Dig It 2

Semester Two 1997

Flinders Univer sity Archaeology Soc1cty . . ..... ,...

THE:·•

TANGANI . ISSN 1440·2475

~llndetts Unl vetzsltl{ Atzchaeolo~lf Soc ~ Message from the chair; The holidays are over and it's time to get back to our usual diligent routines and that includes the Archaeology Society.

The survivors of the Coorong Trip are now ready to grapple with the challenge of the Union Gallery Exhibition . Eager Beavers are still needed, check pages 19 & 20 for rosters and available times , and DON"T FORGET T O PUT YOUR NAME DOWN AS A VOLUNTEER . Also up

and coming is the Annual Archaeology Society Dinner, all current members are invited to join this gluttonous fest . The Annual Australian Archaeological Association Conference is yet another event we intend to send delegates to , so for ~hose interested get 1n early for a good seat in the bus .

Finally , we would like to thank all of those devoted members who have generously given their time and eff~rts to the many Soc1ety activities that we have bee n invo lved i n so f ar this y ear .

The President Mathew Rice

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Contributors t publication ar e a:..sc considered t o :::e th :_s c overed by d isclaimer.

T e am

Paul Rap ita Matt Ric e Katrina Ph o tos : Cov er Kangaroo Isl a nd April 1997 & Coor _ July 1997

From: Wolf Clan Te ac hin g

Lodge

Pho t og raphers;

Matt Rice Jacob Habner

05/97

Co n tribut i o ns :

Shane Burville Timothy Anson Nathan Richards Phil (Ski)Czerwinski Paul Rapita Mark Stanifor th

In ly 1995 a warning order was issued from e Federal Government Division of ilitary and Naval Affairs AID TO CIVI I AU THORITIES. l

t>Bill Jeffrey for

In February 1996 the enclosed letter was sent to inform the appropri ate people.

information on shipwrecks along Younghusband. t>Mark Staniforth

On the 1st of April1997 the military action took place. A state of siege now exists on the Indian reservations withi n the State of New York.

Thanks

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&

Tim Anson for their contributions and efforts on the Coorong Trip . t> George Treverow Camp Coorong Permission for the u se of e x tracts from other publications has either been granted or an attempt made to contact the original publisher and author .

The authors and publishers do not claim responsibility for misprints or errors in this material and we will not be liable if someone gets offended b y this publication i n any manner o r form . So don't bother trying to sue us , a s we don ' t have any money anyway a nd we ' re not

Mysterious fires have occurred, one destroying the Tuscaros Chiefs home.

Beatings, arrests and confiscation of property has and is occu rri ng.

All light, power, gas supplies, heating, fuel and food supplies are now cut off from the reservations.

A protest march down Interstate 19 to Washington DC has been stopped by the State Militia, and the peoples right to protest denied.

The Nations are keeping vigil with fires burning next to the highways adjacent to the blockades on their land.

A total media ban seems to have been successfully established.

Please inform all members states and countries to the United Nations of this violent action now in progress.

Nyaweh Anne Patient Wolf

the low water mark and front sand dune line. It was anticipated that this method would identify areas of significant magnetic anomaly which could correspond with shipwreck material including anchors and other large metallic ship fittings. Once an anomaly had been identified its precise location would be recorded using nondifferential global positioning system (GPS) technology.

Report on the magnetometer survey of shipwrecks on Younghusband Peninsula in Coorong National Park, South Australia.

South Australian National Parks and Wildlife research permit No : Q23960-01

In addition to the magnetometer survey field-walks were carried out to try to visually identify shipwreck locations.

In groups of 4-5 people members of FUAS searched (emu parade style) along the beach from the seaward side of the front dune to the swale between the frontal dune system and the secondary dune system.

Introduction: During the period of 07/07/97 to 11107/97 an attempt was made by members of the Hinders University Archaeology Society (FUAS) to identify the precise locations of a number of historic shipwrecks believed to be lying under the sands on the seaward side of Y ounghusband Peninsula. Clark ( 1990) provides details of a number of sailing vessels which came to grief along the peninsula but whose exact current locations (if any) are unknown. Vessels targeted by the investigation included Adelaide (1849- 1874), Margit (1891- 1911), Sophia Jane (1840- 1844), Mariner (1839- 1845) and Fanny (1838 - 1838) (figure 1).

Results : Magnetometer survey" Due to gear failure (an unknown malfunction in the magnetometer), the magnetometer survey was cut short after only two kilometres of survey. No anomalies were therefore identifi~d using this method.

Field-walk surveyField-walks in areas described above were carried out at several locations along the peninsula. A five kilometre walk covered the territory between the approximated locations of the Margit and Adelaide (figure 1). This field walk was successful in locating the Margit, part of which was still visible approximately 50 m off the beach in the breaker zone. The GPS reading for this site was as follows-

Map 2 Victor Harbor

/ GAZELLE

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1147 -1141

MOZAMBIQUE lllJ

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Latitude 36o 22' 58" S Longitude 139o 44' 30" E

Policoman Point

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Two more field-walk surveys were carried out at locations to the north of Forty-Two ~Iile Crossing (between 12km and 7km north of Forty-Two ~Iile Crossing and tlet\veen 22km and 27km north of Forty-Two Nfile Crossing) .

These surveys covered up to ten kilometres of beach but failed to locate any sites of relevance to this investigation.

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lacopodo Bay

Conclusions and Recommendations:

VICTORIA 1 33 7 - 1

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0 milos 0 Km 20

a" s

Although this exercise was relatively unsuccessful in the pursuit of its prime objective it served as reconnaissance for a more detailed investigation to be held at a later date.

Kingston

40

20

40

60 •

EMU 1150- 1M I

Figure 1. Map showing approximate shipwreck locations along Y ounghusband Peninsula, South Australia.

Method: The research design was based on one proposed by Mr. Bob Ramsay. Using a four-wheel drive (4WD) vehicle, a magnetometer was to be towed along the beach between

3

A combination of gear-failure, poor weather conditions and poor track conditions severely restricted the scope of the exercise. For example, the only access, a 4\VD track which followed the back of the beach, became virtuall y impassable at a point approximately 27km to the north of Forty-Two .\Iile Crossing. This therefore restricted access to a stretch of the peninsula where, according to Clark (l990; figure 1), several shipwrecks rest in close prmimity to each other. The approximate locations of the i\fozambique, Fanny and :\fariner are within a.20km stretch over ..J.Okm to the north of Forty-Two ~Iile Crossing. Similar conditions were experienced to m·e south of Forty-Two .\Iile Crossing.

- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

The following recommendations are offered for any future research of this nature. Firstly, that research be conducted in swr.-ner months when track conditions improve due to greater traffic levels. This would allow access to the northern most extent of the peninsula. Secondly, that a bach.-up facility or technician be on hand to deal with equipment failure (ie. the magnetometer). Thirdly, that all vehicles be provided with the necessary equipment for travel in isolated and sandy environments, including portable air compressors , heavy duty jacks and winch.

On a positive note, a precise location was given for the wreck of the Margit, information which was not previously available. Field-walk surveys proved to be effective and worthy of future implementation. Finally, Flinders University archaeology students and staff were provided with invaluable field experience both generally and specifically with regards to the unique Coorong environment.

Timothy 22/07/97

J. Anson

Reference Clark, P. 1990. Shipwreck sites in the south-east of South Australia 1838 - 1915. Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, Special Publication No.5. S.A. Department of Environment and Planning.

Tea Tree Crossing

0 kms

The Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AlMA) and the Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) • UK

AIMA/NAS Part 1 course

Maritime Archaeology The Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AlMA) has recently purchased Part 1 of the four-part British Nautical Archaeology Society's (NAS) Training Program. For a period of three years, from 1st January 1997, AlMA has sole agency to conduct internationally accredited NAS training programs within the boundaries of Australia and is responsible for maintaining the syllabus and standards of the Training Program.

Known in Australia as the AIMA/NAS Training Program, each of the British-oriented components of the syllabus have recently been adapted to suit Australian standards and conditions and been circulated to each participating Australi'an State.

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I

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The purpose of the training program is to introduce maritime archaeology to a wider public audience and to encourage involvement through local maritime associations, diving clubs or other interested groups. Each program is State focused and introduces issues relating to Commonwealth and State legislation, Workplace Health and Safety, and the theoretical application of several search and survey techniques. A practical diving component may be offered by some States following completion of the program. It is anticipated that Part 2 will be developed following completion of the first program due to be held in South Australia on 1 and 2 November 1997.

Special Introductory price of $120 a two day practically oriented course on Maritime Archaeology for divers and members of the public which offers nationally (AlMA) and internationally (NAS) recognised :' certification. Learn about shipwreck survey, photography and legislation from qualified and experienced maritime archaeologists.

Saturday and Sunday 9 am to 5.30 pm

1 and 2 Nov 1997 in the Archaeology Laboratory (Room SSS 145), Social Sciences South Building, Flinders University, Bedford Park Lecturers Mark Staniforth Flinders University

Bill Jeffery State Heritage Branch

Terry Arnott State Heritage Branch

For more information or to book your place on the AIMA/NAS Part 1 course -Maritime Archaeology please complete the attached sheet or call Mark Staniforth on 8373 3267 and leave a message.

5

I wish to secure a place in the AIMA/NAS Part 1 course- Maritime Archaeology on 1 and 2 Nov 1997 Attached is my deposit cheque for $50 (the balance of the special introductory price of $120 will be due on commencing the course).

I cannot attend the AIMAINAS Part 1 course on Maritime Archaeology at this time but I would be interested in hearing about future courses. The times/days/months which would suit me best are:

My contact details are:

Name ________________________________________l________ Address _____________________________________________

State Phone

Post code

_________ ( _ ) _________ ( _ ) _________ (_)

(work) (home) (mobile/pager)

Email Comments

Post to:

AIMA/NAS Part 1 course c/o 57 Main Street EASTWOOD SA 5063

6

The Archaeology of Whaling in Southern Australia Conference 14-15

particular sites. concluding with discussions of concurrent themes of the archaeology of Whaling. Special mention must be made of papers from

Martin Gibbs. from James Cook University for investigations into Nineteenth Century Whaling in Western July 1997 Australia and to Nigel Prickett From the J4th-J5th July from the Auckland Museum on sites in New Zealand.

J997 the first AWSA These studies proved to conference was held at La illuminate the diversity of the Trobe University Melbourne. characteristics of different Victoria. Individuals attending sites as well as illustrate the conference ranged from major Australian Universities succinctly the divergence of the whaling industry across such as LaTrobe. Flinders. l borders and seas. Parry James Cook. and Sydney, Kostoglou 's paper proved to Government affiliated enhance ones understanding of organisations such as the whaling from a human Victorian and South perspective that is too often Australian Heritage branches forgotten, adding extra and the Parks and Wildlife dimension to the conference's departments ofTasmania and proceedings.

New South Wales. to representatives from various The final day workshop archaeological consultancy was an attempt to integrate firms. South Australia had a work carried out into a substantial turn out at the broader context. Such a conference with Flinders context was represented in the University lecturers Mark Staniforth and Tim Anson. and need for a common analytical framework for the recording students Cassandra Philipou. and management of sites both Nick Nelson. Nathan Richards terrestrial and maritime that and Cherrie DeLeiuen in were associated with whaling attendance as well as activity. The fu rther aim of delegates from the South creating a common direction Au stralian Heritage Department (not to mention a and heightened communication between academic. few ex- Flinders lecturers and governmental and other students). professional organisations into an integrated body centred on The sixteen papers contributors from the presented in the two days of the conference were on diverse Southern Pacific will hopefully be one that will heighten our topics. Papers ranged from understanding all things regional overviews from whaling.

Aus tralian states and from Norfolk Island and New Nathan Richards Ze aland to case studies of

7

HQ STARCNew York State

From:

WARNING ORDER OM)7195 1. Situation Recent decision rendered by the Supreme Court allows the State of New York to pursue the collection of taxes, levies and fees from heretofore tax free enterprises conducted on Indian Reservations, located within the state.

2. Assumptions a.. . . Department of State Police (DSP) w1ll ass1st Dept of Taxation and Finance New York State (NYS) establish collection activity for due/past NYS taxes from the sal e of 路 gasoline, alcohol, tobacco and gaming revenues on Indian Reservations bordered within the State of New York. DSP is expected to be met with resistance from the pro-gambling warrior society dissidents who have demonstrated violent/militant resistance to occupation or intervention by DSP in the past. b.

DSP may require Military Forces to move against the Indians armed with automatic weapons. c.

The Governor will order the National Guard to State Active Duty. d.

The New York Army Nati onal Guard may be required to conduct covert operations. e.

Civil disturbances may occur on/off the Indian Reservations.

3. Mission 1 Planning appropriate staff coordination will commence immediately in support of anticipated militant reaction from the warrior nations. The NYAR~'G on order will provide a ready reaction forca to support DSP anywhere within the vicinity of the St. Regis Indian Reservation (Akwesasna Mohawk), the Cattaraugus Indian Reservation (Silver Creek) and po~sibly the Onondaga Indian Reservation in a Civil Disturbance Operation or as an Assault Force.

4. Execution a.

Concept of Operation. IA'vV "DRAFT" OPLAN 1-95 (Gallant Piper). b.

TF (Tactical Force) 42d 10 will be prepared to support OSP with Civil Disturbances operations anywhere within the vicinity of the Cattaraugus Indian Reservation. c.

TF 27th Bde will be prepared to support the OSP with Civil Disturbances operations anywhere within the vicinity of the St. Regis Indian Reservation and possibly the Onondaga Indian Reservation. d.

Each TF will be tailored with an air mobile force and a mechanised infantry force capabilities. TF Commanders will be prepared to assist the DSP anywhere with1n the Indian Reservations clearing built up Areas or in a direct assault against an armed force.

Whaling station site survey and excavation fieldwork November and December 1997 Flinders University Archaeology students are invited to apply to participate in three fieldwork projects to be undertaken on Whaling station sites in South Australia and Tasmania during November and December 1997. The work is in support of research associated with the Archaeology of Whaling in Southern Australia (AWSA) project and is under the direction of Mark Staniforth.

The three fieldwork projects will be: Eyre Peninsula * Site survey and recording work of whaling station sites on Eyre Peninsula * Leave am Friday 7 Nov and return pm Friday 14 Nov •1997 (8 days) * Cost will be $100 which will cover accommodation, food and transport * Only three places are available Kangaroo Island * Site survey and recording work of whaling station sites on Kangaroo Island * Leave am Monday 17 Nov and return pm Sunday 23 Nov 1997 (7 days)

*Cost will be $100 which will cover accommodation, food and transport * Only six places are available Bruny Island, Tasmania * Excavation of a whaling station site on Bruny Island, Tasmania * A joint project with LaTrobe University and under the direction of Dr Susan

Lawrence * Leave am Friday 28 Nov and return pm Monday 22 Dec 1997 (25 days) * Cost will be $300 which will cover accommodation, food and transport * Only three places are available Applications close on 30 September 1997 and should be made in writing . It should include your name, address and contact telephone number as well as a brief outline your academic record in archaeology and your archaeological field experience.

Preference will be given initially to current or intending postgraduate and honours students, particularly those involved in research on some aspect of whaling archaeology and then to students who intend to enrol in the new 3rd year topic Archaeological Field Methods (ARCH 3302) in 1998.

For further information contact: Mark Staniforth phone 8201 5195 fax 82013845 email Mark.Staniforth @flinders .edu.au

~ 路THE PAlAEONTOlOGY SOCIEfi~ is having a BBQ. So give your lips a treat!!!

When: Friday 22nd August Time: 3pm Place: Biological Sciences BBQ grass area BYO: Alcoholic drinks Cost: $3 What do you get for your money??

Sausages, hamburgers, refreshments, raffle prizes great company, good times, great tastes, and ' whole lot more!!!

BE THERE!!!

From: Douglas Anderson, Tuscarora Nation Dec. 2, 1996

To: President Bill Clinton, United States of America As a member to the Haudenosaunee Six Nations of Iroquois of Turtle Island, (North America). The SKA-ROH-REH People, People of the Hemp Tuscaroras are Treaty People.

[Treaty of October 22, 1784 between the United States and the Six Nations]. [Treaty of November 11, 1794 between the United States and the Six Nations]. As Treaty People, the Six Nations and the United States, have certain Trust Responsibilities.

nearly two thousand year~; the U.S. would be internationally embarassed if it denied Iraquois the minimum lands and rights they have secured by Treaty).

Article 1, Section 8 of the United States Constitution provides: "Section B, The Congress shall have power .... " "To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations and among the several States and with the indian Tribes .... "

soveriegnty of his/ her, Government and/ or Nation.

Therefore all income earned on the Haudenosaunee Six Nations of Iroquois of North America Country, shall not be Taxed.

If you have questions, please feel free to call; Nya-weh, Thank you.

Austral ian Archaeological Association

The impact of the 1913 Sixteenth Amendment, Section (2) Excluding Indians Not Taxed, and the 1924 American Indian Citizenship Act; Prior to 1924, were the Iroquois tax free simply because they were not regarded by the United States as citizen, or was/ is their tax-free status seperate from the issue of Citizenship?

Annual Conference December 3-7, 1997 Boambee Bay Resort, Taormina, NSW

The Iroquois tax-free status constitutes a treaty right. In Treaties are made between addition to extremely modest Governments and/ or Nations, compensation, the Iroquois made laws are for the citizens, of that treaties which transferred land government and/ or nation. The to the United States in ex-change Citizenship Act of 1924, is for the recognition by the United illegal under International Law. States of unique rights Organisation of American States applicable to the Iroquois. The Article 20. Right to Nationality, Iroquois treaties, still in effect, International Bill on Human were all made between 1784 and Rights, 1842, when the Iroquois were Not 1. Universal Declaration of Citizens.

The treaties were Human Rights Article 15. obviously all made prior to 1913 ( Everyone has the right to the 16th Amendment) and 1924 ( Nationality. Adopted by the Indian Citizenship Act) World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna, 25 June 1993 The Haudenosaunee Six Nations (A/CONF, 157/24 (PART 1), of Iroquois of North America, are CHAP 111), article 27 of the 1969 bound by the Federal Vienna Conventions on the laws Constitution of the "Great Law of of Treaties, which states this; Peace" which states "No "a party may not invoke the provisions of its Internal law as justification for its failure to preform a Treaty".

Passage of time, does not dissolve Treaties or Land Claims {Since the U.S. recognises Israel's claim to lands it has not controlled for

1997 Conference Hosts University of New England (Armidale, NSW) Department of Archaeology and Pal aeoanthropology

1~

Membership to MA costs $25.00 for Students and Registration for the Conference costs $35.00 for payments made before September 30 and $60.00 for payments made after October 1.

There js an additional cost for the Annual Banquet (Saturday night) of $25.00.

Flinders Uni will be sending a delegation, and interested people should contact Amy on 8272 7836 or Paul on 8371 4419.

Government and/or Nation, can get involved in another Governments and/ or Nations internal Affairs"

There are limited positions available so get in early. Also preferences will be given to students involved with the Union Gallery Exhibition.

If a Ex Parte Individual wishes ! to pay taxes, to another i Government and/ or Nation, that Ex Parte individualk may do so, without violating the

10

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Coorong Trip: To the Land of the Tang ani KNIGHT SCHOOL The Land of OF STONE- the Tangani: KNAPPING Stone Tool Tradition.

Phil Ski

In early May, members of the Archaeology Society took part in the James Knight School of Stone-knapping held at Heathfield.

Despite little or no experience of stone flaking at the onset of the day, James Knight patiently instructed students through the process es of 'planned' removal of stone flakes from stone cores.

By the end of the day many students showed some dexterity at various specialised knapping tasks . Stone-age romeo Chris Lang. mastered the removal of long, controlled blade flakes, while Stewy Gregory displayed proficiency in reducing quartzite pebbles to flake and core components.

Kristiana and Sally achieved new bounds in skill while working flint, while Trev. and Katherine became master hafters, fixing flakes to handles with spinefix gum. As for myself, I took on the delicate task of retouching 7 a;.;es and converting them into blade me blanks.

The Archaeology Society trip to the Coorong also offered opportunities for those students who were interested in Indigenous sites along Younghusband Peninsula.

While some searched the shore for remains of shipwrecks, others (such as myself) devoted ourselves to scouring the dunes for shell middens and stone tools. Almost immediately upon \Valking through the dunes we discovered an abundance of shell middens, some stretching for kilometres, sometimes with only vegetation to seperate shell piles.

Hearths, some still with burnt food remains were discovered, eroded out of the middens and also the dunes. Hint flakes and cores were found all over the place in the interdunal swale, between the first and second dunes from the shore. Additionally, stone fragments of granite were also found in

~

o e blood blisters and the han s ( the hamm er stone ;e 路e_ erations; the Stone Age RSI), y pro,ided students with a greater erstanding of the mechanics and techniques employe d in stone tool :nanufacture . An informal school of -s nanrre was a benefit to all those v;ho participated. Many thanks to James and Linda for organising the workshop (and for lunch), and giving us the opportuni ty to explore the

Figure 1. Greenstone axe

II

abundance amongst flint samples. But the best finds were two ground axe heads made from a greenstone, possibly olivine. See figure 1. One retained the ground bifacial working edge, while the other had it broken off, see diagram 1.

These were probably traded up the Murray Ri\路er from a source quarry at or near Mount William in southeastern Australia (see Hood's Archaeology of the Dreamtime 1995: 270-71, for overview of McBryde's work in that region).

After packing up our main camp at 42 Mile Crossing we stopped off at Chinaman's Well, a historical site dating back to 1856. At the time of the Victorian goldrush many Chinese stopped at Chinaman's \V ell, landing at Robe and journeying across the border to avoid the "Chinese Poll Tax" for those who landed directly in Victoria.

There are the remaining foundations of an old eating house, along with an old telegraph pole and a trash pit. The Well is the main attraction, as it is unusually crafted from local limestone.

Below the ground level of the well, there is a stone casting, cylindrical in shape, constructed on a hard calcrete base. The calcrete bedrock was

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Coorong Trip: To the Land of the Tangani and bird extinctions and the stone house (near Bonnie Reserve) where rations were used to coa""t people off their traditional lands.

On the way horne, between Salt Creek and Meningie we noticed remnants of fish traps in the Coorong lagoon, shallow walls made of stone. Some had been constructed in circles, some as straight lines, while other meandered off into the brackish waters of the Coorong lagoon.

The Coorong w.as interesting not only for its historical sites, but also for the great number of indigenous sites and artefacts.

Phil Ski

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Diagram 1. Greenstone Edge Axe Head No.2. Located approx 150m200m south-east from the i'vlargit.

Palaeontology Society BBQ Friday 22nd August From3pm punctured to allow water to permeate into the well' s cylinder.

From Chinaman' s Well \Ve went to Camp Coorong and visited the cultural rnusu ern the re .-\fter setting up campfor our last night, it was great to have Ge o rge Trnerrow from the \:gani ndje ri (Tangani Clan) people to ta.l.;.e us o n a bush tucker walk. talk throug h so me of the last remaining scm h land 1r1 the area . He showed us

Location: Bological Sciences some of the food he once ate as a kid, including native spinanch and various bush flowers. He also pointed the invasion of introduced species of plants such as bridal creepers and the effects they were having on the native fl ora. \\. e hiked to a lookout over the Coorong lagoon and watch the sun rell ect over the dunes, sea and scrub .

Ge orge talked about the loc al area's hi st ory , which included loc al animal

1.2

B8Q Grass Area

BYO: Alcohol

Cost: :$3 What do you get for your money?

Sausages, hamburgers, refreshments, raffle prizes and some great company

State Heritage Working Group The proposed draft Bill disputes about registered sites and of the new South make decisions considering the Australian Aborigina l perspectives of the "Custodians" heritage Act came under and the public interest. severe criticism from -The creation of a ' Registry Map", speakers r epresenting outlining tribal boundaries, and displaying locations of sites and Indigenous Groups.

In Port Lincoln and Ceduna, hunting and fishing rights had not been considered in the 1983 legislation, along with the extensive effects of land clearing for farms on Aboriginal land.

the ''Custodians" of each portion of land.

"Aboriginal needs are different and failing to consider their specific and unique needs by introducing legislation through Eumpean perceptions is not necessarily doing them justice" .

A \V or king Group to review the proposed draft Bill was a joint initiative of the Australian Archaeological Association and the Anthropological Society of SA, held at Nun.J..."Uwarrin Yunti (182 \Vakefield St , Adelaide) on Saturday, August 2nd. A strong Flinders Uni contingent of students and staff were in attendance, along with representatives from various Aboriginal groups .

Speakers for the new draft Bill argued that the current Bill (1988) fails to have a clear administrative process, nor does it appear to have a time frame which has given rise to a lot of divisions.

Of the current register of protected sites, which number some 4,000, 75 % of sites are archaeological sites, while the remaining sites have been registered by Aboriginal groups.

The three main purposes of this Bill, (according to those propagating it) are; -Seek to clarify who or how to consult -Clearly define State government's role in relation to Aboriginal sites and artefacts.

-Define a system of consultancy in resolving disputes over Aboriginal sites.

Some of the proposed key changes of the new draft Bill include; -That the term "Traditional Owners" used in the current legislation be changed to "Custodians" -Implementation of a simplified authorisation system, with defined time frames. (ie. Minister) -Ministerial power (should it be required) to intervene in any

A good historical overview of Indigenous Heritage Legislation in South Australia was presented, initiating with the first Aboriginal and Historical Protection Bill, and the Relics Protection Act (1967).

One of the key criticisms of early Indigenous legislation in South Australia was the fact that even though the legislation affected Aboriginal people, their culture and their lands, they were not part of the drafting process of the legislation.

"Aboriginal legislation is controlled by Government departments, Aborigines are being 'protected' against their will ".

Similar criticisms were made when the first Aboriginal Heritage Act was passed in 1979.

In 1983 , there was some consultation with Aboriginal Communities on proposed new legislation, however these were not really effective, as business and mining interests dominated much of the State Government's agenda.

One the main problems with Aboriginal heritage legislation in the past has been the focus on a centralised authority, thus reducing the effectiveness of any consultation process that is required in the drafting of this type of legislation.

Any Aboriginal Heritage Committee, it was argued, should be de-centralised and should be dominated by Aboriginal people.

13

ailing to make these consideration, operation problems began to appear, Inspectors were considered a threat to the power of the Elders by many Aboriginal Communities . Furthermore, the powers invested in the Minister were far too broad.

In 1988, the current Heritage Act replaced the 1983 legislation and some inroads were made in setting requirements for the consultation of Aboriginal Communities.

Even though Mining and business interests were always overlapp!pg Aboriginal heritage issues, the government had failed to make accommodations for any such relationship in the recent 1993 Development Act. A number of representatives from Aboriginal Communities one by one voiced their unanimous opposition to the draft Bill. The first point was altering 'Traditional Owners" to "Custodians". The two words imply a different nuance in meaning. Where 'owner' implies ownership and 'custodian' implies guardian or bestowed keeper.

Additionally, under the term "Custodians" communities would be labelled into large geographical tribal groups that is not representative of Aboriginal communities.

-: :;: ~----------------------------------------------------~----------------------------~-----------------------

State Heritage Working Group Secondly, that Aboriginal legislation is controlled by Government departments, and that Aborigines are being 'protected' against their will.

There is a great concern about the continuing destruction of their own lands and their sites, due to 'European' ways of farming, and the impact that these technologies have on the flora and the fauna.

It was argued the draft Bill should be drafted to the minimum Commonwealth standards of the Evitt Report, which had been either ignored or completely misunderstood.

The State Government's method of consultation with vanous Aboriginal individuals was not representative of the broader Aboriginal Community.

"The establishment of a "Black Bourgeois" by the previous Labour government has created a structure whereby Aboriginal Communities could be controlled and manipulated by the few".

What was more frustrating for Aboriginal People was the fact that they were not involved in the initial process of the draft legislation, and yet were expected to participate at its conclusion when all the decisions had been made. Aboriginal groups, as expressed in the Evitt Report should be involved in the initial negotiating/consultation of any such legislation. Many similar sentiments were expressed 'The consultation process for this draft Bill is inadequate. Who determined that Aboriginal groups should get involved?. Aboriginal people can make their own decisions."

"The land itself does not necessarily mean money in the bank for Aboriginals, like it might mean to a white fella." One

Aboriginal delegate said. 'There are strong spiritual affiliations between Aboriginal groups and the land, and their heritage. The benefits for Aboriginal groups is not necessarily in the same terms of European civilisation.

Aboriginal needs are different and failing to consider their specific and unique needs by introducing legislation through European perceptions is not necessarily doing them justice".

'The Bill disempowers Aboriginal people, with all power in the hands of the Minister (currently Dean Brown) with no right of appeal to any of the Minister's decisions.

Many Aborigines today have lost their traditional environments, many communities have been displaced and Urban Aboriginal Communities who will never be able to return to their traditional land. Urbanisation has greatly displaced many Aboriginal people, and still the Minister, who is a white fella has so much power over blacks. The proposed consulting and advisory committee are not necessarily equitable or representative of the Aboriginal Community.

"Patience, and delay is all that has been prescribed by Elders to their people".

As very often small groups will dominate the many and empower themselves to the benefits of the greater community.

The establishment of a "Black Bourgeois" by the previous Labour government has created a structure whereby Aboriginal Communities could be controlled and manipulated by the few. There is much power invested in one small cornmi ttee which is dominated not by equitable representation but by the "Black Bourgeois".

On the establishment of

1-1

boundaries, this can be very dangerous, as they are European notions of boundaries, and are not necessarily the same as Aboriginal perceived boundaries.

A Federal perspective was provided by the Assistant Director to the National Heritage Commission, pointing out some of the main priorities within the Commission relating to Aboriginal issues.

These included; The need to draft minimum standards Nationwide in relation to Aboriginal sites & relics.

"The new draft Bill invests路 in the Minister far too much power to influence Aboriginal Heritage issues in the "public interest".

As Aboriginal groups have not been excluded from the formation process, but have not been included in the process, it is very important to consider their involvement in the drafting of legislation that affects themselves and their communities.

The Evitt Report should be considered the keystone of points in the drafting of minimum standards.

ATSIC has developed a number of minimum standards, but have failed to pick-up on some of the basic underlying points highlighted by the Evitt Report.

The latest report from Heron's office (Minister for Aboriginal Affairs) strays further from the Evitt Report.

So why has the State government decided to change and repeal the current 1988 Bill'?

The use of a map system, as was pointed out was not necessary for Aboriginal communities, who knew where all of their sites are; neither is it useful for archaeologists or anthropologists

State Heritage Working Group as most of them work with Aboriginal communities; that leaves developers and business.

Yet there has been no accommodation made of Aboriginal issues in the recent Development Act 1993.

Most delegates agreed, that though the current Act has many loopholes and some faults, that they can be repaired through . amendment, as opposed to outright scrapping. The new draft Bill invests in the Minister far too much power to influence Aboriginal Heritage issues in the "public interest".

The Minimum Standards expressed in the draft Bill were not accepted by regional Aboriginal Councils as they have been excluded from the process.

"We live in a land of two laws, one Australian and the other Abori$inal. The Wik decision recognises Aboriginal law in relation to land. Time and time again in the past Aboriginal views have not been considered, the Government has placed Aboriginal communities in pigeon holes to be plucked out whenever they are required." said another delegate.

Aboriginal Communities have been down this path before, many atime and its outcomes are almost predictable.

Open protest against the Bill has been dissuaded by Aboriginal representatives as it gives the State Government an opportunity to 'kick the Hindmarsh Island can" and so discredit Aboriginal communities and their Elders.

An attitude of non-involvement in this draft Bill prevails amongst Aboriginal communities.

Patience, and delay is all that has been prescribed by Elders to their people.

Paul Rapita

Assessments relating to the significance of sites and areas should be separated from decisions concerning land use.

The former should be the responsibility of Aboriginal heritage bodies. the latter the responsibility of the executive.

~linbntllll

Standat·ds fo ..

Abot•iginal Ctrltut·al He•·itage

Planning and development processes should include these elements:

(National Heritage Standards 1997) The Evatt Report detailed areas requiring minimum standards for Aboriginal cultural heritage conservation and made the following recommendations: I> Heritage laws should

I> Integration of

l

Aboriginal cultural heritage issues with the planning and development process from the earliest stage.

I> An effective

consultation/negotiation process . be based on significance and for reaching agreement between should include a broad definition developers and the Aboriginal of Aboriginal cultural heritage community facilitated by a (*as broad as the Commonwealth responsible Aboriginal heritage definition). and extend to cover body. areas and objects of significance I> The objective of to aboriginal people in accordance with tradition, including negotiation should be to reach traditions which have evolved agreement on work clearance or from past traditions. It should site protection. also extend expressly to historic and archaeological sites.

I> Legislative recognition !>Heritage legislation of agreements between lamr should provide automatic/blanket users/developers and relevdrJt protection to areas and sites Aboriginal groups. falling within the definitions outlined above, through !>Minimum disclosure of appropriate and effective crimina/ confidential or gender specific sanctions. in formation through the use of a I> Aboriginal cultural work area clearance approach. heritage bodies with responsibility for site evaluation I> Separate consultation and for the administration ofthe of Aboriginal women. legislation should be established.

I> They should be

independent. be controlled by Aboriginal members representative of Aboriginal communities, have gender balance. have adequate staffing, expertise and resources, have access to independent advisers, such as anthropologists and archaeologists.

I> An independent Aboriginal heritage body should determine whether a site is significant and should make recommendations concerning its protection.

Reprinted from National Heritage Standards. Australian Heritage Committe /997.

ISBN 0 642 27132 I

Courageous Culture Lovers, What does Tolerance, Education and Celebration o f differences have to do with Archaeology?

[PLENTY].

In Fact. the central tenant of archaeology is cultural resource preservation. Leading to an understanding of human history in all its richness and diversity. 路 Therefore being an archaeologist requires more than just meticulous scientific method and skill.

Doesn't it.

It requires a responsibility towards all types of heritage protection. Negotiating. the protection of all cultures. especially the indigenous people who often find themselves the object of selfishness. prejudice and ignorance.

The Wik people have a long established way of life including their stories. their heritage and their land.

Politicians have turned their back on the Wik people to cash their cheques.

But Archaeologists must not!

Still disgustingly. Native Title is not respected by those who see people as items to be swept aside by progress.

Dispossession is back in vogue. reflecting pure 'greedy' bigotry.

PARTICIPATE

Please become involved by and more trying. destroying a respecting Native Title, really exciting job. respecting the reconciliation and preserving indigenous Yours Urgently heritage.

Don't leave Aboriginal culture to Shane Burville the dust and dirt of Archaeological record. For it is alive and well today. but for how long? ....

Pleasebecomeinvolvedby:Distributing ANTaR (Australians for Native Title and Reconciliation) Australian Citizen Statement.

And coming along to the following functions.

Women for Wi k GatheringCommencing 9:30am, Saturday 16 August, Maughan Church. patrons include Dr. Lois Donoghue, Dame Roma Mitchell.

Meryl Tankard, etc.

National Day of Action Sunday 21st SeptemberInformation pending.

Most importantly demand that the government removes any ideas of extinguishment in the Pathetic ten point plan.

Realise that statutory law such as this destroyed more than just Anthropological and Archaeology careers. it destroys living breathing culture.

"Politicians have turned their back on the Wik people to cash their cheques".

Therefore I summon all students and professional Archaeologists to raise their voices and educate or entomb (in large stone monuments). all those who would stop reconciliation and desecrate Aboriginal culture and heritage; thus making careers in Archaeology more

lH

Archaeology Gallery Exh ib路iti on

Exhibition opens 29 August and runs until 22 September Open to the General Public August 30/31 September 6!1, 13/14, 20/21 For two weeks the exhibition will be open to visiting High Schools through September 1-5 and September 8-12.

There wi II be two sessions per day from 1Oam-12pm and from 1pm-3pm. Additionally there are two sites for each session that need to be manned by 3 able bodied volunteers, one in the Gallery and one on the Plaza.

The exhibition is constituted by three parts, a static display in the Art Museum, interactive computer programs and tab Ies, and an excavation site on the plaza.

Volunteers are still required.

Interested students should contact Katrina on 8322 0008

before the year's end .

The beer held out till 4 . 30pm (roughly one and a half hours) and small group of die hards moved to the tavern to continue the merriment and fortify themsel v es during happy hour .

Friday 13th of

June

was the day for the end of Semester Archaeology Society BBQ. For the superstitious, the ominous signs were written in the dark mass of clouds that hovered menacingly above the Campus by Social Sciences South .

We couldn't get our hands on an African rain stopping Shaman from the Mwari or Mbona, and were left to brave whatever hoodoo the heavens could shower upon us . Nugget, the official Society Banner Bearer, took point up a tree, while on the BBQ snags and chops with thin medallions of abalone steamed in the winter air .

Paul Rapita

of bread" for entertainment .

The turn out was better than expected, about twenty five people, including Stewy wearing his trademark Oakley sunglasses (keeps the head as warm as an umbrella when there's no sun); Nick (Son of the Morning Star without the beard) , Liz w ith baguettes and Donald without a raincoat.

Matty our President, or Il Deuce ( our benevolent leader) drew the BBQ raffle, first prize a $25 book voucher kindly donated by UNI books, whic h was won by Tim, and

Library Exhibition Archaeology Exhibition in library from August 25 to September 19

It didn't take long for the local fauna (no, not students) to get a whiff of what was going on, and we were quickl y beset by honking geese, in for a gander and a piece of the action .

As we were l ocated on the Lake's in clining banks , pentanque , for once was out of the question and Tim settled for "Let's pelt the geese with bits

Phil collected the 2nd prize , a si x pack of beer .

The committee agreed that the free beer offered at the event was not wasted on Archaeology Students some of them were already wasted) and motions were made for another on Campus BBQ

17

Volunteers required to set up displays For further information contact: Heather 8339 5708 Chris 8279 6605

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ THE FLINDERS UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA

ARCHAEOLOGY SEMINAR SERIES 1997 SEMESTER2 4August

DR PETER VETH Senior Lecturer, Anthropology and Archaeology, James Cook University

Archaeology in the Aru Islands, Indonesia 111 Jlugust

'li{_O S'E:MI9{_f112?S

18August

BILL RICHARDSON Visiting Scholar

Did the Portuguese Discover Australia 25August

NATHAN RICHARDS Archaeology Honours Student, Flinders University

Archaeological and Historical Investigations into the Garden Island Ships Graveyard - Port Adelaide 1 September

JOHN GRIBBLE National Monuments Council, South Africa

Underwater Archaeology in South Africa 12 September

MARTIN DEAN

FRIDAY

Head, Archaeology Diving Unit, St Andrews University

Work of the Archaeological Diving Unit 15 September

PROFESSOR SANDRA BOWDLER Department of Archaeology, University of Western Australia

Pre-European Australia and the Rest of the World 22129 Septem6er 6 Octo6er

'Jv{J'lJ TE2(:M '132('E.9'.2( .LJ1.'1301.12( 'DJl:f :J{Q.LI'DJl:f (9{_0 S'E:MI9{_JUV

13 October

DR IANCOOK Art Lab

Recent Activities of ArtLab 20 October

CHARLES PARKINSON Archaeology Honours Student, Flinders University

West Coast Whaling: Where, Why, How and for Whom?

27 October

CHERRIE DE LEIUEN Archaeology Honours Student, Flinders University

The Relationship Between Whaling Men and Indigenous Women m Southern Australia 3November

PHIL CZERWINSKI Archaeology Honours Student, Flinders University

South-side Stores: Lithic Specifics from the Onkaparinga River, South Australia 10November

STEW ART GREGORY Archaeology Honours Student, Flinders University

Manna: 17November

Reading Between the Dunes

SAMANTHA GIBBINS Archaeology Honours Student, Flinders University

Aspects of Functional Analysis and the Origins of Urbanisation zn the Early Bron ze Age, Southern Levant SEMINARS TAKE PLACE:

Mondays 2.00-4.00 pm Room 152

Social Sciences South Building (close to car park 4)

lU

Roster for the Archaeology Union Gallery Exhibition 3 Volunteers required for each day. If you're available on any of the days that doesn't have three volunteers contact Katrina 8322 0008 Monday September 1 Gallery: 10-12 AM

Dig Site:

1-3 PM

Gallery: Dig Site:

Tuesday September 2 Gallery: 10-12 AM

Dig Site:

1-3 PM

Gallery:

Dig Site:

Wednesday September 3 Gallery: 10-12 AM

Dig Site:

1-3 PM

Gallery:

Dig Site:

Thursday September 4 Gallery: 10-12 AM

Dig Site:

1-3 PM

Gallery:

Dig Site:

Friday September 5 Gallery: 10-12 AM

Donna F Gwen Fenton Diana T

1-3 PM

Dig Site.:

Tim A Heather B

Gallery:

Sally Rebecca Kathryn Tim A Helen Halley

Dig Site:

Paul R Katrina Tim A Bob Brady

Monday September 8 Gallery: 10-12 AM

David Barth.

Chris Lang.

Tim A

Dig Site:

Mark Stani.

Chris Lang.

1-3 PM

Stewart Matt Rice Jacob Donald P. Peter Anson

Gallery:

Susan Pid.

Dig Si e:

Chris Lang.

Simone Dal. Tim A

Tuesday September 9 Gallery: 10-12 AM

Tim A Inthira Simone Dal.

Dig Site:

Phil Peter Anson

1-3 PM

Elise Nathan PaulR

Phil Tristan Nathan

Peter Anson Matt Rice

1-3 PM

Peter Birt Nathan Katrina Katrina Julie Watts Kay Tristan Sally Nathan

Susan Pid. Peter Anson

Dig Site:

Amy Tim A

James Knight Peter Anson Bob Brady

Gallery:

Heather B.

Dig Site:

James Knight Andrew Perr.

Dig Site:

1-3 PM

19

Cheryl T Jody S. Katrina

Dig Site:

Thursday September 11 Gallery: 10-12 AM

Sally

Susan Pid. Mark Stani.

Elise Chris Lang.

Stewy

Gallery:

Wednesday September 10 10-12 AM Gallery:

Heather B.

Susan Pid. Gwen Fenton Justin Tim A Katrina Peter Anson

Gallery:

Susan Pid. Peter Anson Paul R. , Chris Lang.

Peter Birt James knight Katrina

Roster for the Archaeology Union Gallery Exhibition Dig Site:

Fr iday Septe mbe r 12 10-12 AM Gallery:

Di g Site:

1-3 P\-l

Gallery: Dig Site:

G et I N

Susan Pid. Noel Mad. Sally James Knight Simone

.... :...._

.,{

•' ,

' '

Julie Ford Susan Pid.

Sa ll y Matt Ri ce Tim A Susan Pid. Rebecca T im A Sall y Julie Ford

while there 's spaces available.

At•ehaeology Soeiet'"" Amtttal Dimtet• Saturday September 6th From 7pm @

Glutton's Corner 237 Rundle Street Adelaide 8232 1836 Cost: most maincourses under $1 0 BYO Wine O.K. R.S.V.P. [> Friday, Au gust 29 For further details contact; Matt t> 8375 4983 Pau I t> 83 7 I 44 19

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