `ZZe i]Zb ^c Wjh^cZhh# :kZgni]^c\ i]Vi Vgg^kZh ^c i]Z d[ÉXZ! lZ a^hiZc id VcY gZhedcY id!¿ ]Z hVnh# ¾Fj^iZ V adi d[ i]Z Vgi^hih i]Vi lZÁkZ eji dji ^h _jhi hij[[ i]ViÁh XdbZ i]gdj\] i]Z edhi# 7ji i]Zc i]ZgZ VgZ i^bZh l]Zc ndjÁaa \d id V \^\ VcY hZZ hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi l^aa Wadl ndj VlVn# A^`Z 8]VgadiiZÉZaY! i]ZnÁgZ V \gZVi a^kZ e^ZXZ VcY lZ e^X`ZY i]Zb je#¿ 6cdi]Zg Vgi^hi I]Z 7Va`n BjaZ! dg! Vh ]^h bdi]Zg a^`Zh id XVaah ]^b! HVb ?dcZh! l]dÁh YZWji VaWjb I]Z AZc\i] d[ i]Z GV^a ^h YjZ ^c i]Z b^YYaZ d[ BVgX]! ^h V adc\"iZgb [g^ZcY d[ i]Z aVWZa# ?dcZh! V \j^iVg^hi Vadc\h^YZ ]^h Wgdi]Zg ^c ;Vi8ViÁh edhi"gdX` djiÉi 8gZhXZci! ]Vh egdYjXZY V cZl bjh^XVa XdX`iV^a d[ XaVhh^X h^c\Zg"hdc\lg^iZg l^i] V il^hi! gZeaVX^c\ dg VXXdbeVcn^c\ i]Z XjhidbVgn VXdjhi^X \j^iVg l^i] ]dbZbVYZ ZaZXigdc^X cd^hZ"YZk^XZh# I]Z aVWZahÁ kVg^djh ^beg^cih ]VkZ VYYZY id ;Vi8ViÁh ZXaZXi^X VeeZVa# 9VkZÁh eZghdcVa WVWn ^h i]Z Hea^i HZg^Zh ¼ V gjc d[ &'¿ k^cna h^c\aZh l^i] ild Vgi^hih e^iiZY id\Zi]Zg dc ZVX]0 eVX`V\ZY ^c b^c^bVa l]^iZ haZZkZh l^i] dcan i]Z cjbWZg d[ ejcX]ZY ]daZh gZkZVa^c\ l]^X] gZaZVhZ ^h l^i]^c# 6cdi]Zg ^beg^ci! &(%,%& PcVbZY V[iZg i]Z YViZ ^i lVh ZhiVWa^h]ZYR ]Vh _jhi gZaZVhZY ^ih Éghi hVbeaZg ÉddgZY bZbdgn´ [VY^c\ adXVi^dc# 6c djiaZi [dg l]Vi ^h WZhi YZhXg^WZY Vh edhi"XaVhh^XVa bjh^X! i]Z hVbeaZg ^cXajYZ igVX`h [gdb BVm G^X]iZg! HnakV^c 8]VjkZVj! HZi ;^gZ id ;aVbZh VcY =VjhX]`V# 9Zhe^iZ [VX^c\ i]Z \addbn gZVa^in d[ i]Z cZl ZXdcdbn! ;Vi8Vi ]VkZ V higdc\ a^hi d[ XdciZcYZgh [dg '%%. VcY ]Vk^c\ gZXZcian _jbeZY WVX` ^c WZY l^i] i]Z^g daY eVah Vi DcZ A^iiaZ >cY^Vc! i]Zn cdl ]VkZ ZmigV hjeedgi ejh]^c\ i]Zb Vadc\ i]Z^g lVn# >c '%&%! lZÁaa WZ XZaZWgVi^c\ i]Z^g ilZci^Zi] W^gi]YVn Wji [dg cdl i]Zn h]djaY Zc_dn i]Z^g aVhi nZVg Vh V iZZcV\Zg#

(*

¾LZ VXijVaan hiVgiZY dji Vh V gZXdgY h]de ^c 8gVlaZn!¿ 9VkZ =dlZaa [gdb i]Z cdl 7g^\]idc"WVhZY aVWZa ;Vi8Vi GZXdgYh iZaah 7ZVgYZY dkZg i]Z e]dcZ dcZ \g^b ;g^YVn V[iZgcddc# ¾LZ lZgZ hZaa^c\ V adi d[ 9Zigd^i VcY 8]^XV\d &'¿h VcY ZVgan ZaZXigdc^XV# I]Vi lVh ^c &..%! Wji lZ bdkZY id 8dkZci <VgYZc V[iZg V nZVg dg ild VcY ZVgcZY i]Z gZejiVi^dc Vh dcZ d[ i]Z WZhi ZaZXigdc^X bjh^X hidgZh ^c i]Z Xdjcign# EZdeaZ a^`Z ?Z[[ B^aah! 8Vga 8gV^\ VcY 7_ g` jhZY id h]de i]ZgZ#¿ Cdl dcan dcZ nZVg h]n d[ V ilZcin"nZVg ]^hidgn! ;Vi8Vi! dg^\^cVaan [djcYZY Wn 6aZm @c^\]i VcY 9VkZ 8VlaZn ]Vh ijgcZY ^cid Vc ^begZhh^kZ ^cYZeZcYZci aVWZa l^i] V CZl Ndg` d[ÉXZ VcY ÉkZ ^beg^cih/ Hea^ciZg HZg^Zh! &(%,%&! Hea^i HZg^Zh! ,¿ HZg^Zh VcY :"GBM# 6cY ^i XVc hiVcY je iVaa [dg ^ih VX]^ZkZbZcih0 aVjcX]^c\ H^\jg GdhÁ J@ XVgZZg! gZaZVh^c\ i]Z Éghi KVh]i^ 7jcnVc VaWjb V[iZg V (%"nZVg ]^Vijh VcY [dg iV`^c\ cdi^XZ d[ 6c^bVa 8daaZXi^kZ [Vg WZ[dgZ i]Z bVhh" bjhd ]nhiZg^V bjhdhiZg^V4 hjggdjcY^c\ BZgg^lZVi]Zg Edhi EVk^aa^dc# 9VkZ! l]d WZXVbZ eVgi d[ ;Vi8Vi l]Zc i]Z hidgZ XadhZY! ]Vk^c\ ]VY ]^h [Vco^cZ ÀDWhZhh^kZ :nZÁ hidX`ZY i]ZgZ! ZmeaV^ch i]Z igVch\gZhh^dc [gdb h]de id aVWZa/ ¾9jZ id gZci ^cXgZVhZh i]Z h]de lVh [dgXZY id XadhZ Ydlc! lZÁY VagZVYn gZaZVhZY Vc :E Wn V ?VeVcZhZ iZX]cd VXi XVaaZY LZW V nZVg E]did\gVe]n <aZcZa\ 8 Hn`Zh! :hiZaaZ @aVl^iiZg! ?Vk^Zg WZ[dgZ Wji ^i lVhcÁi jci^a 7_ g` VcY Vcdi]Zg gZ\jaVg XjhidbZg! K^aaZ\Vh! =dgYjg HkZ^chhdc! 8]g^h AjiigZaa! IV`V >bVbjg 9ZgZ` 7^g`Zii! dlcZg d[ ]Zg aVWZa DcZ A^iiaZ >cY^Vc! ]ZaeZY dji Wn d[[Zg^c\ jh heVXZ Vi i]Z DA> d[ÉXZ i]Vi lZ d[ÉX^Vaan hiVgiZY i]Z aVWZa#¿ 6h V h]de gddiZY ^c ]djhZ VcY iZX]cd! ;Vi8ViÁh XViVad\jZ Vh V aVWZa dcan ]^cih Vi ^ih hijgYn ZaZXigdc^X WZ\^cc^c\h# :XaZXi^X WZ^c\ V ldgY i]Vi iZcYh id WZ i]gdlc VgdjcY egZiin l^aan" c^aan i]ZhZ YVnh d[iZc Vh i]Z Y^hVeed^ci^c\ VchlZg id i]Z fjZhi^dc/ ÀL]Vi `^cY d[ bjh^X Yd ndj a^hiZc id4Á ! ;Vi8ViÁh gdhiZg d[ Vgi^hih YZhZgkZYan iV`Zh i]Z i^iaZ# :Vgan gZaZVhZh gVc\ZY [gdb b^c^bVa XajW \gddkZh a^`Z egdYjXZg 6gi]jg Hb^i]Áh <gV^c djieji id VbW^Zci VcY ldgaYan hdjcYhXVeZh a^`Z IgVch^Zci LVkZhÁ Hdc^X CVgXdi^X VaWjb# 7ji l^i] Égb VYY^i^dch d[ hiVcYVgY ^cY^Z! cd^hZ gdX` VcY [da`^h] h^c\Zg"hdc\lg^iZgh! ;Vi8ViÁh ]^\] hiVcYVgY d[ Vgi^hih ]Vh \dcZ dc id ^cXajYZ/ B b! KZi^kZg! C^cV CVhiVh^V! BVm G^X]iZg! I]Z Il^a^\]i HVY! B^XZ EVgVYZ! ;g^\]iZcZY GVWW^i! <gZ\dgn VcY i]Z =Vl`! Idb 7gdhhZVj! 9Vk^Y @VghiZc 9Vc^Zah! 8]VgadiiZÉZaY! =VhjX]`V! 8gZhXZci! IZc @Zch! EVcYV 7ZVg! 6bVcY^cZ! Djg 7gdi]Zg Djg CVi^kZ VcY I]Z Bjiih# CZl id i]Z a^hi/ 7g^\]idc^Vc edhi"^cY^Z WVcY 7gV`Zh l]dÁh i]^gY VaWjb IdjX]Ydlc ^h i]Z^g Éghi dc ;Vi8Vi ]Vk^c\ WZZc l^i] Gdj\] IgVYZ je jci^a cdl# HidghkZ^i C^m CdaiZh! V gVjXdjh >XZaVcY^X W^\ WVcY l^i] V [Zl bZbWZgh d[ H^\jg Gdh! B b VcY B^XZ EVgVYZ ^c i]Z b^m! i]Z J@ gZaZVhZ d[ i]Z^g YZWji VaWjb ^h YjZ dji ^c i]Z heg^c\# I]^h ^h GdbVc^ g^di bjh^X i]Vi [jZaaZY Wn bddch]^cZ a^fjdg l^aa hZi V WVgc YVcXZ Va^\]i#


(+



=dbZ d[ BZiVa 7^gb^c\]Vb ^h V bVhh^kZ ]dY\Z edY\Z d[ bjh^XVa ^YZVh! l^i] _jhi VWdji Vc jcYZgan^c\ hXZcZ [dg ZkZgn \ZcgZ ^bV\^cVWaZ# 9Zhe^iZ i]^h! i]ZgZ ^h V aVX` d[ ]Zg^iV\Z [dg ^i WZ^c\ i]Z ]dbZ d[ dcZ \ZcgZ i]Vi XdcfjZgZY i]Z ldgaY# 6abdhi )% nZVgh V[iZg 7aVX` HVWWVi] gZaZVhZY EVgVcd^Y! 8VehjaZ! i]Z [da`h WZ]^cY HjeZghdc^X [Zhi^kVa ]VkZ aVjcX]ZY i]Z^g =dbZ d[ BZiVa egd_ZXi! @Vi]Zg^cZ <dY[gZn ZmeaV^ch#

(-


(.

6 BZiVa =Zg^iV\Z idjg aZY Wn VgX]^k^hi VcY YdXjbZciVgn bV`Zg! 8]g^h E]^eeh! lVh e^adiZY Vi 7^gb^c\]VbÁh deZc YVn ^c ;ZWgjVgn VcY iVeh ^cid i]^h [Vc"Wdn bZciVa^in# IV`^c\ [Vch gdjcY i]Z bZiVa ]dihedih d[ 7^gb^c\]Vb VcY WZndcY! E]^eeh gZ\VaZY jh l^i] iVaZh [gdb ]^h i^bZ ^c 7^gb^c\]Vb Yjg^c\ i]Z &.+%h# ¾> ValVnh `cZl l]ZgZ > XdjaY ÉcY GdWZgi PEaVciR ¼ Vi V WgVhh WVcY XdcXZgi ^c 9jYaZn Idlc =Vaa#¿ LZ XVc gZVY VWdji i]ZhZ ZXaZXi^X ^cÊjZcXZh Wji ]dl bVcn d[ jh ]VkZ l^icZhhZY V ¾h^miZZc"nZVg"daY `^Y ^c h]dgi h]dgih hjYYZcan h^c\^c\ a^`Z GVn 8]VgaZh¿ l]Zc V ndjc\ HiZkZ L^clddY lVh hcjX` ^cid i]Z <daYZc :V\aZ 6gi 9ZXd ejW dc =^aa HigZZi ^c 7^gb^c\]Vb4 8ZgiV^can cdi V ndjc\Zg \ZcZgVi^dc! [dg l]db i]^h lZVai] d[ `cdlaZY\Z VcY VYdgVi^dc [dg i]Z hdX^Zin VcY bjh^X d[ V 7aVX` 8djcign \dcZ Wn l^aa WZ adhi l^i]dji iV`^c\ hiZeh id egZhZgkZ ^i# ?^b H^behdc fj^eeZY ^c VchlZg id V fjZhi^dc VWdji ZmVXian i]Vi ^hhjZ i]Vi ¾bdhi d[ jh VgZ hi^aa _jhi VWdji Va^kZ#¿ L^i] i^bZ egZhh^c\! =dbZ d[ BZiVa ^h bdk^c\ hl^[ian# :m]^W^i^dch Vi i]Z i]gZZ kZcjZh jhZY [dg deZc YVnh VgZ VagZVYn XdcÉgbZY [dg WZilZZc cdl VcY '%&&# I]Z \dVa 7^gb^c\]Vb bjh^X egdbdiZgh 8VehjaZ VgZ `cdlc [dg ^h id XgZViZ V eZgbVcZci heVXZ [dg i]Z egd_ZXi hddc V[iZg# VYY^c\ V YdbZhi^X Êdjg^h] id X]VaaZc\^c\ VcY ZmeZg^bZciVa ?d]ccn 9ddb! @ZggVc\ 9? VcY Vk^Y hjeedgiZg d[ i]Z egdXZZY^c\h# I]Z hdc^X WVggV\Z d[ eZg[dgbZgh Vi i]Z '%%- egd_ZXi! VX`cdlaZY\ZY i]Vi i]ZnÁkZ ¾dcan _jhi idjX]ZY dc ^cXVgcVi^dc d[ 8VehjaZÁh HjeZghdc^X [Zhi^kVa! l]^X] ^cXajYZY i]Z hjg[VXZ#¿ =dbZ d[ BZiVa ^h XgZVi^c\ V eaVXZ [dg i]Z \ZcgZ CdmV\i VcY 7aVX` Hjc! YVbc cZVg hbVh]ZY XV`Z hiVcYh! ^c i]Z VgZV Wji i]Zn VgZ Vahd jee^c\ i]Z egdÉaZ d[ i]Z bjh^X aVYZc l^i] ]dbZbVYZ \ddY^Zh! ^c i]Z [Zhi^kVaÁh `^ihX] iZV \ZcZgVaan# I]ZgZ ^h ediZci^Va! VcY hjeedgi! [dg ZmeVcY^c\ gddb# i]Z egd_ZXi VcY gZVX]^c\ WZndcY i]Z 7^gb^c\]Vb VgZV# I]Z 8VehjaZ À<gVcc^ZhÁ! A^hV BVnZg VcY ?Zccn BddgZ! C^Vaa HXdii! VXVYZb^X VcY dcZ d[ V \gdje d[ ¾hZXgZian"^cid" ZmegZhh i]Z^g adkZ d[ bjh^X i]gdj\] bdgZ i]Vc _jhi hiZaaVg bZiVa e]^adhde]Zgh!¿ ]dhiZY Bjh^X! BZiVa! VcY Eda^i^Xh! i]Z a^cZ"jeh! l]^X] bjh^X [Vch ]VkZ WZZc ZVi^c\ je dkZg iZc Éghi VXVYZb^X bZiVa Xdc[ZgZcXZ! ^c HVaoWjg\! ^c CdkZbWZg nZVgh d[ i]Z egdbdi^dc XdbeVcnÁh djieji# NZh! i]Z^g ViiZci^dc '%%-# GjbWa^c\h VWdji =dbZ d[ BZiVa YgZl ]^b id i]Z id i]Z a^iiaZ i]^c\h bV`Zh ZkZcih Vaa i]Z bdgZ Zc_dnVWaZ 7^gb^c\]Vb deZc YVn# HXdii WZa^ZkZh i]Vi 7^gb^c\]Vb hig^`^c\ \gVe]^X VcY k^hjVa Vgildg` Vi ZkZgn ijgc VcY i"h]^gi XdjaY WZXdbZ V ]jW VcY V e^a\g^bV\Z [dg bZiVa [Vch! h^b^aVg bV`^c\ [dg ndjc\Zg XgZVi^kZh # 7ji ^i ^h i]Z^g ZmX^iZbZci id ?^b Bdgg^hhdcÁh \gVkZ Vi E gZ AVX]V^hZ 8ZbZiZgn ^c EVg^h# VWdji ZVX] VcY ZkZgn ZaZbZci i]Vi igVchaViZh ^cid V lVgbi] =Z hj\\Zhih a^c`^c\ je l^i] di]Zg bZiVa b^hh^dch id XgZViZ V VcY V ]dbZa^cZhh i]Vi ^cX^iZh \ddY [ZZa^c\! XZaZWgVi^dc! VcY! cZildg` d[ ]dbZh [dg bZiVa# VWdkZ Vaa! ^cXajh^kZcZhh# >i ^h cd ldcYZg i]Vi i]Z <gVcc^Zh 6bW^i^djh! nZh! Wji 8VehjaZ ]VkZ ValVnh ^ciZcYZY id bV`Z ]VkZ ijgcZY i]Z^g ]VcY id XgZVi^c\ V ]dbZ [dg ]ZVkn bZiVa! =dbZ d[ BZiVa V adc\"hiVcY^c\ VcY Zkdak^c\ egd_ZXi! _jhi XdbeaZiZ l^i] hdjkZc^g iZV idlZah Wn \jZhi Vgi^hih! ^c i]Z^g a^`Z i]Z \ZcgZ i]Zn hd adkZ# 9ZY^XViZY bjh^X [Vch! l]dhZ aViZhi egd_ZXi =dbZ d[ BZiVa# YZbVcY [dg bdgZ d[ 8VehjaZÁh X]Vgb^c\ ]nWg^Y d[ Xdhn 8VehjaZ VcY V iZVb d[ Zci]jhZY kdajciZZgh VgZ ^ck^i^c\ ZmeZg^bZciVa^hb ^h ]^\]! hjeedgi i]Zb# HjhiV^c^c\ i]^h [Vch [gdb VXgdhh i]Z ldgaY id XgZViZ Vc dca^cZ VgX]^kZ! dgVa YZbVcY l^aa WZ i]Z `Zn id `ZZe^c\ i]Z =dbZ d[ BZiVa Zc\^cZ ]^hidgn! VcY Zm]^W^i^dch i]Vi l^aa egZhZgkZ 7^gb^c\]Vb VcY XVgZZg^c\ i]gdj\] 7^gb^c\]Vb VcY WZndcY# Hd \Vi]Zg je i]Z 7aVX` 8djcignÁh ]ZVkn bZiVa ]Zg^iV\Z# ;gdb i]Z WajZh ndjg i^X`Zi hijWh! \gVW ndjg YVY VcY \Zi dca^cZ id/ lll# YZaiV"^che^gZY AZY OZeeZa^c VcY HVWWVi]! i]Z i]ZVigZ d[ ]dbZd[bZiVa#Xdb id hZZ ]dl ndj XVc `ZZe gV^h^c\ i]Z ?jYVh Eg^Zhi! dcid i]Z ^cXdgedgVi^dc d[ ]VgYXdgZ ZaZbZcih ^c YZk^a ]dgch# CVeVab 9ZVi]Áh ldg` VcY <dYÊZh]Áh WgVcY d[ ZmeZg^bZciVa hdjcYhXVeZh! =dbZ d[ BZiVa ^h jh^c\ i]ZhZ ÉkZ WVcYh Vh >aajhigVi^dc HVbjZa 7Zaa V gVaan^c\ XVaa [dg bZiVa [Vch d[ Vaa ineZh# 7Z i]Zn \g^cYXdgZ cjih dg Hdccn 7dn L^aa^Vbhdc [Vch! l]d idd` i]Z eajc\Z ^cid i]Z YZei]h d[ bZiVa ^c i]Z &.+%h! i]ZhZ [Vch VgZ Xdb^c\ dji ^c [dgXZ id iZaa i]Z^g hidgn# I]^h ^h dgVa ]^hidgn Vi ^ih WZhi ¼ W^VhZY! [jaa d[ jgWVc aZ\ZcY VcY ]ZVghVn# I]Z gddih d[ i]Z ÉkZ WVcYh VgZ ^c i]Z eZdeaZ i]Vi ldgZ VcY hi^aa lZVg i]Z i"h]^gih Vh i]Z egd_ZXiÁh dca^cZ Zm]^W^i^dc d[ [Vch ^c [jaa bZiVa \Zi"je! e]did\gVe]ZY Wn gdX` e]did\gVe]Zg HiZkZ <ZggVgY! ViiZhih id # HjgZ! i]Z XdaY! ]VgY [VXih VgZ i]ZgZ ^[ ndj lVci i]Zb! Wji i]Zn VgZ Wgdj\]i id a^[Z Wn i]Z iVaZh! iVaa dg di]Zgl^hZ! i]Vi [Vch ]VkZ WZZc Wg^c\^c\ id i]Z =dbZ d[ BZiVa deZc YVnh ^c LdakZg]Vbeidc 6gi <VaaZgn! I]Z CZl 6gi <VaaZgn! LVahVaa! VcY bdhi gZXZcian Vi 7^gb^c\]Vb BjhZjb VcY 6gi <VaaZgn# AVYZc l^i] igZVhjgZY bZbdgVW^a^V id WZ e]did\gVe]ZY [dg i]Z dca^cZ VgX]^kZ! bZiVa VÉX^dcVYdh! d[iZc l^i] X]^aYgZc ^c idl! VcY V cZl lVkZ d[ iZZcV\Z bZiVa [Vch! bdW^a^hZY Wn <j^iVg =Zgd VcY I]Z DhWdjgcZh! ]VkZ ViiZcYZY =dbZ d[ BZiVa deZc YVnh id l^icZhh ^ciZgk^Zlh l^i] aZ\ZcYh hjX] Vh ?^b H^behdc! dg^\^cVa 7aVX` HVWWVi] bVcV\Zg! VcY B^`Z 8aZbZci! Idcn >dbb^Áh \j^iVg iZX]! VcY id gZXdgY i]Z^g kZgh^dc d[ ZkZcih#


I^X`^c\ 7dbW @cdlc [dg ]Zg jhZ d[ dWijhZ ^chigjbZciVi^dc! CdglVnÁh =VccZ =j``ZaWZg\ ^h dji ^c [gdci l]Zc ^i XdbZh id XgZVi^c\ di]ZgldgaYan hdjcYigVX`h id a^[Z ^c i]Z [Vg cdgi] d[ ]Zg ]dbZaVcY# H]Z ZmeaV^ch id <VgZi] BV^c ]dl! [dg cZl VaWjb 7addY ;gdb V HidcZ! h]ZÁh \di ]Zg gdX` WVX`# AVWZa CZiilZg`

)%


)&

LZ ]ZVg eaZcin i]ZhZ YVnh VWdji ldbZc iV`^c\ dkZg i]Z bjh^X ^cYjhign# ;gdb ;adgZcXZ VcY i]Z BVX]^cZ id A^an 6aaZc! ^iÁh i]Z \^gah i]Vi VgZ \d^c\ id WZ WVg`^c\ ^c djg XdaaZXi^kZ ZVg i]gdj\]dji i]^h nZVg# >iÁh VWdji i^bZ i]Zn \di i]Z gZXd\c^i^dc! Wji ^i ^hcÁi eVgi^XjaVgan cZl# ;dg ZmVbeaZ! ?dVccV CZlhdb hijccZY i]Z ldgaY l^i] i]Z bV\c^ÉXZci! bZ\V"hZaa^c\ Nh l]Zc 9gV\ 8^in eji ^i dji ^c '%%+! VcY 7g^i^h] hdc\higZhhZh CVcXn :a^oVWZi] VcY HZgVÉcV HiZZg ]VkZ WZZc eadj\]^c\ V lZaa"gZXZ^kZY [jggdl ^c i]Z egdXZZY^c\ nZVgh# 6cdi]Zg lZaa"gZXZ^kZY [ZbVaZ Yd^c\ hdbZi]^c\ V a^iiaZ dji d[ i]Z dgY^cVgn ^h CdglZ\^Vc bZ\VhiVg =VccZ =j``ZaWZg\! l]dhZ i]^gY gZXdgY 7addY ;gdb V HidcZ ^h ]^ii^c\ h]ZakZh i]^h bdci]# L]Vi =j``ZaWZg\ YdZh dji d[ i]Z dgY^cVgn ^h egZiin bjX] ZkZgni]^c\! ]Zg hdc\h ]VkZ Vc Zi]ZgZVa! hdjcYigVX` [ZZa id i]Zb! VcY i]Z dWijhZ ^chigjbZciVi^dc h]Z jhZh lgZV`h d[ a^WgVgn bjh^X ¼ l^i] ineZlg^iZgh VcY W^XnXaZ X]V^ch ]^\]a^\]i^c\ ]Zg hjeZgW hZXdcY gZXdgY Gn`ZhigVhhZ +-# ¾Jh^c\ dW_ZXih ^h Vaa VWdji \Zii^c\ ^cid i]Z gddih d[ bjh^X!¿ hVnh =VccZ l]Zc i]Z hjW_ZXi XdbZh je! ¾P^iR hiVgiZY dji kZgn VXX^YZciVaan# > Éghi jhZY Xjeh! [dg`h! Wgjh]Zh VcY hd dc WZXVjhZ > lVh idd ZV\Zg id lV^i [dg i]Z hdc\ id WZ YdcZ# LZ _jhi `Zei i]Z iV`Zh VcY V[iZg V l]^aZ lZ hiVgiZY id a^`Z ^i VcY ^i WZXVbZ V eVgi d[ bn lVn d[ ZmegZhh^c\ bn bjh^X#¿ 7ji ZkZc h]Z VYb^ih i]Vi Yd^c\ ^i [dg i]Z hV`Z d[ WZ^c\ Y^[[ZgZci ldjaY ¾[ZZa lgdc\!¿ VcY ndj cZkZg \Zi i]Z [ZZa^c\ i]Vi i]Z hdjcYh YdcÁi WZadc\# A^hiZc^c\ id i]Z gZXdgYh! ndj ldjaY ]VgYan cdi^XZ i]Vi i]ZgZ ^h i]Z hdjcY d[ V hidkZ WZ^c\ ldg`ZY dkZg Wn V haZY\Z! Wji l]Zc ndj hiVgi id a^hiZc! ^i WZXdbZh hd dWk^djh VcY ndj fjZhi^dc ]dl hdbZdcZ XdjaY WZ hd ^c\Zc^djh Vh id i]^c` À^iÁh \ddY! Wji lZ gZVaan cZZY V W^i bdgZ haZY\Z#Á 6cY! ^[ Vcni]^c\! 7addY ;gdb V HidcZ iV`Zh i]Vi V a^iiaZ [jgi]Zg! l^i] igV^c Yddgh! hidcZh WZ^c\ ]^i dc hidcZh! Xjeh! WdmZh! b^hXZaaVcZdjh `^iX]Zc jiZch^ah VcY i]Z haZY\Z dc hidkZh VcY [gZZoZgh Vaa bV`^c\ Vc VeeZVgVcXZ hdbZl]ZgZ l^i]^c i]Z ldcYZg[jaan XadjYZY [VWg^X d[ i]Z gZXdgY# 7ji ^[ i]Z hdjgXZ d[ i]Z hdjcY ^h Y^hi^cXian [Vb^a^Vg! i]Z gZXdgY ^ihZa[ ^h hdbZi]^c\ d[ V hiZe dji d[ i]Z dgY^cVgn# 6 egd\gZhh^dc id l]Vi h]Z XVaah V Àcd^hnÁ hdjcY Wji l^i] V Y^hi^cXian ede ZY\Z ^c eaVXZh! i]ZgZÁh a^iiaZ YdjWi i]Vi i]^h ^h =VccZÁh bdhi VXXZhh^WaZ VaWjb id YViZ! Wji hi^aa gZiV^ch i]Vi Y^hi^cXi =j``ZaWZg\ ZY\Z# ¾I]^h VaWjb ^h ^che^gZY Wn bn dlc eVhi Vh V h^c\Zg VcY hdc\lg^iZg ^c hZkZgVa gdX`! cd^hZ VcY bZiVa WVcYh!¿ h]Z gZkZVah# ¾P>iR ^h cdi V gdX` VaWjb! Wji >ÁkZ bVYZ ^i bdgZ gVl! jchX]ddaZY VcY Y^gZXi# > \jZhh i]^h ^h fj^iZ Y^[[ZgZci [gdb bn eVhi ild VaWjbh Wji ^h hi^aa [jaa d[ [djcY hdjcYh! ÉZaY gZXdgY^c\h VcY i]Z hdjcYhXVeZ > [ZZa ^h b^cZ#

¾L]^aZ > lgdiZ Gn`ZhigVhhZ +- > a^kZY ^c 7Zga^c i]ZgZd[ i]Z i^iaZ # ;dg 7addY ;gdb V HidcZ > bdkZY id V fj^Zi XdVhiVa k^aaV\Z dc i]Z ^haVcY HZc_V! (%% `^adbZiZgh cdgi] d[ i]Z edaVg X^gXaZ# I]ZgZ VgZ '%% eZdeaZ a^k^c\ i]ZgZ! l^aY lZVi]Zgh! dXZVch VcY bdjciV^ch# > [djcY dji i]Vi > iZcY id bV`Z bdgZ fj^Zi bjh^X ^c V cd^hn X^in VcY bdgZ cd^hn bjh^X ^c V fj^Zi k^aaV\Z#¿ >i ^h V W^oVggZ VcY hdbZl]Vi hjgeg^h^c\ gZkZaVi^dc id ÉcY i]Vi =VccZ lVh V bZbWZg d[ Yddb bZiVa CdglZ\^Vc hiValVgih ;jcZgVa WZilZZc &... VcY '%%( ¼ aZVk^c\ VgdjcY i]Z gZaZVhZ d[ ]Zg YZWji :E 8Vhi 6cX]dg! h]Z Vahd ]Vh V gZhjbZ d[ di]Zg cd^hn VXih VgdjcY CdglVn! ^cXajY^c\ Jched`Zc CVbZh! l]d =VccZ YZhXg^WZh hdbZl]Vi idc\jZ" ^c"X]ZZ` Vh ¾V adXVa hjXXZhh ^c 9gVbbZc#¿ Cdi i]Vi 7addY ;gdb V HidcZ ^h V Yddb bZiVa gZXdgY! [Vg [gdb ^i ^c [VXi! Vai]dj\] i]Z ^cÊjZcXZ d[ kVg^djh \ZcgZh YdZh \^kZ i]Z gZXdgY hdbZi]^c\ d[ Vc VYY^i^dcVa Y^bZch^dc id egZk^djh AEh A^iiaZ I]^c\h VcY Gn`ZhigVhhZ +-# I]Z ang^Xh i]dj\] ]VkZ i]Z hVbZ fjVa^in id i]Zb! Vabdhi ^ggZkZgZci ndj XVc cZkZg WZ hjgZ l]Zi]Zg h]Z gZVaan bZVch i]Z i]^c\h h]Z hVnh dg ^[ i]ZgZ ^h hdbZi]^c\ adhi ^c igVchaVi^dc VWdji ^i# I]Vi ^h V hj\\Zhi^dc h]Z gZWj`Zh/ ¾^iÁh ^bedhh^WaZ [dg bZ Vh V CdglZ\^Vc cdi id gZaViZ id i]Z :c\a^h] aVc\jV\Z# I]Z CdglZ\^Vc VjY^ZcXZ ^h kZgn jhZY id ^i VcY ZkZgndcZ aZVgch :c\a^h] Vi hX]dda# > ign id lg^iZ hdbZ hdc\h ^c CdglZ\^Vc hd i]ZgZ ^h dcZ CdglZ\^Vc hdc\ dc ZkZgn VaWjb# 6cnlVn! bn bV^c aVc\jV\Z ^h bjh^X ¼ i]Vi ZkZgndcZ XVc jcYZghiVcY# ¾> ValVnh ign id X]VaaZc\Z bnhZa[ l]Zc > lg^iZ ang^Xh# > ÉcY ^i kZgn ]VgY VcY V a^iiaZ hXVgn id ZmegZhh bnhZa[# 7ji > ]VkZ id Yd ^i! ^iÁh V W^\ eVgi d[ bn ZmegZhh^dc VcY ^iÁh \Zii^c\ bdgZ VcY bdgZ ^bedgiVci id bZ# ¾L]Vi > Vb V[gV^Y d[ ^h i]Z ang^X ldcÁi WZ VWaZ id a^kZ ^ih dlc a^[Z! cdi WZ VWaZ id WZ \^kZc id di]Zg eZdeaZ VcY ^[ bn ang^Xh lZgZ eg^kViZ! >ÁY hVn i]Zn ]VY adhi i]^h XVeVW^a^in# > dcan jhZ bnhZa[ ^c i]Z bV`^c\ d[ ang^Xh# >c Vc ZVgan ed^ci d[ i]Z egdXZhh i]Zn bVn WZ eg^kViZ! Wji cdi l]Zc i]Zn VgZ Éc^h]ZY# > hdgi d[ Xji i]Z XdgY WZilZZc i]Z bnhZa[ VcY i]Z hdc\! VcY dcan i]Zc XVc ^i a^kZ ^ih dlc a^[Z# 6cY i]Vi ^h bn ^ciZci^dc [dg ZkZgn ang^X ¼ id a^kZ i]Z^g dlc a^[Z id\Zi]Zg l^i] ZkZgn a^hiZcZg#¿ I]Vi Vaa"ZcXdbeVhh^c\ Vii^ijYZ hiVcYh dji ^c 7addY ;gdb V HidcZ! V a^iiaZ bdgZ edeen! V a^iiaZ bdgZ gdX`n! Wji hi^aa gZiV^c^c\ Vaa i]Z X]Vgb VcY hinaZ d[ V =VccZ =j``ZaWZg\ gZXdgY# >[ i]^h ^h i]Z nZVg [dg i]Z ldbVc! i]^h ^h dcZ ldbVc l]dÁh Ên^c\ ^c dc V haZY# E]did\gVe]n 8da^c :^`


)'

Hjbbdc^c\ i]Z EgZhZci Cd bViiZg ]dl bVcn d[ i]Zb i]ZgZ VgZ dg l]Vi ^chigjbZcih i]Zn eaVn! i]Z KddYdd IgdbWdcZ FjVgiZi XVc hi^aa i]gdl dji i]Z W^\ WZVin! YVcXn igVX`h id bV`Z J\an 7Ziin VcY 9Vk^cV BX8Vaa iV`Z cdiZ# =VccV] ?d]c X]Vih id bV^c bVc EVja I]dgeZ VWdji bni]^XVa WVcY cVbZh! i]Z \adgn d[ i]Z [Zo! VcY h]ddi^c\ ;Vi]Zg 8]g^hibVh# AVWZa ;gZh]an HfjZZoZY


)(

6i djg 8]g^hibVh h]dl! lZ \di i]Z VjY^ZcXZ id hjbbdc ;Vi]Zg 8]g^hibVh Wn X]Vci^c\! ¾;Vi]Zg =dd]V] 8]g^hibVh =dd]V] ¿ L]Zc ]Z Vgg^kZY! lZ h]di ]^b! hidaZ ]^h hVX` VcY gV[ÊZY d[[ i]Z egZhZcih#¿ 9Zhe^iZ WZ^c\ eg^bZ XVcY^YViZh [dg cZmi nZVgÁh cVj\]in a^hi! i]Z WVcYÁh gZejiVi^dc ^h hiVgi^c\ id \Zi bdgZ jc^kZghVa# I]Z KIF ijcZh ]VkZ cdl [ZVijgZY dc hjX] eg^bZ i^bZ hdjcYigVX` [dYYZg Vh J\an 7Ziin! egd\gVbbZh dc GVY^d ) VcY BIK! VcY bdhi cdiVWan dc V 9Vk^cV BX8Vaa edhi"egZ\cVcXn ldg`dji 9K9# <dY WaZhh gdX` c gdaa# BjX] d[ i]Z WVcYÁh VeeZVa ^h i]Z k^ciV\Z [ZZa"\ddY k^WZ i]Zn bVcV\Z id XgVb ^cid ZkZgn hdc\! cd bViiZg ]dl Y^kZghZ i]Z bjh^XVa ^cÊjZcXZ ^h# =dl lVh i]Vi XgZViZY4 ¾>cÊjZcXZh XdbZ [gdb ZkZgnl]ZgZ¿ hVnh I]dgeZ! ¾Wji dg^\^cVaan! > ]VY i]^h WVcY [gdb i]Z +%h XVaaZY HdjcYh >cXdgedgViZY ^c b^cY# I]Zn lZgZ i]ZhZ ide"cdiX] hZhh^dch \jnh l]d lZgZ XVaaZY jedc ZVX] i^bZ V k^h^i^c\ JH gdX` cÁ gdaaZg XVbZ id idlc# Dl^c\ id jc^dc gjaZh dg hdbZi]^c\! i]Zn XdjaYcÁi Wg^c\ i]Z^g dlc WVcYh l^i] i]Zb! hd J@ bjh^X^Vch lZgZ YgV[iZY ^c# 6cY HdjcYh >cXdgedgViZY lZgZ i]Z XgZVb d[ i]Z Xgde# I]Z^g bjh^X lVh ZcZg\Zi^X VcY WZVin# 6h > bVYZ bdgZ igVX`h! [jgi]Zg ^cÊjZcXZh XgZei ^c ¼ bdhian [gdb i]Z daY gZXdgYh > `Zei dc ejaa^c\ dji [gdb X]Vg^in h]deh# 6 adi d[ a^WgVgn bjh^X! hen"i]ZbZh ZiX# 7ji >ÁkZ adkZY h`V VcY YjW [dg bVcn D`Vn eZYVcih! i]Z KddYdd IgdbWdcZ FjVgiZi VgZ cdi V nZVgh VcY ^i _jhi hdgi d[ ha^eeZY ^c l^i]dji bZ gZVa^h^c\# fjVgiZi# 6cY nZh! l]^aZ igdbWdcZh VgZ ^cYZZY ^c Zk^YZcXZ! > Vahd adkZ Cdgi]Zgc Hdja! <^ga <gdjeh! CZl DgaZVch ?Voo! i]Zn VgZ cdi i]Z WZ Vaa VcY ZcY Vaa# HdgiZY4 <ddY# 7ZXVjhZ @gVjigdX` ¼ idd bjX] id \d ^cid gZVaan ¿ l]Vi ndj l^aa ÉcY ^h V _dndjh XdX`iV^a d[ bdkZ"ndjg"[ZZi" 6aa i]ZhZ ^cÊjZcXZh ^c Zk^YZcXZ dc i]Z YZWji VgZ b^cZY h]V`Z"ndjg"bdcZnbV`Zg g]ni]bh VcY hjbbZgn WgVhh Vaa [jgi]Zg dc XjggZci ^chigjbZciVa :E gZaZVhZ K^WgVi^dch! V hi^ggZY je ^c V b^mZg d[ h`V! hVbWV! adjc\Z VcY VX^Y _Voo iVhiZg [dg i]Z jeXdb^c\ hZXdcY VaWjb# CZkZg dcZ id hiVcY l^i] V lZZ Y^hXd gdX` jbWgZaaV# 6cY nZh! V kZgn h^aan cVbZ# hi^aa [dg idd adc\! I]dgeZ hZZbh `ZZc id bV`Z V Y^hi^cXi^dc ¾>i Vaa hiVgiZY l^i] i]Z cVbZ¿ hVnh KIF [djcYZg EVja I]dgeZ WZilZZc i]Z ild ¾I]Z hdjcY ^h bdgZ eda^h]ZY i]^h i^bZ¿ ¾6 [g^ZcY XVbZ je l^i] ^i Vh V cVbZ [dg V bni]^XVa WVcY# ]Z ZmeaV^ch ¾VcY eZg]Veh V W^i aZhh gZigd# I]Z WZVih VgZ DcZ V[iZgcddc l]Zc > h]djaY ]VkZ WZZc ldg`^c\! > YZX^YZY W^\\Zg ¼ hdbZi]^c\ > XdchX^djhan Vkd^YZY dc i]Z Éghi! Wji > id `cdX` je V i]ZbZ ijcZ l^i] igdbWdcZh id i]Z [dgZ# _jhi YZX^YZY id aZi ^i ]VeeZc i]^h i^bZ# >iÁh cdi fj^iZ hd a^\]i" > edhiZY ^i dc i]Z ^ciZgcZi VcY \di V \ddY gZhedchZ#¿ ]ZVgiZY! Wji ^iÁh ]VgYan l]Vi ndjÁY XVaa YVg`µ¿ EgdYjXZg! gZXdgY XdaaZXidg VcY bjai^"^chigjbZciVa^hi >c ZhhZcXZ i]Z KIF egdk^YZ i]Z VchlZgh [dg V^a^c\ 7g^iV^c I]dgeZ [dgbZY i]Z ¾WVcY¿ WVX` ^c '%%)! Vi l]^X] i^bZ i]^h nZVg# >[ ndj Éaa ndjg hiZgZd l^i] [jc`n WgVhh aZY ijcZh! Xdch^hiZY bZgZan d[ ]^b VcY ]^h l^gZaZhh bdYZb# 6 Xjai i]Zc l]d \^kZh V [jX` VWdji i]Z XgZY^i XgjcX]4 7ji l]Vi dca^cZ gZejiVi^dc YZkZadeZY [gdb i]^h! ^cY^Z aVWZa ;gZh]an VgZ i]Z KIFÁh ]deZh [dg i]Z^g [dgi]Xdb^c\ nZVg4 ¾LZaa! HfjZZoZY Bjh^X h^\cZY ]^b je VcY V YZWji VaWjb hl^[ian lZÁaa ]VkZ i]Z hZXdcY VaWjb dji! hd dWk^djhan >Áb ]de^c\ [daadlZY# >i i]Zc WZXVbZ Zk^YZci i]Vi hdbZ hdgi d[ a^kZ VXi ^i l^aa Yd Vag^\]i# LZ lZgZ e^iX]ZY id hdjcYigVX` V HeZX^Va lVh cZXZhhVgn VcY hd i]Z - e^ZXZ a^kZ VXi ndj ]ZVg idYVn @ XVbeV^\c V l]^aZ V\d! hd bn dc"\d^c\ VbW^i^dc ^h id WZ lVh Yjan eji id\Zi]Zg# ¾I]Z dg^\^cVa ^YZV lVh Z^i]Zg _jhi jhZY id VYkZgi^hZ WgZV`[Vhi XZgZVa# IVhin VcY cjig^i^djh#¿ bZ 9?^c\ dg eaVn^c\ V [Zl `ZnWdVgYh ^c V eV^g d[ h]VYZh 6cY [ZVgh4 ¾D]! >Áb ldgg^ZY VWdji i]Z [VXi i]Vi V bZiZdg id V WVX`^c\ igVX`¿ aVj\]h I]dgeZ ¾I]Z cdi^dc d[ ejii^c\ l^aa ]^i VcY i]Z eaVcZi l^aa WZ ^c]Zg^iZY Wn \^Vci id\Zi]Zg V [jaa WVcY eaVn^c\ Vaa i]Z ^chigjbZcih cZXZhhVgn XdX`gdVX]Zh# 7ji > lVh ldgg^ZY VWdji i]Vi aVhi nZVg idd#¿ hZZbZY g^Y^Xjadjhan ^begVXi^XVa VcY ajY^Xgdjh! hd > i]dj\]i >ÁY \^kZ ^i V \d I]Z X]Zb^hignÁh g^\]i i]dj\] VcY i]Z WVcYÁh >aajhigVi^dc L^aa^Vb :YbdcYh Wg^aa^Vci#¿ 6 WdjcXn! ]^\] ZcZg\n [jaa WVcY h]dl \gVXZY i]Z a^`Zh d[ <aVhidcWjgn VcY 7Zhi^kVa dc V [Zhi^kVa idjg ^c '%%+! l]^X] ]dcZY i]Z^g a^kZ XgZYZci^Vah ^cid V ha^X` lZaa d^aZY bVX]^cZ! VaWZ^i dcZ i]Vi eaVnh Vcni]^c\ [gdb 7gVo^a^Vc g]ni]bh id +%h adjc\Z _Voo# 6YY^c\ id i]Z adjc\Z"ZhfjZ [ZZa! i]Z Zci^gZ WVcY eZg[dgb `^iiZY dji ^c bViX]^c\ hj^ih! gZY h]^gih VcY h`^ccn WaVX` i^Zh# ¾> heZci nZVgh \d^c\ id \^\h l]ZgZ i]Z WVcY add`h i]Zn _jhi hiZeeZY d[[ V Wj^aY^c\ h^iZ VcY ^i _jhi add`h Wdg^c\¿ ZmeaV^ch I]dgeZ# ¾LZ jhZY id Vaa lZVg [ZooZh! Wji > ]VY V bji^cn dc bn ]VcYh dkZg i]Vi dcZ! Vh ^iÁh kZgn ]VgY id add` \ddY ^c V [Zo! ZkZc ^[ ndj h^i ^i Vi V _Vjcin Vc\aZ dg dc i]Z WVX` d[ ndjg ]ZVY# Hd i]Zn ]VY id \d# Dg^\^cVaan! i]Z ^YZV lVh id bV`Z i]Z WVcY add` a^`Z V \Vc\ dg Vc dgX]ZhigV dg hdbZi]^c\#¿ I]Z cVbZ! i]Z hdjcY! i]Z XdhijbZh! ZkZgni]^c\ VWdji i]Z KIF ^h VWdji ign^c\ id h]V`Z ndj ^cid ]Vk^c\ [jc! VcY hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi igjan Wjghih ^cid a^[Z ^c i]Z a^kZ h]dl! V [VXi I]dgeZ gZVY^an VX`cdlaZY\Zh# ¾>iÁh V [V^gan ZcZg\Zi^X h]dl¿ ]Z cdYh ¾> i]^c` lZ hdjcY V a^iiaZ bZVi^Zg i]Vc ndj b^\]i ZmeZXi# LZ Yd V XdjeaZ d[ XdkZgh VcY hdbZi^bZh Vh` i]Z XgdlY id ]Zae jh dji l^i] V XdjeaZ d[ cjbWZgh#


8Va^[dgc^V 9gZVb^c\ I]Z Adc\ Adhi ]VkZ _jhi bVYZ i]Z bdhi gdbVci^X gZXdgY d[ i]Z nZVgµ VcY ^i dcan idd` i]Zb V YZXVYZ# 8Va^[dgc^Vch 6a[gZY 9Vga^c\idc V`V C^c_V IjcZ WZVibV`Zg 9VZYZajh VcY ]^h kdXVa^hi l^[Z AVjgV ^ck^iZ 7Zc LddY ^cid i]Z^g adkZY"je ldgaY# AVWZa C^c_V IjcZ

))


)*

6h '%%. a^beh dc! jh gZXZhh^dc"WaVhiZY 7g^ih VgZ ^c YZheZgViZ cZZY d[ hdaVXZ! VcY 7VX]VgVX] VcY 9Vk^YÁh ldgYh g^c\ igjZg i]Vc ZkZg/ ¾L]Vi i]Z ldgaY cZZYh cdl! ^h adkZ! hlZZi adkZ#¿ AjX`^an! ]Zae ^h Vi ]VcY# 6a[gZY 6 9Vga^c\idc l]d bV`Zh d[[WZVi ZaZXigdc^XV Vh 9VZYZajh ]Vh iZVbZY je l^i] adc\"iZgb adkZ AVjgV id XgZViZ Vc ZcX]Vci^c\ XdaaZXi^dc d[ hdc\h Vh hd[i! g^X] VcY VYY^Xi^kZ Vh V Wdm d[ X]dXdaViZ igj[ÊZh# 7ZVgYZY hed`Z id i]Z 9Vga^c\idch _jhi WZ[dgZ KVaZci^cZÁh 9Vn ¼ eZg[ZXi i^b^c\ Vh 6a[gZY XVaah i]Z VaWjb ¾bdgZ i]Vc V adkZ aZiiZg0 ^iÁh V Xdbb^ibZci bVYZ ^c hdc\#¿ 6h i]Z^g gZXdgY XdbeVcn W^d hiViZh! i]Zn VgZ dc V b^hh^dc id ¾iV`Z i]Z hjW_ZXi d[ adkZ VlVn [gdb i]Z Xa^X] h VcY ]VX`cZnZY lV^a^c\ d[ i]Z bV^chigZVb VcY gZXdccZXi ^i id i]dhZ higVc\Z VcY jcXdcigdaaVWaZ Zbdi^dch lZÁgZ Vaa hd ^c i]gVaa id#¿ I]Z Adc\ AdhiÁh YZWji VaWjb ^h Y^[ÉXjai id XaVhh^[n# Hig^c\h! ]dgch VcY VXdjhi^X \j^iVgh! \ZciaZ VcVad\jZ `Znh VcY daY hed`Zc ldgY hVbeaZh ÊdVi ^c VcY dji d[ i]Z b^m! dXXVh^dcVaan egdeZaaZY Wn h]j[Ê^c\ WgZV`WZVih# AVjgVÁh hd[i! WgZVi]n kd^XZ Ydb^cViZh ¼ hdbZi^bZh YjZii^c\ l^i] 6a[gZY Vh ]Z igVYZh a^cZh dg hXVih# >ih XgZVi^dc idd` eaVXZ ^c ¾Éih VcY hiVgih¿ dkZg V YZXVYZ! l]^aZ 6a[gZY gZXdgYZY hdad bViZg^Va [dg aVWZah hjX] Vh Hdja ?Voo! HidcZh I]gdl VcY LVge# AVjgV hjc\ dc gZXdgYh Wn i]Z a^`Zh d[ ;an^c\ Adijh! VcY aZci ]Zg iVaZcih id hdbZ d[ ]Zg ]jWWnÁh gZXdgYh# I]^h ^h V ig^e ^cid i]Z 9Vga^c\idchÁ eZghdcVa jc^kZghZ! l^i] i]Z djih^YZ ldgaY WVgZan VX`cdlaZY\ZY# 6cY l]^aZ ^i ^h \ZcZgVaan hjccn! ^iÁh cdi l^i]dji bdbZcih d[ bZaVcX]dan VcY YdjWi# 8Vaa ^i edhibdYZgc WdhhV cdkV ^[ ndj lVci! Wji 6a[gZY ^hcÁi Xdck^cXZY/ ¾>ÁY a^`Z id i]^c` djgh ^h gdbVci^X bjh^X! Wji jc[dgijcViZan i]ZgZÁh cd ^IjcZh XViZ\dgn [dg gdbVcXZ#¿ Ldg`^c\ l^i] i]Z dcZ ndj adkZ XVc ]VkZ ^ih YgVlWVX`h! ]Z VYb^ih/ ¾>iÁh eV^c[ja Vi i^bZh id É\]i dkZg i]Z hbVaaZhi d[ YZiV^ah# HdbZi^bZh i]Z X]d^XZ WZilZZc dcZ X]dgY VcY Vcdi]Zg l^aa eji dcZ d[ jh ^c i]Z Yd\]djhZ [dg i]Z c^\]i#¿ CZkZgi]ZaZhh! i]Z ZmeZg^ZcXZ lVh V aVg\Zan eaZVhjgVWaZ dcZ [dg i]^h iVaZciZY bjai^"^chigjbZciVa^hi# 6cY AVjgV adkZY i]Z X]VcXZ id ZmegZhh ]ZghZa[ kdXVaan dkZg Vc Zci^gZ VaWjb! l^i] V kd^XZ Zci^gZan ]Zg dlc# H]Z VYb^ih/ ¾^c ]^\] hX]dda > ViiZbeiZY id iV`Z kd^XZ aZhhdch! Wji ^i gZVaan hdjcYZY YgZVY[ja id bZ# Hd > YdcÁi h^c\ i]Z lVn dcZ h]djaY0 _jhi XdbeaZiZan cVijgVaan#¿ 8dbW^c^c\ i]Z aViZhi iZX]cdad\n l^i] bdgZ dg\Vc^X hdjcYh! i]Z VaWjb ¼ a^`Z AVjgVÁh WZVji^[ja eVgi"]VcYbVYZ! eVgi" E]didh]deeZY XdkZg ¼ ^h V ]nWg^Y d[ daY"[Vh]^dcZY VcY bdYZgc hZch^W^a^i^Zh# AVjgV VYb^ih/ ¾> ValVnh egZ[Zg i]^c\h i^bZaZhh# >ÁkZ cZkZg [Zai a^`Z > WZadc\ ^c i]Z ldgaY d[ idYVn! Wji l]ZgZ ldjaY > WZ l^i]dji EgdIddah4 ¿ >iÁh eZg[ZXi bjh^X [dg Vc V[iZgcddc Vhh^\cVi^dc dg V hidcZY gZkZg^Z# AVjgV gZX`dch i]Z eZg[ZXi a^hiZc^c\ ZmeZg^ZcXZ ^h ¾^c ]ZVYe]dcZh dc Ygj\h¿0 VcY i]Z ^begZhh^dc^hi^X ang^Xh ]VkZ V hZchjVa! di]ZgldgaYan cVijgZ! Vh gZb^c^hXZci d[ i]Z higZVb" d["XdchX^djhcZhh egdhZ d[ ?VbZh ?dnXZ dg K^g\^c^V Ldda[! Vh di]Zg hdc\lg^iZgh#

I]Z dcdbVidedZ^X ÀH^W^aVcXZ!Á [dg ^chiVcXZ! ^h XdbedhZY Zci^gZan d[ idc\jZ il^hiZgh ¾h`^ee^c\ a^`Z V ha^eeZgn hidcZ VXgdhh i]Z h^akZg hZV¿ 0 l]^aZ i]Z ]nbc id V [VciVhi^XVa [Za^cZ À8Vi ;VcXnÁ ^h Vh higVc\Z Vh i]Z WZhi X]^aYgZcÁh hidg^Zh# I]Z hZZYh d[ I]Z Adc\ Adhi lZgZ hdlc ^c &..)! l]Zc i]Z eV^g! l]d ]V^a [gdb HVciV Bdc^XV! 8Va^[dgc^V! bZi ^c i]Z ]^\] hX]dda dgX]ZhigV# =Z lVh dc YdjWaZ WVhh! h]Z lVh dc ÊjiZ! VcY i]Zn WZXVbZ eVgicZgh ^c i]Z WVaagddb YVcXZ XajW# >i lVh adkZ Vi Éghi h^\]i [dg 6a[gZY ¾6aa > XVc gZbZbWZg ^h i]^h ]ZVkZcan XgZVijgZ VXgdhh i]Z gddb [gdb bZ0 > lVh VWhdajiZan hb^iiZc¿ # =Z hiVgiZY id ldd ]Zg l^i] adkZ aZiiZgh ¼ i]Z ldgYh id hdbZ d[ l]^X] ]VkZ ZcYZY je dc i]Z cZl gZXdgY# AVjgV VYb^ih h]Z hjXXjbWZY l^i]^c bdci]h# L]^aZ i]Zn hea^i cdi adc\ V[iZg! AVjgV hi^aa add`h WVX` l^i] [dcYcZhh/ ¾>i lVh Vl`lVgY Wji ldcYZg[ja! id eaVn Ze^X hnbe]dc^Zh id\Zi]Zg l^i] i]dhZ iZZcV\Z ]dgbdcZh X]Vg\^c\ i]gdj\] jh#¿ I]Z XdjeaZ bZi V\V^c ^c &..-! Xdck^cX^c\ AVjgV i]Zn lZgZ [ViZY id WZ id\Zi]Zg/ ¾>Áb V hXZei^X! Wji WZilZZc higVc\Z egZbdc^i^dch d[ 6a[gZY! gjcc^c\ ^cid ]^b il^XZ ^c ild YVnh V[iZg nZVgh VeVgi! VcY WZ^c\ VWaZ id gZVY ZVX] di]ZgÁh b^cYh VcY Éc^h] ZVX] di]ZgÁh hZciZcXZh! ^i Y^Y hZZb a^`Z hdbZ [dgXZh lZgZ Vi ldg`#¿ I]Z eV^g ]VkZ WZZc ^chZeVgVWaZ ZkZg h^cXZ# I]Z ZVgan YVnh d[ i]Z^g gZaVi^dch]^e lZgZ hdjcYigVX`ZY Wn I]Z E^m^Zh VcY HiZgZdaVW! l]^aZ i]Zn bVYZ i]Z Éghi iZciVi^kZ hiVWh Vi XdaaVWdgVi^c\ bjh^XVaan# I]Z Adc\ AdhiÁh VZhi]Zi^X lVh YZkZade^c\! l^i] Wdi] VYb^g^c\ i]Z K^Xidg^Vch# 6a[gZY ¼ l]d hedgih V bV\c^ÉXZci eV^g d[ h^YZWjgch ¼ egV^hZh ¾i]Z^g ViiZci^dc id YZiV^a VcY Zbe]Vh^h jedc XgV[ihbVch]^eµ bZc ]VY hdbZ [Vh]^dc X]d^XZh ^c i]dhZ i^bZh ¿ I]Z XdjeaZÁh eZg[dgb^c\ cVbZh VgZ Vahd ^begZhh^kZan K^Xidg^Vc# I]Z Vgi^hi dg^\^cVaan `cdlc Vh 6a[gZY LZ^hWZg\" GdWZgih ZmeaV^ch/ ¾L]Zc AVjgV VcY > lZgZ lZY! lZ lVciZY id XgZViZ V cZl ]^hidgn l^i] ZVX] di]Zg#¿ HVnh AVjgV/ ¾LZÁkZ WZZc XVaa^c\ ZVX] di]Zg ¾9Vga^c\idc¿ [dg nZVghµ ZkZg h^cXZ lZ YgdkZ VXgdhh 9Vga^c\idc 6kZcjZ ^c Adh 6c\ZaZh#¿ AVjgV YZhXg^WZh I]Z Adc\ AdhiÁh Xdchi^ijZcXn Vh ¾hZch^i^kZ eZdeaZ [gdb Vaa dkZg i]Z ldgaY!¿ VcY 6a[gZY hVnh i]Z VaWjb ^h ¾Vc ^ci^bViZ gZXdgY [dg ^ci^bViZ a^hiZc^c\#¿ >i l^aa WZ ^ciZgZhi^c\ id hZZ ]dl ^ih hjWiaZ X]Vgbh igVchaViZ a^kZ l]Zc i]Zn idjg 7g^iV^c i]^h nZVg# 6a[gZY VYb^ih ¾^iÁh V X]VaaZc\Z l^i] djg fj^Zi bjh^X# =dlZkZg! ^[ ndj Yd hdbZi]^c\ XdbeZaa^c\! ]deZ[jaan eZdeaZ l^aa XVgZ Zcdj\]#¿ Hd gdbVcXZ ^hcÁi YZVY V[iZg Vaa ¼ ^iÁh Xdb^c\ id V idlc cZVg ndjµ E]did\gVe]n 8djgiZhn d[ C^c_V IjcZ


=jci^c\ id 9gjbh Gdaa^c\ VXgdhh Cdgi] 6bZg^XV hZZbh cVijgVa [dg V WVcY XVaaZY L^aYW^gYh VcY EZVXZYgjbh# L]Zi]Zg i]Z^g gVjXdjh HlZY^h] ild"e^ZXZ a^kZ h]dl ZfjViZh id ^cY^\Zcdjh ]dhe^iVa^in i]dj\] ^h aZhh XZgiV^c# C^XdaZ ;VggZaa gjch i]Z WVcY d[[ i]Z gdVY id ede i]Z fjZhi^dch# AVWZa AZV[

)+


),

L^i] V WVcY cVbZ a^`Z L^aYW^gYh VcY EZVXZYgjbh! ndjÁY ZmeZXi BVg^Vb LVaaZci^c VcY 6cYgZVh LZga^^c id WZ V W^i Y^[ÉXjai id \Zi V ]daY d[# 6cY ndjÁY WZ g^\]i# I]ZhZ ]^\]" Ên^c\! cZd"eV\Vc HlZYZh VgZ XjggZcian idjg^c\ VXgdhh i]Z HiViZh VcY :jgdeZ/ i]^h bZVch bjX] [gVci^X ZbV^a XdggZhedcYZcXZ VcY cjbWZg ZmX]Vc\Z WZ[dgZ ZkZc V ldgY XVc WZ hlVeeZY# AjX`^an Zcdj\]! lZ Y^Y XViX] i]Zb ¼ i]dj\] hVYan dcan dcZ ]Va[ d[ i]Z ]jhWVcY"VcY"l^[Z XdjeaZ! 6cYgZVh! XdjaY bV`Z ^i id i]Z a^cZ# 7ZiiZg dcZ l^aY W^gY ^c i]Z ]VcY i]Vc ild ^c i]Z Wjh! lZ hVn# >i lVh cZVg b^Yc^\]i djg ZcY! VcY 6cYgZVh lVh Yg^k^c\ i]Z idjg Wjh Ydlc hdbZ cZkZg"ZcY^c\ ]^\]lVn idlVgYh i]Z^g cZmi \^\ ^c A6# Ild b^cjiZh ^cid djg XgVX`an XdckZghVi^dc! i]ZgZ XVbZ i]Z kZgn 6bZg^XVc VcY kZgn iZgg^[n^c\ WaVgZ d[ V igjX`Áh V^g ]dgc# I]Zc h^aZcXZ dc i]Z a^cZ# D] YZVg <dY# =Z ]VY ejaaZY dkZg id i]Z h^YZ d[ i]Z gdVY ^c V YVgZYZk^a HXVcY^":jgdeZVc lVn# I]ZgZ lZgZ cd XgVh]Zh# 7ji l]Zc 6cYgZVh d[[ZgZY id lV`Z BVg^Vb! lZ Y^YcÁi ]VkZ i]Z ]ZVgi id Y^hijgW i]Z eZVXZ Vcn [jgi]Zgµ ¾I]Z JH idjg ]Vh WZZc [jc! ^iÁh WZZc \gZVi! idjg^c\ l^i] An``Z A^# <gZVi hZi je! \gZVi eZdeaZ! gZVaan W^\ h]dlh ¼ W^\\Zg i]Vc aVhi i^bZ#¿ 6cYgZVh ^h jeWZVi VcY hjgeg^h^c\an oZc [dg Vc ZmeZg^bZciVa eZgXjhh^dc^hi# 7ji ^i hdjcYh a^`Z i]Z [gZZ he^g^iZY eV^g VgZcÁi ]Vk^c\ idd XgVon V i^bZ ^c i]Z HiViZh# Hd [Vg! i]Z ]^\]a^\]i ]Vh WZZc k^h^i^c\ V Y^cZg i]Vi [ZVijgZY ^c hdbZ c^cZi^Zh IK h]dl# ¾LZ lZci id Il^c EZV`h! i]Z X^in l]ZgZ i]Zn gZXdgYZY i]Z h]dl!¿ 6cYgZVh Zci]jhZh# ¾6cY lZ lZci id IlZYZÁh 8V[ # I]Vi lVh V kZgn W^\ bdbZci [dg jh ¿ 6cYgZVh hdjcYh \Zcj^cZan eaZVhZY ]ZgZ# ¾7ji jhjVaan ndj `cdl! i]ZgZÁh cdi hd bjX] i^bZ [dg h^\]i"hZZ^c\# Ndj _jhi \Zi je VcY Yg^kZ id i]Z kZcjZµ¿ 6eeVgZcian! idjg^c\ i]Z HiViZh ^h ]ZVkn \d^c\# 9^hiVcXZh VgZ hd \gZVi i]Vi BVg^Vb VcY 6cYgZVh ÉcY i]ZbhZakZh Yg^k^c\ [dg ilZakZ ]djgh Vi V i^bZ# ;dg bdhi eZdeaZ! WZ^c\ XddeZY je ^c V Wjh l^i] i]Z hVbZ eZghdc YVn V[iZg YVn ldjaY WZ V `^cY d[ idgijgZ# 7ji i]^h ^h V XdjeaZ l]d ]VkZ a^kZY ^c ZVX] di]ZgÁh edX`Zih h^cXZ i]Z^g hijYZci YVnh Vi i]Z <di]ZcWjg\ HX]dda d[ Bjh^X VcY 9gVbV# I]Vi i]Zn VgZ bVgg^ZY id dcZ Vcdi]Zg ^hcÁi hVn^c\ Zcdj\]/ i]^h eV^g _Vbh i]Z^g hXjoon WajZh ]VcY ^c ]VcY# I]Zn h]VgZ dWhXjgZ ^chigjbZcih a^`Z i]Z X^iigV VcY Vjid]Vge! VcY hdbZi]^c\ XVaaZY V \j o]Zc\µ I]Zn gZXdgY! eZg[dgb VcY idjg ^c iVcYZb# I]Zn Yd VWhdajiZan ZkZgni]^c\# Id\Zi]Zg# ¾;dg bZ VcY BVg^Vb! Vh ^cY^k^YjVah! i]Z bjh^X ]Vh ValVnh WZZc i]Z Éghi X]d^XZ# H^cXZ lZ lZgZ `^Yh! ndj `cdl#¿ 6cYgZVh hVnh! V hb^aZ ^c ]^h kd^XZ# ¾Hd cdl idjg^c\ VcY gZXdgY^c\ id\Zi]Zg! ^iÁh _jhi cVijgVa# 6cY djg bVgg^V\Z4 LZ WVaVcXZ ^i fj^iZ lZaa# >iÁh lZ^gY Wji ^iÁh ldg`^c\ ¿

I]^h dYYan ]Veen eV^g^c\ ^h kZgn Zk^YZci ^c i]Z bjh^X d[ L^aYW^gYh VcY EZVXZYgjbh# I]ZgZÁh V cVijgVa! hdja[ja ZVh^cZhh id i]Z^g gZXdgYh! ZkZc ^c bdbZcih d[ ^ciZch^in# Cdi]^c\ hdjcYh dji d[ eaVXZ# I]ZgZÁh V [ZZa^c\ i]Vi Vaa eVgih VgZ eVgi d[ V l]daZ! [gdb BVg^VbÁh ZkdXVi^kZ kdXVah id i]Z g]ni]b^X! ig^WVa [ZZa d[ 6cYgZVhÁ Ygjbh# Jchjgeg^h^c\an! i]Zn hVn i]Z^g ZVgi]n! he^g^ijVa hdjcY XVbZ VWdji dg\Vc^XVaan/ ¾;gdb i]Z WZ\^cc^c\! ^i gZVaan _jhi ]VeeZcZY# LZ ig^ZY id ÉcY V [dgjb [dg eaVn^c\ bjh^X id\Zi]Zg i]Vi lVhcÁi XdcÉcZY id ineZ dg \ZcgZ# LZ lZgZcÁi hjeedhZY id ZcY je ^c V WVcY dg WZ gZXdgYZY dg Vcni]^c\ a^`Z i]Vi ¿ 7ji V WVcY i]Zn WZXVbZ VcY gZXdgYZY i]Zn lZgZ ¼ VcY \ddY i]^c\ idd# I]Z^g aVhi VaWjb! =ZVgiXdgZ! lVh V Xg^i^XVa hjXXZhh! l^cc^c\ VYb^gVi^dc [Vg VcY l^YZ# >i ZkZc eaVXZY ^c bVcn ide iZc VaWjbh d[ i]Z nZVg XdjciYdlch# 7ji 6cYgZVh hVnh cZl VaWjb I]Z HcV`Z ^h V kZgn Y^[[ZgZci egdedh^i^dc/ ¾LZ gZXdgYZY i]Z Éghi VaWjb djghZakZh# LZ lZgZ V gZVaan cZl WVcY VcY lZ ]VYcÁi ig^ZY hd bjX] hij[[# L^i] i]Z cZl gZXdgY! ^iÁh V W^\\Zg hdjcY/ lZ ig^ZY id XVeijgZ V `^cY d[ a^kZ ZmegZhh^dc dc i]Z gZXdgY! hd ^iÁh bjX] bdgZ Zmeadh^kZ VcY bdgZ XdbeaZm#¿ EZg[dgb^c\ a^kZ ^h i]Z a^[ZWaddY d[ i]^h WVcY# I]Zn Zc_dn WZ^c\ ^c i]Z hijY^d VcY gZXdgY^c\! Wji ^iÁh cdi]^c\ XdbeVgZY id _Vbb^c\ dchiV\Z# ¾HdbZ]dl! i]Z gZVa ZcZg\n XdbZh l]Zc ndjÁgZ ^c [gdci d[ eZdeaZ!¿ 6cYgZVh ZmeaV^ch! ¾VcY ndj YdcÁi i]^c` hd bjX] VWdji i]Z gZhjai#¿ A^kZ dg gZXdgYZY! i]Z gZhjaih VgZ egZiin VhidjcY^c\# I]Z hdc\h YZVa l^i] l]Vi 6cYgZVh XVaah ¾i]Z W^\ fjZhi^dch ^c a^[Z¿/ [Vb^an! WZadc\^c\ VcY adc\^c\# I]Zn gZXdgYZY i]Z VaWjb ^c _jhi h^m YVnh# 6cYgZVh hVnh i]Zn _jhi cZZYZY id eji dji hdbZi]^c\ cZl/ ¾LZ cZZY V cZl gZXdgY Vh bjX] Vh djg [Vch ¿ 6cYgZVh aVj\]h# ¾LZÁgZ gZVaan kZgn ZmX^iZY VWdji i]Z gZaZVhZ#¿ HdjcY"l^hZ! i]Z cZl gZXdgY iV`Zh adl"`Zn ^begdk id i]Z bVm! i]Zc hbddi]Zh ^i Ydlc l^i] hlZZicZhh# I]Zn Y^YcÁi hZa["egdYjXZ i]^h gZXdgY ^c i]Z hVbZ lVn i]Zn Y^Y i]Z aVhi! Wji 6cYgZVh hVnh i]Zn ValVnh `ZZe V ]VcYaZ dc i]Z^g bjh^X/ ¾>iÁh gZVaan ^bedgiVci lZ ]VkZ Xdcigda dkZg i]Z gZhjai! ZkZc ^[ lZ ]VkZ eZdeaZ egdYjX^c\ ^i VcY bVhiZg^c\ ^i# LZ ]VkZ id \Zi i]Z hdjcY g^\]i#¿ Fj^iZ Éii^c\an! ^i lVh Vi i]^h hiV\Z i]Z hdjcY dc djg XVaa hiVgiZY id \d [jccn# LZ Vedad\^hZY [dg i]Z WVY a^cZ# LZ ]ZVgY 6cYgZVhÁ gZean! _jhi WZ[dgZ i]Z [joo YgdlcZY ]^b dji/ ¾>iÁh cdi V gZY a^cZ! ^iÁh V e^c` dcZ ¿ LZÁgZ cdi ZmVXian hjgZ l]Vi ]Z bZVch# 7ji i]ZgZÁh dcZ i]^c\ lZ Yd `cdl/ i]ZhZ L^aYW^gYh VcY EZVXZYgjbh VgZ dc V Wjh i]ViÁh \d^c\ eaVXZh# E]did\gVe]n 8djgiZhn d[ AZV[


GZXdgY GZk^Zlh 7ZVgYZYÁh YZY^XVi^dc id ^cYZeZcYZci bjh^X bZVch i]Vi lZ XVccdi ^Yan eVhh d[[ \gZVi ^cYZeZcYZci gZaZVhZh l^i] V hVgXVhi^X fj^e! cdg XVc lZ É i i]Z cjbWZg d[ gZXdgYh lZ gZXZ^kZ ^cid i]Z eV\Zh d[ i]Z bV\Vo^cZ# ;dg bdgZ gZk^Zlh d[ i]Z aViZhi ^cYZeZcYZci gZaZVhZh! k^h^i djg lZWh^iZ/ lll#WZVgYZYbV\Vo^cZ#Xd#j`

)-


).

6gWdjgZijb Hdc\ D[ I]Z EZVga I]g^aa ?dX`Zn

7gV`Zh IdjX]Ydlc ;Vi8Vi

8Vh^didcZ [dg i]Z EV^c[jaan 6adcZ Kh# 8]^aYgZc IdbaVW

EVgi \gjc\Z! eVgi hidcZg Vi i]Z^g XdgZ! 6gWdjgZijb bV`Z i]Z Z[[dgi id X]jX` ^c W^ih d[ di]Zg hinaZh [dg V W^i d[ kVg^Zin# I]Z aVc\j^Y bZaadlZY gdX` \gddkZh d[ i]Z i^iaZ igVX` \a^bbZg l^i] ZX]dZh d[ &.,%h LZhi 8dVhi ]^ee^Z"Ydb! l]^aZ i]Z hidcZg k^WZ d[ igVX`h a^`Z À;VahZ Heg^c\Á dg i]Z bdgZ aV^YWVX` À6cdi]Zg =^Y^c\ EaVXZÁ cdY id kVg^djh kZiZgVc 7g^i aZ\ZcYh ¼ 8gZVb [dg i]Z [dgbZg! ;gZZ [dg i]Z aViiZg# 6mZ"bZgX]Vcih l^aa Vahd VeegZX^ViZ hdbZ d[ i]Z heVXZY"dji hdad^c\! ZheZX^Vaan i]Z he^gVaa^c\ VX^Y"YgZcX]ZY [dgVnh dc i]Z Ze^X À>cÉ c^iZ 8dgg^YdghÁ# =VjciZY! gZkZgWZgViZY kdXVah bZZi [da`hn a^X`h id YZXZci Z[[ZXi idd dc À9dlc 7n I]Z ;Vaa A^cZÁ# 7ji hdbZ]dl i]Z VaWjbÁh kVg^Vi^dch aZVkZ Vc V^g d[ Y^hhVi^h[VXi^dc# CZ^i]Zg XVhi"^gdc hidcZg! \gjc\Z dg aV^YWVX` LZhi 8dVhi gdX`! ^i [Vaah WZilZZc ^ih kVg^djh hiddah ¼ bdgZ Yd\Áh Y^ccZg i]Vc WjWWa^c\ bjh^XVa ]diedi# LdgYh CdgbVc B^aaZg

H^cXZ Y^heZch^c\ l^i] WVc\^c\ V W^\ Ygjb [dg 7g^i^h] HZV EdlZg VcY gZXgj^i^c\ hdbZ d[ i]Z bdhi iVaZciZY bjh^X^Vch ^c 7g^iV^c ^c i]Z L]^iZ Wgdi]Zgh! :Vbdc =Vb^aidcÁh 7gV`Zh ]VkZ egdYjXZY hdbZ d[ i]Z bdhi lZaXdbZ VcY ldcYZg[ja gZXdgYh! l^i] V ]ZVai]n ha^XZ d[ XdbZYn VcY eda^i^XVa hVi^gZ egdk^c\ V WgZVi] d[ [gZh] V^g ^c Vc ^cYjhign i]Vi iV`Zh ^ihZa[ lVn! lVn idd hZg^djhan# L]^X] ^h l]n IdjX]Ydlc! i]Z WVcYÁh É ghi dji^c\ [dg ]dbZidlc aVWZa ;Vi8Vi ^h hjX] V Y^hVeed^cibZci# >i ^hcÁi WVY Wn Vcn higZiX] d[ i]Z ^bV\^cVi^dc! Wji ^i ]Vh adhi Vaa i]Z _dn VcY ^cig^\jZ d[ egZk^djh Z[[dgih <^kZ 7addY VcY I]Z egZk^djh Z[[dgih <^kZ 7addY VcY <^kZ 7addY <^kZ 7addY VcY I]Z 7ZVi^È X K^h^dch! l]^ahi b^hh^c\ Vcn hdgi d[ igVX` id ]Vc\ ^i d[[ Vh \ddY Vh À6aa C^\]i 9^hXd EVginÁ# Cdi]^c\ dc i]^h gZXdgY bViX]Zh je id l]Vi ]Vh WZZc WZ[dgZ! VcY i]ZgZÁh cdi]^c\ Y^[[ZgZci# >i ^h i]Z XaVhh^X hiV\cVi^dc gZXdgY VcY ed^cih id =Vb^aidc VcY i]Z Wdnh ]Vk^c\ id \d VcY ]VkZ V a^iiaZ i]dj\]i VWdji VaWjb cjbWZg [djg# >i ^h ldgi] ^ckZhibZci [dg [Vch! ^[ _jhi [dg i]Z egZiin! hb^aZ" ^cYjX^c\ ÀLdggn 6Wdji ^i AViZgÁ! Wji i]^h ^hcÁi \d^c\ id WZ ZmX^i^c\ bVcn! VcY i]ViÁh V bVhh^kZ h]VbZ# LdgYh VcY i]ViÁh V bVhh^kZ h]VbZ# LdgYh <VgZi] BV^c

>i bVn WZ hdbZi]^c\ d[ V YZig^bZci id DlZc 6h]ldgi] id ]VkZ bdc^`ZgZY ]^bhZa[ l^i] V gZ[ZgZcXZ id cV[[ `ZnWdVgYh i]Vi VgZ dcan \ddY [dg i^ccn YZbdh d[ HiZk^Z LdcYZgÁh ÀNdj 6gZ i]Z Hjch]^cZ d[ Bn A^[ZÁ# L]Vi ]Z ]Vh egdYjXZY dkZg i]Z XdjghZ d[ [djg [jaa aZc\i]h ]Vh h]dlc Vc ZkZg VYkVcX^c\ XViVad\jZ d[ ide YgVlZg ¼ l]Vi ndj b^\]i ^cVXXjgViZan YZhXg^WZ Vh ¼ VbW^Zci ZaZXigdc^XV# 6bW^Zci ^i ^h! VcY ^i ^h Vabdhi Zci^gZan ZaZXigdc^X! Wji 6h]ldgi]Áh ^cXgZVh^c\ hig^YZh VlVn [gdb ejgZ ZaZXigdc^X ^chigjbZciVi^dc iV`Z 8Vh^didcZ ^cid Vc VgZV i]Vi ^h bjX] bdgZ Y^[[ZgZci! bjX] bdgZ VXXZhh^WaZ [dg hjgZ! Wji bdhi ^bedgiVcian Y^[[ZgZci# Kh# 8]^aYgZc ^h VeeVgZcian lg^iiZc [gdb i]Z eZgheZXi^kZ d[ gZbdghZ[ja Xg^b^cVah! WVhZY jedc i]Z gZVa a^[Z VggZhi d[ V [dgbZg Xd"ldg`Zg d[ 6h]ldgi] [dg gdWW^c\ '+ WVc`h VXgdhh i]Z HiViZh# L^i] hjX] hjW_ZXi bViiZg! ^i bV`Zh [dg V [VhX^cVi^c\ a^hiZc# IgVX`h hjX] Vh ÀCdgi]É ZaY! BCÁ VcY i]Z idc\jZ"il^hi^c\ ]^\]a^\]i ÀIgVkZa^c\ HVaZhbVcÁh Ndjc\ L^[Z =dbZ 6adcZ dc 8]g^hibVh ^c BdcieZa^Zg! KIÁ YgV\ ndj ^c VcY egdYjXZ V YgZVgn! Wji hiVgia^c\! ^bV\Z ^c ndjg ]ZVY# 6aa ^c Vaa i]dj\]! Kh# 8]^aYgZc ^h cdi]^c\ h]dgi d[ V ldcYZg[ja gZXdgY# >i bVn eV^ci V YVg`! WaZV` e^XijgZ ^c ndjg b^cY VcY WZ WZhi a^hiZcZY id Yjg^c\ Vc ZkZc^c\ lVa`VWdji i]gdj\] Wjhn hcdln higZZih! Wji ^i gZVaan YdZh É aa ndj l^i] V lVgbi] i]gdj\] i]Z XdaY# 6 ig^jbe]# LdgYh ?ZgZbn HinaZ


8g^eeaZY 7aVX` E]dZc^m '%% Idch D[ 7VY AjX` >ckVYV

8ji >dlV CZildg` Egd_ZXidg <jch]^e =ZaY EVc^X 6ggZhi

9Vc 9ZVXdc 7gdbhi 8VgeVg`

>iÁh ]VgY id YZÉ cZ V WVcY a^`Z 8g^eeaZY 7aVX` E]dZc^m0 i]ZnÁgZ V bjh^XVa XdaaZXi^dc d[ Vgi^hih [gdb di]Zg WVcYh [dgbZY ^c '%%* eaVn^c\ edhi" egd\gZhh^kZ"gdX` l^i] Vc Zcdgbdjh haVe d[ X^cZbVi^X \gVcYZjg ZcXVh^c\ WZVji^[ja Ê dl^c\ bZadY^Zh VcY ]Von \j^iVg ]dd`h i]Vi VgZ ]dkZg^c\ dkZg Zmeadh^dch VcY YZhdaViZ aVcYhXVeZh# 6cY i]Vi lVh _jhi i]Z É ghi VaWjb# L^i] i]^h XdcYZchZY kZgh^dc d[ i]Z^g ild cZl VaWjbh WZ^c\ gZaZVhZY i]^h nZVg! 87E ]VkZ gV^hZY i]Z WVg iZc"[daY l^i] \gZViZg aVnZgZY VbW^ZcXZ! hegVla^c\ bZadY^Zh gVkV\ZY dkZg i^bZaZhh aVcYhXVeZh! VcY V hed`Zc ldgY e^ZXZ Wn :kZa @cZ^kZa l]^X] ^h Wdi] Zbdi^dcVa VcY jea^[i^c\ ^c ^ih XdciZci VcY edh^i^dc dc i]Z gZXdgY# L^i] hdbZ igVX`h higZiX]^c\ id &* b^cjiZh! i]Z^g Ê j^Y^in WZXdbZh V i^bZaZhh Zfj^cdm bV`^c\ i]Z a^hiZcZg i]gVh] [gdb WZ^c\ hZgZcZan hV[Z id É cY^c\ i]ZbhZakZh jcXdb[dgiVWan cVjhZdjh! VcY ndj XVcÁi hl^iX] d[[ [dg V bdbZci# ;gdb deZcZg À7jgci GZncdaYhÁ l^i] ^ih \gVcY Wj^aY^c\ edhi"gdX` Z[Ê jZcXZ! id i]Z WZVjin d[ :meadh^dch >c I]Z H`n" ZhfjZ À> 6b ;gZZ! IdYVn > EZg^h]ZYÁ! 87E ]VkZ XgZViZY Vc VaWjb l]^X] XVc Wdi] Wddi ndj ^c i]Z [VXZ VcY [dgXZ ndj Vh^YZ l^i] V \ZciaZ Wgjh] d[ ^ih ]Vjci^c\ [ZVi]Zgh# '%% Idch D[ 7VY AjX` 7VY AjX` l^aa hiVcY a^`Z V Wadi dc i]Z bZY^dXg^in aVcYhXVeZ [dg nZVgh id XdbZ! VcY <dY WaZhh 8g^eeaZY 7aVX` E]dZc^m [dg i]Vi# LdgYh EZiZg 8aVg`

I]^h i]gZZ"e^ZXZ egdYjXZ VbW^Zci ZaZXigdc^XV Vh higVc\Zan ^cig^\j^c\ Vh i]Z^g cVbZ! b^m^c\ 7dVgYh d[ 8VcVYV! @gVjigdX`! egd\ VcY YgdcZ# I]Z igVX`h VgZ adc\! ZVX] ^c ZmXZhh d[ iZc b^cjiZh! VcY [ZVijgZ ZmeVchZh d[ hdjcYh Wj^ai je [gdb aVc\j^Y addeh! X]^iiZg^c\ ZaZXigdc^X aVcYhXVeZh VcY h^beaZ \j^iVg VcY Ygjb eViiZgch# Cdi bjX] ]VeeZch Wji ^i d[iZc ]VeeZch gVi]Zg WZVji^[jaan ¼ a^`Z lVa`^c\ VXgdhh V HXdii^h] bddg ]VjciZY Wn @gVjigdX` heZXigZh# I]Z YVc\Zg! d[ XdjghZ! ^h ^[ WVh^X ^YZVh VgZcÁi ^ciZgZhi^c\ Zcdj\] ndj \Zi bZY^dXgZ cddYa^c\! VcY 8>C Yd [Vaa ^cid i]Vi igVe l^i] i]Z ^gg^iVi^c\ \j^iVg ilVc\h d[ ÀI]Z H^\cVah ;gdb Ndjg GVYVg 6gZ 8adh^c\ >c Dc BZÁ# I]Vc`[jaan! i]Z eZgXjhh^kZ Xdcig^Wji^dch VgZ ide"cdiX] dc i]Z i]gZZ \gZVi igVX`h i]Vi ]^\]a^\]i i]^h gZXdgY# ÀHjeZg ;jijgZh 6m^h CZd Id`ndÁ ^h V bVhiZg[ja &* b^cjiZh Wdd`ZcYZY Wn i]Z Y^hiVci X]^geh VcY XVaah d[ V gZbdiZ bddg! ÀI]Z Hjc LVh <dcZ 7ji Djg ;VXZh H]dcZÁ YZeadnh V b^m d[ hdja[ja VXXdgY^dc"a^`Z YgdcZh d[[hZi Wn cZgkn a^iiaZ X]^ggjeh i]Vi ZWW VcY Ê dl a^`Z i]Z i^YZh! VcY À7aVX`^c\ Dji I]gdj\] 8]^cZhZ LVaahÁ ^h WZVji^[ja! b^Y"iZbed ZaZXigdc^XV l^i] WZVji^[ja Ygjb h`^iiZgh# LdgYh CdgbVc B^aaZg

>[ ndj a^`Z ndjg XdbejiZg \VbZ i]ZbZ" ijcZh VcY ]^\]"heZZY ZVg XVcYn! i]Zc 9Vc 9ZVXdc ^h ndjg `^cY d[ Vgi^hi# I]Z ZaZXigd"VXdjhi^X [jc"bZ^hiZg d[ 7Vai^bdgZ Wg^c\h ^i l^i] cZl gZaZVhZ 7gdbhi# I]^h ^hcÁi Vcn daY gZXdgY d[ edh^i^kZ ede k^WZh# I]ZhZ igVX`h VgZ cd^hn! a^k^c\ i]^c\h! VcY i]Zn bVn ]VkZ hlVaadlZY Y^hXd e^aah# 7gdbhi 7gdbhi! Xdb^c\ i]gZZ nZVgh V[iZg J@ YZWji AE He^YZgbVc d[ i]Z G^c\h! ^h YZWji AE He^YZgbVc d[ i]Z G^c\h! ^h XgZVi^kZ hij[[# I]Z [djcYZg d[ L]Vb 8^in Vgi XdaaZXi^kZ ]Vh gZXdgYZY \ddY i^bZh dc V hj\Vg gjh]# >ciZchZ hnci]h k^Z l^i] ZaZXigd"`ZnWdVgY g^[[h VcY ^ch^hiZci WZVi addeh! i^bZ h^\cVijgZ eaVnh VcY kd^XZ Y^hidgi^dc/ 9ZVXdc ^h V bVc l]d `cdlh ]dl id eaVn l^i] hdjcY# ;ZVijg^c\ a^kZ ^chigjbZcih [gdb i]Z bVg^bWV! mnade]dcZ! \adX`Zche^Za VcY k^WgVe]dcZ! Vh lZaa Vh a^kZ YgjbbZgh! e^Vc^hih VcY VXVeZaaV kdXVah! 7gdbhi e^Vc^hih VcY VXVeZaaV kdXVah! 7gdbhi lVh gZXdgYZY id iVeZ VcY [ZVijgZh VcVad\jZ hnci]h# I]Z hdjcY ^h ^cXgZY^Wan g^X]! gZXdgYZY VcY b^mZY Wn 7gZii 6aaZc ^c Cdgi] LZhiZgc BdciVcV hijY^d Hcdl <]dhi! i]Z VaWjb [ZVijgZh hijY^d Hcdl <]dhi! i]Z VaWjb [ZVijgZh ,% b^cjiZh d[ YVcXZ"gZVYn WZVih VcY WaVhi^c\! _dn[ja hdjcYh# 9ZVXdc hVnh 7gdbhi ^h V hidgn VWdji 7gdbhi 7gdbhi ^h V hidgn VWdji WZXdb^c\ V \]dhi! XnXaZh d[ i]Z ZVgi]! \Zii^c\ daYZg VcY cdc"a^cZVg i^bZµ Vbdc\ di]Zg i]^c\h# LZ YdcÁi `cdl VWdji i]Vi# 6aa lZ XVc hVn ^h/ ZmeZXi id YVcXZ# LdgYh C^XdaZ ;VggZaa

*%


*&

9VkZ 6gXVg^ <di BZ :aZXig^X 7joo

9B Hi^i] =ZVkn <]dhi 6hi]bVi^X @^iin

9daaWdn 6 7ZVgY D[ 7ZZh HiVi^X 8VgVkVc

Ndj bVn É cY i]^h ]VgY id WZa^ZkZ! Wji i]Z 7g^i^h] WajZh hXZcZ ^h Va^kZ VcY lZaa# 9VkZ 6gXVg^ ^h V \ddY ZmVbeaZ d[ l]Vi 7g^i^h] WajZh XVc d[[Zg VcY ^i ^h V ldgaY VlVn [gdb i]Z daY hcddoZ"[Zhih i]Vi :g^X 8aVeidc VcY ]^h bViZh jhZY id X]jgc dji# A^`Z HZVh^X` HiZkZ VcY >Vc H^Z\Va! 6gXVg^ heZX^Va^hZh ^c gdj\] VcY gZVYn egZ"lVg 9ZaiV WajZh# >iÁh V adl Ydlc VcY Y^gin eaVXZ! [jaa d[ ]ZVgiWgZV` VcY eVhh^dc# >[ ndj i]dj\]i i]Z WajZh lVh Vaa VWdji b^YYaZ"V\ZY bZc! X]jgc^c\ dji hZa["Xdc\gVijaVidgn g^[[h! i]Zc i]^c` V\V^c# 6gXVg^Áh gVhen kd^XZ ^h dcZ eVgi l]^h`Zn! ild eVgih LddYW^cZ! VcY i]gZZ eVgih ]ZVkZc"`cdlh"l]Vi# =Z ^h i]Z gZVa YZVa! Vaa g^\]i# =Z ]dlah VcY lV^ah _jhi a^`Z i]Z WZhi d[ i]Zb! X]VccZaa^c\ i]Z he^g^ih d[ =dla^cÁ Lda[ VcY GdWZgi ?d]chdc# =^h VggVc\ZbZcih d[ GdWW^Z 7jgchÁ edZb ÀEVgXZa d[ Gd\jZhÁ VcY 7a^cY L^aa^Z ?d]chdcÁh ÀHdja D[ 6 BVcÁ VgZ eVgi^XjaVgan hijcc^c\# HdbZi^bZh Vaa ndj cZZY [dg V \gZVi gZXdgY ^h V bVc VcY ]^h \j^iVg! VcY i]Z hdjcY d[ V WdiiaZcZX` ha^Y^c\ dc hiZZa hig^c\h# 6gXVg^ ^h V \gZVi \j^iVg^hi VcY Wg^c\h ZVX] VcY ZkZgn dcZ d[ i]ZhZ hdc\h id a^[Z! _jhi a^`Z Vcn gZVa WajZhbVc ldjaY >Áaa hZZ ndj Vi i]Z XgdhhgdVYhµ LdgYh ?Vb^Z =V^ahidcZ

9B Hi^i]Áh YZWji =ZVkn <]dhi \a^YZh =ZVkn <]dhi =ZVkn <]dhi \a^YZh i]gdj\] Xdgg^Ydgh hldaaZc l^i] YVg`cZhh ^c Vc VWVcYdcZY h]Zaa d[ V ]djhZ hjggdjcYZY Wn [d\! l^i] dcan ^ih dlc ZX]d^c\ bZadY^Zh [dg XdbeVcn# >i ^h XZaZhi^Va [da` bjh^X! Wdi] ]Vjci^c\ VcY bZaVcX]dan# Hi^i]! V CZl Ndg`Zg l]d XjggZcian gZh^YZh ^c 7addb^c\idc! >cY^VcV! eaVnh i]Z hda^iVgn kd^XZ d[ V hjXXZhh^dc d[ ZXXZcig^X ]Zgb^ih WZ[dgZ ]^b# I]Z hdbWgZ! hdja"hZVgX]^c\ d[ 6cidcn =Z\Vgin! i]Z ^chjaVg^in d[ CZ^a Ndjc\ VcY i]Z edZi^X Ygjc`ZccZhh d[ Idb LV^ih Vaa [ZVijgZ ^c ]^h hdc\ lg^i^c\# =ZVkn <]dhi =ZVkn <]dhi! hijiiZgh i]gdj\] i]Z É ghi XdjeaZ d[ igVX`h! Wji hddc V[iZg! =ZVkn´ hZiiaZh ^cid ^ihZa[ Vh Hi^i]Áh Zi]ZgZVa kdXVah VcY ]necdi^X VggVc\ZbZcih VXXa^bVi^hZ id i]Z [dgbVi# Edhh^Wan i]Z gZhjai d[ Vc ^ciZchZan gZa^\^djh jeWg^c\^c\! i]ZgZ ^h Vc jcYZc^VWaZ ]nbcVa fjVa^in id hdc\h hjX] Vh À8gZZ`bdji]Á VcY ÀBdgc^c\ <adgn 8adjYÁ# =Vk^c\ WZZc [dXjh^c\ ]^h XgZVi^kZ Z[[dgih dc edZign! k^hjVa Vgi i]Z VedXVanei^X XadjY ZXa^eh^c\ ^c` hiV^ch d[ Xdadjg dc i]Z VaWjb XdkZg ^h ]^h dlc VcY egd[jhZ Wad\"`ZZe^c\! i]^h ^h 9B Hi^i]Áh É ghi bjh^XVa É ZaY ig^e# L]^X] dcZ d[ ]^h [Vb^an h^\cZY i]Z eZgb^hh^dc ha^e id aZi ]^b k^h^i i]^h ^ciZchZan ]V^g"gV^h^c\ Wji Vaajg^c\ eaVXZ gZbV^ch jc`cdlc# LdgYh eaVXZ gZbV^ch jc`cdlc# LdgYh ;gVcXZhXV GdcV^

D] YZVg# BVnWZ 9daaWdn i]dj\]i i]Vi! V[iZg ild ^chigjbZciVa VaWjbh ]Z [VcX^ZY deZc^c\ ]^h bdji] VcY Yd^c\ hdbZ hdc\h# Lg^i^c\ hdc\h ^h ]VgYZg i]Vc i]Z bdgZ [gZZ"Ê dl^c\ lVn d[ i]Z ^chigjbZciVa! VcY 9daaWdn higj\\aZh Vi i]Z YjVa iVh` d[ Xdb^c\ je l^i] V YZXZci ang^X hdbZ VgZ egZiin Vl[ja ]ZgZ 6C9 bV`Z ^ciZgZhi^c\ bjh^X id É i VgdjcY ^i# L]^aZ ]^h ZVga^Zg ^chigjbZciVa ldg` ddoZY X]Vgb! bVcn d[ i]ZhZ hdc\h hZZb dcZ"Y^bZch^dcVa! e^iX]ZY Vi eZdeaZ l]d [VcXn gZeZViZY YdhZh d[ [Zn bdjgc[ja^hb V kVg^Vi^dc dc b^hZgVW^a^hb # I]dj\] \^kZc i]Z hjXXZhh d[ 6cidcn =Z\Vgin! > \jZhh eaZcin Yd! l]^X] bVn WZ \ddY [dg 9daaWdn ^[ ]Z eaVch id `ZZe dc h^c\^c\# >chigjbZciVaan! i]Z hdc\h h]dl \Zcj^cZ iVaZci ¼ fj^g`n ^chigjbZciVa idjX]Zh! c^XZan _jY\ZY Y^hhdcVcXZh ]ZgZ! d[[WZVi iZbed X]Vc\Zh# 7ji i]Zn _jhi YdcÁi gZVaan VeeZVa Vh hdc\h# HZkZgVa igVX`h [Vaa Ydlc dc Vc dkZgYdhZ d[ kdXVa l^chdbZcZhh! hdbZ VgZ egZiin Zcdj\] Wji l^i]dji Zcdj\] id bV`Z ndj lVci id a^hiZc [dg bdgZ i]Vc V b^cjiZ! di]Zgh ]^ci Vi hdbZi]^c\ id h^c` ndjg iZZi] ^cid Wji i]Zc eadY dc idd bjX] ^c i]Z hVbZ kZ^c# <Zi WVX` id i]Z ^chigjbZciVah! Da^kZg LdgYh CdgbVc B^aaZg


:migV <daYZc I]Vc` Ndj KZgn Fj^X`an I]g^aa ?dX`Zn

;g^\]iZcZY GVWW^i Fj^Zian Cdl DcZ A^iiaZ >cY^Vc

;g^h`V K^a_dg Idjg YZ =ZVgih 8gn^c\ 7dW

I]ZgZ ^h V gjbdjg dg eZg]Veh V egZhh gZaZVhZ i]Vi :migV <daYZc gZXdgYZY i]^h VaWjb ^c i]Z aVjcYgn gddb d[ \j^iVg^hi >Vc :V\aZhdcÁh eVgZcihÁ ]djhZ# 6cY i]^h XdcÉ gbZY i]Z^g WZa^Z[h i]Vi i^\]i fjVgiZgh ZfjVah i^\]i \gddkZh# NZh! ]^\] dc i]Z hbZaa d[ cdc"W^d YZiZg\Zci! i]^h ]Va[ 6bZg^XVc! ]Va[ @ZcnVc djiÉ i egdYjXZY I]Vc` Ndj KZgn Fj^X`an! i]Z^g i]^gY VaWjb id\Zi]Zg# 6adc\ l^i] 6[g^XVc Vgi^hih 6bVYdj Zi BVg^Vb VcY HZjc @ji^! :migV <daYZc ]VkZ Wgd`Zc i]Z ldgaY bjh^X WdjcYVgn id igV^a WaVoZ i]gdj\] V ]dhi d[ bV^chigZVb bjh^X [Zhi^kVah# 6h ZkZg h^cXZ i]Zn É ghi [jhZY 7Zc\V WZVih VcY gdX` cÁ gdaa dc '%%+ YZWji D`"Dndi HnhiZb! i]Zn ]VkZ WZZc ^c ]^\] YZbVcY Vh V a^kZ VXi# IgVX`h hjX] Vh À<^bV`^cn 6`^VÁ dg ÀE^cn NdgZ NdgZÁ egVXi^XVaan YZbVcY id WZ gZaZVhZY [gdb i]Z^g egZ" gZXdgYZY eg^hdc VcY aZi dji id eaVn [dg i]Z WVn^c\ XgdlY# I]Vc` Ndj KZgn Fj^X`an I]Vc` Ndj KZgn Fj^X`an ^h V g^didjh! ]^"a^[Z VaWjb d[ eZg[ZXi V[gd[jc` bVYZ ^c i]Z lV`Z d[ i]Z gZXZci edhi"ZaZXi^dc k^daZcXZ ^c @ZcnV# 6 eZg[ZXi ZmVbeaZ d[ i]Z eZg[ZXi gZhedchZ id i]Z egdWaZbh d[ i]Z ldgaY/ YVcXZ bdi]Zg[jX`Zgh# LdgYh ;gVcXZhXV GdcV^

;g^\]iZcZY GVWW^iÁh edejaVg^in VhidjcYh bZ Wji i]Zc V\V^c 8]VccZa ;djgÁh kVXjdjh =daandV`h ]Vh gVi^c\h i]Vi VgZ \d^c\ i]gdj\] i]Z gdd[# I]Zn hdjcY a^`Z ndjg hd[i bViZ l]d e^X`ZY je V \j^iVg i]gZZ nZVgh V\d i]^c`^c\ ^i b^\]i ]Zae ldbZc WZa^ZkZ i]Zn lZgZ hZmn VcY cdi \Vn Wji [V^aZY# HZa`^g` ^c HXdiaVcY ^h l]ZgZ i]Z WVcY XVaah ]dbZ# >cX^YZciVaan i]^h ^h l]ZgZ 6aZmVcYZg HZa`^g` lVh Wdgc VcY gV^hZY! ]Z ^h i]Z bVc i]Z X]VgVXiZg d[ GdW^chdc 8gjhdZ lVh WVhZY dc VcY a^`Z ]^b > l^h] i]ZnÁY [jX` d[[ VcY \Zi adhi ¼ > É cY ^i ]^\]an jca^`Zan i]^h cZl VaWjb ldjaY WZ dc ]^h a^hi d[ X]dhZc YZhZgi ^haVcY Y^hXh# >[ > XdjaY eji i]^h WVcY ha^\]ian eZXja^Vgan ^c i]Z XdciZmi d[ b^Y &.i] XZcijgn CZl Ndg`# I]ZgZ lVh 7^aa i]Z 7jiX]Zg VcY ]^h gji]aZhh \Vc\ d[ hd XVaaZY cVi^kZh! i]ZgZ lZgZ i]Z [ZVghdbZ 8]^X]ZhiZgh! i]Z aZi]Va 9ZVY GVWW^ih VcY i]Zc i]ZgZ lVh i]^h dYY a^iiaZ \Vc\ bVYZ je d[ V [Zl YVcY^Zh VcY lZi [Zaadlh i]Vi bVYZ i]Z^g bdcZn Wn igVY^c\ ^c eaVn^c\ XVgYh l^i] Wdnh h]dl^c\ i]Z^g Wdiidbh ¼ i]Zn l]ZgZ cVbZY I]Z ;g^\]iZcZY GVWW^ih# 9dcÁi \d VcY Wjn i]^h VaWjb eZdeaZ ^i l^aa dcan ]Zae [jZa i]Z \gdl^c\ É gZ d[ bZY^dXg^in# LdgYh 6aZm IZbeaZidc" LVgY

;g^h`V K^a_dgÁh hZXdcY gZXdgY Idjg YZ =ZVgih hdjcYh ZmVXian a^`Z i]Z^g É ghi =ZVgih h]djaY ]VkZ/ a^`Z V gddb[ja d[ Ygjc`Zc HlZYZh i]gdl^c\ id\Zi]Zg V WjcX] d[ gVcYdb ^chigjbZcih ^c i]Z ]deZ i]Vi i]Z^g ijgY l^aa XdbZ je eda^h]ZY# 7ji É ghi gZXdgY 7gVkd VXijVaan ghi gZXdgY 7gVkd VXijVaan ldg`ZY# I]^h 7gVkd 7gVkd VXijVaan ldg`ZY# I]^h XdjaY WZ eji Ydlc id i]Z WVX` hidgn d[ i]Z WVcY ¼ ild [djcY^c\ bZbWZgh ]Vk^c\ ]VY i]Z^g ]ZVgih Wgd`Zc! egdXZZY^c\ id eji dji V gZXdgY [jaa d[ hVY! igV\^X Wji YVbc g^\]i jea^[i^c\ ^cY^Z"ede Vci]Zbh! l]^aZ XaV^b^c\ id cZkZg V\V^c lg^iZ V hdc\ hdWZg# 7ji ^c i]Z XVhZ d[ Idjg YZ =ZVgih! ^i hdjcYh a^`Z i]Z WVcY ]VkZ \dcZ dc V a^iiaZ YZidm! ig^ZY id aZVgc i]Z ^chigjbZcih V a^iiaZ WZiiZg VcY ig^ZY id WZiiZg i]ZbhZakZh! l^i] dcan b^c^bVa hjXXZhh# I]Z X]dgjhÁ VgZ aVX`^c\ ^c edlZg VcY h^beaZ dcZ"a^cZ h]dji" [Zhih l]^aZ i]Z dkZgVaa ang^XVa XdciZci jc[dgijcViZan gZbV^ch i]Z hVbZ# L]^aZ i]Z É ghi VaWjb lVh ZcYZVg^c\ VcY [jaa d[ V eVhh^dcViZ eV^c! Vcdi]Zg ZaZkZc hdc\h d[ i]Z hVbZ [ZZa^c\"hdggn"[dg" ndjghZa[ ineZ V[[V^g bV`Zh i]Z a^hiZcZg lVci id hXgZVb ¾fj^i l]^c^c\ ¿ L]^X] ^h V h]VbZ WZXVjhZ ;g^h`V K^a_dg VgZ V \gZVi WVcY l]d hiVgiZY dji l^i] V! eZg]Veh Xa^X] Y! Wji Vi aZVhi lZaa"ZmZXjiZY XdcXZei VcY V hZi d[ h^c\"V"adc\ Vci]Zbh id ^c_ZXi ]deZ ^cid i]Z bdhi Ydlc d[ WZ^c\h# 6cdi]Zg k^Xi^b d[ i]Z Y^[É Xjai hZXdcY VaWjb hncYgdbZµ LdgYh 6cYn Eg^XZ

*'


*(

<j^ 7dgViid IV`Z Bn 7gZVi] 6lVn @dbeV`i

?Z[[gZn AZl^h I]Z ?jc`nVgY ž:b 6gZ > Gdj\] IgVYZ

@^c\ d[ HeV^c 7ViiaZh]^eh 6ZgdeaVcZh H]^[in 9^hXd

@dbeV`i ]VkZ bVYZ V ]VW^i d[ gZaZVh^c\ i]Z WZhi i]Vi b^c^bVa iZX]cd ]Vh id d[[Zg# H^cXZ i]Z gZaZVhZ VcY hjWhZfjZci hjXXZhh d[ ]^h hZXdcY VaWjb 8]gdbde]dW^V ^c '%%,! Vahd 8]gdbde]dW^V 8]gdbde]dW^V ^c '%%,! Vahd gZaZVhZY dc i]Z <ZgbVc"WVhZY aVWZa! 7gVo^a^Vc egdYjXZg <j^ 7dgViid ]Vh fj^Zian WZXdbZ dcZ d[ i]Z aZVY^c\ a^\]ih d[ i]Z hXZcZ# IV`Z Bn 7gZVi] 6lVn! i]dj\] cdi XVggn^c\ fj^iZ i]Z ^beVXi d[ ^ih egZYZXZhhdg! XVgg^Zh dc ^c bjX] i]Z hVbZ lVn# D[[Zg^c\ i]Z cV\\^c\ g]ni]bh ndjà Y ZmeZXi! bVgg^ZY l^i] XViX]n! ede"^cÊ jZcXZY ]dd`h# ;gdb i]Z [joo d[ À6idb^X HdYVà ! i]Z ^ch^hiZci hZfjZcX^c\ d[ À:\\eaVcià VcY i]Z `VaZ^YdhXde^X [ZZa d[ À7Zh^YZhà ! i]ZgZà h eaZcin d[ fjVa^in ]ZgZ ^c l]^X] ndjg VkZgV\Z gjc d[ i]Z b^aa iZX]cd d[[Zg^c\ ^h d[iZc aVX`^c\ Ÿ i]dj\] cdi]^c\ gZkdaji^dcVgn# EZg]Veh i]Z WZhi bdbZcih XdbZ ^c i]Z i^iaZ igVX` VcY deZcZg# Ejah^c\ VcY ^beZgXZei^Wan Wj^aY^c\ i]gdj\] id (#&% WZ[dgZ V eZg[ZXi a^\]i hnci] a^cZ Ygdeh ^c! VcY ^ià h Vaa i]Vià h cZZYZY id bV`Z i]Z igVX` V WZVjin! VcY cZVgan ldgi] i]Z hi^X`Zg eg^XZ VadcZ# I]ZgZà h bdgZ i]Vc Zcdj\] ]ZgZ id YgVl ^c i]Z XVhjVa a^hiZcZgh dg cZl [Vch! i]dj\] dc i]Z WVX` d[ ]^h egZk^djh hiVcYVadcZ h^c\aZh VcY V[dgZbZci^dcZY VaWjb! ^i bVn aZVkZ di]Zgh lVci^c\ bdgZ# LdgYh HVb AjhVgY^

GZijgc^c\ l^i] i]Z É ghi VaWjb d[ dg^\^cVa bViZg^Va ^c [djg nZVgh hZZbh jcX]VgVXiZg^hi^X [dg i]Z egda^É X CZl" Ndg`Zg# I]Z gZVhdc WZ^c\ '%%,à h hijY^d VaWjb d[ 8gVhh XdkZgh iV`^c\ je Vc ^bedgiVci hadi ^c AZl^hà ^cY^Z"[da` gdX` WVX` XViVad\jZ! Wg^Y\^c\ i]Z \Ve WZilZZc '%%*à h hZb^cVa 8^in VcY :VhiZgc Hdc\h :VhiZgc Hdc\h lg^iiZc l^i] Wgdi]Zg ?VX` AZl^h! VcY i]^h cZl adc\ eaVnZg# :V\Zgan VlV^iZY! AZl^h Wn cd bZVch Y^hVeed^cih# A^kZ [Vkdjg^iZh hjX] Vh ÀL]^hiaZ EVhi i]Z <gVkZnVgYà VeeZVg ^c ldcYZg[jaan jeYViZY ^cXVgcVi^dch! l]^aZ gZaVi^kZan cZlZg igVX` À7gd`Zc 7gd`Zc 7gd`Zc =ZVgià É cYh ^ihZa[ \^kZc i]Z [jaa WVcY igZVibZci l^i] V edjcY^c\ Ygjb WZVi hZi id dcZ d[ AZl^hà bdhi ijcZ[ja VcY ]ZVgi" lgZcX]^c\ ijcZh# I]Z [jaa WVcY igZVibZci ^h \^kZc id ZkZgn igVX` dc i]^h gZXdgY Ÿ Vc jcXdckZci^dcVa bdkZ [dg AZl^h Ÿ Wji ^ià h V lZaXdbZ bdkZ i]Vi bV`Zh i]Z igVX`h V ]^\]"dXiVcZ ejc`"gdX` YZa^\]i# DcZ egdWaZb ^h i]Vi i]^h [ZZah V a^iiaZ W^i idd É aaZg# AZl^hà ]VW^i d[ idjg^c\ cZl hdc\h V nZVg dg ild WZ[dgZ Xdbb^ii^c\ i]Zb id iVeZ bZVch gZ\jaVg [Vch l^aa jca^`Zan É cY Vcni]^c\ jc[Vb^a^Vg dc ]ZgZ# I]Z VaWjb ^chiZVY hZZbh id VXi Vh V hide"\Ve jci^a i]Z cZmi dcZ! l]^X] l^aa cZZY id XdbZ ^c fj^X` hjXXZhh^dc ^[ ¿:b 6gZ > ^h id É ¿:b 6gZ > ^h id É cY ^ih eaVXZ Vbdc\hi ¿:b 6gZ > AZl^hà ZmiZch^kZ Y^hXd\gVe]n# 6 fjVa^in VaWjb i]Vi cZZYZY id WZ gZaZVhZY hddcZg gVi]Zg i]Vc aViZg# LdgYh 6cYn Eg^XZ

I]Zn hVn @^c\ d[ HeV^c eaVn _Vc\an VcY ang^XVaan Zc\V\^c\ ^cY^Z ede# 7^\ YZVa! lZĂ kZ ]ZVgY d[ i]^gin WVcYh a^`Z i]Vi# 7ji i]^h \gdjeĂ h higZc\i] ^hcĂ i i]Z^g k^h^dc! YVg^c\ dg dg^\^cVa^in! i]Zn hZZb eZg[ZXian ]Veen WZ^c\ ^cĂŠ jZcXZY Wn I]Z ;aVb^c\ A^eh Wji hdjcY^c\ cdi]^c\ a^`Z i]Zb# Cd! @^c\ d[ HeV^c VgZ _jhi egZiin \ddY Vi l]Vi i]Zn Yd! VcY dXXVh^dcVaan kZgn \ddY# 7ViiaZh]^eh VcY 6ZgdeaVcZh 7ViiaZh]^eh VcY 6ZgdeaVcZh Xdbeg^hZh d[ ilZakZ igVX`h d[ h]Vcina^X^djh gZĂŠ ZXi^dch dc a^[Z ^c AdcYdc! EgZb^Zgh]^e [ddiWVaa VcY i]Z ldgaY Vi aVg\Z# I]ZhZ [djg Wad`Zh [gdb Hdji] AdcYdc ]VkZ XVeijgZY i]Vi gVl 7g^i^h]cZhh d[ V A^WZgi^cZh gZXdgY WZiiZg i]Vc ilZcin di]Zg WVcYh l]d lZgZ ign^c\ ]VgYZg XdjaY Yd# 7ji l]^aZ i]Vi XdbeVg^hdc h]djaYcĂ i WZ iV`Zc idd hZg^djhan! ^iĂ h \j^iVg^hi VcY h^c\Zg 7Vnan E^`ZĂ h l]^bh^XVa VcY edZi^X VeegdVX] id ang^X lg^i^c\ i]Vi bV`Zh i]^h VaWjb ^ciZgZhi^c\# Ang^Xh gVc\Z [gdb gZĂŠ ZXi^dch dc i]Z hiViZ d[ EgZb^Zgh]^e [ddiWVaa id Vc ZaZ\^VX egdXaVbVi^dc d[ YZh^gZ [dg Vc daYZg ldbVc! Vaa VXXdbeVc^ZY Wn higdc\ WVhh a^cZh! VcY XViX]n! ^[ cdi ZmVXian ^ckZci^kZ! ZaZXig^X \j^iVg a^cZh# 6 WVcY a^`Z i]^h ]VhcĂ i XdbZ Vadc\ ^c V\Zh! VcY ^[ Zcdj\] eZdeaZ VgZcĂ i XdbeaZiZan [ZY je l^i] \j^iVg WVhZY ^cY^Z nZi! i]Zc @^c\ D[ HeV^c b^\]i _jhi WZ gZXd\c^hZY# I]ZnĂ gZ i]Z hdgi d[ WVcY cdWdYn b^cYh WZ^c\ edejaVg! i]^h VaWjb ^h WZiiZg i]Vc ]Va[ YZXZci Vi aZVhi# LdgYh ?VbZh AVWdjh


AZ H`ZaZidc 7VcY EgZVX]Zg 7ajZh CdkV :megZhh

B^XVX]j I]Z H]VeZh ?ZlZaaZgn Gdj\] IgVYZ

B^gV] V heZgV @

AZ H`ZaZidc 7VcY ^h V \gZVi jcXdkZg^c\ d[ V hdc^X [dg i]Z hVY EZgZ AVX]V^hZ hdja# AZi jh eVhh 8]de^c! L^aYZ VcY Bdgg^hdc VcY hen dc hadl c^\]i h`ZaZidch hXViiZg^c\ Vbdc\hi i]Z idbWh# >i igjan ldg`h [dg V gZaZVhZ ^cid i]Z XZcigZ d[ V i]^X` b^Yc^\]i aVYZc l^i] Wj\h# I]ZgZ VgZ V [Zl Xa^X]‚h ^c i]Z igVchaVi^dc i]Vi [Vaa h]dgi Wji ^c l]daZ >à Y XdciZciZYan YVcXZ bVY VcY a^WZgViZY WZcZVi] XVhi^c\ bdbZciVgn h^a]djZiiZh l^i]^c i]Z he]ZgZ d[ AH7# I]Z^g YZWji VaWjb EgZVX]Zg 7ajZh I]Z^g YZWji VaWjb EgZVX]Zg 7ajZh ^h XdbeaZiZ! lZaa higjXijgZY VcY Xdch^hiZci ^c ^ih bZhhV\Z# >i ^h hVY Wji Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ ZcXdjgV\^c\# I]Zn hZZb a^`Z V ndjc\Zg h^Wa^c\ d[ i]Z^g XdbeVig^dih Cd^g 9Zh^g Wji ]deZ[jaan i]Z [daa^XVaan X]VaaZc\ZY aZVY h^c\Zg l^aa cdi WajY\Zdc ]^h \^ga[g^ZcY id YZVi] l^i] V ediiZgn eZc^h Ÿ i]Zc V\V^c eZg]Veh i]^h eVhh^dc ^h l]n Cd^g 9Zh^g ]VkZ i]Z WZVgYh VcY AH7 i]Z Wjii Ê j[[# HZii^c\ i]^h Vh^YZ! AZ H`ZaZidc 7VcY VgZ cdi \gZVi Wji i]Zn VgZ \ddY! ^[ i]Zn XdjaYà kZ WZZc bdgZ ^bV\^cVi^kZ i]Vc i]Z jhZ d[ i]Z bZadY^XV VcY \adX`Zche^Za VcY jcaZVh]ZY V hZa[ ldkZc ejW^X ]Vge dg V bVbbVgn \aVcY XdgcZi > ldjaY eaZVhjgVWan ViiZcY ZkZgn \^\ ^c i]Z XVkZh d[ <dgYdc! eV^ci^c\ hVWgZ iddi]ZY bVbbdi]h id i]Z i^bWgZ d[ i]Z^g [gZfjZcX^Zh# LZaa YdcZ i]dj XVaX^jb kZgiZWgViZ WVcY# &%) dji d[ '%+ 7dcZh# LdgYh 6aZm IZbeaZidc"LVgY

I]^h ^h V bdchiZg d[ V ede VaWjb# >iĂ h Zcdj\] id bV`Z i]Z id`Zc YZegZhhZY \di] X]^aY d[ iZZc^Z" WdeeZg bdk^Zh hXgZVb dji ^c ZXhiVhn/ ž> _jhi lVccV YVcXZ¾¿ VcY i]Zc _d^c ^c V hedciVcZdjh X]dgjh a^cZ! hncX]gdc^XVaan lg^i]^c\ VgdjcY ^c \adg^É ZY eV^c id i]Z b^hh]VeZc WZVih d[ B^XVX]j I]Z H]VeZh# 7n cdl! ndj b^\]i ]VkZ W^iiZg egZXdcXZei^dch VWdji ZaZXigd ede hiVgaZih# NdjĂ gZ edhh^Wan hlVbeZY jcYZg Wn i]Z ZnZ"lViZg^c\ Vbdjci d[ egV^hZ adWWZY dc A^iiaZ 7ddih VcY i]Z VaWjb d[ ]Zgh ndj VcY cdWdYn ZahZ ]Vh ]ZVgY nZi dg eZg]Veh AVYn <V\VĂ h `c^X`Zgh ]VkZ gj^cZY ^i Vaa [dg ndj# 7ji ?ZlZaaZgn! i]Z YZWji VaWjb d[ '& nZVg"daY B^XV AZk^ ^h cdi V YgZVbi"je edhh^W^a^in! cdg ^h h]Z idji^c\ ^i VWdji idlc YgZhhZY ^c aViZm Vaa h]VYZh d[ i]Z Xdadjg cjYZ# I]^h iVc\^WaZ XdaaZXi^dc d[ _Vl XgjcX]^c\ igVX`h ^h! id \jh] Wajcian! bV`^c\ bn ZVgh Xgn iZVgh d[ _dn# DeZc^c\ igVX` Ă€KjaijgZĂ hZih V egZXZYZci0 ]ZVYWVc\^c\! hnci]" \gjc\Z l^i] B^XVĂ h kdXVah VeeZVg^c\ Vh i]Zn d[iZc Yd Vh ^[ jcYZg lViZg! i]Z VaWjb ^h Vi dcXZ XViX]n VcY XdbeaZm# I]Z :Vhi :cY ilVc\ i]Vi XdjaY WZ hd VW]dggZci ^h [dg\^kZc h^c\^c\ VWdji Xjgan"iZZi]ZY \^gah VcY XVaXjaVidgh# Edhh^Wan egdYjXZY Wn V igjX`adVY d[ VgXVYZ \VbZh a^[iZY [gdb i]Z IgdXVYZgd 8ZcigZ! ?ZlZaaZgn _jmiVedhZh ]Veen ?ZlZaaZgn ?ZlZaaZgn _jmiVedhZh ]Veen bZadY^Zh VcY Vc Vgi^aaZgn d[ Y^hidgi^dc VcY \VY\Zign Âź VcY kVXjjb XaZVcZghÂľ VeeVgZcian# LdgYh ;gVcXZhXV GdcV^

B^gV]Ă h [djgi] VaWjb! V adc\"VlV^iZY [daadl"je id '%%)Ă h aVjYZY 8Ă€bdc B^gVXaZ! [dg i]Z bdhi eVgi h]^bbZgh VeeZVa^c\an WZilZZc i]Z [da`"ĂŠ ZX`ZY l^hi[jacZhh d[ AVjgV KZ^gh VcY i]Z fj^g`n hl^c\ d[ djg dlc BVgi^cV IdeaZn"7^gY# 6 a^iiaZ eZghZkZgVcXZ ^h cZZYZY! i]dj\]! Vh B^gV] YdZhcĂ i gZVaan ]^i ]Zg hig^YZ jci^a Ă€:YjXVi^dcĂ XdbZh ^c l^i] \dg\Zdjhan W^iiZghlZZi gdbVci^X bjh^c\h VcY ZX]dZY \j^iVg ilVc\# ;gdb i]Zc dc! h]Z ]VgYan ejih V hiZe lgdc\# I]ZgZ VgZ eaZcin d[ cZVi bjh^XVa idjX]Zh Wdi] ^c hdc\ XdchigjXi^dc VcY ^chigjbZciVi^dc# 6[g^XVc `dgV jcYZge^ch i]Z ed^\cVci eajX`^c\ Âź Wdi] ]ZVgihig^c\h VcY di]Zg hig^c\h Âź d[ Ă€H]ZaahĂ ! l]^aZ `Va^bWV! ]jgYn"\jgYn VcY kVg^djh ]dgch VeeZVg id \ddY Z[[ZXi dc di]Zg igVX`h# 7gVhh ldg`h lZaa Vh V hjYYZc XdcigVhi id i]Z KZ^gh"a^`Z a^be^Y egZii^cZhh d[ Ă€I]Z G^kZgĂ ! VcY ZkZc WZiiZg dc cVijgVa XdjciZgeVgi Ă€I]Z ;dgZhiĂ ! l]ZgZ B^gV]Ă h Xg^he YZa^kZgn h`^iiaZh WZilZZc V bjh^XVa [dgZhi d[ \j^iVg! Wddb^c\ Ygjbh VcY ]dgch# H]ZĂ h cd hadjX] ang^XVaan Z^i]Zg! l^i] hdbZ d[ i]Z WZhi lg^i^c\ dc Ă€7dcZh H`^cĂ / ž>[ ndjĂ gZ ^c i]Z XadhZi l^i] i]Z Wgddb! l]n YdcĂ i ndj hlZZe Vaa gdjcY i]Z gddb$A^iiaZ e^aZh d[ Vaa i]Z i]^c\h ndj YdcĂ i jcYZghiVcY#Âż :kZc ^[ h]Z \dZh V W^i idd WgZVi]n VcY \^gan [dg ]Zg dlc \ddY! [dg i]Z bdhi eVgi i]ZgZĂ h hiZZa VcY hinaZ WZcZVi] B^gV]Ă h hlZZi kd^XZ! VcY lZ Vaa WZcZÉ i [dg ^i# LdgYh CdgbVc B^aaZg

*)


**

I]Z Bdc`h 7aVX` Bdc` I^bZ $ I]Z :Vgan NZVgh &.+)"+* NZVgh &.+)"+* A^\]i ^c i]Z 6ii^X

CVedaZdc 7d]Zb^Vch Ldc I]Z HZg^Zh 6cY I]Z A^iiaZ <jn ?d^cZY I]Z 7VcY Gj[[V AVcZ I]Z 7VcY Gj[[V AVcZ

CA;( G^YZ dc V 7gVcY CZl I^bZ Egd]^W^iZY

I]Z Bdc`h VgZ! l^i]dji bjX] YdjWi! dcZ d[ i]Z WZhi VcY bdhi VWgjei WVcYh ZkZg id Zm^hi# ;^kZ [dgbZg JH hdaY^Zgh hiVi^dcZY ^c <ZgbVcn Yjg^c\ i]Z ZVgan +%h! i]Zn hiVgiZY V WVcY Yjg^c\ i]Z^g hZgk^XZ! h]VkZY i]Z^g ]ZVYh ^c V bVccZg WZÉ ii^c\ i]Z^g bdc^`Zg VcY hidd` VgdjcY ^c i]Z^g VYdeiZY ]dbZaVcY jedc i]Z^g Y^hX]Vg\Z# ;^aaZY l^i] ]ViZ! Vc\hi VcY Y^h^aajh^dcbZci l^i] i]Z^g [dgbZg ZbeadnZgh ¾L]n Y^Y ndj `^aa Vaa i]dhZ `^Yh ^c K^ZicVb4¿ deZcZg ÀBdc` I^bZÁ Xg^Zh ! i]^h ^h WZVi"^cÊ jZcXZY gdX` Vi ^ih Y^gi^Zhi! ^c V lVn i]Vi ]VhcÁi WZZc gZea^XViZY ^c fj^iZ i]Z hVbZ lVn h^cXZ# L^i] V WjX`Zi[ja d[ VYY^i^dcVa igVX`h i]gdlc ^c! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z WVcY"hea^ii^c\! ViiZbeiZY Wji [V^aZY ede ]^i À8jX`ddÁ! i]^h ^h V XdaaZXi^dc i]Vi hig^eh i]Z ]V^g d[[ i]Z WVaah d[ bdhi gdX` WVcYh i]Vi ]VkZ XdbZ VcY \dcZ ^c i]Z i^bZ i]ZnÁkZ WZZc b^hh^c\# LdgYh <VgZi] BV^c

NZh! i]Vi cZl HXVcY^"ede djiÉ i i]Vi Vaa i]Z bV^chigZVb gVY^d hiVi^dch VgZ Vaa dkZg a^`Z 6YVb LZhiÁh XVeZ gZaZVhZ V YZWji i]Vi ]Vh [ViZ[jaan gZVX]ZY i]Z ]VcYh d[ Vc VgYZci Xnc^X# 6cY l]Vi V X]VaaZc\Z ]Z ^h ]Vk^c\ ]ZgZ i]gdj\] i]Z VaWjbÁh YjgVi^dc# ;gdb bdgZ dg aZhh hiVgi id É c^h]! ^iÁh a^`Z WZ^c\ X]VhZY gdjcY Vc djiYddg edda Wn i]Z XVhi d[ 7g^iVcc^V =^\]! l]d VgZ WgVcY^h]^c\ lZi idlZah gZVYn [dg i]Z Vab^\]in Wjii haVe# >iÁh c^XZ VcY hjbbZgn! Wji ZfjVaan ZmXgjX^Vi^c\# I]Z h^c\aZ! À> AdkZ Bn 7VWn 7ji >[ 6cndcZ IdjX]Zh =Zg >Áaa @^aa I]Zb Á ijgcZY dji id WZ hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi ]Vh WZZc eaVnZY dc YVni^bZ gVY^d [dg lZZ`h WZ[dgZ i]^h VaWjb lVh jcYZg hXgji^cn ^c 7ZVgYZY# Hd id XdbZ VXgdhh V ijcZ hd ZVg"XViX]^c\an Ê VbWdnVci a^`Z i]Vi id VeeZVg dc ]ZgZ XdbZh Vh c^a hjgeg^hZ# Dc i]^h VaWjb CVedaZdc VgZ VWaZ id \Zi VlVn l^i] i^iaZh i]Vi ha^\]ian XdcigVY^Xi i]ZbhZakZh l]Zc i]ZnÁgZ ^c i]Z WgVX`Zih! a^`Z À> @cdl I]Vi I]Z AdcZan DcZh 6gZ 8aZkZg 7ji > LVci Jh Id 7Z Hije^Y 6cY Id\Zi]Zg Á! VcY ^cYZZY i]Z V[dgZbZci^dcZY h^c\aZ# Hd i]^h Vaadlh bZ id hjbbVg^hZ ^c fj^iZ V h^b^aVg [Vh]^dc/ D`Vn! ^iÁh ]dggZcYdjhan XVbe Wji lZaa YdcZ! > \jZhh # LdgYh 6aaVc ?jY`^ch

HdbZ]dl! EVg^h YdZhcÁi hZZb kZgn gdX` VcY gdaa# Dc i]Z dcZ ]VcY lZ ]VkZ XZcijg^Zh d[ XjaijgZ VcY dc i]Z di]Zg lZ ]VkZ g^dih ^c i]Z .( edhiXdYZ! Wji hdbZ]dl EVg^h ]VhcÁi VXfj^gZY i]Z gZejiVi^dc d[ V 7Zga^c dg V CZl Ndg` l]ZgZ Vaa i]Z Xdda `^Yh Vhe^gZ id WZ# A^`Zl^hZ! l]ZgZ VgZ i]Z ;gZcX] WVcYh4 >Áb add`^c\ i]gdj\] bn gZXdgY XdaaZXi^dc VcY i]ZgZÁh AVjgZci <Vgc^Zg dg II8! Wji ^iÁh Vaa V W^iµ h]^cn# D hdci aZh WdZj[h4 hdci aZh WdZj[h4 LZaa! ]ZgZ# CA;( VgZ YZhXg^WZY Vh dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi ^cÊ jZci^Va ^cY^Z WVcYh ^c ;gVcXZ! V WVcY l]dÁkZ idjgZY l^i] 7ViiaZh VcY 6c^bVa 8daaZXi^kZ VcY gZXdgYZY V ig^WjiZ id ?d]c EZZa# I]ZnÁkZ WZZc eaVn^c\ bjh^X [dg Vabdhi '% nZVgh VcY nZi jci^a aVhi lZZ` >ÁY cZkZg ]ZVgY d[ i]Zb# 6cY gZVaan! > h]djaY ]VkZ# CA;( eaVn V hbd`n! ehnX]ZYZa^X edhi"gdX`! VcY YZhe^iZ i]Z jhZ d[ i]Z hiVcYVgY edhi"gdX` ig^X` d[ Wj^aY^c\ hdc\h VgdjcY V h^c\aZ g^[[! i]Z^g bjh^X ^h cZkZg Vh VjhiZgZ Vh i]Z^g cVbZ b^\]i ]VkZ ndj i]^c`# À;jhZh 6eZh 9deeaZgÁ ]VkZ ndj i]^c`# À;jhZh 6eZh 9deeaZgÁ Wj^aYh VgdjcY V h]dZ\VoZ h]^bbZg WZ[dgZ XdaaVeh^c\ ^cid i]Z igde^XVa eZgXjhh^dc d[ ÀH]VYdc\V ;VaahÁ! VcY Wn i]Z i^bZ ÀHiZaaVg HjW`^c\YdbÁ XadhZh i]Z VaWjb ^c V lVg d[ WaZZeh! ndjÁgZ ]dd`ZY# CA;(! _Z iÁV^bZ# LdgYh BVg` 9Vn


D[È X^Va HZXgZih 6Xi JcYZghiVcY^c\ :aZXig^X^in DcZ A^iiaZ >cY^Vc

EVYYn HiZZg 9gV\dc¿h 7gZVi] GZY 9ZZg 8ajW

EVeZgXjih Ndj 8Vc =VkZ L]Vi Ndj LVci BZbe]^h >cYjhig^Zh

I]Z ]jci [dg i]Z cZmi W^\ WVcY ZcYh ]ZgZ# D[É X^Va HZXgZih 6Xi ]VkZ VagZVYn ViigVXiZY eaVjY^ih [gdb i]Z a^`Zh d[ OVcZ AdlZ VcY HiZkZ AVbVXf VcY i]Z^g YZWji VaWjb ^h hd Wg^bb^c\ l^i] hZa[ WZa^Z[! i]Zn bV`Z E^Zgh Bdg\Vc add` a^`Z V lVaaÊ dlZg Vi ]^h É ghi hX]dda Y^hXd# Bjh^XVaan! i]Zn igZVY V É cZ a^cZ WZilZZc i]Z VgigdX` d[ Gdmn Bjh^X VcY i]Z cZl lVkZ hnci]h d[ JaigVkdm! l^i] V YVh] d[ Ejae"a^`Z ^gdcn i]gdlc ^c [dg \ddY bZVhjgZ# I]Z h^c\aZ ÀHd IdbdggdlÁ ]Vh VagZVYn \VgcZgZY i]Zb eaZcin d[ \ddY gZk^Zlh VcY ^i ^h V YVbc É cZ ijcZ! l]^X] adY\Zh ^ihZa[ ^bbZY^ViZan ^c i]Z XdchX^djh V[iZg _jhi dcZ a^hiZc# I]Z gZhi d[ i]Z VaWjb ^h _jhi Vh iVji# CdcZ d[ i]Z ilZakZ igVX`h XdjaY WZ YZhXg^WZY Vh É aaZg! Wji i]Z bng^VY d[ Y^[[ZgZci hinaZh ^h V a^iiaZ jchZiia^c\# HdbZi^bZh! i]Zn lVci id WZ I]Z 9^k^cZ 8dbZYn! VcY di]Zg i^bZh i]Zn bdge] ^cid Vc -%h gZigd \gddkZ# H^c\Zg I]dbVh 7jg`Z hi^aa bVcV\Zh id cV^a ^i! YZhe^iZ i]Z XdchiVcian Zkdak^c\ bjh^XVa aVcYhXVeZ! l]^X] ^h i]Z h^\c d[ V igjan \gZVi [gdcibVc# I]Zn b^\]i WZ V W^i idd XaZkZg [dg i]Z^g dlc \ddY! Wji D[É X^Va HZXgZih 6Xi VgZ É g^c\ dc Vaa Xna^cYZgh VcY gZVYn [dg i]Z^g XadhZ je cdl! Bg 9ZB^aaZ# <^kZ ^i &' bdci]h VcY > gZX`dc i]ZhZ \jnh l^aa WZ bVhh^kZ# LdgYh ?Vb^Z =V^ahidcZ

9ZWji VaWjbh gVgZan XdbZ bdgZ [jaan" Ê ZY\ZY i]Vc 9gV\dcÀh 7gZVi] [gdb EVYYn HiZZg# 6 bVc l]d ]Vh egdWVWan gZXdgYZY l^i] bdgZ Vgi^hih i]Vc V hZch^WaZ ldgY Xdjci XdjaY hfjZZoZ ^c Wji lZÁaa _jhi bZci^dc CVcXn :a^oVWZi] VcnlVn ! HiZZg ^h hdbZi]^c\ d[ V aZ\ZcY ^c VcY VgdjcY BVcX]ZhiZg# =Vk^c\ gZXdgYZY l^i] ZkZgn bjh^X^Vc i]ViÁh ZkZg ZciZgZY i]Z X^inÁh WdgYZgh egdWVWan ! ]Z ]daYh hdbZi]^c\ d[ V jc^fjZ VcY jcYZghiViZY eaVXZ ^c i]Z X^inÁh bjh^XVa ]Zg^iV\Z# GZedgiZYan ilZcin nZVgh ^c i]Z bV`^c\! 9gV\dcÀh 7gZVi] XdbZh Vh HiZZgÁh É ghi hdad egd_ZXi! VcY id hVn ^i ^hcÁi i]Z hjb d[ ^ih eVgih ^h hdbZi]^c\ d[ Vc jcYZghiViZbZci# AVcY^c\ hdbZl]ZgZ WZilZZc i]Z hdjcYigVX` id V hedd`n &+"W^i XdbejiZg \VbZ VcY a^WgVgn bjh^X [dg Vc jiiZgan dWijhZ! jclViX]ZY VcY ha^\]ian [jcc^Zg iZaZk^h^dc h]dl i]Vc Bdhi =VjciZY! 9gV\dcÀh 7gZVi] ^h i]Z bdhi ^c^b^iVWaZ gZXdgY ndjÁgZ a^`Zan id ]ZVg Vaa nZVg# DkZg ^ih ilZcin igVX`h! HiZZg iV`Zh ndj dc V _djgcZn YZZe ^cid i]Z jc`cdlc# =Z ^h a^`Z V ?d]c 7V`Zg dg 9Za^V 9ZgWnh]^gZ [dg i]Z ilZcin"É ghi XZcijgn! Wji egdWVWan l^i]dji i]Z X^YZg WdiiaZh# LdgYh ?ZgZbn HinaZ

>c WZilZZc egdYjX^c\ [dg 8Vhh BX8dbWh VcY Xdcig^Wji^c\ id di]Zg Vgi^hihÁ ldg`! 8Va^[dgc^Vc ?Vhdc FjZkZg ]Vh [djcY i^bZ id ZmeadgZ ]^h dlc ldcYgdjh ]Von"É aaZY hjch]^cZ ede l^i] ]^h i]^gY VaWjb Ndj 8Vc =VkZ L]Vi Ndj LVci# 8db^c\ VXgdhh a^`Z V ]^\] 7ZVX] 7dnh 4 ^[ i]Zn a^hiZcZY id i]Z^g dlc bjh^X VcY hiVgiZY V[gZh] ^c &.,+! FjZkZg hdjcYh a^`Z ]Z ]VhcÁi V XVgZ ^c i]Z ldgaY Vh ]^h b^hin! ha^\]ian eV^c É aaZY kd^XZ \Zcian hddi]Zh i]gdj\] i]Z heZV`Zgh! cdcZ hd bdgZ i]Vc dc ig^WVa"ZhfZ À;jijgZ Eg^b^i^kZÁ# A^`Z V [dg\diiZc bZbdgn [gdb V eZg[ZXi hjbbZg gdbVcXZ! i]Z gZXdgY Xdci^cjZh ^ih hiZVYn eVXZ i]gdj\]dji l^i] i]Z i^iaZ igVX` ajaa^c\ ndj ^cid V hdgi d[ ]necdi^X hlVn# L]^aZ ^i gZ[gV^ch [gdb gV^h^c\ ndjg ]ZVgiWZVi l^i] Vcn hjYYZc ZmX^iZbZci dg il^hih l]^X] ^h V h]VbZ hZZ^c\ Vh ]dl ]Z lViX]ZY i]Z Il^a^\]i OdcZ ]ZVk^an WZ[dgZ gZXdgY^c\ ! ^iÁh YZh^\cZY id `ZZe i]Z ejahZ Vi V hddi]^c\ Web hd i]Vi ZX]dZh d[ V +%h ]VaajX^cVi^dc gZbV^c ^c i]Z XdchX^djh [dgZ[gdci d[ i]Z a^hiZcZgÁh b^cY! l]Zi]Zg i]ZnÁgZ VWaZ id gZbZbWZg i]Vi i^bZ dg cdi# 9Za^XViZan ZcY^c\ l^i] ÀI]Z Lda[Á! EVeZgXjih ]VkZ XgZViZY Vc VaWjb d[ \Zci^a^in! d[ XVab^c\ bddYh VcY d[ l^hen idcZh0 V eZg[ZXi VXXdbeVc^bZci id i]Z hjbbZg WgZZoZ! dg i]Z YZei] d[ V l^ciZgÁh c^\]i# LdgYh EZiZg 8aVg`

*+


I]Z EgZh^YZcih d[ i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh d[ 6bZg^XV AVYnWj\ $ BdgZ 7VY d[ 6bZg^XV AVYnWj\ $ BdgZ 7VY I^bZh $ Gdi ^c i]Z Hjc 8dd`^c\ K^cna >bV\^cZ i]Z hjc h]^c^c\ djih^YZ ndjg l^cYdl! V XaZVg WajZ h`n Ê ddYh VWdkZ ndj Vh V `^iZ hdVgh VXgdhh ^i Vh ndj XVhjVaan WgZZoZ dkZg id ndjg [g^ZcYh h^ii^c\ ^c i]Z eVg` lZVg^c\ i]Z^g adc\ h]dgih! ZVi^c\ ^XZ XgZVb VcY aVj\]^c\ XVgZaZhhan Vh ^[ i]ZnÁkZ cZkZg ]ZVgY d[ i]Z ldgY gZXZhh^dc# I]^h ^h i]Z a^[Z VaWZ^i i]Z hZkZci] X^gXaZ d[ ]Zaa i]Vi i]Z EgZh^YZcih hZZb id hdjcYigVX` jedc ZVX] dji^c\ d[ i]Z^g _dn"ede! VcY YVbc ^i! ^iÁh XViX]n# GZaZVh^c\ i]gZZ Y^\^iVa :Eh ^h V hbVgi bdkZ [dg i]Z X]ZZgn"WdjcXn"l]ViZkZg"ndj"[VcXn 6bZg^XVch Vh i]Zn VgZ YZÉ c^iZan WZhi ^c hbVaa YdhZh# I]Vi ^h cdi id hVn i]Vi i]Z ig^d VgZ ^gg^iVi^c\! Wji i]ZgZÁh dcan hd bjX] hb^a^c\ i]^h bVXVWgZ gZk^ZlZg XVc ]VcYaZ# 6i i]Z^g WZhi i]Z EgZh^YZcih egdYjXZ bV\c^É XZcXZ a^`Z i]Z BdgZ 7VY I^bZh :E l^i] i]Z BdgZ 7VY I^bZh :E BdgZ 7VY I^bZh :E l^i] i]Z \adg^djh bZaadl À7VY I^bZhÁ VcY i]Z^g dYZ id 6ccV C^XdaZ Hb^i] ^c À7VaaVY D[ I]Z JchideeVWaZ ;ZbVaZÁ# 7ji ^iÁh l^i] igVX`h hjX] Vh ÀAVYnWj\Á l]^X] i]Z \jnh VgZ Wdi] WZhi `cdlc [dg VcY bjX] adkZY [dg idd Vh i]Z^g ^cd[[Zch^kZ ede ijcZh bVcV\Z id `ZZe i]Z idZ iVee^c\ l]^aZ VeeZVa^c\ id gdX` VcY ede [Vch Va^`Z# >[ ndj lVci V W^i d[ Vgi^É X^Va hjch]^cZ ^c ndjg a^[Z i]Zc i]ZhZ :Eh VgZ [dg ndj# LdgYh EZiZg 8aVg`

*,

EhnX]^X >aah B^ggdg :nZ I]Z HdX^Va GZ\^hign

G^X]VgY Hl^[i I]Z 6iaVci^X DXZVc HZXgZian 8VcVY^Vc

I]^h 7gdd`anc"WVhZY fjVgiZi d[ eV^haZn h]^gi"lZVg^c\ adc\]V^gh ]VkZ Vh bjX] ^c Xdbbdc l^i] ZVgan c^cZi^Zh VbW^ZcXZ VcY YjW"iZX]cd Vh i]Zn Yd h]^bbZg^c\ ehnX] cd^hZ# Ndj XZgiV^can ldcÁi É cY i]Zb gZh^Y^c\ dc i]Z `^cY d[ Y^ccZg eVgin hdjcY"igVX`^c\! eda^iZan lZ^gY X]^aa"dji Xdbe^aVi^dch i]dj\]# I]Z dcan i]^c\ dc i]Z EhnX]^X >aah bZcj ldjaY VeeZVg id WZ V g^X] eh^adXnW^c higd\Vcd[[ hZgkZY l^i] V I=8 gZYjXi^dc VcY Vc de^jb _jh# HdbZi]^c\ ndj XaZVgan cZZY id ]VkZ ^c\ZhiZY id \Zi i]Z bdhi dji d[ i]Z^g hde]dbdgZ Z[[dgi# BjX] d[ B^ggdg :nZ B^ggdg :nZ ]Vh i]Z [ZZa d[ Vc ^clVgY [VX^c\! Ygdc^c\ _Vb hZhh^dc [ZVijg^c\ GVk^ H]Vc`Vg! Hdc^X 7ddb VcY i]Z >ggZh^hi^WaZ ;dgXZ# I]Z hl^ga^c\! aVnZgZY h]ZZih d[ ^cXgZVh^c\an ^ciZchZ! hnci]Zi^X hdc^Xh! aVon Wdc\d g]ni]bh! bZigdcdb^X WVhh! gVcYdban e^X`ZY! h^iVg"a^`Z \j^iVg a^cZh VcY ]necdi^X bdVc^c\ ^h ^begZhh^kZan bZhbZg^h^c\ dc deZcZg ÀBVci^hÁ# ÀHjW Hnci]Á dc i]Z di]Zg ]VcY ^h ild ed^ciaZhh b^cjiZh d[ bVa[jcXi^dc^c\ kVXjjb XaZVcZg [joo# GVi]Zg i]Vc ^cYjX^c\ V ehnX]d\Zc^X hiViZ d[ XdbV ^c l]^X] i]Z a^hiZcZgh VgZ VWaZ id add` Ydlc jedc i]ZbhZakZh Vh i]Zn aZk^iViZ \Zcian h`nlVgYh! B^ggdg :nZ B^ggdg :nZ ^h [Vg idd ^cXdch^hiZci VcY ^cXdchZfjZci^Va id WZ Z[[ZXi^kZ# 6 b^hÉ g^c\ XdaaZXi^dc d[ bdc\ZY"dji! ^begdk^hZY ZmXjgh^dch! ^i gZbV^ch hZXjgZan VcX]dgZY id iZggV É gbV# LdgYh G^X]VgY BddgZ

9Zhe^iZ V a^iZgViZ VcY d[iZc bZaVcX]dan ang^XVa WZci! i]ZgZÁh hdbZi]^c\ gZaZciaZhhan _daan VWdji G^X]VgY Hl^[iÁh Xdbedh^i^dch# I]^h aViZhi gZXdgY! i]Z [daadl"je id '%%,Áh VXXaV^bZY 9gZhhZY Je ;dg i]Z AZiYdlc! ijgch i]Z i]ZVig^XVa^in je V cdiX] l^i] hcV`^c\ hnci] bZadY^Zh ^ciZgil^c^c\ l^i] _Vjcin e^Vcd X]dgYh# A^`Z Vc VaWjb d[ hidbe^c\ ;B ede WZVbZY higV^\]i [gdb i]Z &.,%h! I]Z 6iaVci^X DXZVc XdjaY ZVh^an WZ b^hiV`Zc [dg V adhi hdad 7ZViaZ gZXdgY# ;gdb i]Z BX8VgicZn"ZhfjZ i^iaZ igVX` id i]Z ilVc\^c\ \j^iVgh VcY gdaa^c\ WVhh d[ À7VaaVY D[ DaY L]ViÁh =^h CVbZÁ! Hl^[i \VoZh VYb^g^c\an Vi V eZg^dY d[ ede ]^hidgn VcY adk^c\an [Vh]^dch ]^h ^che^gVi^dc ^cid hdbZi]^c\ cZl# À7Vi 8dbV BdidlcÁ ^h i]Z hdjcY d[ 7Zggn <dgYn VcY Xd WZ^c\ gZadXViZY id V hVaddc! l^i] WVc_d VcY gZkZgW" YgZcX]ZY \j^iVg heVgg^c\ l^i] Ygjc`Zc ]dgch! VcY XadhZg ÀAVYn AjX`Á gZeg^hZh i]Z hdja[ja [ZZa! egdeZaaZY Wn Hl^[iÁh [VahZiid# L^i] V a^hi d[ \jZhih ^cXajY^c\ HZVc AZccdc! GnVc 6YVbh VcY BVg` Gdchdc! ^iÁh cZkZgi]ZaZhh Hl^[iÁh h^c\jaVg k^h^dc l]^X] hiVgh dc i]ZhZ ZaZkZc igVX`h# A^`Z V hZg^Zh d[ hkZaiZ! kVXjjb"eVX`ZY ede cj\\Zih! i]ZhZ k^WgVci hdc\h XdciV^c h]VYZh d[ i]Z EaVhi^X Dcd 7VcY VcY HiZZan 9Vc! VcY VgZ V \gZVi ^cY^XVi^dc d[ Hl^[iÁh Zck^VWaZ hdc\" lg^i^c\ iVaZci# 6 e^Vcd"ejbbZaa^c\ eaZVhjgZ# LdgYh H^bdc =VgeZg


HZZaVcY Idbdggdl IdYVn AdV[

I]Z HdjcYhXVeZh ;gZZhinaZ ;Vb^an 7CH

HiZgZd 9Z AjmZ BdcdhnaaVW^X ;gZh]an HfjZZoZY

=Vk^c\ ZbZg\ZY [gdb 7^gb^c\]VbÁh [ZiZY ZaZXigdc^XV hXZcZ! HZZaVcY VgZcÁi Vc jc`cdlc fjVci^in# ;ZVijg^c\ [dgbZg bZbWZgh d[ 7gdVYXVhi VcY EadcZ! i]^h b^hh^kZ [gdb i]Z hZXdcY X^in É cYh i]Z cZlan"ZmeVcYZY ig^d XgV[i^c\ a^i]Z ZaZXigd"^che^gZY ede eVX`ZY l^i] Vaa bVccZg d[ YgdcZh! \gdVch VcY \jg\aZh! Wji l^i] V `ZZc hZchZ d[ bZadY^X^hb WjWWa^c\ VlVn jcYZgcZVi]# BZaY^c\ Xa^X`h VcY l]^ggh l^i] WgZZon bZadY^Zh dc ]Von! hd[i"[dXjh k^\cZiiZh hjX] Vh À8dadjg 9gZVbÁ! HZZaVcY YgVl id\Zi]Zg higVcYh d[ ZaZXigdc^Xh Vadc\ l^i] lddon ehnX]! VcY i]Z `^cY d[ haZ^\]i"d["]VcY hnci]"ede l]^X] bVg`h dji ÀIjgcVgdjcYÁ Vh Vc Vgi"Y^hXd XaVhh^X# 7ji i]ZgZÁh V ha^\]ian ZZg^Z VcY d[["`^aiZg [ZZa WZcZVi] i]Z h]^cn ZmiZg^dg0 i]^h YZWji VaWjb gZXVaah i]Z a^`Zh d[ 7g^Vc :cd VcY HiZgZdaVW! VcY i]Z YZk^a ^h XZgiV^can ^c i]Z YZiV^a# Hl^ga^c\ Z[[ZXih VcY WaZVX]ZY"dji ]Vgbdc^Zh aZcY V heVXZY"dji ede h]ZZc! l]Zi]Zg ijgc^c\ i]Z^g ]VcY id X]^bZh! jcYjaVi^c\ WVhha^cZh dg Vcn di]Zg ^c\gZY^Zcih l]^X] bV`Z i]^h hjX] V i]g^aa^c\ d[[Zg^c\# I]Z a^ai^c\ ÀHiVi^dc H`nÁ il^c`aZh ^c Vaa d[ i]Z g^\]i eaVXZh! VcY ^ih W^iiZghlZZi ede hZch^W^a^i^Zh YZbVcY XadhZ ViiZci^dc Vh aVnZgh VgZ VYYZY VcY iV`Zc VlVn# I]ZhZ ZaZXigdc^X ede VaX]Zb^hih ]VkZ Xdc_jgZY V lVgb VcY ^cidm^XVi^c\ gZXdgY l]^X] hdjcYh ^bbZY^ViZ VcY [Vb^a^Vg nZi gZkZVah cZl igZVhjgZh l^i] ZVX] a^hiZc# LdgYh H^bdc =VgeZg

>[ lZÁgZ Yd^c\ aVon cVi^dcVa hiZgZdine^c\! V 7gVo^a^Vc kZgh^dc d[ 9VnYgZVb CVi^dc ZgV Hdc^X Ndji] ldjaY WZ [VciVhi^X! ldjaYcÁi i]Zn4 I]Z hcZZg VcY Vl`lVgYcZhh iZbeZgZY Wn V gZaVmZY X]VgVXiZg! i]Z X]^b^c\ \j^iVg ¼ lZaa bVnWZ cdi VXijVaan XdbW^cZY l^i] hdbZ WZg^bWVj! Wji hdbZ cZl ^YZVh Wgdj\]i id V hinaZ i]Vi eZdeaZ ]VkZ WZZc ign^c\ [dg i]Z aVhi '% nZVgh l^i] kVgn^c\ YZ\gZZh d[ hjXXZhh XVcÁi ]jgi! hjgZan4 >Áb WZ^c\ jcgZVa^hi^X! > `cdl# 7ji > XVcÁi ]Zae Wji [ZZa i]Vi ;gZZhinaZ ;Vb^an XVcÁi ]Zae Wji [ZZa i]Vi ;gZZhinaZ ;Vb^an ^h hj[[Zg^c\ [gdb V aVX` d[ VbW^i^dc# I]ZgZ VgZ bdbZcih d[ fjVa^in ]ZgZ! XZgiV^can ¼ i]Z hijiiZg^c\ higji d[ À LZÁgZ 6aa BVYZ D[ HiVg Hij[[Á! dg i]Z Y^hhdcVcXZ d[ À=^\] Cddc ^c i]Z CjXaZVg :gVÁ# I]ZgZ VgZ ]^cih idd! i]Vi I]Z HdjcYhXVeZh ]VY W^\\Zg ^YZVh# 6 k^da^c iZciVi^kZan jh]Zgh ÀNdj 6gZ AdkZÁ id V XadhZ! VcY i]Z VaWjb ZcYh l^i] V ]VjciZY (%"hZXdcY WaVhi d[ hnci]Zh^hZgh# Idd d[iZc i]dj\]! Vaa lZ ]VkZ ^h e]didXde^ZY! hXj[[ZY"je )$) ^cY^Z gdX`# I]Z Ygjbh h`^iiZg! i]Z \j^iVg g^c\h VcY i]Z kdXVah VgZ YdlcXVhi! Wji i]ZgZÁh cdcZ d[ i]Z iZch^dc dg ZmeZg^bZciVi^dc i]Vi bVg`h dji i]Z WZhi d[ i]^h ineZ d[ bjh^X# I]ZgZÁh egdWVWan V \ddY h^m" igVX` :E ^c i]^h VaWjb! Wji ^h ^i Zcdj\] id hjhiV^c ndj dkZg )* b^cjiZh4 >Áb V[gV^Y cdi# LdgYh BVg` 9Vn

I]Z bjh^X d[ HiZgZd 9Z AjmZ ^h a^`Z i]Z \^ga ndjg bdi]Zg jhZY id lVgc ndj VWdji0 l^aY! XgVon VcY ndj XVc cZkZg iZaa l]ZgZ ^i ^h \d^c\ id iV`Z ndj ¼ Wji ^i l^aa WZ V adi d[ [jc# BdcdhnaaVW^X BdcdhnaaVW^X ^h hdbZi]^c\ d[ V WZhi"d[ [dg i]Z <ZgbVc Yjd d[ Idb @g^b^ VcY @Vhh^ Lda[ Vh ^i iV`Zh igVX`h [gdb i]Z^g gVi]Zg \gddkn :Eh ¼ Vahd VkV^aVWaZ dc ;gZh]an HfjZZoZY ¼ VcY WaZcYh i]Zb ^cid dcZ [jaa"aZc\i] gZXdgY# I]Z^g WaZcY d[ adjc\ZXdgZ! :jgdeZVc YVcXZ VcY [jc` ^h cdi V b^aa^dc b^aZh VlVn [gdb NZaad Vi i]Z^g eg^bZ# I]Z 8]^X"a^`Z \gddkZ dc À9^hXd 9ZheZgVYdÁ ^h dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi iVji [jc` a^cZh ndj l^aa ]ZVg i]^h nZVg# I]ZgZ ^h V hZg^djhan lVgeZY VcY! YVgZ lZ hVn ^i! `^c`n V^g id i]Z egdXZZY^c\h# HdbZ d[ i]Z igVX`h l^aa WZ idd hZmn [dg ndjg h]^gi! Wji i]Zn l^aa \d Ydlc V hidgb ^c i]Z WdjYd^g dg V WjgaZhfjZ h]dl# >iÁh a^`Z hdbZdcZ YZX^YZY id bV`Z V bjh^XVa WVhZY dc i]Z aViZ! aVbZciZY iZaZk^h^dc h]dl :jgdigVh]# I]Z `^c`^Zhi igVX` ]Vh id WZ ÀNdjg HlZViÁ! l]^X] ^h Z^i]Zg dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi Y^hijgW^c\ hdc\h ndj l^aa ]ZVg i]^h nZVg dg V aVcYbVg` ^c edhi"bdYZgc [jc`# 7ZVgYZY l^aa aZi ndj YZX^YZ LdgYh ?Vb^Z =V^ahidcZ

*-


*.

IdhXV Cd =VhhaZ @,

KVg^djh 6gi^hih EZiZ ;dlaZg¿h EhnX]ZYZa^X <j^YZ id BdchiZg^hb >haVcY Ad id BdchiZg^hb >haVcY Ad

L]^iZhi 7dn 6a^kZ GjaZh 7jWWaZh

I]Z K^ZccZhZ Yjd gZ"ZciZg i]Z hXZcZ l^i] Vc VaWjb ^ciZcYZY Vh bdgZ d[ V hig^eeZY"Ydlc ^chigjbZciVa _djgcZn i]Vc kdXVa"aZY hadlWjgcZgh VcY XajW" hVkkn WZVih# Cd =VhhaZ ^h cdiVWan bdgZ ViiZci^dc \gVWW^c\ i]Vc egZk^djh ldg`h! cdi ZmVXian id hVn i]Vi ^iÁh bdgZ jeWZVi! Wji ^i ]Vh aZhh d[ V iZcYZcXn id [Vaa ^cid i]Z WVX`\gdjcY d[ ndjg a^hiZc^c\! VcY YdZh cdi aZi ndjg ^ggZaZkVci i]dj\]ih dc b^hXZaaVcZdjh VheZXih d[ a^[Z iV`Z Xdcigda d[ ndjg b^cY ^chiZVY# >i Vahd Ê djg^h]Zh bdgZ ^chigjbZciVaan# ;gdb i]Z bj[Ê ZY Zi]c^X ]dlah d[ À:a^ihVÁ id i]Z bjai^"eZgXjhh^kZ iZmijgZ d[ i]Z i^iaZ igVX` i]Vi ZcYh i]Z VaWjb ^c V gVi]Zg VWgjei bVccZg! i]Zn VeeZVg id gZan bdgZ dc i]^h `^cY d[ ZVg"hZYjXi^dc! VcY ^iÁh Zk^YZci l]Zc ndj hiVgi id ]ZVg idd bjX] \j^iVg Vi i^bZh! ZheZX^Vaan bV_dg WajZh a^X`h l]Zc jccZXZhhVgn# >i ^h Vaa ^c lVgn bdYZgVi^dc b^cY! l^i] i]Z ZmXZei^dc d[ À;dcYjZÁ! l]^X] ^h WdgYZga^cZ _Vb WVcY iZgg^idgn# I]Z \j^iVg ldg` YdZh ldg` ^c eaVXZh! VcY h]^cZh dc ÀGdhVÁ! V bZadY^X bVZahigdb d[ XVgZ[jaan VggVc\ZY g^[[h! ha^YZh! X]^bZh VcY WVhh gjcYdlch# IdhXVÁh hdc^X kdnV\Z ^h higZc\i]Zc^c\! VcY Cd =VhhaZ ]Vh deZcZY i]Z^g Yddgh [dg l^YZg gZVabh d[ ZmeZg^bZciVi^dcµ VcY egdWVWan WZXVjhZ hdbZ d[ ^i hbZaah V W^i [jccn idd# LdgYh 6aaVc ?jY`^ch

>aajhigVidg EZiZ ;dlaZg ^h WZhi `cdlc [dg ]^h ldg` l^i] [Zaadl LZah] kdnV\Zgh HjeZg ;jggn 6c^bVah! VcY i]Z WdaY Xdadjgh VcY XVgiddc"a^`Z k^hjVah d[ ]^h BdchiZg^hb >haVcY egd_ZXi VgZ b^ggdgZY Wn i]^h hdc^X WVX`Ygde! l]^X] ^h ZfjVa eVgih hedd`n VcY heVXZY"dji# =^h EhnX]ZYZa^X <j^YZ id BdchiZg^hb >haVcY >haVcY ^h V YZa^X^djhan Xdhb^X Xdaa^h^dc d[ heZaa"W^cY^c\ [da`! `gVjigdX`! egd\! ZaZXigdc^XV VcY iZX]cd! l^i] eaZcin bdgZ WZh^YZh! l^i] hjX] ajb^cVg^Zh Vh <gj[[ G]nh! ?Zggn 9VbbZgh! ?dccn Igjc`! 7ZaWjgn Edan VcY Aj`Z K^WZgi Vaa Xdcig^Wji^c\# L^i] V Wd]Zb^Vc VcY VX^Y"VYYaZY hZVb gjcc^c\ i]gdj\]dji! ;dlaZg ]Vh Wgdj\]i id\Zi]Zg hdbZ ldcYZg[jaan higVc\Z VcY ZhdiZg^X bjh^X! [gdb ÀAV^g d[ i]Z <gda[VmÁ Wn <]dhi 7dm VXdaniZ I]Z 6Yk^hdgn 8^gXaZ ¼ ^ih he^gVaa^c\ dg\Vc lVh]Zh VcY l]ddh]Zh Wg^c\^c\ hjbbZgn Vibdhe]ZgZh ¼ id i]Z ild [da`"WajZh d[[Zg^c\h [gdb BdchiZgh 6i Ldg`! Vh lZaa Vh V gV[i d[ di]Zg ^cig^XViZan iZmijgZY bdi^[h! l^i] \VgV\Z" ehnX]Z XdbWd Lda[ EZdeaZ egdk^Y^c\ dcZ d[ i]Z ]^\]a^\]ih# HegVla^c\ nZi ejcX]n ^c hXdeZ! i]Z hjXXZhh^dc d[ h]dgi igVX`h d[iZc aZVkZh ndj l^h]^c\ i]Vi hdbZ d[ i]Z bdgZ hadl"Wj^aY^c\ Xdbedh^i^dch lZgZ VaadlZY X]VcXZ id WgZVi]Z VcY gZVaan h]dl d[[ i]Z^g X]Vgbh! Wji [Zl d[ ;dlaZgÁh hZaZXi^dch dji"hiVn i]Z^g lZaXdbZ# >iÁh cdi l^i]dji ^ih Ê Vlh! Wji i]^h ^h dcZ ]VcYn VjY^d \j^YZ ndjÁY WZ [dda^h] id b^hh dji dc# LdgYh H^bdc =VgeZg

>[ Vaa ]djhZ bjh^X lVh a^`Z i]^h i]Zc i]Z XajWh ldjaY ]VkZ Xd[[ZZ dc i]Z bZcj g^\]i V[iZg XdX`iV^ah! VcY i]Z kZcjZ ldjaY WZ É aaZY l^i] V adi bdgZ iVWaZh l^i] i]dhZ Wgdlc! [V`Z aZVi]Zg hd[Vh i]Vi ndj ]deZ ndj YdcÁi Ygde Vcni]^c\ Ydlc hd i]Vi ndj YdcÁi ]VkZ id Y^e ndjg ]VcY ^cid i]Z bd^hi! hi^X`n VWnhh# GjaZh ^h L]^iZhi 7dn 6a^kZÁh GjaZh GjaZh ^h L]^iZhi 7dn 6a^kZÁh ViiZbei Vi adjc\Z"]djhZ bjh^X l^i] ZaZbZcih d[ Y^hXd! l]^X] ndj XdjaYcÁi gZVaan \Zi je VcY YVcXZ id! Wji ndj XVc \Zi je VcY lVa` VlVn [gdb# L^i] ZVX] hdc\ hdjcY^c\ a^`Z i]Z hVbZ hadl eVXZY bdcdidcZ ijcZ l^i] jc^che^g^c\ kdXVah aVo^an eji dc ide! L76 [V^ah id heVg` je bjX] Zbdi^dc dg ZmX^iZbZci Vi Vaa# I]ZhZ ZaZkZc igVX`h VgZ jchjgeg^h^c\an i]ZbZY VgdjcY gjaZh cdiZ i^iaZ i]Vi i]Z a^hiZcZg ^h [gZZ id ^ciZgegZi! Wji ^iÁh egdWVWan À9ZVY :cYÁ i]Vi gZhdcViZh bdhi! Vh ^i hZZbh id WZ V hZa["VcVani^XVa \a^behZ Vi i]Z edhh^WaZ [jijgZ d[ L76 ^[ bV^c bVc :gaVcY £nZ Xdci^cjZh id iV`Z V aV^YWVX` VeegdVX] id i]Z^g bjh^X! Vh eZdeaZ l^aa kZgn hddc adhZ ^ciZgZhi ^c i]ZhZ WVX`\gdjcY idcZh VcY YZX^YZ i]Vi bZY^dXg^in h]djaY WZ gZeaVXZY Wn i]Z eVhh^dc VcY ^ciZch^in i]Vi Vaa bjh^X h]djaY ZbWdYn# LdgYh EZiZg 8aVg`


H^c\aZh HaVj\]iZg Dji d[ i]Z [gn^c\ eVc VcY ^cid i]Z É gZ! ^i ^h H^c\aZh HaVj\]iZg! l]ZgZ dcZ d[ 7ZVgYZYÁh hXg^WZh iV`Zh dc V WV\ d[ gZXdgYh VcY eVhhZh _jY\ZbZci# L]Vi l^aa WZ ]di VcY l]Vi l^aa Wjgc4 Hjo^ >gZaVcY eVhhZh hZciZcXZ#

+%


+&

;^ghi je ^c i]^h ^hhjZÁh hVX` d[ gZXdgYh! lZ ]VkZ hdbZ fj^X` VcY id i]Z ed^ci Y^hXdgYVci idcZh [gdb i]Z cZl \jnh Vi Gdj\] IgVYZ! B^XVX]j VcY i]Z H]VeZh# 8adX`^c\ ^c jcYZg ild H]VeZh# 8adX`^c\ ^c jcYZg ild b^cjiZh! i]^h edhi ejc` \VgV\Z Y^iin \gddkZh Vadc\ c^XZan! \Vi]Zg^c\ eVXZ jci^a ^ih gVi]Zg VWgjei ZcY# B^XVX]jÁh jci^a ^ih gVi]Zg VWgjei ZcY# B^XVX]jÁh A^eh ^h V c^XZ hiVgi id V ZXaZXi^X WV\ d[ h^c\aZhµ ;daadl^c\ c^XZan Vadc\ ^cid V lVh] d[ ejgZ [joo! LVkkZh hZZbh id ]VkZ XVeijgZY i]Z ZhhZcXZ d[ ]^h 7dgZY Ndjc\ Ijg`h a^[ZhinaZ l^i] i]^h 7ZVX] 7dnh"dc"]Zgd^c ijcZ! \Vaade^c\ Vadc\ Vi Vc V\^iViZY iZbed! Y^hidgi^dc YgZcX]ZY VcY \V\\^c\ [dg hdbZi]^c\ id Yd# 6 bdYZgc jeYViZ [dg ]^ee^Zh VcY haVX`Zgh! i]^h ijcZh lVh]Zh dkZg ndj a^`Z V ]^i d[ edeeZgh# :kZg Xdch^hiZci! I]Z Ndjc\ VcY Adhi 8ajW aVWZa ]VkZ gZXZcian h^\cZY cZlW^Zh EaVcZi :Vgi]! VcY i]^h YZWji h^c\aZ gZZ`h d[ Vaa i]^h aVWZa hiVcYh [dg# Ad"É ! XViX]n! cdcX]VaVci! 7Zg\bVc Bdk^Zh ]^ih i]Z g^\]i cdiZ VcY h^ih kZgn c^XZan Vadc\h^YZ aVWZa bViZh CdV] VcY i]Z L]VaZ VcY di]Zg ÀcdlÁ WVcYh# 8dkZg^c\ i]Z b^c^bVa VcY hZgZcZ h^YZ d[ i]Z heZXigjb! lZ ]VkZ i]Z \gVXZ[ja cZl :E [gdb 9^\^idcVa ?jhi # <gVYjVaan Wj^aY^c\ hiZVb! Wji ?jhi # <gVYjVaan Wj^aY^c\ hiZVb! Wji cZkZg aZii^c\ ^ihZa[ \d! H^akZg EdZign ^h Vc ZcigVcX^c\ ZmVbeaZ d[ \Zcj^cZ gZhigV^ci l]^X] XVaban Ê dlh dkZg ndj# Dc id i]^h XdaaZXi^dcÁh hiVcYdji h^c\aZ! 7dl BdYh ]^i jh l^i] V ]^aVg^djh iV`Z dc V Yn^c\ hZmjVa gZaVi^dch]^e# GZ\Va hig^c\ VggVc\ZbZcih WVX` je i]Z gVi]Zg W^iiZg iVaZ d[ V eVgicZg adh^c\ ^ciZgZhi ^c i]Z di]Zg! VcY ign^c\ id É \jgZ dji l]n# À>h ^i bn [dgin [V\h V YVn4Á Vh`h i]Z XdcXZgcZY \ZciaZbVc# 6[iZg HZkZciZZc LZZ`h 9gjc`Zc d[ cd adk^cÁ! ]Z hideh XVg^c\! jeh ]^h c^Xdi^cZ YdhV\Z VcY \dZh dc V gVbeV\Z# 7g^aa^Vci# 6cdi]Zg ^che^gZY XdaaVWdgVi^dc [gdb Bg# HXgj[[ VcY Gddih BVcjkV! C^XZ Je i]Z ;jcXi^dc C^c_V IjcZ ]Vh Zcdj\] bdYZgc [jc` hina^c\h id \Zi Vcn eVgin \d^c\# Bg BVcjkV Xgddch VcY hiVbeh ]^h [ZZi id HXgj[[Áh h^beaZ Wji Z[[ZXi^kZ \gddkZ# 6c Vci]Zb [dg Wji Z[[ZXi^kZ \gddkZ# 6c Vci]Zb [dg ZVgan bdgc^c\ Vhh"h]V`^c\! VcY V hjgZ" É gZ ]^i Vi i]^h nZVgÁh [Zhi^kVah# 7ji id Wg^c\ i]Z bddY Ydlc! l]Vi [daadlh ^h Vc ZmZgX^hZ ^c WaVcYcZhh VcY dWk^djhcZhh# L]^cn VcY lZi! i]^h BDG Yg^kZa [gdb 8]Vh^c\ DgV XVccdi WZ hVkZY Wn i]Z^g JHE d[ ]Vk^c\ ild h^hiZgh [gdci^c\ ^i! nVlc# =ZgZ VcY L^cc^c\ L]^iZ ]Vh i]Z VW^a^in id L^cc^c\ L]^iZ ]Vh i]Z VW^a^in id Vc\Zg VcY [gjhigViZ#

Fj^X`an dc id hdbZi]^c\ bdgZ hddi]^c\# Ig^X`nÀh aViZhi VaWjb @cdlaZ LZhi 7dn LZhi 7dn lVh jcYZgl]Zab^c\! Wji i]^h bdci]Áh h^c\aZ ^h XZgiV^can V hiVcY"dji cjbWZg# Ejeen Idn 9db^cd ^h V hZmn haVc\^c\ bViX] WZilZZc i]Z bVc ]^bhZa[ VcY 6aZm B^aah# L^i] V W^\ adkZan X]dgjh! ndj VgZ ^chiVcian ]dd`ZY ^c VcY V \gZVi eZg[dgbVcXZ [gdb B^aah Xdbea^bZcih Ig^X`nÁh YjaXZi idcZh# Xdbea^bZcih Ig^X`nÁh YjaXZi idcZh# Cdl [dg hdbZ BVcX]ZhiZg Xdjcign WajZh# ^ih V Wj[[Vad hdjcY a^`Z ZmVXian i]Vi# 6cY ^i hZZbh id ldg`# <gZVi i]Vi# 6cY ^i hZZbh id ldg`# <gZVi YncVb^X Ygjbb^c\ VcY hjeZgW kdXVah dc 9dcÀi 7Z HXVgZY 6`djhi^` 6cVg`]n bV`Zh i]^h V iVhiZ[ja! Vai]dj\] fj^iZ Yjaa! hdc\ V bZbdgVWaZ dcZ# 6lVn [gdb YjaacZhh! i]Z bdhi ^ciZgZhi^c\ dc i]Z e^aZ ^h V YdjWaZ 6" h^YZ d[ ild WVcYh XdkZg^c\ dcZ hdc\# 7Za\^jb XgZVidgh Hdn jc 8VWVaad aZi Ijcc\ ]VkZ V \d Vi gZ^bV\^c^c\ i]Z^g igVX` GdW^c Cd CZZY LViZg # Ijcc\Áh igVX` GdW^c Cd CZZY LViZg # Ijcc\Áh VXXdjci ^h V c^XZ ]dbV\Z id i]Z dg^\^cVa! l^i] V ]^ci d[ 7ZX` i]gdlc ^c [dg \ddY bZVhjgZ# CZ^i]Zg kZgh^dc VgZ i]Vi Y^hh^b^aVg id i]Z di]Zg! Wji ajX`n Zcdj\] i]Z hdc\ ^h \gZVi! hd cd bViiZg# 6 adkZan ijcZ! WZVji^[ja bZadYn VcY hjccn Y^hedh^i^dc# 7Zi] ?ZVch =dj\]idc Wg^c\h jh ]Zg haZZen [da` l^i] <daYZc HiVi^X 8VgVkVc # 6c jcYZbVcY^c\ igVX`! ^i ^h Wdi] ^cd[[Zch^kZ VcY \ZciaZ# DcXZ ndj \Zi VXXa^bVi^hZY id i]Z kd^XZ VcY \Zi eVhhZY i]Z ?dVc 7VZo i]^c\! ^iÁh cdi WVY! Wji XZgiV^can \gViZh V[iZg i]Z É [i] a^hiZc# BdgZ ^cig^\j^c\ ^h Vcdi]Zg [ZbVaZ h^c\Zg"hdc\lg^iZg 6c_V EaVhX]\ [ZbVaZ h^c\Zg"hdc\lg^iZg 6c_V EaVhX]\ V`V HdVe VcY H`^c# ;gdb i]Z 7Vi [dg AVh]Zh$Idg^ 6bdh ZcY d[ i]Z hXVaZ! He^gVXaZ E>6H Ê dVih Vadc\ Vi V ]Vjci^c\ eVXZ! k^h^i^c\ Vaa i]Z Yjhin XdgcZgh d[ ]Zg X]^aY]ddY bZbdg^Zh# XdgcZgh d[ ]Zg X]^aY]ddY bZbdg^Zh# Fj^iZ adkZan VcY hjWian fj^g`n! i]^h lVh dc gZeZVi [dg V\Zh ¼ Wn X]d^XZ# 6cdi]Zg _djgcZn id Y^h_d^ciZY bdc\aVcY [dg I]Z K^aZ >bWZX^aZh# HXViin gdWdi WZVih VcY XgZZen"XgVlan \j^iVgh! gZb^cYh d[ 7gV^c^VX Vi i]Z^g bdhi V\\gd# 6XijVaan fj^iZ bZadY^X! i]Z X]dgjh ]Vh FjZZch d[ i]Z HidcZ 6\Z Xgddch VcY ZVgan H]ZaaVX \j^iVg# ?Zcc^[Zg IZV KZZ :nZ YdZhcÁi ]VkZ i]Z bdhi dg^\^cVa d[ g^[[h! Wji ^ih \g^cY^c\ VcY \gVi^c\ Zcdj\] id d[[ZcY# >c V \ddY lVn#

I]^h bdci]Áh \ZcZg^X ]^e"]de hjgeg^h^c\an XdbZh [gdb 7^\ 9VYV hjgeg^h^c\an XdbZh [gdb 7^\ 9VYV \jnh MgVW^i VcY 9B< # 6alVnh \jnh MgVW^i VcY 9B< # 6alVnh ZmeZXi^c\ hdbZi]^c\ V a^iiaZ bdgZ ZmeZg^bZciVa [gdb i]^h C^c_V IjcZ V[É a^ViZY aVWZa! 9VbV\ZY <ddYh a^ViZY aVWZa! 9VbV\ZY <ddYh YdZhcÁi gZVaan \d Vcnl]ZgZ# >i ldjaY WZ \gZVi WaVhiZY dji ^c V XajW! Wji hd ldjaY ;^[in 8Zci# >i ]Vh VWdji Vh bjX] id \gVW dc id Vh EVg^h =^aidc# LZ lVci hjWhiVcXZ YVbb^i# 6 WZiiZg d[[Zg^c\ [gdb i]Z aVWZa ^h I]jcYZg]Z^hiÀh Cdi]^c\ ' HiZe '# 6 gZk^h^i id -%h hdja Cdi]^c\ ' HiZe '# 6 gZk^h^i id -%h hdja Xdc_jgZh je ^bV\Zh d[ njee^Zh \Zii^c\ Ydlc id i]^h YVcXZÊ ddg hidbeZg# ddg hidbeZg# <gZVi <gZVi kdXVah VcY iVhiZ[ja hnci] gZcYZg ^i ^bedhh^WaZ cdi id iVe ndjg [ZZi! l]^X] h]djaY WZ iV`Zc Vh V \ddY h^\c h]djaY WZ iV`Zc Vh V \ddY h^\c I]Z ^ciZgcZi e]ZcdbZcdc d[ hjX] h^iZh Vh HZaaV7VcY VcY Ha^XZ i]Z E^Z \^kZh edlZg id i]Z eZdeaZ! VcY ejih i]Z XVgZZgh d[ i]Z^g [Vkdjg^iZ jch^\cZY WVcYh ^c i]Z^g ]VcYh# H]dgilVkZ ;VYZ WVcYh ^c i]Z^g ]VcYh# H]dgilVkZ ;VYZ ]VkZ bVcV\ZY id É cVcXZ i]Z^g YZWji VaWjb jh^c\ i]^h gZkdaji^dcVgn lVn! hd \ddY [dg i]Zb# Bjh^XVaan i]dj\]! Idd AViZ id IZaa ^hcÁi WVY Wji i]Z Yg^k^c\ \gddkZ VcY hdVg^c\ bZadYn ^h kZgn gZb^c^hXZci d[ l]Vi ^h XjggZcian Y^hZVh^c\ i]Z X]Vgih g^\]i cdl# >iÁh XaZVgan l]Vi i]Z [Vch lVci Wji cdi hjgZ l]Zi]Zg i]^h ]Vh Vcn adc\ hiVn ediZci^Va# AVhi Wji cdi aZVhi! ^h 8^inhXVeZÀh BZgX]VcY^hZ l^i] i]Z hjbbZgn ede \Zb A^hiZc Je >iÁh À<^ga [gdb BVghÁ ZgV 6h] Wji bdgZ aV^YWVX` VcY hjWian hde]^hi^XViZY# BZadY^XVaan h^beaZ VcY c^XZan higjXijgZY! i]^h hi^X`h ^c WgV^c adc\Zg i]Vc ndj gZVaan lVci ^i id! l]^X] ^h Vccdn^c\! Wji V\V^c! V h^\c d[ fjVa^in hdc\lg^i^c\# Hd V [Zl hjgZ"É gZ ]^ih! V [Zl À_jhi \gZVi hdc\hÁ VcY V [Zl VWhdajiZ gdiiZgh# >iÁaa WZ [jc YjX`^c\ VcY Y^k^c\! ign^c\ id ZhXVeZ i]dhZ gdiiZgh! Wji c^XZ VcY eaZVhVci l]Zc ndj XViX] i]Z \ddYÁ jch ndj _jhi XVcÁi gZh^hi# L]d `cdlh4 DcZ bdci]! ^i h^bean bVn cdi WZ Veegdeg^ViZ id i^iaZ i]^h Xdajbc Vh hjX]# I]Zn bVn Vaa WZ l^ccZgh# ;^c\Zgh XgdhhZY Ài^a cZmi i^bZµ


8db^c\ Hddcツエ ?jhi l]Zc ndj i]dj\]i i]Vi W^\ dWhZhh^dc l^i] edhi gdX` lVh dkZg! Vadc\ XVbZ KZhhZah ^c ?jcZ aVhi nZVg l^i] i]Z Vhidc^h]^c\ L]^iZ ;^ZaYh VcY DeZc 9Zk^XZh# I]Zn iVa` id 6aaVc ?jY`^ch VWdji [daadl^c\ ^i je! VcY l]n eZdeaZ h]djaYcテ( WZ XdcXZgcZY l^i] aVWZa^c\ ZkZgni]^c\# AVWZa 8jX`jcYdd

+'


+(

>i hZZbh Vh ^[ i]Z edejaVi^dc d[ edhi gdX` VcY bVi] gdX` WVcYh VXXjbjaViZY [gdb i]Z aVhi ÉkZ nZVgh XdjaY WZ a^`ZcZY id i]Z dkZg WgZZY^c\ d[ Éh]# Hd dkZg WgZY VcY hdbZi^bZh ZkZc ^cWgZY i]Vi i]Z igVlaZg cZih d[ i]Z XVgZ[ja a^hiZcZgh XVcÁi edhh^Wan WZ ZmeadgZY i]dgdj\]an Zcdj\]# >[ lZ lZgZ id Zbeadn V h^[i^c\ egdXZhh i]Vi hdbZ]dl ÉaiZgh dji i]Z \gZn"hXVaZY VcY ^YZci^XVa YjYh [gdb i]dhZ egdb^h^c\ VcY h]^cn WZVjih! KZhhZah ldjaY ^cYZZY WZ Vbdc\ i]dhZ ]ZVgin XViX]Zh d[ i]Z aViiZg# I]Z hXjaei^c\ d[ hV^Y \ZcgZ iV`Zh i^bZ! eVi^ZcXZ! egZX^h^dcµ VcY i^bZ# I]^h ZmeaV^ch l]n i]Z AZZYh fj^ciZi ]VkZ WZZc cdiVWan XdkZgi dkZg i]Z aVhi [Zl bdci]h! V[iZg idjg^c\ ^c V^Y d[ i]Z^g gZbVg`VWaZ YZWji! L]^iZ ;^ZaYh VcY DeZc 9Zk^XZh! gZaZVhZY dc 8jX`jcYdd aVhi ?jcZ# 9dlc ^c i]Z YZZe! XaVbbn WVhZbZci d[ KZhhZahÁ ]ZVYfjVgiZgh! i]Zn idaZgVcian ldg` dc l]Vi l^aa WZ i]Z ^bedgiVci [daadl je# ¾Djg ijcZh \ZcZgVaan iV`Z V [Zl bdci]h [gdb i]Z^g ^cXZei^dc id WZ^c\ Éc^h]ZY!¿ ZmeaV^ch \j^iVg^hi VcY kdXVa^hi Idb :kVch# ¾6ai]dj\] lZ \di dcZ -% YdcZ ^c V XdjeaZ d[ YVnh gZXZcian! Wn gZXdgY^c\ adVYh d[ Xdda a^iiaZ hVbeaZh [gdb lZ^gY ^chigjbZcih a^`Z `Va^bWVh! hinade]dcZh! bjh^X WdmZh! o^i]Zgh! idn b^Xgde]dcZh! ZiX#¿ HjX] ZmeZg^bZciVi^dc ^h V `Zn ZaZbZci id l]Vi bV`Zh KZhhZah hiVcY je [gdb di]Zg ejeh! cdi id bZci^dc i]Z^g VeeZi^iZ id hVbeaZ eZdeaZ a^`Z 7dW Gdhh G#>#E# dc i]Z^g igVX`h# AZZ BVaXdab [gdb i]Z WVcY egdk^YZh i]Z ^ch^\]i ^cid i]Z^g dc\d^c\ hdc^X YZkZadebZci# ¾> i]^c` i]Z hdjcY ^h \Zii^c\ V W^i bdgZ hjWiaZ# I]Z aVhi VaWjb lVh bdgZ d[ V XdaaZXi^dc d[ hdc\h i]Vi lZ ]VY Vi i]Z i^bZ! Wji i]^h i^bZ > i]^c` lZÁgZ bdgZ VlVgZ d[ lg^i^c\ heZX^ÉXVaan [dg Vc VaWjb!¿ l]^X] ^h nZi id WZ egZY^XiZY Vh d[ l]Zc ^i l^aa WZ Éc^h]ZY# 7Vhh^hi BVgi^c IZ[[ ZaVWdgViZh! ¾>ÁY a^`Z id hZZ Vaa i]Z kVg^djh ^c\gZY^Zcih i]Vi lZ ]VkZ dc i]Z Éghi VaWjb [jhZY id\Zi]Zg ^c V lVn i]Vi hdjcYh bdgZ Xd]ZgZci! hjWiaZ VcY bVijgZ ¼ id i]Z hiV\Z l]ZgZ lZ gZVaan hiVgi id YZÉcZ i]Z KZhhZah hdjcY# > gZX`dc lZ XVc \Zi i]ZgZ ¼ i]dj\] >ÁkZ \di V [ZZa^c\ i]Vi lZÁaa WZ heZcY^c\ V adi d[ i^bZ ^c i]Z WVhZbZci ign^c\ id ]dcZ i]Vi hdjcY# > i]^c` ^i l^aa WZ [jc VcY [gjhigVi^c\ ^c ZfjVa bZVhjgZh! Wji lZÁaa \Zi i]ZgZ ¿ L]Vi Vahd bV`Zh i]Zb Êdl a^`Z V l^iin h^b^aZ ^c V bjh^X Vgi^XaZ ^h i]Z^g ^cY^k^YjVa ZmeZgi^hZ VcY iZcYZcX^Zh i]Vi i]Zn Wg^c\ [dgi] id i]Z iVWaZ# ¾I^b PB^iX]Zaa! YgjbhR ]Vh V ÊV^g VcY hZch^i^k^in ^c ]^h hinaZ i]Vi bdhi YgjbbZgh YdcÁi ZkZc `cdl Zm^hih!¿ YZhXg^WZh Idb! VaaZ\ZYan i]Z WZVgZg d[ i]Z hd[iZg ZaZbZcih! hd id heZV`# ¾BVgi^c ^h Vh Y^[ÉXjai id eaZVhZ Vh AZZ! hd VXih Vh V [V^gan hig^c\Zci h]^i"ÉaiZg! EZiZ PLg^\]i! bjai^"^chigjbZciVa^hiR ^h fj^iZ VcVani^XVa VcY ]Vh [dgbVaan hijY^ZY bjh^X V W^i bdgZ hZg^djhan i]Vc i]Z gZhi d[ jh# =ZÁh Vahd V \ddY bjai^"^chigjbZciVa^hi! a^`Z AZZ! VcY ]ZÁh [Vg aZhh a^`Zan id iVa` VWhdajiZ idhh ^c WZilZZc hdc\h a^`Z bZ VcY AZZ VgZ egdcZ id#¿

H^cXZ i]Z hjXXZhh d[ i]Z VaWjb! VcX]dgZY Wn ?d]c 8dc\aZidc d[ EVeZg 8]VhZ! KZhhZah ]VkZ aVcYZY hadih Vi GZVY^c\ VcY AZZYh! AVi^ijYZ VcY 7Zhi^kVa# =dlZkZg! Vadc\ l^i] i]ZhZ bVhh^kZ deedgijc^i^Zh id VXfj^gZ VbeaZ cZl [daadlZgh! i]Zn ]VkZ Vahd WZZc Vh`ZY id bVc\aZ i]Z X]Va` l^i] i]Z X]ZYYVg VcY hjeedgi cdcZ di]Zg i]Vc 7gZii 6cYZghdc d[ HjZYZ# ¾=ZÁY ]ZVgY ÀNj`^Á i]gdj\] V GVY^d & XdbeZi^i^dc VcY Vh`ZY jh id hjeedgi ]^h \^\ Vi 7jh] =Vaa!¿ hVnh Idb# ¾> i]^c` ]^h bVcV\Zg VhhjbZY lZ lZgZ Vc VXdjhi^X WVcY! hd i]ZgZ lVh V W^i d[ V h^ijVi^dc l]Zc lZ ijgcZY je l^i] djg g^Y^Xjadjh WVX`a^cZ VcY ig^ZY id Éi ^i dc i]Z i^cn hiV\Z Vadc\h^YZ Vaa i]Z^g \ZVg#¿ I]Z Ze^X! XVi]Vgi^X VcY ijgWjaZci hdjcYh d[ L]^iZ ;^ZaYh 6cY DeZc 9Zk^XZh ]VkZ Vahd gZXZ^kZY ig^jbe]Vci gZhjaih [gdb Vaa dkZg i]Z h]de# ¾I]ZgZÁh WZZc hdbZ gZVaan edh^i^kZ gZhedchZ [gdb V adi d[ eZdeaZ VcY >ÁY a^`Z id i]Vc` ZkZgnWdYn [dg i]Vi!¿ hVnh AZZ# Idb gZX`dch i]Vi ¾i]Z XddaZhi i]^c\ ^h hZZ^c\ ]dl bVcn eZdeaZ ]VkZ eaVnZY ndjg ijcZh [gdb ZVX] lZWh^iZ! dg l]d VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY ^h a^hiZc^c\ g^\]i cdl VcY l]ZgZ i]Zn VgZ# >i bV`Zh ^i Vaa ldgi]l]^aZ l]Zc ndj `cdl i]Vi i]ZgZÁh hdbZdcZ dji ^c :hidc^V a^hiZc^c\ id ndjg WVcY ZkZgnYVn VcY Y^\\^c\ ^i#¿ KZhhZah! a^`Z Vcn di]Zg ZbZg\^c\ egVXi^i^dcZgh d[ Vc\jaVg VcY$dg VbW^Zci gdX` ]VkZ ^cZk^iVWan WZZc ZfjViZY id i]Z a^`Zh d[ +*YVnhd[hiVi^X! :meadh^dch >c I]Z H`n! 7ViiaZh! <dYheZZY Ndj 7aVX` :beZgdg VcY i]Z a^`Z# 6cY l]n cdi4 I]ZgZ XdjaY WZ V adi aZhh \ZcZgdjh cdYh idlVgYh bdgZ ZbWVggVhh^c\ XdbeVg^hdch# Idb/ ¾I]Z ^cÊjZcXZh i]Vi i^Z i]Z ÉkZ d[ jh id\Zi]Zg bdgZ i]Vc Vcn di]Zgh ^cXajYZ :>IH! GVY^d]ZVY! ;djg IZi! 7gd`Zc HdX^Va HXZcZ! 9d BV`Z HVn I]^c`! Bd\lV^! BZh]j\\V]! I]Z 6eeaZhZZY 8Vhi! 7ViiaZh! LVge VcY C^c_V IjcZ aVWZah# I]ZgZÁh hfj^aa^dch! i]dj\] lZ YdcÁi V\gZZ dc Vaa d[ i]Zb#¿ 6cY ^[ i]Zn Yd i]ZhZ YZhXg^ei^dch _jhi^XZ! l^i] V gdVg^c\ djiXdbZ i]Vi XdciV^ch hdbZ YZ\gZZ d[ ^cY^k^YjVa^in i]Zc hjgZan i]ViÁh V h^\c i]Vi i]Zn ]VkZ eVhhZY i]^h edhi gdX` iZhi# ¾EZdeaZ ldggn [Vg idd bjX] VWdji ViiVX]^c\ \ZcgZ YZhXg^ei^dch id bjh^X!¿ hVnh BVgi^c# ¾> ÉcY ^i ^gg^iVi^c\ l]Zc eZdeaZ \Zi jehZi WZXVjhZ hdbZdcZ YZhXg^WZh V eVgi^XjaVg WVcY Vh WZadc\^c\ id V XZgiV^c \ZcgZ ¼ hd l]Vi4 >[ eZdeaZ lVci id XVaa jh bVi] dg edhi dg egd\ gdX`! i]Zc i]ViÁh i]Z^g X]d^XZ# 6h [Vg Vh >Áb XdcXZgcZY! lZÁaa Xdci^cjZ bV`^c\ bjh^X VcY ]deZ[jaan bdgZ VcY bdgZ eZdeaZ l^aa Xdci^cjZ id a^hiZc id i]Vi bjh^X VcY i]ViÁh egZiin bjX] Vaa i]Vi bViiZgh!¿ l]^X] Vaadlh i]Z XViZ\dg^hVi^dc d[ \ZcgZ ^c i]^h [ZVijgZ# >[ ndjÁgZ V [Vc d[ i]Z bjh^XVa hinaZh VcY eVgicZg^c\ bZci^dcZY ]ZgZ! i]Zc i]Z hiV`Zh VgZ b^\]in ]^\] i]Vi KZhhZah VgZ ndjg `^cY d[ XV`Z# I]ZnÁgZ idjg^c\ cdl! hd \d ^cYja\Z# E]did\gVe]n 6ccV GjYY


GZk^Zl^c\ i]Z GZk^ZlZgh HdbZ Vgi^hih edaVg^hZ edejaVg VcY Xg^i^XVa de^c^dc VcY ]VkZ id \gdl V i]^X` h`^c id YZVa l^i] i]Z WVX`aVh] d[ hdbZ l]^ahi WVi]^c\ ^c i]Z VYdaVi^dc d[ di]Zgh# EVja =Vl`^ch I]ZZ 6l`lVgY H^aZcXZh \di i]Z^g [V^g h]VgZ d[ Wdi] l^i] i]Z gZaZVhZ d[ YZWji LZ 6gZ Cdi Di]Zg EZdeaZ aVhi nZVg# =ZgZ! EVja =Vl`^ch lg^iZh VWdji ]dl Xg^i^Xh e^X` ]^b je! ZkZc l]Zc ejii^c\ ]^b Ydlc# AVWZa ?Zojh ;VXidgn

+)


+*

<Zii^c\ gZk^ZlZY ^h V higVc\Z ZmeZg^ZcXZ# >c V lVn ^iÁh XdbeVgVWaZ id \Zii^c\ ZmVb gZhjaih ^c hX]dda! Wji gZVaan i]ViÁh dcan igjZ ^[ ndj lZci id V hX]dda l]ZgZ ndjg ZmVb \di bVg`ZY Wn cjbZgdjh Y^[[ZgZci iZVX]Zgh! cdWdYn V\gZZY dc l]Vi i]Z Xg^iZg^V [dg eVhh^c\ VcY [V^a^c\ lZgZ VcY iZVX]Zgh eaVhiZgZY ndjg \gVYZh Vaa dkZg i]Z ^ciZgcZi# H^cXZ >ÁkZ WZZc ^c V WVcY >ÁkZ ValVnh [djcY \Zii^c\ gZk^ZlZY [VhX^cVi^c\ VcY dYYan Zc_dnVWaZ# > i]^c` hiVcYVgY ^cYZeZcYZci bjh^X^Vc Zi^fjZiiZ ^h id XaV^b ndj YdcÁi gZVaan XVgZ l]Vi gZk^ZlZgh hVn Wji > i]^c` Vabdhi ZkZgndcZ ^h Xjg^djh id `cdl l]Vi di]Zg eZdeaZ i]^c` d[ i]Zb# > i]^c` ZkZgndcZ ÉcYh ^i c^XZ l]Zc XdbeaZiZ higVc\Zgh hVn edh^i^kZ i]^c\h VWdji i]Zb! VcY d[ XdjghZ V a^iiaZ ]jgi l]Zc i]Zn YdcÁi# 6i i]Z hVbZ i^bZ ^iÁh h^aan id WVhZ ndjg dlc kVajZ d[ l]Vi ndj Yd dc l]Vi gZk^ZlZgh hVn# > gZbZbWZg > gZVY Wdi] i]Z WZhi VcY ldghi gZk^Zlh d[ djg h^c\aZ À> 7Za^ZkZ ^c @VgbVÁ dc i]Z hVbZ YVn VcY ^i lVh egZiin dYY id WZ idaY i]Vi ndjÁgZ V Wg^aa^Vci bVkZg^X` cZl iVaZci dcZ b^cjiZ VcY i]Vi ndjÁgZ ^ggZYZZbVWan gjWW^h] i]Z cZmi ;dgijcViZan! hd [Vg Vi aZVhi! i]Z cjbWZg d[ edh^i^kZ gZk^Zlh I]ZZ 6l`lVgY H^aZcXZh ]VkZ gZXZ^kZY Xdb[dgiVWan djilZ^\]h i]Z cjbWZg d[ cZ\Vi^kZ dcZh# I]ZgZ VgZ kVg^djh gZVhdch [dg i]^h Wji > hjheZXi ^i XdbZh Ydlc id i]Z [VXi i]Vi lZÁgZ Wn cd bZVch [Vbdjh Zcdj\] [dg bV\Vo^cZh VcY lZWh^iZh id [ZZa XdbeZaaZY id gZk^Zl jh# >[ hdbZdcZ gZVYh i]Z egZhh gZaZVhZ [dg djg bjh^X VcY YZX^YZh lZ YdcÁi VeeZVa id i]Zb! i]ZnÁaa _jhi a^hiZc id hdbZi]^c\ ZahZ ^chiZVY# DWk^djhan i]Zc ^i hi^aa XdbZh Ydlc id i]Z fjZhi^dc d[ l]Zi]Zg eZdeaZ l]dÁY a^`Z l]Vi ndj Yd ^c i]Zdgn VXijVaan a^`Z l]Vi ndj Yd ^c gZVa^in Wji XZgiV^can ^i \^kZh ndj V WZiiZg gVi^d d[ \ddY gZk^Zlh i]Vc V bVhh^kZ WVcY a^`Z Hcdl EVigda dg @V^hZg 8]^Z[h l]ZgZ Vabdhi Vaa lZWh^iZh l^aa gjc V gZk^Zl! gZ\VgYaZhh d[ l]Zi]Zg ^iÁh i]Z^g i]^c\ dg cdi# CdcZi]ZaZhh! WVY gZk^Zlh ]VeeZc id ZkZgn WVcY VcY i]Zn VgZ hdbZi]^c\ ndj ]VkZ id YZVa l^i] ndjg dlc lVn VcY! jcaZhh ndjÁgZ ^c i]Z `^cY d[ ZmeZg^bZciVa cd^hZ WVcY i]ViÁh VXi^kZan ign^c\ id e^hh eZdeaZ d[[! i]Zc ^iÁh h^aan id YZcn i]Vi hdbZdcZ Y^hb^hh^c\ hdbZi]^c\ ndjÁkZ ldg`ZY ]VgY dc Vh V e^aZ d[ XgVe ^h egZiin Y^he^g^i^c\ VcY YZbdgVa^h^c\# AVhi HZeiZbWZg lZ gZaZVhZY djg YZWji VaWjb LZ 6gZ Cdi Di]Zg EZdeaZ dc ?Zojh ;VXidgn GZXdgYh# Dc i]Z l]daZ ^i lVh lZaa gZXZ^kZY VcY lZ \di Zcdj\] edh^i^kZ gZk^Zlh [dg i]Z aVWZa id _jhi^[n gZ[Zgg^c\ id ^i Vh ¾Xg^i^XVaan VXXaV^bZY#¿ Bn [Vkdjg^iZ gZk^Zl lVh egdWVWan i]Z -$&% ^c i]Z EZiZgWdgdj\] :kZc^c\ IZaZ\gVe]! ejgZan WZXVjhZ Vabdhi ZkZgnl]ZgZ ZahZ lZ \di gZk^ZlZY lVh heZX^Va^hi ^cY^Z bV\Vo^cZh hjX] Vh i]^h dcZ ! l]d VgZ dWk^djhan i]Z iVg\Zi VjY^ZcXZ [dg ^cY^Z VaWjbh l]ZgZVh EZiZgWdgdj\]Áh i]Z dcZ eaVXZ lZ XgdhhZY dkZg id \Zii^c\ gZk^ZlZY Vadc\h^YZ V L]^aZ Bn <j^iVg <Zcian LZZeh XaVhh^X \j^iVg igVX`h Xdbe^aVi^dc! CZl @^Yh dc i]Z 7adX`Áh XdbZWVX` VaWjb VcY 8VgdaZ @^c\Áh gZ^hhjZ d[ IVeZhign# > a^`Z id `^Y bnhZa[ i]ZgZÁh dcZ idlc ^c :c\aVcY l]ZgZ lZÁgZ ]djhZ]daY cVbZh ¼ >ÁkZ cdi WZZc id EZiZgWdgdj\] h^cXZ dg ^cYZZY ZkZg! [dg i]Vi bViiZg Wji > YdcÁi lVci id gjaZ dji i]Z edhh^W^a^in i]Vi! Vh > lg^iZ i]^h! V hiVijZ ^h WZ^c\ ZgZXiZY ^c djg ]dcdjgµ > XZgiV^can [ZZa LZ 6gZ Cdi Di]Zg EZdeaZ ^h i]Z VaWjb lZ lVciZY id bV`Z# I]ViÁh cdi id hVn ^i lVh eZg[ZXi! dg i]Vi i]ZgZ lZgZcÁi i]^c\h lZÁY Yd Y^[[ZgZcian cZmi i^bZ ¼ a^`Z bdhi YZWji VaWjbh > hZZ ^i Vh Vc ^cY^XVi^dc d[ l]ZgZ lZÁgZ \d^c\ gVi]Zg i]Vc i]Z Xjab^cVi^dc d[ V _djgcZn Wji! Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ! > i]^c` ^iÁh V YVbc \ddY VaWjb l^i] hdbZ YVbc \ddY hdc\h dc ^i VcY! ejh]^c\ bdYZhin Vh^YZ! > i]^c` ^i YZhZgkZY i]Z \ddY gZk^Zlh i]Vi ^i \di# 6i i]Z hVbZ i^bZ i]ZgZ lZgZ hdbZ kVa^Y Xg^i^X^hbh ¼ XZgiV^can bdgZ i]Vc dcZ gZk^ZlZg ^cXajY^c\ i]^h kZgn bV\Vo^cZ ndj VgZ gZVY^c\ ed^ciZY dji i]Vi ^i lVh [Vg bdgZ d[ V XdaaZXi^dc d[ hdc\h i]Vc ^i lVh V Xd]ZgZci VaWjb VcY hdbZ gZk^ZlZgh [Vb^a^Vg l^i] i]Z WVcY [Zai i]ZgZ lZgZ h^c\aZh lZ aZ[i d[[ i]Vi h]djaY ]VkZ WZZc dc i]Z VaWjb#

I]Z gZVhdc [dg Wdi] d[ i]ZhZ i]^c\h XVbZ ^c i]Z lVn i]Vi i]Z VaWjb YZkZadeZY# >i lVh gZXdgYZY dkZg i]Z XdjghZ d[ '%%, VcY! l]Zc bnhZa[ VcY >Vc 7jiidc 9ZVi] >c KZ\Vh \j^iVg^hi ijgcZY 6l`lVgY H^aZcXZh egdYjXZg VcY YgjbbZg hiVgiZY gZXdgY^c\ ^i ^c ?VcjVgn! i]ZgZ lVh cd gZVa WVcY VcY ^i lVh _jhi i]Z ild d[ jh# H]dgian V[iZg i]Vi djg ^ciZg^b \j^iVg^hi 7Zc 6chi^h _d^cZY jh [dg hdbZ d[ i]Z gZXdgY^c\ hZhh^dch# 7ZilZZc i]Z i]gZZ d[ jh lZ gZXdgYZY hZkZc d[ i]Z ilZakZ hdc\h dc i]Z VaWjb! eajh VWdji h^m bdgZ# 7n BVn djg WVhh^hi 6aZm ]VY _d^cZY! Vh ]VY djg `ZnWdVgY^hi Idb BVncZ dc adVc [gdb 9Vk^Y 8gdcZcWZg\Áh L^[Z # I]Z ÉkZ d[ jh gZXdgYZY [djg bdgZ hdc\h ÀJcZmeZXiZY :ggdgÁ VcY ÀBjh^X ^h Bn :cZbnÁ bVYZ i]Z VaWjb ¼ À9dcÁi 7a^cY BZ L^i] HX^ZcXZÁ VcY ÀI]Z 7^\\Zg 7dcZÁ Y^Y cdi # H]dgian V[iZg 7Zc aZ[i VcY djg eZgbVcZci \j^iVg^hi AjcX] _d^cZY# BZ! AjcX] VcY >Vc gZXdgYZY [djg bdgZ hdc\h ¼ À9dcÁi WZ 6[gV^Y d[ AdkZÁ VcY À8Vggdi VcY Hi^X`Á [gdb i]Z VaWjb eajh h^c\aZ À> 7Za^ZkZ ^c @VgbVÁ VcY 7"h^YZ ÀBn 9Vg^c\ ;gVc`ZchiZ^cÁ# I]Zc ÉcVaan > gZXdgYZY À<ZciaZbVc dc 8gjiX]ZhÁ Wn bnhZa[ Vi ]dbZ VcY >Vc i]Zc eji Ygjbh VcY \j^iVgh dkZg i]Z ide [dg i]Z VaWjb kZgh^dc# ;^cVaan djg `ZnWdVgY^hi C^Vaa! k^da^c^hi @ViZ VcY WVX`^c\ kdXVa^hi HVgV] _d^cZY VcY VYYZY eVgih dkZg i]Z Zm^hi^c\ gZXdgY^c\h VcY 9^VcV Y^Y i]Z \jZhi kdXVa dc ÀI]Z 7ViiaZ >h DkZgÁ# 7n i]Zc lZ ]VY dkZg ilZcin hdc\h VcY lZ ]VY kVg^djh Y^hXjhh^dch VWdji l]Vi id eji dc i]Z VaWjb WZ[dgZ ÉcVaan Vgg^k^c\ l^i] i]Z igVX`a^hi^c\ lZ ]VY# > i]^c` Vcn XdbW^cVi^dc d[ hdc\h ldjaY ]VkZ bZVci aZVk^c\ d[[ hdc\h di]Zg eZdeaZ [Zai h]djaY ]VkZ WZZc dc i]ZgZ VcY ^i lVh ValVnh \d^c\ id WZ V X]VaaZc\Z bV`^c\ V Xd]ZgZci VaWjb dji d[ V WjcX] d[ hdc\h gZXdgYZY ^c ÉkZ Y^[[ZgZci eaVXZh l^i]! ^c V lVn! ÉkZ Y^[[ZgZci a^cZ"jeh Hd > XVc hZZ l]ZgZ i]dhZ XdbbZcih lZgZ Xdb^c\ [gdb# 6cY > i]^c` i]Z aZhhdc [gdb i]Vi ^h i]Vi ^iÁh ]VgY id bV`Z V [dXjhZY VaWjb l^i]dji eaVcc^c\ ^i [gdb i]Z hiVgi# I]Z ild `Zn ^hhjZh ^c i]Z WVY gZk^Zlh iZcYZY id WZ eZdeaZ cdi a^`^c\ bn kd^XZ VcY eZdeaZ cdi a^`^c\ i]Z egdYjXi^dc Vai]dj\] Wdi] i]ZhZ i]^c\h lZgZ hZZc Vh edh^i^kZh Wn hdbZ gZk^ZlZgh idd # 8aZVgan Wdi] d[ i]ZhZ VgZ V bViiZg d[ hjW_ZXi^kZ de^c^dc# >ÁY gZVY^an VYb^i eZdeaZ cdi a^`^c\ bn kd^XZ ^h i]Z dcZ i]^c\ i]Vi igdjWaZh bZ ^c gZk^Zlh ¼ h^bean WZXVjhZ ^iÁh i]Z dcZ i]^c\ i]Vi > XVcÁi gZVaan X]Vc\Z ZkZc ^[ > lVciZY id VcY i]Z [VXi i]Vi ^iÁh dcZ d[ i]dhZ kd^XZh hdbZ eZdeaZ gZVaan a^`Z$hdbZ eZdeaZ gZVaan ]ViZ egdWVWan YdZh bZVc i]Vi hdbZi^bZh ^i dkZgh]VYdlh ]dl \ddY > i]^c` i]Z hdc\h VXijVaan VgZ# I]Z egdYjXi^dc VheZXi YdZhcÁi igdjWaZ bZ Vi Vaa ¼ lZÁY bVYZ V XdchX^djh YZX^h^dc [dg i]Z hdc\h id hdjcY Vh bjX] Vh edhh^WaZ a^`Z V WVcY eaVn^c\ ^c V gddb VcY! >Vc Y^Y V [VciVhi^X _dW d[ gZXdgY^c\ i]Z VaWjb i]Z lVn lZ lVciZY ^i id hdjcY# Hd ZkZc i]dj\] i]Z egdYjXi^dc lVhcÁi id hdbZ gZk^ZlZghÁ iVhiZ! ^i lVh i]Z lVn lZ lVciZY i]dhZ hdc\h gZXdgYZY VcY ^i hdjcYh g^\]i id jh [dg i]Z VaWjb lZ lVciZY id bV`Z ¼ Vai]dj\] i]Z cZmi VaWjb! l]^X] lZÁgZ cdl gZXdgY^c\! l^aa WZ V W^i Y^[[ZgZci ¼ h^bean WZXVjhZ i]ZnÁgZ Y^[[ZgZci hdc\h VcY hd cZZY V Y^[[ZgZci VeegdVX]# LZÁkZ cdl \di i]Z a^cZ"je ^c eaVXZ [gdb i]Z hiVgi VcY > i]^c`$]deZ ZkZgndcZÁh hi^X`^c\ VgdjcY ! lZÁgZ gZXdgY^c\ i]Z ZaZkZc dg ilZakZ hdc\h lZ i]^c` l^aa WZ dc i]Z VaWjb [gdb i]Z hiVgi VcY bdhian gZXdgY^c\ ^c i]Z hVbZ Zck^gdcbZci hd ^i l^aa hdjcY bdgZ [dXjhZY VcY Xd]ZgZci# 6ahd i]Z hdc\h aZcY i]ZbhZakZh id V bjX] W^\\Zg! bdgZ aVnZgZY hdjcY VcY hd i]^h l^aa WZ V bjX] bdgZ VbW^i^djh VaWjb l]ZgZ lZÁgZ Wg^c\^c\ ^c ediZci^Vaan egZiZci^djh ZaZbZcih a^`Z X]^aYgZcÁh kd^XZh! bdcVhi^X X]d^gh! kVg^djh Z[[ZXih! bjai^eaZ WVX`^c\ h^c\Zgh VcY kVg^djh di]Zg ZaZbZcih i]Vi bZVc lZ XdjaY Z^i]Zg hdjcY Wg^aa^Vci dg [Vaa ÊVi dc djg [VXZh >Áb dei^b^hi^X ^iÁaa WZ i]Z [dgbZg ¼ XZgiV^can >Áb gZVaan ]Veen l^i] l]Vi lZ ]VkZ hd [Vg # > hi^aa ]VkZcÁi bVcV\ZY id X]Vc\Z bn kd^XZ i]dj\]µ E]did\gVe]n <Zdg\^cV 8dchiVcY^cdj


7ZVgYV^Y ^h YZh^\cZY id ]Zae eZdeaZ ldg`^c\ ^c i]Z ^cYZeZcYZci bjh^X ^cYjhign \V^c bdgZ egdb^cZci! cVi^dcl^YZ bZY^V XdkZgV\Z ^c i]Z J@ VcY VWgdVY# ;dg ' V bdci] ndj XVc ]Zae VcY ^c gZijgc lZÀaa \^kZ ndj [gZZ bV\Vo^cZh! [gZZ bjh^X ZkZgn bdci] VcY [gZZ \^\h# EjWa^X ;gZZ Xde^Zh d[ 7ZVgYZY YZa^kZgZY Y^gZXian id ndjg Yddg J@ hjWhXg^WZgh dcan 6c ZmXajh^kZ! cZkZg WZ[dgZ gZaZVhZY gZXdgY Vi aZVhi * igVX`h id YdlcadVY ZkZgn bdci] 9^hXdjciZY Zcign VcY Y^hXdjciZY hZVhdc i^X`Zih id 7ZVgYV^Y \^\h 6 l]daZ ]dhi d[ VYY^i^dcVa \ddY^Zh! [gZZ gZXdgYh! [gZZ \^\h! [gZZ bZgX]! [gZZ Vgi VcY l]ViZkZg ZahZ lZ ÉcY 6XXZhh id k^Zl WVX` ^hhjZh d[ 7ZVgYZY ZaZXigdc^XVaan >cYZeZcYZci AVWZah VcY 6gi^hih HjWh^Y^hZY VYkZgi^h^c\ gViZh ^c V &%!%%% X^gXjaVi^dc! cVi^dcVa bV\Vo^cZ >cXgZVhZY ZmedhjgZ id V aVg\Zg VjY^ZcXZ I]Z X]VcXZ

<Zi ;gZZ Bjh^X l^i] 7ZVgYZY VcY ZBjh^X <Zi je id (* [gZZ YdlcadVYh [gdb ZBjh^X Wn k^h^i^c\/ lll#Zbjh^X# Xdb$WZVgYZY# H^\c je [dg V [gZZ ig^Va VcY iV`Z ' lZZ`h id YZX^YZ ^[ ndj a^`Z i]Z hZgk^XZ VcY ^[ ndj VgZ cdi &%% hVi^hÉZY h^bean XVcXZa VcY ndj ldcÁi eVn V eZccn# Eajh ndj \Zi id `ZZe i]Z igVX`h Vh V i]Vc` ndj [dg X]ZX`^c\ dji ZBjh^X 7ZcZÈih 8]ddhZ [gdb dkZg ) b^aa^dc igVX`h 9GB"[gZZ BE(h igVX`h eaVn dc E8! BVX ! ^EdY ! 8gZVi^kZ OZc ! LVa`bVc [gdb Hdcn VcY Vcn di]Zg BE( eaVnZg Cd Xdc[jh^c\ gZhig^Xi^dch ¼ dlc ndjg bjh^X VcY Yd l]Vi ndj lVci l^i] ^i Hdc\h Vh a^iiaZ Vh '%e V[iZg [gZZ ig^Va ZBjh^X hdc\h Yd cdi Zme^gZ ¼ :K:G

id Zm]^W^i i]Z^g ldg` i]gdj\] V jc^fjZ dca^cZ Y^hig^Wji^dc cZildg` ¼ Y^gZXian d[[Zg^c\ igVX`h id 7ZVgYV^Y hjeedgiZgh I]Z X]VcXZ id Zm]^W^i Vgi^hih Vi 7ZVgYV^Y a^kZ h]dlh I]Z deedgijc^in id ^cXgZVhZ gZkZcjZ i]gdj\] ^cXgZVhZY ZmedhjgZ 6 cVi^dcVaan Y^hig^WjiZY bV\Vo^cZ YZY^XViZY ZmXajh^kZan id i]Zb VcY i]Z^g eZZgh I]Z VW^a^in id VYkZgi^hZ \^\h$gZaZVhZh$Vcni]^c\ ¼ [dg [gZZ ¼ dc i]Z 7ZVgYZY lZWh^iZ ;dg bdgZ ^c[dgbVi^dc! k^h^i/ lll#WZVgYV^Y#Xd#j` 6gi^hih l]d ]VkZ \^kZc ZmXajh^kZ hij[[ id YViZ/ BVii 7Zggn! KddYdd IgdbWdcZ FjVgiZi! GVi[VXZ! I]gdl^c\ Hcdl! IVcYn =VgY! B^hinÁh 7^\ 6YkZcijgZ! =ZaZc AdkZ! =dcZnigVe! 8Vh^didcZ [dg i]Z EV^c[jaan 6adcZ! I]Z HX]dda! 8VhhZiiZWdn! =Va[ BVc =Va[ 7^hXj^i! EVja =Vl`^ch I]ZZ 6l`lVgY H^aZcXZh! 8ViZ aZ 7dc! 9Vk^Y BnhiZg^djh! :k^ah! GVY^d AjmZbWdjg\! IZmVh GVY^d 7VcY! Hi^X]Zh! 9VkZ FjZZc! ^=- 8VbZgV! I]Z HiV\Z HV\Zh! 8gZVijgZ l^i] i]Z 6idb 7gV^c! Hj`^adkZ! I]Z 7ZVi BVgVh! =daidcÁh DejaZci Dd\! 8daZn EVg`! EgZh^YZci HlZZi]ZVgi! 8Vo BZX]Vc^X! HeVgidc 9nZh! EV\Vc LVcYZgZg Aj

IZgbh VcY XdcY^i^dch/ <Zi je id (* YdlcadVYh & 6jY^dWdd` [gZZ l^i] V &)"YVn ZBjh^X ig^Va hjWhXg^ei^dch# HZeVgViZ hjWhXg^ei^dch gZfj^gZY# D[[Zg VkV^aVWaZ id Éghi" i^bZ ZBjh^X XjhidbZgh dcan# >ciZgcZi VXXZhh! gZ\^higVi^dc! VcY XgZY^i dg YZW^i XVgY gZfj^gZY# 6jY^dWdd` d[[Zg dcan kVa^Y dc &"XgZY^i VjY^dWdd`h0 hdbZ i^iaZh gZfj^gZ bjai^eaZ XgZY^ih [dg YdlcadVY# A^b^iZY i^bZ d[[Zg# D[[Zg VcY ZBjh^XÁh eg^XZh VgZ hjW_ZXi id X]Vc\Z l^i]dji cdi^XZ VcY VgZ hjW_ZXi id ZBjh^XÁh iZgbh d[ jhZ# ZBjh^X VcY i]Z ZBjh^X ad\d VgZ Z^i]Zg gZ\^hiZgZY igVYZbVg`h dg igVYZbVg`h d[ ZBjh^X#Xdb >cX# ^c i]Z JH6 dg di]Zg Xdjcig^Zh# 6aa g^\]ih gZhZgkZY# BVX ! ^EdY !8gZVi^kZ OZc ! Hdcn LVa`bVc VgZ gZ\^hiZgZY igVYZbVg`h d[ i]Z^g gZheZXi^kZ dlcZgh! 6eeaZ >cX#! 8gZVi^kZ IZX]cdad\n A^b^iZY! VcY B^Xgdhd[i 8dgedgVi^dc# CZ^i]Zg 6eeaZ! 8gZVi^kZ IZX]cdad\n! cdg B^Xgdhd[i VgZ eVgicZgh dg hedchdgh d[ ZBjh^X# ZBjh^X ^h cdi gZhedch^WaZ [dg egdYjXih! hZgk^XZh dg XaV^bh bVYZ Wn 7ZVgYZY#

++


+,


I]Z <gZVi 7ZVgYZY GV[ÉZ NdjÁkZ hediiZY i]^h VYkZgi! cdl ndj XVc ]VkZ i]Z heVXZ ¼ [dg V nZVg ¼ [dg _jhi &%# ;dg i]Vi bZVhan iZccZg! ndj XVc ]VkZ i]Z X]VcXZ id egdbdiZ ndjghZa[! ndjg egdYjXi dg l]ViZkZg ndj a^`Z ^c V heVXZ i]Vi l^aa WZ hZZc Wn Vc ^cXVaXjaVWaZ cjbWZg d[ eZdeaZ ^c &!*%% hidgZh VXgdhh i]Z J@# 6 eg^oZ kVajZY Vi dkZg &%!%%%! ndjg VYkZgi ldjaY WZ dc i]Z WVX` eV\Z d[ ZkZgn ^hhjZ d[ 7ZVgYZY [dg dcZ nZVg! ndj l^aa Vahd ]VkZ Vc VYkZgi^h^c\ heVXZ dc/ lll#WZVgYZYbV\Vo^cZ#Xd#j`! l]ZgZ lZ XVc \jVgVciZZ dkZg (*!%%% eV\Z ^begZhh^dch ZkZgn bdci]# >[ i]ViÁh cdi ^cXZci^kZ Zcdj\]! lZÁaa Vahd i]gdl ^c V [gZZ Xden d[ 7ZVgYZY [dg ndj

L]d H]djaY :ciZg4 :kZgndcZ L]Zi]Zg ndjÁgZ V gZXdgY aVWZa l^i] gZaZVhZh Xdb^c\ dji! V egdbdiZg l^i] \^\h id h]dji VWdji! V WVcY lVci^c\ id VYkZgi^hZ ndjg BnHeVXZ eV\Z! Vc ^aajhigVidg lVci^c\ V egdb^cZci WaVc` XVckVh id h]dlXVhZ ndjg ldg`! V EG XdbeVcn lVci^c\ id VYkZgi^hZ ndjg hZgk^XZh! V eZghdc l]d lVcih id a^hi ndjg [Vkdjg^iZ gZXdgYh d[ i]Z bdbZci dg hdbZi]^c\ ZahZ Zci^gZan! ^i gZVaan YdZhcÁi bViiZg# Ndj l^aa WZ \Zii^c\ V \gZVi eg^oZ! VcY ]Zae^c\ 7ZVgYZY Xdci^cjZ id Wg^c\ V \gZVi hZgk^XZ id ^cYZeZcYZci bjh^X^Vch#

=dl 9d > :ciZg4 Ndj XVc \Zi ndjg i^X`Zih dca^cZ Wn k^h^i^c\/ lll#VYkZgi^hZ^cWZVgYZY# Xd#j`! dg ndj XVc edhi jh ndjg gZfjZhi Wn hZcY^c\ V X]ZfjZ VcY ndjg XdciVXi YZiV^ah id 7ZVgYZYÁh <gZVi 6YkZgi^h^c\ GV[ÊZ! &'*V ;gVcX^hXVc GdVY! AdcYdc! HL&, -9O GjaZh I]Z YgVl l^aa WZ bVYZ ^cYZeZcYZcian dc I]jghYVn &) BVn# EjWa^XVi^dc d[ ndjg VYkZgi ^h XdcY^i^dcVa dc bZZi^c\ 7ZVgYZYÁh hjWb^hh^dc Xg^iZg^V! WZ^c\ i]Vi ndj hjWb^i ^i id jh dc i^bZ VcY id i]Z XdggZXi heZX^ÉXVi^dc! lZ l^aa a^V^hZ l^i] ndj dc i]^h ^[ ndj l^c# 7ZVgYZY gZhZgkZh i]Z g^\]i id gZ_ZXi jchj^iVWaZ VYkZgi^hZbZcih! i]ZhZ heZX^ÉXVaan WZ^c\ eda^i^XVa hiViZbZcih dg hjW_ZXih i]Vi bVn XVjhZ d[[ZcXZ# Ndj XVc bV`Z Vh bVcn Zcig^Zh Vh ndj l^h]# I]Z YgVl gZhjai ^h ÉcVa# l]^aZ hidX`h aVhi#


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.