This quick reference guide offers crucial insights into early childhood and the associated laws, rights, and challenges
The Fundação Maria Cecília Souto Vidigal employs evidence-based approaches across various sectors to promote, support, and raise awareness about how sowing the seeds of full development during the early years
ILLUSTRATION: Anna Cunha
– up to age 6 – means harvesting lifelong benefits. A well-nurtured child blossoms into an autonomous, productive, and healthy adult. The effects of childhood care have profound implications across various domains, influencing both personal outcomes and the broader socio-economic landscape of a nation. This guide serves as a handy resource, furnishing essential data, legislative frameworks, and compelling arguments in support of early childhood
With a legacy spanning nearly six decades, the Fundação Maria Cecília Souto Vidigal has been committed since 2007 to ensuring that children in their early years have the opportunity to fulfill their potential and are prioritized within national agendas
Mission
SDG 4.2 of the UN’s 2030 Agenda: “By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education so that they are ready for primary education.”
Strategy
Advancing public policies for early childhood and mobilizing society for early childhood
Initiative
Fundação Maria Cecilia Souto Vidigal
Fundação Maria Cecilia Souto
Vidigal Team
CEO
Mariana Luz
Operations
Leonardo Hoçoya (director)
Carine Jesus (manager)
Public Policy
Marina Fragata Chicaro (director)
Beatriz Abuchaim (manager)
Karina Fasson (manager)
Raising the Awareness of Society
Paula Perim (director)
Sheila Ana Calgaro (manager)
André Vieira (analyst)
/FundacaoMaria CeciliaSoutoVidigal
Masthead (2024 edition)
Coordination, writing, and proofreading
André Vieira
Research and writing
Flávia Yuri Oshima
Translation
Todd Harkin: Harkin Translations
Designer MAM.Estúdio Design
www. FMCSV.org.br
@fundacao mariacecilia /company/fmcsv /fmcsv
A portrait of early childhood in Brazil
Poverty, hunger, and violence: urgent challenges
INEQUALITY FROM THE CRADLE
The Fundação Maria Cecília Souto Vidigal conducted a study that outlined the early childhood profile in CadÚnico, the federal government’s registry that identifies low-income families and qualifies them for social benefits. This data highlights the vulnerability of young children across Brazil
10 million children aged 0 to 6, or 55.4% of all registered children in this age group, live in low-income families, defined as having a monthly per capita income of up to half the minimum wage
670 thousand live in poverty or extreme poverty, with a monthly per capita income of up to R$218*
Without the help of the Bolsa Família income-transfer program, the number would be much higher: 8.1 million children would fall into poverty or extreme poverty
60% of children aged 0 to 6 on CadÚnico have never attended daycare or preschool**
73.8% of families with children in early childhood are single-parent households, predominantly led by Black individuals (74.3%) and those aged between 25 and 34 years (47.9%)**
8 out of 10
children aged 0 to 6 from low-income families rely on Bolsa Família as their primary source of income**
18.1 million
This represents the NUMBER OF CHILDREN aged 0 to 6 in Brazil… …who account for 8.9% of the entire population…
…with demographics as follows:
54% Black
44,7 % White
1% Indigenous
0,2% of Asian descent 1
SOURCE: Perfil Síntese da Primeira Infância e Famílias no Cadastro Único, Fundação Maria Cecilia Souto Vidigal e Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Assistência Social, Família e Combate à Fome, 2024 |
CadÚnico
PROTECTION ON THE DECLINE
Vaccination coverage for crucial early childhood immunizations like BCG, pentavalent, MMR, and hepatitis B (percentage rates)
SOURCE: Brazilian Ministry of Health | Survey: ‘Todos pela Educação’ (‘All for Education’), 2024
Among low-income families (those with a monthly per capita income of up to half the minimum wage) with children aged 0 to 6, 29% OF CAREGIVERS EITHER DO NOT ATTEND SCHOOL or have not completed elementary education, and 3.5% ARE ILLITERATE
1 in 3 children aged 0 to 4 faces FOOD INSECURITY 3
Nearly 400,000 children under the age of 5 are OVERWEIGHT 4
12.3% of babies born each year in Brazil are born to TEENAGE MOTHERS (up to 19 years old), with higher rates in the North (19.7%) and Northeast (14.9%) regions 5
9.5% of NEWBORNS ARE UNDERWEIGHT, weighing less than 2.5 kg 6
1 Censo, IBGE, 2022 2 Perfil Síntese da Primeira Infância e Famílias no Cadastro Único, Fundação Maria Cecilia Souto Vidigal e Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Assistência Social, Família e Combate à Fome, 2024 3 Pnad Continua Segurança Alimentar, IBGE, 2023 4 , 5 and 6 Ministério da Saúde | Survey: Fundação Abrinq, 2022
10.4% of all reported rape victims are UNDER 4 YEARS OLD, with over 90% of cases involving a RELATIVE OR ACQUAINTANCE
SOURCE: Anuário Brasileiro da Segurança Pública 2023, Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública
THE CHALLENGE REMAINS SIGNIFICANT… Evolution of the infant mortality rate (per thousand live births up to 1 year)
SOURCE: Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade – SIM/Ministério da Saúde
…AND IS PARTICULARLY ACUTE AMONG INDIGENOUS CHILDREN , whose mortality rate is more than twice that of non-Indigenous children
SOURCE: Desigualdades em saúde de crianças indígenas, Comitê Científico do Núcleo Ciência Pela Infância, 2024
Child development
Understanding how care and the environment influence brain development underscores the critical importance of the first few years of life
THE IMPACT OF STIMULI
A child’s full development is deeply influenced by their interactions with the world
talking, Playing, and reading to infants and toddlers singing,
provides them with the best stimuli for learning. Children who receive consistent attention from caregivers from an early age and interact in a secure environment tend to be emotionally healthier and develop advanced motor, cognitive, and socio-emotional skills
THE EMOTIONAL BOND THAT FORMS THROUGH CONSISTENT CAREGIVING is vital for a child’s emotional development 1
LIVING IN ENVIRONMENTS CHARACTERIZED BY VIOLENCE, Living in environments characterized by violence, poverty, abuse, and neglect can lead to changes that adversely impact a child over their academic careers 2
Care during pregnancy is crucial, as the brain and other vital structures are actively forming and maturing 3
IN THE FIRST FEW YEARS OF LIFE, brain connections form at a rate of 1 million per second, making this the most critical phase for neurological development 4
5 90
of a child’s brain connections have already formed by age 6
While the brain retains the plasticity to learn throughout life, the speed of learning peaks during early childhood 6
1 and 2 Importância dos vínculos familiares na primeira infância, Núcleo Ciência Pela Infância, 2016 3 De Casper, A. J.; Fifer, W.P., Of human bonding: newborn prefer their mothers’ voices. Science, 1980 4 Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University, In brief: the science of early childhood development, 2007 5 Unicef, Relatório anual do Fundo das Nações Unidas para a Infância, Brasília, 2006 6 Singer W., Development and plasticity of cortical processing architectures science, 1995
ESSENTIAL NEEDS FOR EARLY CHILDHOOD:
GOOD HEALTH
Includes physical and emotional monitoring, disease prevention, access to healthcare services, and promotion of wellness activities
PROPER NUTRITION
Emphasizes the importance of adequate nutrition during pregnancy, exclusive breastfeeding for at least the first six months, and ensuring food security for the family
RESPONSIVE CARE
Focuses on guiding caregivers to foster strong bonds and provide proper care for children
SAFETY AND SECURITY
Protects against poverty and mistreatment and supports caregivers
EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
Ensures access to services and activities that promote development
These elements comprise Nurturing Care, which integrates five critical components to support holistic development in early childhood. This model also serves as a crucial framework for public policies targeting young children
SOURCE: World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, and World Bank
Why invest in early childhood
Studies and research from around the globe have proven the economic, social, and health benefits of investing in early childhood
SCIENTIFICALLY SUPPORTED
Enhancing the living conditions of vulnerable children from an early age — by ensuring access to
health, nutrition, safety, affection, and high-quality education
— significantly boosts their prospects for a better present and future
NOBEL PRIZEWINNING American economist James Heckman asserts that every dollar invested in high-quality early childhood programs yields a return of seven dollars annually
SOURCE: heckmanequation.org
HIGHER SALARIES, ON AVERAGE, for children from disadvantaged backgrounds who attend high-quality daycare centers compared to those who do not have the same opportunities
SOURCE: Heckman, J.; Gertler, P. et al., Labor market returns to an early childhood stimulation intervention in Jamaica, 2014
HIGH-QUALITY EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
boosts socio-emotional skills and contributes to reducing emotional issues: 1
less likelihood of individuals committing violent crimes less chance of incarceration less unemployment risk
Children in early childhood who receive holistic developmental support experience:
Improved physical and mental health in adulthood
Enhanced learning conditions
Increased professional and salary opportunities
educed tendencies towards smoking, alcoholism, crime, and violence
Lowered chances of teenage pregnancy 2
BRAZIL FAILS TO FULLY DEVELOP 40% of its children’s potential. The national GDP could increase by 158% if all Brazilian children were enabled to develop their skills to their fullest potential 3
LASTING IMPACT OF INVESTMENTS
A longitudinal study tracking individuals from early childhood into middle age demonstrates the enduring benefits of holistic developmental support. By age 54, participants from the supported group were healthier than 80% of those in a comparison group and earned an average of $10,000 more annually 4
1 Sneha, E.; Hojman, A.; García, J.L. e Heckman, J., Early childhood education, 2016
2 O impacto do desenvolvimento na primeira infância sobre a aprendizagem, Comitê Científico do Núcleo Ciência Pela Infância, 2014 3 World Bank, 2022 4 García, J.L; Heckman, J.; e Ronda, V., The Lasting Effects of Early Childhood Education on Promoting the Skills and Social Mobility of Disadvantaged African Americans, 2021
In the long term, children who receive fewer developmental opportunities during early childhood are at a higher risk of becoming impoverished adults, perpetuating what is known as the intergenerational cycle of poverty
CREATING A SOCIETY WITH MORE EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES
requires that public policies emphasize integrated actions focused specifically on the first few years of life
Brazil’s early childhood education landscape
Fostering family awareness of early childhood education benefits, increasing availability, and enhancing quality remain key challenges
GOALS FOR CHILDCARE AND PRESCHOOL
ACCESS TO EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION is recognized as a fundamental right for children and families, as guaranteed by the Federal Constitution of 1988
SOURCE: Brazil’s Federal Constitution of 1988
The National Education Plan (2014-2024) aimed for universal preschool enrollment for children aged 4 to 5 by 2016 and aimed to have 50% of children aged 0 to 3 in daycare by 2024. Despite progress, these targets have not been fully met (in %)
DISPARITIES IN ACCESS IN THE HIGHEST INCOME QUINTILE, 56% of the children attend daycare IN THE LOWEST INCOME QUINTILE, only 31% of children attend daycare
SOURCE: Pnad Educação, IBGE, 2023 Survey: Todos pela Educação, 2024
CHILDREN ELIGIBLE FOR DAYCARE face access challenges due to insufficient facilities, limited availability, or age-related enrollment restrictions 2.3 million
ARE NOT ENROLLED IN PRESCHOOL despite it being a mandatory educational stage 441 thousand
SOURCE: Pnad Educação, IBGE, 2023
INCLUSION IS A WIDESPREAD PROBLEM
%
of all daycare and preschool classes in Brazil struggle with inclusion and accessibility for children with disabilities, lacking everything from proper infrastructure to specialized training for educators
SOURCE: Estudo Nacional sobre Qualidade da Educação Infantil, Fundação Maria Cecilia Souto Vidigal, 2023
INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS
Resources available in daycares and preschools across public and private (non-affiliated) school networks in 2023 (% of units)
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION:
Article 208 of Brazil’s Federal Constitution stipulates the state’s duty to ensure daycare and preschool education for children up to 5 years old
National Education Plan (2014-2024) outlines ten directives to steer Brazilian education from 2014 to 2024
National Education Law (LDB) governs the structure of Brazilian education in accordance with constitutional principles
Brazil’s National Learning Standards (BNCC) serves as a compulsory reference for developing educational curricula and pedagogical practices for early childhood, elementary, and high school education
National Quality Parameters for Early Childhood Education provide standards for the organization, management, and operation of early childhood education institutions
SOURCE: Censo Escolar, Inep, 2023
The value of early childhood education
Early childhood education is not only a fundamental right of every child but also a critical stage for fostering physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional development that carries lifelong effects. This educational phase, encompassing daycare for children aged 0 to 3 and preschool for those aged 4 to 5, is crucial for addressing inequalities and disrupting intergenerational cycles of poverty
ENDURING BENEFITS OF EARLY LEARNING
One of the longest-running studies on early childhood education is the Perry Preschool Project in Michigan, USA, led by economist James Heckman. This research tracked 123 children from low-income families who started early education at ages 3 and 4 and compared their progress into adulthood with a control group who did not receive the same educational opportunities. The findings highlighted substantial long-term benefits up to the age of 55, even extending to the children of the original participants 1
over $20,000 by age 40 (*) A metric that considers
DAILY STIMULATION
The Abecedarian Project, a landmark American study, engaged 111 children from low-income backgrounds born between 1972 and 1977 with daily developmental interventions. This project spanned from preschool through school age, providing families with essential guidance on nutrition, breastfeeding, health care, and developmental activities, with a strong emphasis on enhancing social, emotional, and language skills. The children were monitored until the age of 35, and the findings demonstrated significant long-term benefits compared to a control group that did not receive similar interventions: 2
• By Age 21: Participants exhibited fewer symptoms of DEPRESSION and led more ACTIVE lifestyles
• By Age 35: Participants had a lower incidence of CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES
• 47% of project participants secured BETTER JOBS, versus 27% of those in the control group
• 26% of project participants experienced TEENAGE PREGNANCY, compared to 45% in the control group
Enhanced Academic Achievement
Attendance in preschool is associated with approximately A YEAR’S ADVANCE in academic performance by the time students reach grades 6 through 9 3
LITERACY BOOST
Children who attend preschool are five times more likely to acquire reading skills compared to their non-enrolled peers 4
1 Heckman, J.J. & Karapakula, G., Intergenerational and intragenerational externalities of the Perry Preschool Project, 2019 2 Campbell, Ramey, Pungello, Sparling, & Miller-Johnson., Adult Outcomes as a Function of an Early Childhood Educational Program: An Abecedarian Project Follow-Up, 2008 3 Santos, D, et al, Educação Infantil e o Desenvolvimento Individual, Journal of Development Studies, N° 53, 2016 4 Natal, J. F.; Santos, D, Análise Sobre a Relação Entre Saber Ler ou Não e Estar Matriculado ou Não no Ensino Infantil, Fapesp, 2013 5 Bartholo, T. L., Koslinski, M. C., Um Estudo Longitudinal Sobre a Trajetória de Aprendizagem de Crianças, UFRJ, 2019 6 Bartholo, T. L.; Koslinski, M. C.; Tymms, P.; Castro, D. L., Learning loss and learning inequality during the Covid-19 pandemic, 2022and learning inequality during the Covid-19 pandemic, 2022
PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
There is a strong correlation between physical fitness and academic performance in preschoolers; those with higher levels of physical fitness tend to perform better in mathematics, underscoring the importance of holistic development in early childhood education 5
Attendance is Vital
Children who were in their second year of preschool in 2021 and who participated in only six months of face-to-face schooling due to the pandemic experienced a learning loss of 10 to 11 months in language and math, highlighting the critical role of preschool attendance in foundational skill development 6
Defining quality in early childhood education
Quality early childhood education, encompassing both daycare and preschool care, is not only a child’s right but also a potent tool for reducing inequalities. Research consistently shows that high-quality early education yields significant benefits during childhood and well into adulthood, particularly for those in the most vulnerable situations. In the realm of early childhood education, “quality” encompasses several dimensions: a pedagogical framework, professional development, appropriate material and adequate facilities, and enriching and playful practices, where children are at the heart of the learning process
DEFINING QUALITY IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION 1
Children and school
Child-centered educational activities
General
Adult-child and child-child stimulation and interaction
Playful learning and respect for individuality
Initial and continuing training for teachers and other professionals
Appropriate infrastructure that includes playgrounds, areas for physical activity, and natural settings, along with child-friendly amenities like toilets and drinking fountains to promote autonomy
Age-appropriate resources, such as books and toys designed specifically for early learning
Democratic governance that fosters strong connections between the school and families
Ongoing assessment of the quality of early childhood education
QUALITY MAKES A DIFFERENCE
Research involving 762 students from Brazilian public schools illustrates the significant impact of high-quality preschool education on literacy outcomes. This study used the Provinha Brasil test to measure literacy levels among children. Findings revealed that factors such as maternal education level, family income, and the Basic Education Development Index (IDEB) of their subsequent elementary schools also positively influence children’s performances 2
FROM BOTH SIDES
More profound impact for children from less-educated families
The benefits of high-quality early childhood education are particularly pronounced for children raised by mothers with limited formal education. For these children, attending a high-quality preschool increases their likelihood of achieving good grades in high school by 20% compared to peers from similar socioeconomic backgrounds who did not attend preschool. Interestingly, this significant advantage diminishes among children whose caregivers have higher levels of formal education 3
Preschool is linked to a 16% increase in adult income 4
1 Núcleo Ciência pela Infância, 28/04/2022, vídeo. Disponível em: https://biblioteca.fmcsv.org.br/biblioteca/qualidade-educacao-infantil/ 2 A contribuição da educação infantil de qualidade e seus impactos no início do ensino fundamental, Fundação Carlos Chagas, 2010 3 Sylva, K. Melhuish1, E. Sammons, P. Siraj, I. Taggart, B., Effective Pre-school, Primary and Secondary Education (EPPSE 3-16), 2014 4 Menezes-filho, N. e Curi, N.Z., A Relação entre Educação Pré-Primária, Salários, Escolaridade e Proficiência Escolar no Brasil. Insper Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa e FEA/USP, 2009 5 Santos, D., Impactos do Ensino Infantil Sobre o Aprendizado: Benefícios Positivos, mas Desiguais, 2015 6 Sylva, K., Melhuish, E., Sammons, P., Siraj, I., Taggart, B., Effective Pre-school, Primary and Secondary Education (EPPSE 3-16), 2014
Early childhood education potentially influences students’ academic motivation, helping reduce both falling behind in school and dropout rates. A study conducted by the Universidade Federal de Pelotas – UFPel in Rio Grande do Sul highlights that students who attended preschool are 88% more likely to complete elementary school and 73% more likely to finish basic education 5
Conversely,
Studies show that lowquality daycare and preschool services do not contribute positively to future schooling outcomes and can even negatively affect a child’s learning process, compared to not attending any form of early childhood education at all
Inclusive education
Science proves the beneficial impact of inclusive education on the mental, intellectual, emotional, and physical development of children with various disabilities. Evidence also points to its advantages for children without disabilities and for the overall school environment, including interactions with teachers and administration. Despite education being a universal right, numerous barriers continue to impede access for children with disabilities, affecting their ability to attend and excel in school
FIVE PRINCIPLES OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
Inclusive education should start in early childhood, from daycare through preschool. It offers significant benefits for children both with and without disabilities, fostering cognitive and socio-emotional growth and creating a more diverse and equitable learning environment. However, implementing inclusive practices remains a substantial challenge in Brazil, where 98% of daycare and preschool classes struggle with inclusion and accessibility, due to issues such as inadequate infrastructure and a lack of specialized training for educators
SOURCE: Instituto Rodrigo Mendes e Diversa
SOURCE: Estudo Nacional sobre Qualidade da Educação Infantil, Fundação Maria Cecilia Souto Vidigal, 2023
ENROLLMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
Over the past decade, there has been a notable increase in the enrollment of children with disabilities in mainstream early childhood education classes, yet there remains significant room for improvement 1
BENEFITS OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES 2
Enhanced reading and math skills development
Higher attendance rates
Reduced likelihood of behavioral issues
Improved graduation rates from high school
IMPACT OF REGULAR ATTENDANCE 3
A study contrasting children with disabilities who attended school between 25% to 50% of the time with those attending 75% to 100% revealed that more frequent attendees exhibited:
� Reduced likelihood of disciplinary actions -7,5%
� Increased likelihood of forming friendships +3,6%
� Better competitive edge in the job market +11,2%
� Higher chances of living independently +10%
5 O que a população brasileira pensa sobre educação inclusiva, Instituto Alana e Datafolha, 2019
INCLUSION BENEFITS
ALL STUDENTS 4
Research indicates that integrating students with disabilities in mainstream classrooms offers academic and social advantages to their peers without disabilities, including:
� Decreased prejudice and reduced fear of differences
� Enhanced social cognition and increased acceptance of diversity
� Improvement in selfconcept (self-esteem and feelings of belonging)
� Development of personal moral and ethical values
PUBLIC OPINION AGREES 5
86%
believe that schools are improved by including children with disabilities
76% are of the opinion that children with disabilities benefit academically and socially by learning alongside peers without disabilities
The importance of empowering caregivers
Various initiatives have demonstrated the efficacy of family support programs. Techniques like home visits and group meetings empower families to create nurturing, stimulating, safe, and affectionate environments. This foundational support positively impacts children’s development and extends into adulthood
RESEARCH INTO FAMILY SUPPORT PROGRAMS HIGHLIGHTS SIGNIFICANT BENEFITS FOR BOTH CHILDREN AND CAREGIVERS 1
Child Development Improvements:
Enhanced physical skills
Boosted learning abilities
Progress in speech development
Improved self-control
Better regulation of emotions
THE REACH UP PROGRAM IN KINGSTON, Jamaica, supports children from the city’s poorest families through regular home visits. Remarkable outcomes — spanning a lifetime after only eight months in the program — have been observed: 2
Reduced levels of depression
Higher grades in math and language
Caregiver Benefits:
Increased sensitivity to the child’s needs
More active engagement with the child
Reduction in violence towards children
Enhanced quality of verbal interactions
Increased educational attainment
25% higher earnings in adulthood
Decreased participation in unlawful activities
Brazilian Parenting Initiatives
• AT THE FEDERAL LEVEL, Brazil boasts the Primeira Infância no SUAS/Criança Feliz Program, which focuses on enhancing family care, strengthening parental bonds, and promoting child development. Moreover, the Serviço de Convivência e Fortalecimento de Vínculos (SCFV) provides group-based services for children up to 6 years old through the Centro de Referência de Assistência Social (Cras)
• State and MUNICIPAL Programs
• Primeira Infância Melhor (PIM), Rio Grande do Sul
• Programa de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Infantil (PADIN), Ceará
• Mãe Coruja, Pernambuco
• Cresça com seu Filho, Fortaleza (CE)
• São Paulo Carinhosa, São Paulo (SP)
• Família que Acolhe, Boa Vista (RR)
THE EVALUATION OF THE PRIMEIRA INFÂNCIA MELHOR (PIM) PROGRAM DEMONSTRATED SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS ON FAMILY DYNAMICS:
A 62.4% decrease in the likelihood of caregivers using physical punishment
A 34.6% increase in the likelihood of having children’s books accessible at home
Caregivers spent an average of over 4 hours more per day interacting with their children
SOURCE: Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa de avaliação de impacto do programa PIM - análise LATE 2018 e 2021
THE PRIMEIRA INFÂNCIA NO SUAS/CRIANÇA FELIZ PROGRAM YIELDED NOTICEABLE IMPROVEMENTS FOR PARTICIPATING FAMILIES: 4
Expanding vaccination coverage
Children in visited groups had a development score on average 5.3 points higher than those in the control group
1 Visita domiciliar como estratégia de promoção do desenvolvimento infantil e da parentalidade na primeira infância, Núcleo Ciência Pela Infância, 2018 2 Walker, S. et al, Effects of early childhood psychosocial stimulation and nutritional supplementation on cognition and education in growth-stunted Jamaican children, Lancet, 2005; Walker, S. et al, Early childhood stimulation benefits adult competence and reduces violent behavior, Pediatrics, 2011; Gertler, P. et al, Labor Market returns to an early childhood stimulation intervention in Jamaica, Science, 2014 3 Pesquisa de avaliação de impacto do programa PIM, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, 2018 e 2021 4 Avaliação Primeira Infância no Suas/Criança Feliz, Ministério do Desenvolvimento e Assistência Social, Família e Combate à Fome e Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2022
Epigenetics
Life experiences can alter the behavior of DNA. Our genetic code is not a fixed fate but a dynamic blueprint that evolves from gestation onward. Children raised in secure, nurturing environments are likely to thrive, while those who grow up amid poverty and neglect face increased risks of illness and behavioral issues throughout their lives 1
1. EPIGENETICS IS THE BRANCH OF SCIENCE that explores how life experiences influence gene behavior without altering the DNA sequence itself
2. DURING DEVELOPMENT, DNA ACQUIRES CHEMICAL MARKERS that dictate gene expression. These markers can be rearranged by different experiences, explaining why identical twins can exhibit diverse behaviors, preferences, and abilities
3. THE GENETIC INFORMATION children inherit from their parents shapes their development and many of their traits, such as height and eye color
4. EVERYDAY EXPERIENCES can modify the epigenome, the layer of chemical annotations that governs gene expression, impacting how genetic traits are manifested
5. THE EPIGENOME IS SENSITIVE to both positive influences, like loving relationships and educational opportunities, and negative factors, such as exposure to pollution and violence, or other stressful conditions
Early-life stressors can have lasting effects that may even be passed down to future generations 2
has uncovered
Violence by trusted individuals
Caregivers or guardians suffering from mental disorders
PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT PROTECTS MOTHERS AND BABIES
Research into epigenetics during pregnancy indicates that psychosocial interventions can shield the developing baby. Mothers facing stress and vulnerability during pregnancy show that those receiving psychosocial support have babies with notably better cognitive development outcomes compared to those who do not receive such interventions
A CHILD’S
SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS have a profound impact on their genomic expression, with poverty causing more significant damage in early childhood than in adulthood 5
Gender Differences in Stress Impact
Epigenetic studies support epidemiological data showing different birth outcomes between girls and boys due to maternal stress during pregnancy. Stress markers such as cortisol and cytokines accelerate epigenetic aging at birth, indicating faster biological aging than chronological aging. While exposure to inflammatory factors during pregnancy accelerates the epigenetic age in both girls and boys, cortisol impacts girls more significantly, suggesting an adaptive mechanism that enhances their resilience 6
1 This summary is inspired by the infographic “Epigenetics and Child Development: How Children’s Experiences Affect Their Genes” from the Center on the Developing Child at Harvard 2 Early Experiences Can Alter Gene Expression and Affect Long-Term Development, working paper 10, Center On Developing Child, Harvard 3 and 5 CJ Mulligan, Annual Review of Anthropology, 2016 4 Gestational age acceleration is associated with epigenetic biomarkers of prenatal physiologic stress exposure, 2022 6 Maternal distress, DNA methylation, and fetal programing of stress physiology in brazilian mother-infant pairs, 2023
Toxic stress
Extreme stress in early childhood can impair brain and body development and elevate the risk of both physical and mental illnesses over their academic careers. The presence and support of a nurturing adult are essential to mitigate these negative impacts
NOT ALL STRESS IS THE SAM
It can be differentiated into three distinct types: 1
CONSEQUENCES
Positive
Normal and essential for healthy development
Tolerable
More intense and prolonged stress, manageable with adult support
Minor increase in heart rate and mild elevation in stress hormone levels
Toxic Occurs from intense, frequent, or prolonged exposure to adversity without adult support
CONSEQUENCES
Significant activation of stress responses, including elevated heart rate and hormone productio
CONSEQUENCES
Persistent activation of stress responses. It has the potential to disrupt healthy brain development and other organ systems, leading to increased risk of lifelong health issues like diabetes and heart disease
EXAMPLES
Receiving a vaccine, the first day at school, or staying with a new caregiver
EXAMPLES
Losing a loved one, surviving a natural disaster, or experiencing a serious injury
EXAMPLES
Persistent poverty, experiences of racism, physical and emotional abuse, chronic neglect, caregiver substance abuse or mental illness, exposure to violence, and the compounded stresses of family economic hardship
• EXPOSURE TO TOXIC STRESS CAN SIGNIFICANTLY IMPAIR AN ADULT’S ABILITY TO PARENT EFFECTIVELY AND THEREBY AFFECT THE CHILD 2
RESEARCH INVOLVING 12-YEAR-OLDS who were continuously exposed to abuse and neglect from early childhood revealed structural brain differences. Notably, there was a reduction in the size of the amygdala and hippocampus, critical areas for learning, memory, and emotional processing 3
INSIDE THE BRAIN
This illustration compares the brains of two 3-year-olds. The reduced size and increased dark spaces indicate developmental gaps due to neglect and lack of affection
SOURCE: Bruce D. Perry, M.D., Child Trauma Academy, 1997
1 and 2 Excessive stress disrupts the architecture of the developing brain, National Scientific Council on the Developing Child, 2005/2014 3 JL Hanson et al., Behavioral Problems After Early Life Stress: Contributions of the Hippocampus and Amygdala, Biol Psychiatry, 2014
INDIVIDUALS WHO EXPERIENCED TOXIC STRESS DURING EARLY CHILDHOOD HAVE AN INCREASED RISK IN ADULTHOOD OF DEVELOPING: hypertension diabetes lung diseases ischemic heart disease strokes autoimmune diseases
TOXIC STRESS CAN ALSO LEAD TO A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC, BEHAVIORAL, AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS, INCLUDING: depression anxiety disorder obsessive-compulsive disorder chemical dependency autism spectrum disorder attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
SOURCE: O papel do pediatra na prevenção do estresse tóxico na infância, Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria, 2017
Child Poverty: A multifaceted threat
Child poverty is a violation of children’s rights and a threat to their overall development. This condition restricts access to essential services such as sanitation, nutrition, protection from child labor, adequate housing, and information. In nations with low to medium per capita incomes, children from impoverished backgrounds are at an increased risk of infant mortality, malnutrition, delayed development and poor schooling, as well as being more frequent victims of violence and neglect. Investing in early childhood represents the most effective and sustainable approach to breaking the generational cycle of poverty and safeguarding the well-being of the children of today and the future
EARLY CHILDHOOD IN POVERTY 1
In Brazil, over half of the children aged 0 to 6 live under financial strain. Out of the 18.1 million children in this age group, 10 million — or 55.4% — reside in families whose monthly per capita income does not exceed half the minimum wage
NO INCOME, NO BASICS
Although early childhood accounts for 8.9% of Brazil’s total population, this figure jumps to 15.9% within the low-income segment
The unemployment of caregivers profoundly impacts young children, obstructing their access to essential needs like food, education, and healthcare. This lack of resources compromises their physical, mental, and emotional development
43% of children in early childhood are from families without any income source, not counting social benefits
When such benefits are included, the Bolsa Família income-transfer program emerges as the principal source of income for 82.6% of these families
NO WATER, SEWAGE SYSTEM, OR GARBAGE COLLECTION
The lack of basic infrastructure is a significant indicator of poverty, profoundly affecting children’s health and development in early childhood: 2
7.2 million children, or 35%, lack access to a sewage system
1.9 million children, or 9%, do not have access to garbage collection services
Childhood Hunger 3
618,000 children, or 3%, live in homes without access to running water
Food insecurity disproportionately affects young children compared to other age groups. In Brazil, 5.4 million children aged 0 to 4, which is one in three, experience some degree of food insecurity:
MILD: 3.9 million children between 0 and 4 years old are affected by household concerns about future food availability
MODERATE: 918,000 children from 0 to 4 years old are affected by a reduction in the quantity of food available to adults in the household
SEVERE: 653,000 children aged 0 to 4 are affected by reductions in food quantity extended to children, potentially leading to episodes of family hunger
Regions such as the North and Northeast of Brazil suffer disproportionately from hunger. While 72.4% of Brazilian households overall suffer from food insecurity, this rate falls to 60.3% in the North and 61.2% in the Northeast
1 Perfil Síntese da Primeira Infância e Famílias no Cadastro Único, Fundação Maria Cecilia Souto Vidigal e Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Assistência Social, Família e Combate à Fome, 2024 2 Pnad Contínua, IBGE, 2022 | Survey: Fundação Maria Cecilia Souto Vidigal, 2024 3 Pnad Continua Segurança Alimentar, IBGE, 2023 4 Rede Brasileira de Pesquisa em Soberania e Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional 5 Crianças, Alimentação e Nutrição – Crescendo Saudável em um Mundo em Transformação, Unicef, 2019
THE DANGERS OF ULTRA-PROCESSED FOODS 4
The rise in food insecurity correlates with an increased reliance on ultra-processed foods. These foods are often chosen for their affordability, longer shelf life, and ability to quickly satisfy hunger due to high levels of sodium and trans fats. However, their low nutritional value combined with excessive consumption leads to childhood obesity, malnutrition, and a heightened risk of early mortality
ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF QUALITY CHILD NUTRITION
5
Proper nutrition is crucial for a child’s physical growth, cognitive development, academic performance, and future work productivity. It represents a vital investment in human capital. Studies indicate that every dollar spent on improving child nutrition in regions heavily impacted by hunger can yield economic returns of approximately 18 dollars
The detrimental effects of violence on children
Children exposed to violence, whether directly victimized or as witnesses, face significant risks that jeopardize their health, development, and, in severe cases, their lives. The majority of such violence takes place within the home. Prolonged exposure leads to toxic stress, a physiological and psychological response to adverse experiences that disrupts a child’s normal functioning
TYPES OF MISTREATMENT
SEXUAL VIOLENCE PHYSICAL VIOLENCE
PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE NEGLECT
Includes sexual abuse, commercial sexual exploitation, and trafficking of children for such purposes
Involves the use of force against a child, including physical aggression and attacks that result in injuries such as bruises, burns, and hematomas
Encompasses discrimination, belittlement, and disrespect expressed through threats, embarrassment, humiliation, manipulation, isolation, verbal aggression, name-calling, ridicule, indifference, exploitation, or intimidation
Covers failures in providing necessary physical, emotional, and educational support
SOURCE: Recommendations for the development of the Política Nacional Integrada para a Primeira Infância, Grupo de Trabalho Primeira Infância do Conselho de Desenvolvimento Econômico Social Sustentável, 2024
A WORRISOME ESCALATION
From 2012 to 2022, there was a noticeable increase in the main types of non-lethal violence against children aged 0 to 4: 1
PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE
2012 – 171 2022 – 793
PHYSICAL VIOLENCE
2012 – 1.335
2022 – 3.132
SEXUAL VIOLENCE
2012 – 1.498
2022 – 5.182
NEGLECT
2012 – 4.986
2022 – 19.573
REDUCTION IN HOMICIDES
The number of homicides among children aged 0 to 4 was one of the few violence indicators that decreased
2012 – 199
2022 – 147
10.4%
OF ALL REPORTED RAPE VICTIMS are babies and children between the ages of 0 and 4 2
School professionals, through daily interactions, are poised to notice behavioral changes, visible injuries, and other indicators of abuse, which children might express through drawings or spontaneous statements 364 135 246 292 26,1
The underreporting of sexual violence is a significant barrier to addressing these cases effectively. It is estimated that only 8.5% of rapes are reported to the police, and just 4.2% of cases are identified by the health system 3
.5%
AMONG CHILDREN AGED 0 TO 4: 4 of non-lethal violence occurs inside the home of non-lethal rapes are committed by family members
SCHOOL AS A SAFE HAVEN
School, part of a child’s everyday environment, serves as a critical environment for child safety. Here, children form trusting relationships with peers, teachers, and staff, and it becomes a place where they can seek help
1 and 4 Atlas da violência 2024, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada e Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública 2 Anuário Brasileiro de Segurança Pública 2023, Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública 3 Elucidando a prevalência de estupro no Brasil a partir de diferentes bases de dados, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada e Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública, 2023
Racism as a root cause of inequalities
Structural racism infiltrates all aspects of society, culture, and economics, severely violating rights, particularly affecting young children who are most susceptible to its impacts. It induces high levels of toxic stress that can hinder development, restrict access to public policies, and consequently perpetuate cycles of inequality and poverty. Combatting racial discrimination as a priority is crucial to safeguarding and affirming the rights of all children
Data indicates that Black children and their families are disproportionately affected by inadequate access to proper nutrition, higher poverty rates, and increased risk of violence
A PORTRAIT OF BLACK CHILDHOOD
54%
71%
Of the 18.1 million children aged 0 to 6, 9.8 million (54%) are Black 1
Among families with a monthly per capita income below R$200, this proportion increases to 71% 2
POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF RACISM ON CHILD DEVELOPMENT 3
Damage to self-image and self-esteem
Limitations placed on intellectual development
Formation of a devalued racial identity
Increased likelihood of chronic diseases in adulthood
Problems with socialization and behavioral inhibition
Toxic Stress
Anxiety, phobias, depression
Challenges in self-trust and confidence
LACKING BASIC ACCESS
Infrastructure disparities are a clear sign of racial inequality 4
THE COLOR OF HUNGER
74.6% of households suffering from severe food insecurity are headed by Black individuals. In households headed by White individuals, this rate is 23.4% 5
TEEN PREGNANCY
73.8% of families in the CadÚnico social welfare system are headed by single mothers, predominantly young Black women aged between 25 and 34
Teenage pregnancy, a critical factor in school dropout and continued poverty, disproportionately affects young Black women 6 81% of children lacking access to running water are Black 64% of children without access to sewage system services are Black 72% of children in areas without waste collection services are Black
SOURCE: Perfil Síntese da Primeira Infância e Famílias no Cadastro Único, Fundação Maria Cecilia Souto Vidigal e Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Assistência Social, Família e Combate à Fome, 2024
Black children face a 39% higher risk of mortality before the age of five
SOURCE: Ethnoracial inequalities and child mortality in Brazil: a nationwide longitudinal study of 19 million newborn babies, Centro de Integração de Dados e Conhecimentos para a Saúde (Cidacs/ Fiocruz Bahia), 2022
1 Censo 2022 2 and 4 Pnad Contínua, IBGE, 2022 | Survey: Fundação Maria Cecilia Souto Vidigal, 2024 3 Racismo, educação infantil e desenvolvimento na primeira infância, Comitê Científico do Núcleo Ciência Pela Infância, 2021 5 Pnad Continua Segurança Alimentar, IBGE, 2023 6 Datasus, Ministério da Saúde, 2022
Corporate responsibility
Research indicates that companies that implement family-friendly policies foster environments of trust, increase productivity, and reduce employee turnover
HOW IS IT DONE?
To be recognized as committed to supporting early childhood, companies should adopt the following minimum standards 1
Extended Maternity Leave: At least 180 DAYS
3
Workplace FACILITIES FOR NURSING mothers
CHILDCARE ALLOWANCE: Beyond what is minimally required by union agreements
Extended Paternity Leave: At least 20 DAYS
Equal childcare support for FATHERS 5
All benefits should extend to adoptive parents and same-sex couples
EVERY BUSINESS CAN SUPPORT EARLY CHILDHOOD by offering formal employment and decent working conditions for parents, which allow access to social security and fair wages that guarantee the well-being of the child and the family
Businesses committed to their environmental, social, and governance (ESG) impacts should:
� Create conditions that help employees manage professional responsibilities alongside childcare
� Prevent and eliminate child labor, sexual exploitation, and violence against children within their operations and influence zones
� Ensure all products and services are safe and promote positive development for children
� Support actions by community groups, civil society, and governments to uphold and advocate for children’s rights during early childhood
Brazil mandates 120 days of maternity leave and 5 days of paternity leave
Under the federal government’s Empresa Cidadã program, companies can extend maternity leave by 60 days to a total of 180 days, and paternity leave by 15 days, totaling 20 days
Despite 160,000 companies being eligible, only 24,100 have participated 2
In 2022, 11.1 million Brazilian women were out of the workforce to care for children and manage household duties, despite their desire to work 4
THE PROVISION OF CHILDCARE FACILITIES IS CRUCIAL FOR ENABLING WOMEN TO BALANCE MOTHERHOOD WITH PROFESSIONAL COMMITMENTS, THUS HELPING TO DIMINISH GENDER INEQUALITIES 5
GLOBAL AVERAGE DURATION OF PARENTAL LEAVE 3
Maternity
126 days
Paternity
9 days
Among men with children in early childhood, 9 out of 10 are employed
Among women, this rate drops to 5 out of 10
Research in 15 countries, including Brazil, shows that investing in employee health and well-being can boost productivity by up to 50% 6
1 Prêmio Melhores Empresas na Atenção à Primeira Infância - Great Place to Work Brasil, Fundação Maria Cecília Souto Vidigal e United Way Brasil 2 Pesquisa Licença Maternidade e Paternidade nas Empresas, 2021/2022 3 International Labor Organization, 2022 4 Custo da maternidade no Brasil: as múltiplas consequências do trabalho de cuidado não remunerado realizado por mulheres, Centro de Pesquisa em Macroeconomia das Desigualdades (Made/USP), 2024 5 Ser mãe é padecer no paraíso? Penalidades do trabalho de cuidados nas trajetórias laborais de mulheres com filhos na primeira infância, Ministério do Desenvolvimento e Assistência Social, Família e Combate à Fome, 2024 6 Right Management, 2022
What the law says about early childhood
Brazil’s approach to recognizing and upholding children’s rights, as well as promoting their health, safety, and comprehensive development, is grounded in three key legal documents: the Federal Constitution, the Child and Adolescent Statute (ECA), and the Legal Framework on Early Childhood
BRAZIL’S FEDERAL CONSTITUTION OF 1988 1
The cornerstone of Brazilian law, which guarantees the exercise of the social and individual rights of all Brazilians, states in Article 227 that:
The children are a “duty of the family, society, and the federal government.” In other words, ensuring that they have the right to life, education, leisure, culture, freedom, and coexistence is the joint responsibility of everyone
In addition, children must be treated “with absolute priority.” This means that, in any circumstance involving a child, their rights and interests must be given precedence
‘ESTATUTO DA CRIANÇA E DO ADOLESCENTE’ (‘CHILD AND ADOLESCENT STATUTE’ – ECA - 1990) 2
Prior to the ECA, the ‘Código de Menores’ (‘Code of Minors’ - 1979) was in effect during the military dictatorship, which offered minimal autonomy to children and left decisions about their welfare to the federal government and adults
Following the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989, Brazil repealed the Code of Minors and enacted the ECA in its place
It was only after the enactment of the ECA, which regulated the constitutional principles, that the country began to recognize children as full rights-holders, establishing specific protections
‘MARCO LEGAL DA PRIMEIRA INFÂNCIA’ (‘LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON EARLY CHILDHOOD’ - 2016) 3
The advancements made by the Federal Constitution and the ECA laid the groundwork for the development of legislation specifically targeting early childhood, defined as the period up to 6 years of age
It directs the creation of public policies that actively support the development of young children, incorporating scientific insights into child development. The law acknowledges the critical nature of early childhood as the phase during which the foundations of physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional health are formed
The Legal Framework stipulates that governments must: 4
1.
2.
ENSURE THE RIGHT TO PLAY by facilitating the creation of play spaces in both public and private spaces
ESTABLISH EQUAL RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES for mothers, fathers, and other caregivers in the education of children
3.
INCREASE THE AVAILABILITY of high-quality early childhood education spots
Work towards MINIMIZING DISPARITIES IN ACCESS to goods and services essential for early childhood development 4.
AID CAREGIVERS IN STRENGTHENING familial and community bonds with the child 5.
6.
Ensure that daycares and preschools are EQUIPPED WITH SUITABLE FACILITIES , qualified professionals, and appropriate educational plans
7.
REINFORCE HOME CARE SERVICES , particularly for families in vulnerable situations
8.
Promote EXTENDED PATERNITY LEAVE from 5 to 20 days through participation in the citizen company program
9.
FORM INTERSECTORAL COMMITTEES to coordinate actions focused on early childhood
10.
INCLUDE CHILDREN up to the age of 6 in the formulation of public policies affecting them
TRAIN PROFESSIONALS specifically on the needs of early childhood 11.
12.
Continuously MONITOR AND EVALUATE services provided to children and share the outcomes
Brazil’s Federal Constitution 2 Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente 3 and 4 Marco Legal da Primeira Infância
International regulations for early childhood
The guarantee of fundamental rights, the search for quality in early childhood education and the importance of the full development of young children are established in global regulations
CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD AND ADOLESCENT
Adopted in 1990, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and Adolescent stands as the most extensively ratified human rights treaty globally. With adherence from 196 nations, including Brazil, this pivotal agreement specifies:
ARTICLE 2
Every child should have his or her rights respected without discrimination of any kind, irrespective of the child’s or his or her parent’s or legal guardian’s race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status of the child, their parents, legal guardians, or family members
ARTICLE 3
In all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration
ARTICLES 28 AND 29
The state must make primary education compulsory and available free to all, with the aim of supporting the development of the child’s personality, talents and mental and physical abilities to their fullest potential
SOURCE : Unicef
CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES
The UN regularly issues General Comments to guide signatory countries of the Convention on emerging issues affecting early childhood. Two of the most recent emerging issues in early childhood are:
TECHNOLOGY AND THE INTERNET
General Comment 25 addresses the protection of children’s rights in the digital environment, emphasizing the need to prevent, monitor, investigate, and punish abusers. It warns of risks, including child labor exploitation, exposure to violence, and pervasive consumerism
ENVIRONMENT
General Comment 26 urges states to adopt immediate measures to ensure a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment for children. It emphasizes the need to address the repercussions of environmental degradation and climate change on children’s rights
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Established by the United Nations in 2016, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) comprise 17 objectives aimed at transforming our world by 2030. Early childhood intersects directly with 11 of these goals. Key targets include:
Eradicating Poverty
Early in life, when the brain has its maximum development capacity, children learn skills that will help them flourish to their full potential. Early childhood care offers the most costeffective method to combat poverty
TARGET
2
1 TARGET TARGET
3
End Hunger and Improve Nutrition Research indicates that combining nutritional support with developmental stimuli enhances the overall impact on a child’s growth, fostering healthier and more holistic development
Good Health and Well-Being
A well-looked-after early childhood guarantees healthier lives extending into old age. Proper care during early childhood reduces the likelihood of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular conditions later in life
4TARGET TARGET
Quality Education
Learning begins at birth. It has been proven that the experiences and stimulation children receive in early childhood are crucial for their ongoing educational success, academic attainment, and future productivity
5 TARGET
Gender Equality
Investment in high-quality, accessible early childhood education is linked to better opportunities for women’s economic advancement
SOURCE: Pia Brito, Why early childhood development is the foundation for sustainable development, Unicef
10
Reduced Inequalities
Attention to early childhood serves as a significant equalizer, bridging disparities among children from varying socioeconomic backgrounds
11
Sustainable Cities and Communities
A welcoming city for children in early childhood is a welcoming city for everyone. Children with opportunities to live in greener, safer and more sustainable spaces have a solid foundation for a healthier and fuller development
13
Action Against Global Climate Change
The impacts of climate change disproportionately affect pregnant women and young children, particularly those in vulnerable circumstances. Mitigating the effects of this crisis is crucial for safeguarding the current and future well-being of our youngest generations
Glossary
BBOND
The innate connection, or link between interdependent individuals.
BRAIN
Part of the nervous system, the brain controls all bodily processes. Encased within the skull, it regulates growth and development.
BRAIN PLASTICITY
The brain’s ongoing ability to change its structure and function throughout life based on experiences.
CCHILDREN
Individuals up to 12 years of age, as defined by the Child and Adolescent Statute (ECA).
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Pertains to higher mental functions such as memory, association, reasoning, and planning.
DDAYCARE
Facility providing educational and care services for children up to three years old.
DEVELOPMENT
The ongoing, dynamic acquisition and refinement of skills, enabling increasingly complex functions across various contexts, including growth and maturation.
EEARLY CHILDHOOD
Encompasses the first six years or 72 months of a child’s life, as outlined in the Legal Framework on Early Childhood (Law No. 13257/2016).
EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
Educational programs for children up to six years old.
ECA – CHILD AND ADOLESCENT STATUTE
Law No. 8069, enacted on July 13, 1990, provides a comprehensive legal framework for the protection of children and adolescents, safeguarding their human rights.
EPIGENETICS
The study of changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the DNA sequence, influenced by factors like nutrition and environmental conditions.
EXECUTIVE FUNCTION AND SELF-REGULATION SKILLS
Mental processes that enable an individual to plan, focus, remember, and juggle multiple tasks effectively.
FFULL DEVELOPMENT
Refers to the holistic progression of physical, emotional, social, and cognitive aspects.
LLEARNING
The process of constructing, acquiring, and internalizing knowledge.
PPARENTING
Refers to the activities performed by caregivers to ensure a child’s survival, full development, and gradual path to social integration and independence.
PRESCHOOL
Facility providing educational and care services for children aged 4 to 5 years.
RRIGHTS HOLDERS
Defined by Brazil’s Federal Constitution of 1988, recognizing children and adolescents as citizens and rights holders, declaring family, society, and the federal government shall have the duty to
guarantee those rights with absolute priority. This modern approach replaces the outdated term “minor” with “child and adolescent.”
SSTRUCTURAL RACISM
A societal and institutional system that perpetuates inequalities and disadvantages for marginalized groups. It manifests itself in laws, policies, social norms and everyday practices, resulting in persistent inequalities that favor one race over others.
SUPPORT NETWORK
A web of interpersonal relationships providing emotional support, material assistance, services, and information for individuals and families.
SYNAPSE
The process by which neurons communicate at their junction points, triggered by stimuli. Synapses form pathways that facilitate
connections between different brain areas.
TTOXIC STRESS
Stress experienced by a child over an extended period without supportive adult intervention. Toxic stress can disrupt the healthy development of the brain and other body systems, increasing the risk of a range of illnesses. Sources of toxic stress include prolonged exposure to abuse, neglect, violence, or extreme poverty.
VVERY EARLY CHILDHOOD
The stage of life from birth up until the age of 3.
WWINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY
A critical period during which learning skills or developing aptitudes and competencies is particularly effective.
