Claudio Magris
2009
Claudio Magris
© Copyright Fondation Charles Veillon, Lausanne – 2010. Imprimé en Suisse.
:VTTHPYL
(JJ\LPS 7YVMLZZL\Y +VTPUPX\L (YSL[[Ha 9LJ[L\Y KL S»<UP]LYZP[t KL 3H\ZHUUL
(SSVJ\[PVU 4VUZPL\Y 7HZJHS =LPSSVU 7YtZPKLU[ KL SH -VUKH[PVU
3LZ TV[P]H[PVUZ K\ 1\Y` WYtZLU[tLZ WHY )LYUHYK ) ZJOLUZ[LPU
3H\KH[PV *OYPZ[PHHU 3 /HY[ 5PIIYPN 3H ZtK\J[PVU n ]P]YL
+L]HU[ SH SVP 3P[[tYH[\YL L[ KYVP[ *SH\KPV 4HNYPZ
+L]HU[P HSSH SLNNL 3L[[LYH[\YH L KPYP[[V *SH\KPV 4HNYPZ
(JJL\PS
+VTPUPX\L (YSL[[Ha 9LJ[L\Y KL S»<UP]LYZP[t KL 3H\ZHUUL
4VUZPL\Y SL 3H\YtH[ 4VUZPL\Y S»(TIHZZHKL\Y 4VUZPL\Y SL 7YtZPKLU[ KL SH -VUKH[PVU *OHYSLZ =LPSSVU 4LZKHTLZ L[ 4LZZPL\YZ SLZ TLTIYLZ K\ 1\Y` 4LZKHTLZ L[ 4LZZPL\YZ SLZ PU]P[tZ 4LZKHTLZ L[ 4LZZPL\YZ 1»HP S»OVUUL\Y L[ SL WSHPZPY K»V\]YPY JL[[L JtYtTVUPL K»H[[YPI\[PVU K\ 7YP_ ,\YVWtLU KL S»,ZZHP KL SH -VUKH[PVU *OHYSLZ =LPSSVU n 4VUZPL\Y *SH\KPV 4HNYPZ 7LYTL[[La TVP [V\[ K»HIVYK KL ]V\Z ZV\OHP[LY n [V\[LZ L[ n [V\Z SH [YuZ JVYKPHSL IPLU]LU\L n S»<UP]LYZP[t KL 3H\ZHUUL
3H -VUKH[PVU *OHYSLZ =LPSSVU L[ S»<UP]LYZP[t KL 3H\ZHUUL ZL ZVU[ HZZV JPtLZ KLW\PZ WS\ZPL\YZ HUUtLZ WV\Y VYNHUPZLY SH JtYtTVUPL KL YLTPZL K\ 7YP_ ,\YVWtLU KL S»,ZZHP Z\Y SL ZP[L KL S»<503 3H YHPZVU LU LZ[ X\L SLZ KL\_ WHY[LUHPYLZ WHY[HNLU[ S»VIQLJ[PM JVTT\U KL MH]VYPZLY \UL YtÅL_PVU JYP[PX\L Z\Y SLZ NYHUKLZ X\LZ[PVUZ X\P JVUJLYULU[ S»O\THPU ,U LMML[
JL[[L UV[PVU KL :H]VPY JYP[PX\L ® LZ[ H\ Jµ\Y KL SH *OHY[L KL S»<UP]LY ZP[t KL 3H\ZHUUL 3H TPZZPVU KL S»<UP]LYZP[t LZ[ KL JYtLY L[ [YHUZTL[[YL KLZ ZH]VPYZ L[ KVUJ KL JVU[YPI\LY n SH MVYTH[PVU KLZ WLYZVUULZ X\P MLYVU[ ]P]YL SH :VJPt[t KL KLTHPU L[ X\P n JL [P[YL KL]YVU[ ZL TVU[YLY JYtH[P]LZ [V\[ LU t[HU[ JYP[PX\LZ H\[VUVTLZ [V\[ LU t[HU[ ZVSPKHPYLZ L[ Z\Y[V\[ X\P KL]YVU[ v[YL YLZWVUZHISLZ YLZWVUZHISLZ KL SL\YZ KtJPZPVUZ L[ KL SL\YZ HJ[LZ THPZ H\ZZP YLZWVUZHISLZ KL [V\[ JL X\L UV\Z WHY[HNLVUZ KVUJ YLZWVU ZHISLZ KL UV[YL JVSSLJ[P]P[t ;V\[LZ JLZ ]HSL\YZ ZVU[ JOuYLZ n S»<UP]LYZP[t KL 3H\ZHUUL X\P SLZ KtMLUK H]LJ ]PN\L\Y KLW\PZ ZH JYtH[PVU LU *LZ ]HSL\YZ ZVU[ H\ZZP JLSSLZ X\L ]PZL n WYVTV\]VPY SH -VUKH[PVU *OHYSLZ =LPSSVU =V\Z JVT WYLUKYLa KVUJ X\L JL WHY[LUHYPH[ LU[YL S»<UP]LYZP[t L[ SH -VUKH[PVU LZ[ \U ZPNUL [HUNPISL KL SH ]VSVU[t K»V\]LY[\YL X\L UV\Z ZV\OHP[VUZ HMÄY TLY OH\[ L[ MVY[ L[ X\L S»<UP]LYZP[t LZZHPL KL KtTVU[YLY WHY ZLZ HJ[PVUZ 4HPZ ZP UV\Z ZVTTLZ YHZZLTIStZ JL ZVPY J»LZ[ WV\Y LU[LUKYL L[ OVUV YLY SL SH\YtH[ K\ 7YP_ ,\YVWtLU KL S»,ZZHP *OHYSLZ =LPSSVU 4VUZPL\Y *SH\KPV 4HNYPZ X\P KL]PLUKYH [V\[ n S»OL\YL SL uTL YtJPWPLUKHPYL KL JL WYP_ WYLZ[PNPL\_ 9HZZ\YLa ]V\Z QL U»HP WHZ S»PU[LU[PVU UP SH JVTWt[LUJL KL ]V\Z JVT TLU[LY ZVU µ\]YL W\PZX\L JL[[L [oJOL PUJVTILYH H\ 7YVMLZZL\Y /HY[ 5PIIYPN 7V\Y[HU[ Q»HP JVTWYPZ X\L ZVU WHYJV\YZ L[ ZVU µ\]YL [tTVPNULU[ KL ZVU H[[HJOLTLU[ n KLZ ]HSL\YZ O\THUPZ[LZ L[ KL ZH ]PZPVU ZVSPKHPYL L[ MH]VYHISL H\ KPHSVN\L PU[LYJ\S[\YLS *LZ X\LSX\LZ TV[Z LU KPZLU[ SVUN Z\Y S»PU[tYv[ K\ TLZZHNL [YHUZTPZ WHY 4VUZPL\Y *SH\KPV 4HNYPZ
4LZKHTLZ L[ 4LZZPL\YZ UV\Z ]P]VUZ \UL tWVX\L L_[YHVYKPUHPYL V S»OVTTL H Yt\ZZP n MHPYL KLZ WYV\LZZLZ KHUZ SH JVTWYtOLUZPVU KL SH UH[\YL n YtHSPZLY KLZ WYVNYuZ ZJPLU[PÄX\LZ X\P t[HPLU[ LUJVYL PUPTHNP UHISLZ PS ` H X\LSX\LZ KtJLUUPLZ n Kt]LSVWWLY KLZ V\[PSZ [LJOUVSVNPX\LZ X\P VU[ [YHUZMVYTt UV[YL ]PL X\V[PKPLUUL LU ` HWWVY[HU[ JVUMVY[ L[ ZLU[P TLU[ KL [V\[L W\PZZHUJL 5V\Z H]VUZ WYLZX\L [V\[ JL X\L UV\Z ]V\SVUZ
,[ WV\Y[HU[ ZP QL KPZ WYLZX\L ® J»LZ[ X\»PS THUX\L JY\LSSLTLU[ X\LSX\L JOVZL X\L SH ZJPLUJL L[ SH [LJOUPX\L UL UV\Z KVUULYVU[ QHTHPZ 5V\Z H]VUZ ILZVPU KL JVTWYLUKYL S»/VTTL L[ WV\Y JLSH KL JYtLY KLZ SPLUZ LU[YL SLZ WLYZVUULZ KL ZH]VPY KPHSVN\LY KL ZH]VPY WHYSLY THPZ H\ZZP L[ WL\[ v[YL Z\Y[V\[ KL ZH]VPY tJV\[LY 3»tJV\[L LZ[ SH IHZL K\ KPHSVN\L PU[LYJ\S[\YLS KPHSVN\L KVU[ QL ZHPZ X\L ILH\JV\W K»LU[YL UV\Z WLY sVP]LU[ S»\YNLU[L UtJLZZP[t 9PLU UL YLTWSHJLYH JL ILZVPU K»O\THUP[t *OLY SH\YtH[ 4LYJP KL UV\Z YHWWLSLY JL[[L WYPVYP[t L[ TLYJP K»v[YL ]LU\ UV\Z YLUKYL ]PZP[L PJP KHUZ SLZ SVJH\_ KL S»<UP]LYZP[t KL 3H\ZHUUL WV\Y HSPTLU[LY UV[YL YtÅL_PVU WHY ]V[YL L_LTWSL ]VZ L_WtYPLUJLZ L[ ]VZ tJYP[Z 1L ]V\KYHPZ WV\Y [LYTPULY L_WYPTLY TH NYH[P[\KL n X\LSX\LZ WLYZVUULZ ZHUZ X\P JL[[L THUPMLZ[H[PVU U»H\YHP[ WHZ W\ H]VPY SPL\ PJP n S»<UP]LYZP[t KL 3H\ZHUUL 1L YLTLYJPL JOHSL\YL\ZLTLU[ SH -VUKH[PVU *OHYSLZ =LPSSVU L[ ZVU WYtZPKLU[ 4VUZPL\Y 7HZJHS =LPSSVU SLZ TLTIYLZ K\ 1\Y` HPUZP X\L [V\Z SLZ JVSSHIVYH[L\YZ KLZ :LY]PJLZ <50)(; L[ <50*64 X\P VU[ JVU[YP I\t n JL X\L JL[[L ZVPYtL ZVP[ \U Z\JJuZ 4H WS\Z NYHUKL NYH[P[\KL ]H n 4VUZPL\Y *SH\KPV 4HNYPZ X\P UV\Z MHP[ S»OVUUL\Y K»v[YL ]LU\ n S»<UP]LYZP[t KL 3H\ZHUUL JL ZVPY WV\Y WHY[HNLY H]LJ UV\Z ZH ZLUZPIPSP[t n JL X\P LZ[ WYVMVUKtTLU[ O\THPU 1L ]V\Z YLTLYJPL WV\Y ]V[YL H[[LU[PVU L[ ]V\Z ZV\OHP[L \UL L_JLSSLU[L ZVPYtL
+VTPUPX\L (YSL[[Ha
(SSVJ\[PVU 7HZJHS =LPSSVU 7YtZPKLU[ KL SH -VUKH[PVU
=V\Z v[LZ JOLY 4VUZPL\Y *SH\KPV 4HNYPZ SL uTL SH\YtH[ K\ 7YP_ ,\YVWtLU KL Sยบ,ZZHP *VTTLU[ JL ZVPY LU ]V\Z HJJ\LPSSHU[ YtZPZ[LY n SยบLU]PL KL SPYL JLZ X\LSX\LZ SPNULZ KL ]V[YL SP]YL ร +HU\IPV ยธ X\P Kt JYP]LU[ ZP THSPJPL\ZLTLU[ JL X\L UV\Z ZVTTLZ LU [YHPU KL ]P]YL & *LSH ZL WHZZL KHUZ \U JHMt LU /VUNYPL ]V\Z v[LZ LU WSLPUL KtN\Z[H[PVU KL X\LSX\LZ JY\Z SVJH\_ L[ ]V\Z MHP[LZ SH Ytร L_PVU Z\P]HU[L ! ร ,[YL Q\Yt WL\[ v[YL \UL VJJ\WH[PVU HNYtHISL X\HUK PS ZยบHNP[ Kยบt]HS\LY UVU KLZ HJ[PVUZ O\THPULZ L[ KLZ HUUtLZ KL WYPZVU THPZ KLZ SP]YLZ V\ KLZ ]PUZ KL ZHPZVU 3LZ Q\Y`Z KL WYP_ SP[[tYHPYLZ ZL Yt\UPZZLU[ KPZJ\[LU[ WHZ ZLU[ H\ [HTPZ WYVJSHTLU[ KtZPNULU[ [PLUULU[ IHUX\L[ " WLUKHU[ JL [LTWZ SH ]PL VWHX\L WHZZL PUHWLYs\L L[ t[V\MMtL L[ SL ]HN\L ZLU[P TLU[ KยบPTWVY[HUJL KL JLS\P X\P KtJLYUL \U WYP_ LU ZยบPUJSPUHU[ StNuYL TLU[ ]LYZ JLS\P n X\P PS H t[t KtJLYUt L[ X\P TVU[L n SยบLZ[YHKL HPKL n V\ISPLY ZVU WYVWYL ]PKL L[ SยบHWWYVJOL KL SยบtWPSVN\L ร UHS ยธ
(WYuZ ]V\Z H]VPY S\ QL TL Z\PZ PU[LYYVNt Z\Y SL ]HN\L ZLU[PTLU[ KºPT WVY[HUJL X\P WV\YYHP[ TºOHIP[LY 1L Z\PZ JLY[LZ JVUZJPLU[ KL SH WHY[ KL ]HUP[t X\L JVTWVY[L [V\[L YLTPZL KL 7YP_ PUt]P[HISLTLU[ HJJVTWHNUtL Kº\UL ZVPYtL WS\Z V\ TVPUZ TVUKHPUL 4HPZ QL UºH]HPZ QHTHPZ LU]PZHNt X\L JLSH W\PZZL KL]LUPY \UL HJ[P]P[t [OtYHWL\[PX\L WV\Y TºHPKLY n V\ ISPLY TVU WYVWYL ]PKL 1L ]V\Z SHPZZL SH YLZWVUZHIPSP[t KL ]VZ KPYLZ L[ UL JVTW[LYHP WHZ [YVW Z\Y SL Y SL IPLU TPUL\Y X\L QL QV\L JL ZVPY WV\Y T»VJJ\WLY HJ[P]LTLU[ KL TLZ WYVWYLZ ]PKLZ L[ KL S»HWWYVJOL KL S»tWPSVN\L ÄUHS 3»VIQLJ[PM KL JL 7YP_ H Q»LZWuYL X\L ]V\Z U»LU KV\[La WHZ [YVW X\LSX\LZ HTIP[PVUZ WS\Z PTWVY[HU[LZ X\L KL UV\Z KPZ[YHPYL SL [LTWZ K»\UL ZVPYtL *LJP KP[ ZP ]HN\L ZLU[PTLU[ K»PTWVY[HUJL PS ` H QL ]HPZ SL YLUKYL \U WL\ TVPUZ ]HN\L NYoJL H\ WYVWVZ K\ YVTHUJPLY OH{[PLU +HU` 3HMLYYPuYL *L[ H\[L\Y OHIP[L H\ *HUHKH THPZ PS t[HP[ KHUZ ZVU WH`Z SL QV\Y K\ ZtPZTL 0S Z»LZ[ [YV\]t MHJL n \U HTP TL[[L\Y LU ZJuUL X\P ZL KtZLZWtYHP[ KL]HU[ S»HTWSL\Y K\ KtZHZ[YL L[ KV\[HP[ X\L ZVU HY[ W\PZZL v[YL K»\UL X\LS JVUX\L \[PSP[t WV\Y SH YLJVUZ[Y\J[PVU K»/H{[P 0S Z»HWWYv[HP[ n HIHUKVUULY SLZ YtWt[P[PVUZ K»\UL WPuJL LU JV\YZ 3HMLYYPuYL S\P H KP[ ! 5L SHPZZL WHZ [VTILY J»LZ[ SH J\S[\YL X\P UV\Z ZH\]LYH MHPZ JL X\L [\ ZHPZ MHPYL *»LZ[ SH J\S[\YL X\P UV\Z ZH\]LYH =VPSn \UL IVUUL KtÄUP[PVU KL S»HJ[P]P[t K»\U Q\Y` X\P JOLYJOL L[ [YV\]L KLZ LZZH`PZ[LZ KL ]V[YL ]HSL\Y *»LZ[ n KPYL KLZ WLYZVUULZ X\P tJSHPYLU[ S»VWHJP[t KL SH ]PL KVU[ ]V\Z WHYSPLa WHY SL\Y WLUZtL L[ WHY SL YLNHYK X\»PSZ WVY[LU[ Z\Y SL TVUKL
:V\[LUPY L[ LUJV\YHNLY SH J\S[\YL LZ[ PUKPZWLUZHISL 5»LZ[ LSSL WHZ WHY SLZ KPHSVN\LZ L[ SLZ KtJV\]LY[LZ X\»LSSL WYVJ\YL \U ]LJ[L\Y LZZLU[PLS K»LZWVPY & +»HPSSL\YZ WV\Y WYtJPZLY S»VIQLJ[PM K\ 7YP_ L\YVWtLU KL S»,ZZHP PS MH\[ WS\[ [ KPYL ! ZV\[LUPY L[ LUJV\YHNLY SLZ J\S[\YLZ 3LZ VYH[L\YZ X\P ]VU[ TL Z\JJtKLY SL KPYVU[ JLY[HPULTLU[ SL JOH[VPLTLU[ KLZ J\S[\YLZ ]V\Z WHZZPVUUL 0S LZ[ JVUZ[P[\[PM KL ]V[YL WLYZVUUL ]VPYL SH YHPZVU K»v[YL KL ]V[YL µ\]YL
(SVYZ WLYTL[[La TVP \UL KLYUPuYL JP[H[PVU 1HJX\LZ 7VNL[ KHUZ \UL YtJLU[L PU[LY]PL^ tJYP[ ! 3»,\YVWL KHUZ SL ZHUN PS B*SH\KPV 4HNYPZD ]VP[ KHUZ SLZ MYVU[PuYLZ KLZ JHUH\_ K»PYYPNH[PVU V\ KLZ WVU[Z )LSSL MHsVU K»L_VYJPZLY SLZ TtMHP[Z KLZ UH[PVUHSPZTLZ [V\[ H\[HU[ X\L S»HWSH[PZZL TLU[ KLZ J\S[\YLZ WHY SH TVUKPHSPZH[PVU 4LYJP JOLY SH\YtH[ WV\Y ]V[YL µ\]YL TLYJP K»H]VPY HJJLW[t JL 7YP_ L[ K»v[YL H]LJ UV\Z JL ZVPY
7HZJHS =LPSSVU
3LZ TV[P]H[PVUZ K\ 1\Y` WYtZLU[tLZ WHY )LYUHYK )Â&#x20AC;ZJOLUZ[LPU
4VUZPL\Y SL 9LJ[L\Y 4VUZPL\Y S»(TIHZZHKL\Y 4VUZPL\Y SL 7YtZPKLU[ *OLY 3H\YtH[ 4LZKHTLZ L[ 4LZZPL\YZ
<UL WYLTPuYL JVUZ[Y\J[PVU KL NYHUKL OHSLPUL H\ZZP ZJY\W\SL\ZL X\L ZV\ ]LYHPUL H]HP[ YL[YHJt LU KtQn SLZ JVU[V\YZ K\ T`[OL OHIZIV\YNLVPZ
3LZ KL\_ JVTWVZHU[LZ KL UV[YL  7YP_ L\YVWtLU KL S»,ZZHP ® WYLUULU[ \U ZLUZ VYPNPUHS YPJOL L[ UV\]LH\ SVYZX\»LSSLZ ZL YHWWVY[LU[ n ]V[YL µ\]YL JOLY *SH\KPV 4HNYPZ KVU[ S»LUZLTISL H TV[P]t S»H[[YPI\[PVU K\ WYP_  ,\YVWtLU ® ZPNUPÃ&#x201E;L KHUZ ]V[YL JHZ IPLU WS\Z X\»\U YH`VUULTLU[ X\P MYHUJOP[ SLZ MYVU[PuYLZ K»\UL UH[PVU 0S Z»HNP[ Sn KL S»L_WSVYH[PVU JVUJYu[L KL WH`Z H\ZZP KP]LYZ X\L S»(SSLTHNUL K\ :\K S»(\[YPJOL SH :SV]HX\PL SH /VUNYPL SH :LYIPL SH )\SNHYPL SH 9V\THUPL SL SVUN K\ +HU\IL L[ WS\Z WYuZ KL ;YPLZ[L SH :SV]tUPL L[ SH *YVH[PL
KL S»LTWPYL X\L 4\ZPS H HWWLSt *HJHUPL KHUZ ZLZ KLYUPuYLZ WOHZLZ SP[[tYHPYLZ WYPUJPWHSLTLU[ KL .YPSSWHYaLY n 4\ZPS *L WVPU[ KL KtWHY[ H WLYTPZ n S»H\[L\Y KL Z\P]YL \UL ]VPL JVOtYLU[L KL WS\Z LU WS\Z KPMMt YLUJPtL JVTTL S»H[[LZ[L LU WYLTPLY SPL\ S»µ\]YL THz[YLZZL +HU\IL ® KL X\L S»VU WL\[ X\HSPÄLY K»PU]LU[PVU K»\U UV\]LH\ [`WL K»LZZHP 6U HKTPYL KHUZ JL SP]YL JVTTL KHUZ [V\Z JL\_ X\P VU[ Z\P]P SH MHJ\S[t KL QL[LY \U YLNHYK Z\Y \U SPL\ LU S»LU[V\YHU[ ZVP[ KL ]VP_ SP[[tYHPYLZ KVU[ JOHJ\UL JVTT\UPX\L SH YLWYVK\J[PVU K»\U ZJtUHYPV OPZ[VYPX\L [YHK\P[ LU ZJuULZ K»\UL HJ[PVU O\THPUL KVU[ S»t]VJH[PVU ZP[\L SLZ WLYZVUUHNLZ L[ SL\YZ KLZ[PUZ n S»HPKL KL X\LSX\LZ [YHP[Z VYPNPUH\_ \UPX\LZ QHTHPZ KtU\tZ KL YHWWVY[Z H]LJ SH YtHSP[t K»H\QV\YK»O\P ZVP[ KL TVTLU[Z LT WY\U[tZ n SH ]PL X\V[PKPLUUL SH WS\Z PTTtKPH[L [YHUZMVYTtL LU WVtZPL 3L KVU KL JYtLY \U YtZLH\ K»HJ[\HSP[t H\[V\Y K\ TVPUKYL MHP[ X\»PS ZVP[ [YHUZTPZ WHY SLZ ]VPLZ KL [YHKP[PVUZ JVTWSL_LZ V\ VIZLY]t H]LJ HJ\P[t KHUZ SL JHKYL K»\U QV\YUHS KL ]V`HNL V S»VU WL\[ ZL [YV\]LY ZV\KHPU LU MHJL KL WLYZVUULZ YLUJVU[YtLZ KHUZ \U JHMt KHUZ SH Y\L V\ n SH JHTWHNUL L[ ZPT\S[HUtTLU[ LU WSLPUL YtÅL_PVU X\HU[ n SH WVY[tL OPZ[V YPX\L L[ WVSP[PX\L K\ [tTVPNUHNL X\L S»VU ]PLU[ KL ]P]YL LU JVTT\UH\[t H]LJ S»H\[L\Y ZL JVTT\UPX\L H]LJ PYVUPL L[ O\TV\Y 3H MHJ\S[t KL MHPYL ]VPY KL SH THUPuYL SH WS\Z SPIYL L[ KP]LY[PZZHU[L \UL WHYLPSSL JVUZ[LSSH [PVU LZ[ WYtJPZtTLU[ JL X\P MHP[ SL NYHUK LZZH`PZ[L X\P LZ[ n TvTL KL ZP[\LY K»t]HS\LY L[ K»VYPLU[LY JL X\»PS [YHUZTL[ n ZVU SLJ[L\Y X\P HWWYLUK NYoJL n S\P n ZL KtMHPYL KL [V\[ WYtQ\Nt L[ n Z»HKVUULY n SH WYtZLUJL KL ZJuULZ ]tJ\LZ H]LJ PU[LUZP[t L[ HJ\P[t 3»H\[L\Y KL JLZ SP]YLZ [YuZ UVT IYL\_ tJYP[Z KL Q\ZX\»n UVZ QV\YZ LZ[ LU TvTL [LTWZ WVu[L UHYYH [L\Y JOYVUPX\L\Y OPZ[VYPLU WOPSVZVWOL OVTTL WVSP[PX\L :H MHJ\S[t KL JVUZ[Y\PYL KLZ YtZLH\_ L[ KLZ WVU[Z WLYTL[ KL KPYL X\L JOHX\L [L_[L tTHUHU[ KL JL[[L WS\TL WL\[ ZL KtÄUPY JVTTL \U LZZHP KHUZ SL ZLUZ SL WS\Z YPJOL KL JL [LYTL ZV\]LU[ KPMÄJPSL n JLYULY
0S HWWHY[PLUKYH n TVU JVSSuN\L L[ HTP WYVMLZZL\Y OVUVYHPYL KL JL[[L \UP]LYZP[t K»LU KVUULY \UL PTHNL WVS`]HSLU[L L[ JVUJYu[L
)LYUHYK ) ZJOLUZ[LPU
3H\KH[PV *OYPZ[PHHU 3 /HY[ 5PIIYPN ¶ 3H ZtK\J[PVU n ]P]YL
,U ]V`HNL Z\Y[V\[ ZP S»VU ]V`HNL JVTTL S\P V\]LY[ ZHUZ YtZLY]L n SH UV\]LH\[t n SH KPMMtYLUJL n S»t[YHUNL[t LU ]V`HNL UV\Z KP[ *SH\KPV 4HNYPZ VU WV\YYHP[ HWWYLUKYL n v[YL t[YHUNLY WHYTP SLZ t[YHUNLYZ v[YL  [V\[ SL TVUKL ® LU TvTL [LTWZ X\L  WLYZVUUL ® \U THZX\L L[ ZPT\S [HUtTLU[ \UL MVYTL ]PKL Z\ZJLW[PISL KL ZL YLTWSPY K»L_WtYPLUJLZ ,U ]V`HNL KP[ PS VU WV\YYHP[ Z»L_LYJLY n JL X\»PS YLX\PLY[ JVTTL \UL WVZ [\YL MVUKHTLU[HSL KL ZH WYVWYL tJYP[\YL ! \UL  TVKLZ[PL PYVUPX\L KL ZVP TvTL ® (\[HU[ KPYL X\L JVTTL 4HNYPZ S»tJYP[ KHUZ ZVU YLJ\LPS K»LZZHPZ 4PJYVJVZTP PS UL Z»HNPYH WHZ KHUZ JL[[L SH\KH[PV  K»OVUVYLY \U PUKP]PK\ L[ ZVU µ\]YL ® ZHUZ JVUZPKtYLY  X\L SLZ WYVWYPt[tZ KL S»\U L[ KL S»H\[YL ZVU[ WYv[tLZ JVTTL [V\[ OHIP[ WVY[t KHUZ JL[[L ]PL ® " PS Z»HNPYH WS\[ [ QL SL JP[L LUJVYL KL S»OVUVYLY  WV\Y JL X\P KtWHZZL S»PUKP ]PK\ L[ ZH WYVWYL µ\]YL L[ X\P [LUK ]LYZ JL[[L [YHUZJLUKHUJL ® *OHX\L SP]YL KL JL[ H\[L\Y X\P H]LJ [HU[ KL StNuYL[t L[ KL NtUtYVZP[t YLUVUJL H\ JVW`YPNO[ HYIP[YHPYL L[ H\ KYVP[ KL WYVWYPt[t Z\Y JL X\»PS ZLTISL H]VPY MHP[ WHY S\P TvTL UV\Z LUZLPNUL X\L JVTT\UPX\LY ZPNUPÃ&#x201E;L LU Ã&#x201E;U KL JVTW[L TL[[YL LU JVTT\U H]LJ SLZ H\[YLZ 4HPZ Z\Y[V\[ ! JL U»LZ[
X\»HWYuZ S»H]VPY S\ H\ TVTLU[ V S»VU ZL KLTHUKL WV\YX\VP JL SP]YL UV\Z H [HU[ KP]LY[P X\L S»VU YtHSPZL JL X\»PS UV\Z H HWWYPZ +HUZ 3LP K\UX\L JHWPYn SL IV\SL]LYZHU[ KVJ\TLU[ K»\U HTV\Y X\P [YHUZNYLZZL SLZ MYVU[PuYLZ HTV\Y X\P \UL MVPZ LUJVYL ÅHTIL KHUZ SH WYVZL X\P Z»HKYLZZL n ZH WLY[L 4HNYPZ MHP[ KPYL n SH KtM\U[L HTHU[L L[ tWV\ZL KHUZ SL Y SL K»\UL ,\Y`KPJL JVU[LTWVYHPUL n ZVU 6YWOtL X\P ]L\[ SH YHTLULY K\ YV`H\TL KLZ TVY[Z JOLa SLZ ]P]HU[Z ! ;\ ZH]HPZ X\L SH WVt ZPL JVTTL S»HTV\Y UL [»HWWHY[PLU[ QHTHPZ n [VP ZL\S THPZ n JOHJ\U ®
( S»PUZ[HY KL [V\[ LZZHP Yt\ZZP *SH\KPV 4HNYPZ Yt\UP[ ILH\JV\W KL JOVZLZ LU \UL 0S ` H K»HIVYK SL JVUUHPZZL\Y LU SP[[tYH[\YL WYVMLZZL\Y n S»<UP]LYZP[t KL ;YPLZ[L tTPULU[ ZWtJPHSPZ[L KL S»OPZ[VPYL J\S[\YLSSL K»,\YVWL JLU[YHSL 0S ` H SL QV\YUHSPZ[L X\P KHUZ ZLZ PU[LY]LU[P ® [YuZ YLTHYX\tZ K\ *VYYPLYL KLSSH :LYH Z»LUNHNL L[ WYLUK WVZP[PVU Z\Y KLZ X\LZ[PVUZ K»HJ[\HSP[t K»\U [VU X\P U»HIVPL QHTHPZ TvTL SVYZX\L S»PUKP NUH[PVU SL YLUK JYP[PX\L L[ [YHUJOHU[ THPZ QHTHPZ [HWHNL\Y UP ISLZZHU[ ,U V\[YL PS ` H]HP[ SL :tUH[L\Y n 9VTL ,[ PS ` H S»OPZ[VYPLU 4HNYPZ SL [YHK\J[L\Y UV[HTTLU[ KL 2SLPZ[ KL ) JOULY L[ KL :JOUP[aSLY S»tJYP]HPU ]V`HNL\Y SL YVTHUJPLY SL JVU[L\Y SL JVUMtYLUJPLY S»VYH[L\Y 4HNYPZ L[ Z\Y[V\[ PS ` H ! S»LZZH`PZ[L 0S Z»VJ[YVPL SL KYVP[ JYtH[PM K»L_WtYPTLU[LY n JOHX\L MVPZ KL UV\]LH\ L[ KPMMtYLTTLU[ JL X\L WV\YYHP[ v[YL \U LZZHP " \U NLUYL TvSt ® JVTTL S»LZ[ SH ]PL X\V[PKPLUUL KVU[ 4HNYPZ KP[ X\»LSSL tJYP[ SLZ OPZ[VPYLZ SLZ WS\Z VYPNPUHSLZ L[ X\»PS Z\MÄ[ KL ZH]VPY SLZ WLYJL ]VPY 3L [LYTL LZZHP ® ]PLU[ K\ SH[PU L_HNP\T ® S»tJOHU[PSSVU KL ]tYP[t n ZV\WLZLY +HUZ JL TLKP\T L_WtYPTLU[HS X\P ZVUKL L[ X\P Z»LZZHPL 4HNYPZ ZL ZLU[ JVTTL \U WVPZZVU KHUZ S»LH\ 3»LZZHP S\P VMMYL SH WVZ ZPIPSP[t K»\UL tJYP[\YL WYV]PZVPYL L[ Yt]VJHISL \UL tJYP[\YL X\P UL JPISL WHZ ZVU WYVWYL YtZ\S[H[ THPZ JOLYJOL WS\[ [ n ZL THPU[LUPY LSSL TvTL LU THYJOL JVTTL WYVJLZZ\Z JVTTL JYVPZLTLU[ L[ KtJYVPZLTLU[ KL WVZP[PVUZ HMÄYTtLZ L[ KL YLTPZLZ LU X\LZ[PVU JVTTL \UL VZJPSSH[PVU X\P YLUVUsHU[ L_WSPJP[LTLU[ n [V\[ MVUKLTLU[ WYLTPLY Z»LMMLJ[\L LU[YL WLUZtLZ ZWVU[HUtLZ VIZLY]H[PVUZ WYtJPZLZ L[ ZWtJ\SH[PVUZ YtÅtJOPLZ KHUZ KLZ KPNYLZZPVUZ X\P YHWWLSSLU[ WHY TVTLU[Z 3H\YLUJL :[LYUL 4LZ MHU[HPZPLZ TL Z\P]LU[ ® tJYP]HP[ KtQn 4VU[HPNUL THPZ WHYMVPZ J»LZ[ KL SVPU L[ ZL YLNHYKLU[ B¯D 1»HPTL S»HSS\YL WVt[PX\L n ZH\[Z L[ n NHTIHKLZ ® *»LZ[ 9VILY[ 4\ZPS ¶ H\[L\Y JOLY n 4HNYPZ KLW\PZ [V\QV\YZ
¶ X\P WSHsH S»LZZHP JVTTL NLUYL SP[[tYHPYL KHUZ \UL [YVPZPuTL WVZP[PVU ! LU[YL SL  ZVP[ ZVP[ ® K»\UL  ZJPLUJL LU WHU[V\Ã&#x2026;LZ ® JVTTL PS KP[ L[ \UL SP[[tYH[\YL KL TVPUKYL X\HSP[t KHUZ ZVU t[\KL Z\Y -YHUa )SLP L[ JLSH H\ ZLUZ K»\UL SVNPX\L LZ[Ot[PX\L K\ [PLYZ PUJS\Z X\P WHY SH SHUN\L L[ SH WLU ZtL KVP[ K»HIVYK v[YL HJJV\]t L[ HTLUt n tJSVZPVU (PUZP <SYPJO KHUZ 3»/VTTL ZHUZ X\HSP[t TtKP[L [ PS !  <U WL\ JVTTL \U LZZHP KHUZ SH Z\JJLZZPVU KL ZLZ WHYHNYHWOLZ JVUZPKuYL KL UVTIYL\_ HZWLJ[Z K»\U VIQL[ ZHUZ ]V\SVPY SL ZHPZPY KHUZ ZVU LUZLTISL JHY \U VIQL[ ZHPZP KHUZ ZVU LUZLTISL LU WLYK K»\U JV\W ZVU t[LUK\L L[ ZL JOHUNL LU JVUJLW[ PS WLUZHP[ WV\]VPY JVUZPKtYLY L[ [YHP[LY SL TVUKL HPUZP X\L ZH WYVWYL ]PL H]LJ WS\Z KL Q\Z[LZZL X\»H\[YLTLU[ ® ,U K»H\[YLZ [LYTLZ ! JOLYJOLY n ]P]YL LU LZZH`PZ[L ZHUZ WV\Y H\[HU[ LU Ã&#x201E;J[PVUUHSPZLY SLZ YPZX\LZ =VPSn X\P [V\JOL H\ZZP n SH THUPuYL KVU[ *SH\KPV 4HNYPZ JVTWYLUK S»OPZ [VPYL L[ SH YtHSP[t +HUZ <[VWPH L KPZPUJHU[V VU S»H n WVY[tL KL THPU *LWLUKHU[ SH KL]PZL WYVK\J[P]L ZLSVU SHX\LSSL VU MHP[ IPLU KL YHJVU[LY JL X\L S»VU ]L\[ ZHPZPY WYt]H\[ PJP H\ZZP +HUZ ZVU [YH]HPS PUMH[PNHISL KL YLJOLYJOL L[ KL WYtZLY]H[PVU KLZ [YHJLZ 4HNYPZ LZ[ S»HSSPt KLZ MVYJLZ KL S»H]LUPY *VU[YL SLZ [LUKHUJLZ HTUtZPX\LZ KLZ WVZ[TVKLYULZ JVU[YL S»V\ISP KL S»OPZ[VPYL PS YHWWLSSL SL WHZZt H]LJ VIZ[PUH[PVU L[ JL Z\Y[V\[ SVYZX\»PS [LU[L KL Kt[LYYLY KLZ WYVTLZZLZ Kts\LZ KLZ LZWVPYZ K»H\[YL MVPZ KtZVYTHPZ WLYK\Z L[ WYLUK MHP[ L[ JH\ZL WV\Y SLZ V\ISPtZ WV\Y JL\_ X\P n S»tJHY[ KLTL\YLU[ PU]PZPISLZ SHTPUtZ WHY SH WYt[LUK\L OPZ[VPYL TVUKPHSL HIHUKVUUtZ KHUZ ZVU VTIYL PUH\KPISL KHUZ ZVU ]HJHYTL  3L JV\YZ KL S»OPZ[VPYL ® tJYP[ 4HNYPZ  LTWVY[L SLZ WL[P[LZ OPZ[VPYLZ KLZ PUKP]PK\Z L[ SLZ MHP[ ZVTIYLY B¯D tJYPYL ZPNUPÃ&#x201E;L H\ZZP LU[YL H\[YLZ SVU NLY SH YP]L YLTVU[LY SL JV\YHU[ YLWvJOLY KLZ L_PZ[LUJLZ UH\MYHNtLZ YHTHZZLY SLZ YLZ[LZ YLMV\StZ Z\Y SLZ YP]HNLZ L[ SLZ YtJ\WtYLY WV\Y \U TVTLU[ KHUZ \UL HYJOL KL 5Vt LU WHWPLY ®
4HNYPZ LZ[ [V\[LMVPZ HZZLa YtHSPZ[L WV\Y ZH]VPY X\L JLZ [LU[H[P]LZ KL ZH\]L[HNL H\ZZP ZLUZtLZ L[ UtJLZZHPYLZ ZVPLU[ LSSLZ YLZ[LYVU[ [V\ QV\YZ \[VWPX\LZ ,[ PS UL X\P[[L WHZ KLZ `L\_ SL YPZX\L X\L SLZ \[VWPLZ ZL [YHUZMVYTLU[ LU \[VWPZTLZ LU IVUOL\YZ WVSP[PX\LTLU[ WYVNYHT TtZ PKtVSVNPX\LTLU[ Ã&#x201E;NtZ X\P H\ UVT KL [V\Z VYKVUULU[ X\LSX\LZ \UZ WV\Y [V\Z (PUZP YLJV\]YL [ PS [V\QV\YZ JVTTL HU[PKV[L ZHS\[HPYL
SL WH[OVZ KL S»LZWtYHUJL WHY SL NP]YL PU[LSSLJ[\LS K\ KtZLUJOHU[LTLU[ L[ KL SH KtZPSS\ZPVU ;OVTHZ 4HUU HWWLSHP[ SL JVU[YHPYL KL JL WYVJtKt  2\O^pYTL ® JOHSL\Y IV]PUL K»\UL MHSSHJPL\ZL H\[OLU[PJP[t *L [YH ]HPS K»tX\PSPIYPZ[L UL Yt\ZZP[ QHTHPZ ZHUZ SH ZWYLaaH[\YH KL YPN\L\Y LU KHUZHU[ ZHUZ [YHUZWPYLY <UL ILSSL MVYT\SH[PVU S»t]VX\L !  3L KtZLU JOHU[LTLU[ KP[ X\L S»LUJOHU[LTLU[ U»L_PZ[L WHZ THPZ SH THUPuYL SL [VU H]LJ SLX\LS LSSL SL KP[ Z\NNuYL X\»PS L_PZ[L B¯D <UL ]VP_ KP[ X\L SH ]PL U»H WHZ KL ZLUZ THPZ ZVU [PTIYL WYVMVUK LZ[ S»tJOV KL JL ZLUZ ® ,[ 4HNYPZ WV\YZ\P[ ZV\Z SL ZPNUL K»\U W\PZZHU[  THSNYt [V\[ ® !  *»t[HP[ S»PYV UPL KL *LY]HU[uZ X\P H TPZ H\ QV\Y SH Y\KLZZL NYVZZPuYL KL SH JOL]HSLYPL L[ WV\Y[HU[ LSSL H WHYSt KL ZH WVtZPL L[ KL ZVU LUJOHU[LTLU[ ® *»LZ[ JVTTL Z»PS WHYSHP[ PJP H\ZZP KL S\P TvTL " JVTTL Z»PS WHYSHP[ KL ZVU ZLUZ ZPZTVNYHWOPX\L WV\Y SL WV[LU[PLS K»LMMVUKYLTLU[ KLZ LU[P[tZ WVSP[PX\LZ L[ SL\Y MH[PN\L J\S[\YLSSL KL ZVU YHWWVY[ HTIPN\ TtSHUJVSPX\L L[ PYV UPX\L n JL  TVUKL KL QHKPZ ® H\QV\YK»O\P KPZWHY\ n JL T`[OL  ,\YVWL JLU[YHSL ® X\»PS H KtJV\]LY[ L[ X\P HWYuZ SH N\LYYL MYVPKL H]LJ SL WYV QL[ L\YVWtLU K»tSHYNPZZLTLU[ ]LYZ S»LZ[ LZ[ YLKL]LU\ K»HJ[\HSP[t L[ LZ[ YtPU[LYWYt[t KHUZ \UL ]LYZPVU KtTVJYH[PX\L LU [HU[ X\L TVKuSL ]PHISL K»\UL \UP[t WVSP[PX\L THSNYt SH WS\YHSP[t J\S[\YLSSL X\P SH UV\YYP[ L[ ZHUZ S»L_WSVZPVU IHI`SVUPLUUL KLZ WHY[PJ\SHYPZTLZ
3»OPZ[VYPLU 4HNYPZ UL WHY]PLU[ n JL[[L MYHNPSL HTIP]HSLUJL KHUZ SH JVUZ[Y\J[PVU K»\UL [LSSL JVU[PU\P[t OPZ[VYPX\L X\»LU [HU[ X\»OVTTL KL SL[[YLZ L[ Z\Y[V\[ KHUZ ZH WYH[PX\L KL S»LZZHP *VTTL VU SL ZHP[ PS H YLs\ S»H\[VTUL WHZZt SL WYLZ[PNPL\_ º-YPLKLUZWYLPZ KLZ KL\[ZJOLU )\JOOHU KLSZ» H]LJ LU[YL H\[YLZ SH Q\Z[PÃ&#x201E;JH[PVU t]PKLU[L X\»PS H]HP[ KtTVU[Yt n X\LS WVPU[ SH KP]LYZP[t WL\[ v[YL JYtH[P]L L[ JVTIPLU ZVU VWWYLZZPVU LZ[ KLZ[Y\J[YPJL 4HPZ WLYTL[[La TVP K»HQV\[LY JLJP ! SL YtHSPZTL UHYYH[PM X\L S»VU WV\YYHP[ HWWLSLY \U YtHSPZTL H\ Z\IQVUJ[PM L[ X\P Z»H[[HJOL Z\Y [V\[ H\_ WYVJLZZ\Z KL MLYTLU[H[PVU J\S[\YLSSL L[ ZVJPHSL L[ H\_ WtYPVKLZ KL IV\SL]LYZLTLU[Z WVSP[PX\LZ JVYYLZWVUK n \UL ZLUZPIPSP[t WV\Y SHX\LSSL .VL[OL H]HP[ MVYNt S»L_WYLZZPVU  PTHNPUH[PVU WV\Y SH ]tYP[t K\ YtLS ®  7OHU[HZPL MÂ&#x2026;Y KPL >HOYOLP[ KLZ 9LHSLU ® 3LZ SPL\_ JVUJYL[Z X\»PS ]PZP[L KL]PLUULU[ HSVYZ n JOHX\L MVPZ KLZ MLUv[YLZ [LTWVYLSSLZ V\]YHU[ Z\Y KLZ ºWH`ZHNLZ OPZ[VYPX\LZ» X\L 4HNYPZ H\ ZLUZ K»\UL HYJOtVSVNPL K\ WYtZLU[ YLUK THNPZ[YHSLTLU[ SPZPISLZ ¶ X\L JL ZVP[ WO`ZPVUVTPX\LTLU[
V\ Z`TW[VTH[PX\LTLU[ ¶ H]LJ [V\[LZ SLZ MHPSSLZ X\P [tTVPNULU[ KL SL\Y MVYTH[PVU JVTTL \U ]PZHNL O\THPU KHUZ SLX\LS [V\[L \UL ]PL JLSSL ]tJ\L L[ JLSSL THUX\tL H PUZJYP[ ZLZ ZPNULZ
7V\Y S»tJYP[\YL KL 4HNYPZ SL ]V`HNL LZ[ \UL MVYTL KL ]PL WYVK\J[P]L 7S\Z LUJVYL S»tJYP[\YL LZ[ LSSL TvTL \U ]V`HNL L[ LSSL LZ[ KHUZ SH JVU[PU\P [t KL /LPUYPJO /LPUL :[L]LUZVU *VUYHK [V\QV\YZ \U ]V`HNL ]LYZ KLZ OVTTLZ ]P]HU[Z LU JOHPY L[ LU VZ 3H THUPuYL H]LJ SHX\LSSL PS SL\Y KVUUL SH WHYVSL KHUZ ZVU WYVWYL [L_[L L[ SL\Y KVUUL ]PL TVU[YL n X\LS WVPU[ PSZ S\P [PLUULU[ n Jµ\Y \UL MVPZ X\»PS SLZ H YLUJVU[YtZ *LS\P X\P ZHP[ ]V`HNLY HPUZP WL\[ SL MHPYL H\ZZP JOLa S\P 7YLUKYL ZVU tSHU KtWSV`LY ZLZ HPSLZ L[ ¶ KtJVSSLY ,JYPYL n ;YPLZ[L WHY L_LTWSL H\ JHMt º:HU 4HYJV» V PS H ZH WSHJL H[[P[YtL n ;YPLZ[L JL JYL\ZL[ PU[LYJ\S[\YLS LU[YL LZ[ L[ V\LZ[ KHUZ SLX\LS KLZ tStTLU[Z SH[PUZ IHSRHUPX\LZ ZSH]LZ H\Z[YV OVUNYVPZ Q\PMZ JVL_PZ[LU[ WHJPÄX\LTLU[ KLW\PZ SVUN[LTWZ *»LZ[ Sn X\L SL ZVP KPZHU[ NYHUK TVUKL KVU[ SL JLU[YL WL\[ WV\Y 4HNYPZ v[YL WHY[V\[ ZL YLÅu[L KHUZ SL TPYVPY JVUJH]L K»\UL WL[P[L J\PSSuYL n JHMt =V`HNLY tJYPYL ]P]YL ¶ [V\[ JLSH LZ[ WV\Y S\P JVTWHYHISL n SH UHYYH[PVU KL :JOtOtYHaHKL KHUZ SLZ 4PSSL L[ \UL U\P[Z JVU[YL SH TLUHJL KL SH TVY[ +HUZ 3»PUÄUP[V ]PHNNHYL ¶ QL UL W\PZ T»LTWvJOLY K»LU[LUKYL PJP H\ZZP SLZ KLYUPLYZ ]LYZ K\ WVuTL 3»PUÄUP[V KL 3LVWHYKP ¶ PS KP[ ]V`HNLY WV\Y HYYP]LY SL WS\Z [HYK WVZZPISL ZP WVZZPISL QHTHPZ ® 0S ` tJYP[ H\ZZP X\L SL ]V`HNL MVYTL n S»t[YHUNL[t LUZLPNUL n ZL ZLU[PY [V\QV\YZ t[YHUNLY KHUZ SH ]PL ,[YL t[YHUNLY WHYTP SLZ t[YHUNLYZ LZ[ WL\[ v[YL S»\UPX\L ]VPL WV\Y ]YHPTLU[ MYH[LYUPZLY SLZ \UZ H]LJ SLZ H\[YLZ ® <UL WOYHZL [YuZ YLTHYX\HISL ,SSL ZPNUPÄL ! [YH]HPSSLY n SH WHP_ ,[ LSSL JVY YLZWVUK JL X\P LZ[ IPLU WS\Z X\»\UL ZPTWSL WLUZtL n \UL THUPuYL KL WLUZLY n \U WYVJtKt K»tJYP[\YL X\L 4HNYPZ LU L_WSVYHU[ LU [YH]LYZHU[ LU JVU[V\YUHU[ SLZ MYVU[PuYLZ WYH[PX\L PUSHZZHISLTLU[ WHZ n WHZ WHNL HWYuZ WHNL ! SL KtJSVPZVUULTLU[ *VUZJPLU[ WV\Y WHYSLY H]LJ >P[[NLUZ [LPU X\L SVYZX\L UV\Z [YHsVUZ \UL MYVU[PuYL PUMYHUJOPZZHISL UV\Z KL]VUZ [V\QV\YZ KtQn S»H]VPY MYHUJOPL *VUZJPLU[ X\L SLZ MYVU[PuYLZ X\L UV\Z H]VUZ [LUKHUJL KL THUPuYL PYYtÅtJOPL n JVUZPKtYLY JVTTL KVUUtLZ UH[\ YLSSLZ JLSSLZ LU[YL SL WYVWYL L[ S»t[YHUNLY LU[YL \U WYt[LUK\ PU[tYPL\Y L[ \U L_[tYPL\Y Z»H]uYLU[ \UL MVPZ TPZLZ LU S\TPuYL MHIYPX\tLZ WHY S»OVTTL S\P TvTL <U WHZ LU H]HU[ KVUJ WL\[ v[YL ]LYZ S»PKtHS K»\UL WLYTtHIP SP[t MVUKHTLU[HSL LU[YL SLZ OVTTLZ L[ JL X\P SL\Y ZLTISL v[YL WYVWYL +L
ZVY[L X\L JL X\L -YL\K HWWLSHP[ LU ZVU [LTWZ SL WH`Z t[YHUNLY PU[t YPL\Y ® S»t[YHUNL[t LUJVYL PUL_WSVYtL K\ WYVWYL KHUZ ZH JYHPU[L WYVMVUKL KL S»H\[YL ZVU VTIYL KVUJ Z»V\]YL n KL UV\]LH\_ ]V`HNLZ K»L_WSVYH [PVU +HUZ 4PJYVJVZTP 4HNYPZ tJYP[ n WYVWVZ KL ZH Z\I]LYZPVU YtZVS\L K»\UL JVUJLW[PVU IPSH[tYHSL L[ L_JS\HU[L KL SH MYVU[PuYL ! 7L\[ v[YL SL ZL\S TV`LU KL UL\[YHSPZLY SL WV\]VPY TVY[LS KL SH MYVU[PuYL YtZPKL [ PS KHUZ SL MHP[ KL ZL ZLU[PY KL S»H\[YL J [t KL WYLUKYL H\ZZP ZVU WHY[P ® -PUHSLTLU[ VU UL ZLYHP[ WL\[ v[YL JOLa ZVP X\»n SH SPNUL KL MYVU[ KLZ YLUJVU[YLZ O\THPULZ Z\Y \UL MYVU[PuYL X\P U»LU LZ[ WS\Z \UL L[ IPHPZL [V\[LZ SLZ MYVU[PuYLZ KL WL\WSLZ KL UH[PVUZ L[ KL J\S[\YLZ ( TH JVUUHPZZHUJL 4HNYPZ U»H Q\ZX\»n WYtZLU[ QHTHPZ WV\ZZt SL KtJSVP ZVUULTLU[ H\ZZP SVPU X\L KHUZ 3LP K\UX\L JHWPYn ;V\[ LU JVUZLY]HU[ \U PTTLUZL YLZWLJ[ KL]HU[ SH KLYUPuYL KLZ SPTP[LZ JLSSL LU[YL SLZ WYt [LUK\Z ]P]HU[Z L[ SLZ WYt[LUK\Z TVY[Z PS SH [YH]LYZL WHY S»tJYP[\YL Z»tJYP[ WV\Y HPUZP KPYL ]LYZ S»H\[YL J [t KL SH ]PL L[ LU YL]PLU[ " PS MHP[ HSVYZ KPYL n SH UHYYH[YPJL KtM\U[L X\»LSSL U»H WHZ Z\P]P S»HWWLS n SH ]PL KL S»tJYP]HPU \UP X\LTLU[ WHYJL X\L KHUZ ZVU WH[OVZ WVt[PX\L KL SH TVY[ JVTTL \S[PTL ZLJYL[ ® PS H\YHP[ Kt[Y\P[ SH JVU]PJ[PVU X\L UV\Z UV\Z [YV\]VUZ JLY[LZ KLYYPuYL \U TPYVPY THPZ X\L JL[ LU]LYZ LZ[ [V\[ JVTTL S»LUKYVP[ tNH SLTLU[ \U TPYVPY ® *»LZ[ Sn \UL MVYT\SL K»\UL WYVMVUKL\Y ]LY[PNPUL\ZL TvTL Z»PS U»` LZ[ X\LZ[PVU X\L KL Z\YMHJLZ 6\ WL\[ v[YL Q\Z[LTLU[ WV\Y JLSH 0S UL Z»HNP[ WS\Z KLZ KL\_ J [tZ K»\UL TvTL TtKHPSSL ,SSL U»LU H X\»\U ZL\S L[ tJOHUNL HPUZP n S»PUÄUP ZHUZ v[YL LSSL TvTL H[[LPNUHISL V\ ZHPZPZZHISL JVTTL SPTP[L JLJP KHUZ \U LMML[ KL IVVTLYHUN JVTTL SL TPYVPY S»H]HU[ L[ S»HYYPuYL S»PU[tYPL\Y L[ S»L_[tYPL\Y SL KtI\[ L[ SH ÄU
:P QL ]VPZ IPLU YPLU KHUZ [V\[L S»µ\]YL KL 4HNYPZ UL YL]PLU[ ZP ZV\]LU[ L[ H]LJ H\[HU[ K»PU[LUZP[t X\L KLZ ÅL\]LZ KL ]PL X\P Å\PKLZ HZWPYLU[ n Z»HIHUKVUULY n SH TLY THPZ ZVU[ LU TvTL [LTWZ WYPZ KHUZ SL ºKV\ISL IPUK» K»\UL WL\Y ]P[HSL K»v[YL ÄUHSLTLU[ H]HSt KHUZ SL TLKP\T PUÄKuSL PUKPMMtYLU[ X\HZP \[tYPU K»\U [LS HIHUKVU KL ZVP YtNYLZZPM (PUZP SH UVZ[HS NPL K»\U JOLa ZVP V WLYZVUUL U»H QHTHPZ t[t S»HZWPYH[PVU K\ YL[V\Y n \UL VYPNPUL [V\QV\YZ KtQn WLYK\L WL\]LU[ LSSLZ KHUZ SL THZX\L K»\U \S[PTL KtYHJPULTLU[ UV\Z YLU]V`LY \U t[YHUNL YPJ[\Z 3H TLY tJYP[ 4HNYPZ JL IHW[PZ[uYL ® LZ[ \UL NYHUKL tWYL\]L KL S»oTL ® 4PJYVJVZTP
+HUZ ZVU SP]YL Z\Y SL +HU\IL ¶ KHUZ ZH [YHK\J[PVU HSSLTHUKL PS WVY[L SL ZV\Z [P[YL tSVX\LU[ KL )PVNYHWOPL K»\U ÅL\]L ® ¶ 4HNYPZ KtJYP[ SLZ TtHUKYLZ KL S»LTIV\JO\YL K\ ÅL\]L KHUZ SL KLS[H YV\THPU JVTTL \UL NYHUKL KPZZVS\[PVU ® ! +LZ JV\YZ K»LH\ KLZ ÅL\]LZ KLZ IYHZ ZL YHTPÄLU[ WV\YZ\P]LU[ SL\YZ WYVWYLZ JOLTPUZ JVTTL SLZ VYNHULZ K»\U JVYWZ TV\YHU[ ® ,U TvTL [LTWZ JL[[L UH[\YL X\P YL[V\YUL n LSSL TvTL ZL KtJVTWVZL L[ ZL JVTWVZ[L LZ[ \U SHI`YPU[OL HY[PÄJPLS \U IPV[VWL L[ ZPT\S[HUtTLU[ \U JOLM K»µ\]YL KL YtN\SH[PVU 6U LU HYYP]L ÄUHSL TLU[ ® SP[ VU L[ WYLZX\L JLSH UV\Z H\YHP[ PS tJOHWWt VU LU HYYP]L n \UL JV{UJPKLUJL LU[YL SL YHSLU[PZZLTLU[ JLU[YPM\NL L[ SL JHKHZ[YL X\P SL KVJ\TLU[L ® ,[ ]VPSn X\L SL ÅL\]L YHJVU[t UV\Z VMMYL S»PTHNL JVUJYu[L K\ Å\_ UHYYH[PM X\P ZL\S KHUZ ZVU PKLU[P[t Å\PKL L[ MYHNPSL LZ[ JHWHISL KL YHZZLTISLY JLZ OPZ[VPYLZ KL YP]LZ JLZ HULJKV[LZ JLZ YtÅL_PVUZ X\P KtIVYKLU[ ]LYZ [V\Z SLZ WVPU[Z JHYKPUH\_ IV\PSSVUULU[ L[ Z»PUÄS[YLU[ KHUZ SL MVUK KLZ ZPuJSLZ ,[ JVTTL H\ KtI\[ PS H]HP[ YHJVU[t ]PZPISL TLU[ HT\Zt SH WVZZPIPSP[t K»\UL ZV\YJL T\S[PWSL ¶ WL\[ v[YL U»LZ[ LSSL X\»\U YVIPUL[ ¶ 4HNYPZ JtSuIYL n SH ÄU SH T\S[PWSPJP[t KLZ LTIV\JO\YLZ K\ +HU\IL HWYuZ WYLZX\L RT L[ WYLZX\L WHNLZ JVTTL SL YtZ\S[H[ K\ [YH]HPS KL SH J\S[\YL HY[PÄJPLSSLTLU[ LUJSVZ ZV\Z SH MVYTL K»\U JHUHS KHUZ SL WVY[ 3»LTWOHZL WYLZX\L WHU[OtPZ[L KL SH ÄU LZ[ HPUZP YLMYVPKPL WV\Y HPUZP KPYL WHY SLZ IVYKZ L[ WHY LU IHZ L[ KL]PLU[ WYVIHISL TLU[ WHY JL IPHPZ Sn Q\Z[LTLU[ \UL Mv[L K\ KtJSVPZVUULTLU[ ! SL JHUHS JV\SL StNLY L[ JHSTL L[ Z Y KHUZ SH TLY U»LZ[ WS\Z JHUHS MYVU[PuYL YtN\ SH[PVU THPZ \U JV\YHU[ X\P Z»V\]YL L[ ZL KVUUL H\_ LH\_ L[ H\_ VJtHUZ KL JL NSVIL L[ H\_ JYtH[\YLZ KL ZLZ WYVMVUKL\YZ º-HPZ :LPNUL\Y» KP[ \U ]LYZ KL 4HYPU ºX\L Q»LU[YL KHUZ SH TVY[ JVTTL SL ÅL\]L ZL QL[[L n SH TLY» PU [»LS THY NYHUKV» ®
:P *SH\KPV 4HNYPZ KHUZ \UL ZLUZ\HSP[t X\»VU WV\YYHP[ WYLZX\L HWWL SLY IHYVX\L ZL [V\YUL ]LYZ SH ]PL JVUZJPLU[ KL ZH ÄUP[\KL PS UL JHJOL WHZ n ZLZ SLJ[L\YZ X\L SLZ PUZ[HU[Z YLTWSPZ n YHZ IVYK KL ]P[HSP[t X\»PS TL[ LU ZJuUL LU SLZ YHJVU[HU[ UP UL YLTWSHJLU[ SH ]PL UP UL SH JVT WLUZLU[ KHUZ ZLZ THUX\LZ (\ JVU[YHPYL 3H SP[[tYH[\YL ® SP[ VU KHUZ SL SP]YL Z\Y SL +HU\IL VMMYL ZH WYV[LJ[PVU KL]HU[ SL THUX\L NYoJL n JL X\»LSSL [YHUZTL[ H\ WHWPLY L[ KtYVIL JL MHPZHU[ n SH ]PL X\P WHY Sn KL]PLU[ WS\Z ]PKL L[ WS\Z SHJ\UHPYL LUJVYL¯ 4HPZ SL WHWPLY LZ[ IVU
JHY PS LUZLPNUL Q\Z[LTLU[ JL[[L TVKLZ[PL¯ ® *»LZ[ Q\Z[LTLU[ KL JLSH X\»PS Z»HNP[ KHUZ \U WHZZHNL StNLY JVTTL \UL WS\TL S\PZHU[ WOVZWOV YLZJLU[ KHUZ SLX\LS LU [HU[ X\L ZVU SLJ[L\Y QL JYVPZ H]VPY YLUJVU[Yt PU[PTLTLU[ S»H\[L\Y 0S Z»HNP[ ¶ PJP LUJVYL \U VIQL[ [YV\]t ¶ KL SH IYu]L OPZ[VPYL K»\U LUMHU[ PTWYPTtL KHUZ \U QV\YUHS ZJVSHPYL KL ;YPLZ[L !  3H YVZL LZ[ OL\YL\ZL ,SSL Z»LU[LUKHP[ IPLU H]LJ SLZ H\[YLZ Ã&#x2026;L\YZ <U QV\Y SH YVZL ZLU[P[ X\»LSSL ZL MHUHP[ L[ t[HP[ LU [YHPU KL TV\YPY ,SSL ]P[ \UL Ã&#x2026;L\Y KL WHWPLY L[ S\P KP[ ! ºX\LSSL ILSSL YVZL [\ LZ » ¶ ºTHPZ QL Z\PZ \UL Ã&#x2026;L\Y KL WHWPLY» ¶ ºTHPZ ZHPZ [\ X\L QL TL\YZ &» ¶ ®  *L[[L WL[P[L MHISL ® J»LZ[ HPUZP X\L 4HNYPZ KtWSPL Ã&#x201E;UHSLTLU[ ZVU ZLUZ JVTTL Z»PS Z»HNPZZHP[ SH THPU StNuYL KL KtWSV`LY L[ KL SPZZLY Z\Y ZVU I\YLH\ \UL Ã&#x2026;L\Y KL WHWPLY X\P n S»PUZ[HU[ LUJVYL Ã&#x2026;V[[HP[ Z\Y S»LH\  JL[[L WL[P[L MHISL X\P KP[ [V\[ LU Ã&#x201E;U KL JVTW[L KL SH [LUKYLZZL KL SH ]PL L[ KL SH KV\SL\Y PUZVUKHISL KL SH TVY[ YHWWLSSL X\L SLZ JOVZLZ K\YLU[ \U WL\ WS\Z SVUN[LTWZ X\L SH ]PL THPZ X\»LSSLZ WHZZLU[ LSSLZ H\ZZP¯ L[ X\»H\ YLNHYK KL SH TVY[ PS ` H WL\ KL ZLUZ n tSL]LY S»H\[OLU[PX\L H\ KLZZ\Z KL S»HY[PÃ&#x201E;JPLS :P VU ZL Ã&#x201E;L H\_ SHYTLZ KLZ JOVZLZ ]P]HU[LZ VU ` KtJuSL SL\Y KtZPY KL K\YLY \U WL\ WS\Z SVUN[LTWZ H\ZZP SVUN[LTWZ H\ TVPUZ X\L SLZ JOVZLZ PTP[tLZ ® 0TP[tLZ K»HWYuZ SH ]PL LUJOHU[tLZ KtZLUJOHU[tLZ ! Z\Y WHWPLY *»LZ[ HSVYZ \UL WS\Z ]HS\L K\YHISL KL ]P[HSP[t X\P ]PLU[ H\ TVUKL L[ X\P H]HU[ H]HU[ S»LUYPJOPZZLTLU[ T`Z[tYPL\_ WHY SH WLY[L KLZ PSS\ZPVUZ U»L_PZ[HP[ WHZ *»LZ[ WV\Y JL[[L YHPZVU X\L UV\Z H]VUZ n YLTLYJPLY *SH\KPV 4HNYPZ 5V\Z UV\Z [V\Z X\P LU SL SPZHU[ UV\Z ZVTTLZ MHP[Z VMMYPY JLSH L[ X\P SL SPZHU[ LUJVYL S»HJJVTWHNULYVUZ 3L YLTLYJPLY WV\Y JL[[L ZtK\J[PVU n SPYL X\L S\P TvTL HWWLSSL n WYVWVZ KL 3»tK\JH[PVU ZLU[PTLU[HSL KL -SH\ILY[ ¶  SL WS\Z NYHUK SP]YL K\ KtZLUJOHU[LTLU[ ® KP[ PS L[ LU TvTL [LTWZ  SL WS\Z NYHUK SP]YL KL S»LUJOHU[LTLU[ ® ¶ \UL  ZtK\J[PVU n ]P]YL ® ,SSL Yt\ZZPYH JOHX\L MVPZ JL[[L ZtK\J[PVU NYoJL H\ JSPU K»µPS ZV\YPHU[ KLZ [L_[LZ X\L *SH\KPV 4HNYPZ UV\Z KVUUL n SPYL *OYPZ[PHHU 3 /HY[ 5PIIYPN
;YHK\P[ KL S»HSSLTHUK WHY (YUV 9LURLU
1
2
3
26
4
5
1 2 3 4 5
Claudio Magris, Dominique Arlettaz Claudio Magris, Christiaan Hart Nibbrig Pascal Veillon Claudio Magris, Pascal Veillon ConfĂŠrence de Claudio Magris
27
28
1
1 Claudio Magris, Christiaan Hart Nibbrig, Bernard Bรถschenstein
29
+L]HU[ SH SVP 3P[[tYH[\YL L[ KYVP[ *SH\KPV 4HNYPZ
*L[[L H[[P[\KL KL SH WVtZPL LU]LYZ SL KYVP[ ¶ WVtZPL PJP JVTWYPZL H\ ZLUZ SL WS\Z SHYNL JVTTL JYtH[PVU HY[PZ[PX\L ZHUZ ZV\JP K\ NLUYL ¶ UL WL\[ WHZ v[YL YtK\P[L n \UL Yt]VS[L KL SH MHU[HPZPL JVU[YL SLZ YuNSLZ L[ SH SV NPX\L KLZ JVKLZ ;V\[ HY[PZ[L KPNUL KL JL UVT H [V\QV\YZ Z\ X\»PS U»L_PZ[L WHZ KL SVP WS\Z KYHJVUPLUUL X\L JLSSL X\P WYtZPKL n SH JYtH[PVU HY[PZ[PX\L +L JL WVPU[ KL ]\L VU ]VP[ ZL WYVÃ&#x201E;SLY \UL JLY[HPUL HMÃ&#x201E;UP[t LU[YL SP[[tYH [\YL L[ KYVP[ NYoJL n S»HUHSVNPL LU[YL KYVP[ L[ SHUNHNL HUHSVNPL ZV\]LU[
+VU 8\PJOV[[L ]VP[ \UL Ã&#x201E;SL KL IHNUHYKZ TPZ H\_ MLYZ L[ PS KP[ !  (SSn ZL SV OH`H JHKH\UV JVU Z\ WLJHKV ¶ 5V LZ IPLU X\L SVZ OVTIYLZ OVUYHKVZ ZLHU ]LYK\NVZ KL SVZ V[YVZ OVTIYLZ ® :V\Z SLZ JPLSZ SLZ WS\Z KP]LYZ L[ H\_ tWVX\LZ SLZ WS\Z KP]LYZLZ SH SP[[tYH[\YL ZLTISL LU]HOPL WHY \U YLQL[ K\ KYVP[ L[ KL SH SVP 5V]HSPZ tJYP[ KHUZ \U KL ZLZ MYHNTLU[Z !  0JO IPU LPU NHUa \UQ\YPZ[PZJOLY 4LUZJO VOUL :PUU \UK )LKÂ&#x2026;YMUPZ MÂ&#x2026;Y 9LJO[ ®
ZV\SPNUtL H\ TvTL [P[YL X\L JLSSL X\P L_PZ[L LU[YL Q\YPZWY\KLUJL L[ NYHT THPYL " JL[[L KLYUPuYL LZ[ t]PKLU[L Z\Y[V\[ KHUZ SL JHZ K\ WVZP[P]PZTL Q\YPKPX\L ,U *YVJL ZPNUHSHP[ KHUZ \U LZZHP Z\Y SH WOPSVZVWOPL K\ KYVP[ SH YLZZLTISHUJL LU[YL SL [YH]HPS K\ NYHTTHPYPLU L[ JLS\P K\ Q\YPZ[L
4HPZ PS L_PZ[L WL\[ v[YL \UL HUHSVNPL WS\Z WYVMVUKL +L TvTL X\L ZLSVU (SLZZHUKYV 7HZZLYPU K»,U[Yu]LZ SLZ NYHTTHPYLZ L[ SLZ KPJ[PVUUHPYLZ SH WOVUt[PX\L L[ SH TVYWOVSVNPL UL MVU[ WHZ \U SHUNHNL KL TvTL SH Q\YPZWY\KLUJL LZ[ PUJHWHISL K»H]VPY SL KLYUPLY TV[ Z\Y SL KYVP[ ® 3L KYVP[ U»HYYP]L WHZ n ZHPZPY ZH WYVWYL ]tYP[t PS LZ[ PUJHWHISL KL YtWVUKYL n S»HUJPLUUL X\LZ[PVU X\L WVZL (SJPIPHKL ! +PZ TVP 7tYPJSuZ WV\YYHPZ [\ TL KPYL JL X\»LZ[ SH SVP & ® 2HU[ KPZHP[ X\L SH X\LZ[PVU X\PK P\Z " ^HZ PZ[ KHZ 9LJO[ & ® JYtL WV\Y SL Q\YPZ[L SL TvTL LTIHYYHZ X\»tWYV\]L SL WOPSVZVWOL X\HUK VU S\P KLTHUKL ! >HZ PZ[ KPL >HOYOLP[ & ® 6U [YV\]L \U Z`TW[ TL KL JL[ LTIHYYHZ KHUZ SH JVUM\ZPVU MYtX\LU[L X\L S»VU MHP[ LU[YL P\Z L[ SL_ LU[YL KYVP[ L[ SVP JVUM\ZPVU X\L /VIILZ KtUVUJL " PS tJYP[ LU LMML[ X\L KL [LSZ [LYTLZ V\NO[ [V IL KPZ[PUN\PZOLK ILJH\ZL YPNO[ JVUZPZ[L[O PU SPILY[` [V KV VY [V MVYILHY " ^OLYLHZ SH^ KL[LYTPUL[O HUK IPUKL[O [V VUL VM [OLT ! ZV [OH[ SH^ HUK YPNO[ KPMMLY HZ T\JO HZ VISPNH[PVU HUK SPILY[`¯ ®
3H YtÅL_PVU Q\YPKPX\L Z»LUNS\L KHUZ \U PTIYVNSPV LU[YL YPJO[PNLZ 9LJO[ L[ NLYLJO[LZ 9LJO[ " LU[YL JL X\P HWWHY[PLU[ H\ KYVP[ LU [HU[ X\L P\Z Z\T n ZH]VPY \U KYVP[ VYKVUUt WHY \UL ]VSVU[t ZV\]LYHPUL L[ JL X\P S\P HWWHY[PLU[ LU [HU[ X\L P\Z[\T LU [HU[ X\L Q\Z[PJL ]HSPKL \UP]LYZLSSLTLU[ (PUZP S»VK`ZZtL Q\YPKPX\L [LU[L LU ]HPU KL YtZV\KYL \UL X\HKYH[\YL K\ JLYJSL JLSSL X\P JVUZPZ[L n JVUJPSPLY K»\UL WHY[ \UL LZZLUJL TVYHSL PTTHULU[L H\ KYVP[ ¶ HMÄYTtL LU WYLTPLY SPL\ WHY SL Q\ZUH[\YHSPZTL ¶ L[ K»H\[YL WHY[ JLSSL X\P JVUZPZ[L n KPZ[PUN\LY L[ ZtWHYLY SL KYVP[ L[ SH TVYHSL S»VISPNH[PVU KL SVP L[ S»VISPNH[PVU KL JVUZJPLUJL JL X\P LZ[ SH NHYHU[PL MVUKHTLU[HSL KL SH SPILY[t L[ SL WYtZ\WWVZt K»\UL ZVJPt[t JP]PSL YL]LUKPX\tZ WHY SH WLUZtL TVKLYUL KLW\PZ ;OVTHZP\Z Q\ZX\»H\_ WS\Z NYHUKZ Q\YPZ[LZ L[ WOPSVZVWOLZ KLZ tWVX\LZ Z\JJLZZP]LZ 3H KPZ[PUJ[PVU SH ZtWHYH[PVU ! ]VPSn SH NYHUKL SLsVU X\L SL KYVP[ KVUUL n S»PU[LSSPNLUJL 3L KYVP[ LZ[ \U HY[ KL ZtWHYLY JVTTL PS LZ[ KP[ WHY L_LTWSL
KHUZ SL SP]YL KL -YP[a :JO\Sa PU[P[\St 7YPUJPWLZ K\ KYVP[ YVTHPU X\P JVU[PLU[ \U JOHWP[YL SPILSSt 0ZVSPLY\UN " PS Z»HNP[ K»\UL ZtWHYH[PVU LU[YL KYVP[ ZHJYt L[ KYVP[ WYVMHUL " LU[YL KYVP[ W\ISPJ L[ KYVP[ WYP]t " LU[YL KYVP[ JP]PS L[ KYVP[ WtUHS +L JL WVPU[ KL ]\L SL KYVP[ JVTWYPZ JVTTL HY[ KL SH ZtWHYH[PVU VMMYL \UL JVU[YPI\[PVU MVUKHTLU[HSL n S»PU[LSSPNLUJL n SH TV YHSL L[ Z\Y[V\[ n SH WVSP[PX\L 3L KYVP[ UV\Z HWWYLUK H]LJ MVYJL n MHPYL SH KPZ[PUJ[PVU LU[YL ,NSPZL L[ ,[H[ LU[YL JL X\P LZ[ VIQL[ KL MVP L[ JL X\P LZ[ VIQL[ KL KtTVUZ[YH[PVU YH[PVUULSSL LU[YL ]HSL\YZ MYVPKLZ JVTTL SL ZVU[ SLZ YuNSLZ KL SH KtTVJYH[PL L[ ]HSL\YZ JOH\KLZ JVTTL S»HTP[Pt S»HTV\Y SLZ ZLU[PTLU[Z ,U YL]HUJOL SH SP[[tYH[\YL LZ[ WHY L_JLSSLUJL SL [LYYP[VPYL O`IYPKL KL SH YLUJVU[YL L[ K\ TtSHUNL KL S»t]HULZJLUJL KLZ JH[tNVYPLZ L[ KL S»HTIPN\{[t KL SH ]PL KHUZ SHX\LSSL [V\[ Z»LU[YLSHJL H]LJ [V\[
,[ WV\Y[HU[ S»H]LYZPVU KL SH WVtZPL KPYPNtL PUKPZ[PUJ[LTLU[ JVU[YL SH SVP V\ JVU[YL SL KYVP[ H KLZ YHJPULZ WYVMVUKLZ 3H SVP PUZ[H\YL ZVU LTWPYL L[ Yt]uSL ZH UtJLZZP[t Sn V \U JVUÅP[ L_PZ[L V\ LZ[ WVZZPISL " SL YuNUL K\ KYVP[ J»LZ[ SH YtHSP[t KLZ JVUÅP[Z L[ KL SH UtJLZZP[t K»` YLTtKPLY 3LZ YHWWVY[Z O\THPUZ U»VU[ WHZ ILZVPU K\ KYVP[ ! PSZ S»PNUVYLU[ 3»HTP[Pt L[
+»\U H\[YL J [t \UL NYHUKL ZWtJPHSPZ[L K\ KYVP[ KPZWHY\L YtJLTTLU[ 4HYPL ;OLYLZL - NLU H ZV\SPNUt H]LJ \UL ]PN\L\Y YLTHYX\HISL X\L UVTVZ SVP ZPNUPÄL H\ZZP JOHU[ WVuTL MVUKH[L\Y K»\UL JP]PSPZH[PVU 3LZ WYLTPuYLZ SVPZ :VSVU WYLUHPLU[ SH MVYTL K»\U JOHU[ L[ J»LZ[ KHUZ SL JOHU[ X\»VU WV\]HP[ L_WYPTLY SLZ JOVZLZ X\L KHUZ SH JP[t NV\]LYUtL WHY SL [`YHU PS U»t[HP[ WHZ WVZZPISL KL KPYL Z\Y S»HNVYH KHUZ SH KPZJ\ZZPVU W\ISPX\L 4HYPL ;OLYLZL - NLU H W\ HPUZP KVUULY n ZVU [YuZ ILH\ SP]YL SL [P[YL +HZ 3PLK ]VT .LZL[a :V\]LU[ LU LMML[ SLZ JVKLZ L[ SLZ JVYW\Z KL SVPZ t[HPLU[ WYtJtKtZ WHY KLZ WYtS\KLZ V\ WYtHTI\SLZ X\P LU L_WSP X\HPLU[ SLZ YHPZVUZ L[ LU JtStIYHPLU[ SLZ ]HSL\YZ [YHUZJLUKHU[ SLZ SVPZ WVZP[P]LZ H\ UVT K\ ZLUZ KL SH ]PL X\P SLZ MVUKHP[ " LU K»H\[YLZ [LYTLZ ! LU MHPZHU[ KL SH SP[[tYH[\YL *»LZ[ 9VILZWPLYYL X\P HIVSP[ JLZ WYtS\KLZ SVYZX\»PS WYtZLU[H SH *VUZ[P[\HU[L KL ZHUZ WYtHTI\SL ® " THPZ SLZ WYtHTI\SLZ UL KPZWHYHPZZLU[ WHZ WV\Y H\[HU[ :JOTP[[ LUJVYL ZL WVZHP[ SH X\LZ[PVU KL S»HS[LYUH[P]L 2VKPÄRH[PVU VKLY 5V]LSSL ® *PJtYVU S\P TvTL U»H]HP[ PS WHZ KtÄUP SLZ SVPZ JVTTL JHYTLU ULJLZZHYP\T ® &
S»HTV\Y U»VU[ WHZ ILZVPU KL JVKLZ KL Q\NLZ K»H]VJH[Z L[ KL WYPZVUZ 4HPZ SLZ JVKLZ SLZ Q\NLZ SLZ H]VJH[Z L[ SLZ WYPZVUZ KL]PLUULU[ Z\IP[L TLU[ UtJLZZHPYLZ SVYZX\L SH ]PVSLUJL ZL KtJOHzUL n WHY[PY KL S»HTV\Y V\ KL S»HTP[Pt SVYZX\L X\LSX\»\U ]L\[ WYP]LY X\LSX\»\U K»H\[YL KL SH WVZZPIPSP[t K»HPTLY V\ KL ]P]YL +HUZ SH WVtZPL ¶ MÂ&#x201E;[ LSSL SH WS\Z [YHUZ NYLZZP]L ¶ PS ` H ZV\]LU[ KL THUPuYL t]PKLU[L V\ SH[LU[L SL ZVUNL K»\U oNL K»VY KL S»PUUVJLUJL KL [V\[L W\SZPVU K»\U M\[\Y KHUZ SLX\LS SL SV\W L[ S»HNULH\ IVP]LU[ n SH TvTL ZV\YJL LU [V\[L HTP[Pt *L[[L YtKLTW [PVU WVt[PX\L KL [V\[L W\SZPVU X\L 5V]HSPZ L[ WL\[ v[YL H\ZZP 9PTIH\K [LUHPLU[ WV\Y WVZZPISL JVSVYL K»\UL [LPU[L Ã&#x2026;L\Y ISL\L TvTL JLY[HPUZ TV\]LTLU[Z Yt]VS\[PVUUHPYLZ X\P JOLYJOLU[ n JYtLY WVt[PX\LTLU[ L[ L_PZ[LU[PLSSLTLU[ S»OVTTL UV\]LH\ 7LUKHU[ SH *VTT\UL KL 7HYPZ SLZ *VTT\UHYKZ [PYHPLU[ Z\Y SLZ OVYSVNLZ WV\Y Z`TIVSPZLY SH Ã&#x201E;U K\ [LTWZ OPZ[VYPX\L L[ Q\YPKPX\L KL S»PUQ\Z[PJL L[ WV\Y HUUVUJLY S»H]uULTLU[ K»\U [LTWZ UV\]LH\ TLZZPHUPX\L <U H\[YL MYHNTLU[ KL 5V]HSPZ tUVUJL !  +PL /LYYZJOHM[ KLZ 9LJO[Z ^PYK TP[ KLY )HYIHYLP aLZZPLYLU ®
3L YLM\Z KL SH SVP YHWWYVJOL SH WVtZPL KL SH MVP 7LYZVUUL U»H H\[HU[ HJ J\Zt SH SVP X\L :HPU[ 7H\S L[ SH [OtVSVNPL X\P Z»` YtMuYL ¶ LU WYLTPLY SPL\ SH [OtVSVNPL WYV[LZ[HU[L  +HZ .LZL[a YPJO[L[ U\Y AVYU HU +HZ .LZL[a PZ[ a^PZJOLU OPULPUNLRVTTLU KHTP[ KLY -HSS a\T <LILYÃ&#x2026;PLZZLU RVTTL ® SP[ VU KHUZ SH 3L[[YL H\_ 9VTHPUZ *»LZ[ SH SVP SP[ VU LUJVYL X\P KVUUL ]PL H\ WtJOt L[ SL MHP[ Z\YHIVUKLY 3\[OLY LUJOHzUL !  A\]VY ^HY PJO MYLP \UK NPUN ILP KLY 5HJO[ VOUL 3H[LYUL " QL[a[ UHJO KLT .LZL[a OHIL PJO LPU .L^PZZLU \UK ULOTL LPUL 3H[LYUL ILP KLY 5HJO[ (SZV PZ[ .V[[LZ .LZL[a UPJO[Z KLUU LYÂ&#x20AC;MMULU TLPU IÂ&#x20AC;ZLZ .L^PZZLU & ® 3H YtWVUZL KL S»OVTTL KL YLSPNPVU n S»OVYYL\Y KL SH SVP LZ[ KVUUtL WHY SL ZH\[ KHUZ SH NYoJL WHY SL MHP[ KL Z»HIHUKVUULY n SH MVP " \UL MVP X\P ZH\]L S»OVTTL H\ KLSn K\ Q\NLTLU[ WHYJL X\»LSSL UL ZL IHZL WHZ Z\Y S»L_HTLU KLZ HJ [PVUZ TtYP[VPYLZ V\ MH\[P]LZ THPZ IPLU WS\[ [ Z\Y S»\UPVU [V[HSL LU +PL\ PUKtWLUKHTTLU[ KL [V\[L t]HS\H[PVU TVYHSL 2HYS )HY[O tJYP[ X\»(IYH OHT UL ZL ZH\]L WHZ LU YHPZVU KL JL X\»PS MHP[ THPZ WHYJL X\L ¶ )HY[O SL KP[ L_WSPJP[LTLU[ ¶ PS JYVP[ LU JLS\P X\P KP[ X\L S»PTWPL LZ[ Q\Z[L (\ W SL VWWVZt .YV[P\Z SL MVUKH[L\Y KL SH [OtVYPL TVKLYUL K\ KYVP[ UH[\YLS HMÃ&#x201E;YTL KHUZ ZVU SP]YL +L 0\YL )LSSP HJ 7HJPZ !  7HZ TvTL
+PL\ U»LZ[ LU TLZ\YL KL MHPYL LU ZVY[L X\L JL X\P LZ[ PU[YPUZuX\LTLU[ THS UL SL ZVP[ WHZ ® :HPU[ ;OVTHZ H\ZZP ZL [YV\]L Z\Y SH TvTL SPNUL K»HYN\TLU[H[PVU H]LJ ZH  S\TPuYL KL SH YHPZVU UH[\YLSSL ® X\P MVUKL ZH JVUJLW[PVU K\ KYVP[ KL UH[\YL :»PS L_PZ[L \UL MHJ\S[t O\THPUL X\P JVTTL PS LZ[ KP[ KHUZ S»,]HUNPSL UL UHz[ WHZ WV\Y Q\NLY UVSP[L P\KPJHYL THPZ WV\Y YHJVU[LY SH ]PL WV\Y SH JVTWYLUKYL L[ SH YLWYtZLU[LY H\ KLSn KLZ JVKLZ KLZ YuNSLZ L[ KLZ SVPZ J»LZ[ t]PKLTTLU[ SH SP[[tYH[\YL :V\ ]LU[ SH SP[[tYH[\YL ZL YHWWYVJOL KL SH KPTLUZPVU T`Z[PX\L KL SH YLSPNPVU IPLU WS\Z X\L KL SH KPTLUZPVU MVYTHSPZH[YPJL V\ KVNTH[PX\L 3H SP[[t YH[\YL ZL YHWWYVJOL WS\Z KL SH NYoJL X\L KL SH SVP L[ Z\Y[V\[ LSSL LZ[ WYVJOL KL S»PUZWPYH[PVU T`Z[PX\L X\P PNUVYL V\ [YHUZNYLZZL SH SVP ]VPYL TvTL SH SVP TVYHSL *VTTL S»LUZLPNULU[ +VZ[V{L]ZRP V\ :PUNLY PS L_PZ[L \U YLSH[PVU t[YVP[L LU[YL T`Z[PX\L L[ [YHUZNYLZZPVU 7V\Y 2PLYRLNHHYK SL TVTLU[ YLSPNPL\_ S»VItPZZHUJL K»(IYHOHT n S»VYKYL KL [\LY 0ZHHJ Z»VW WVZL H\ TVTLU[ t[OPX\L X\P PTWVZL KL YLM\ZLY JL[ VYKYL
4HPZ JL[[L JVUZJPLUJL HTuUL S»OVTTL n JVTTL[[YL \U WtJOt LUJVYL WS\Z NYH]L n ZH]VPY SH WYt[LU[PVU KL UL WHZ ZL TtSHUNLY H\_ HZWLJ[Z ZVTIYLZ L[ PTW\YZ KL SH ]PL " S»OVTTL WYt[LUK v[YL W\Y VYN\LPSSL\ZLTLU[ L_LTW[ KL [V\[L MH\[L L[ TvTL KL SH MH\[L KL ]P]YL *L[[L WYt[LU[PVU VYN\LPSSL\ZL KL UL WHZ v[YL ZV\PSSt WHY SH MHUNL KL SH ]PL L[ KL SH MH\[L KL ]P]YL SL YLUK t[YHUNLY H\_ OVTTLZ L[ SL JVUKHTUL n YLZ[LY [V\QV\YZ KL]HU[ SLZ WVY[LZ KL SH 3VP JVTTL PS LZ[ KP[ KHUZ SH JtSuIYL WHYHIVSL ! n UL WHZ LU[YLY KHUZ SH ]PL n ZL  ZPJO IPZ a\T :JOS\ZZ a\ ]LY[LPKPNLU ® JVTTL
2HMRH H TPL\_ X\L X\PJVUX\L L_WYPTt SL WH[OVZ SH NYHUKL\Y L[ S»OVY YL\Y KL SH 3VP 3H 3VP ¶ L[ SH SVP OtIYH{X\L LU LZ[ S»L_WYLZZPVU Z\WYvTL ¶ J»LZ[ SH ]PL =V\SVPY Q\NLY SH ]PL L[ S»PU[LYWYt[LY LZ[ \U WPuNL \UL MH\[L 3H WHYHIVSL KL 2HMRH PU[P[\StL =VY KLT .LZL[a UL WL\[ WHZ LSSL UL KVP[ Z\Y[V\[ WHZ v[YL L_WSPX\tL *»LZ[ \UL MH\[L X\L KL ]V\SVPY YL]LUKPX\LY \UL JVUUHPZZHUJL KL SH 3VP *VTTL SL ZV\SPNUL .P\SPHUV )HPVUP PS UL WL\[ ` H]VPY X\»\UL L_WtYPLUJL KL SH 3VP 3H YLZWLJ[LY LZ[ PTWVZZPISL !  (SSLZ ]LYZ[Â&#x20AC;ZZ[ NLNLU KHZ .LZL[a ® KP[ -PZJOLYSL KHUZ SL SP]YL KL *H UL[[P )SLUK\UN 3H 3VP WVZL S»PUKP]PK\ L[ S»PUKP]PK\ Z»HYYVNL SL KYVP[ KL SH JVUUHz[YL L[ KL S»HUHS`ZLY LU KLOVYZ KL SH ]PL ¶ LU KLOVYZ K\ [LYYP[VPYL KL S»HTV\Y JVTTL S»tJYP[ 2HMRH KHUZ \UL SL[[YL n 4PSLUH
S»tJYP[ 2HMRH KHUZ ZVU QV\YUHS JV\WHISL WYtJPZtTLU[ LU YHPZVU K»\UL [LSSL VIZLZZPVU KL KtMLUZL StNHSPZ[L *»LZ[ HPUZP X\L SH KtLZZL 1\Z[PJL YLWYt ZLU[tL KHUZ SL [HISLH\ KL ;P[VYLSSP ZL [YHUZMVYTL LU +tLZZL KL *OHZZL 3H 3VP LU]LYZ X\P S»PUKP]PK\ ZL YLUK JV\WHISL J»LZ[ SH JVTT\UH\[t ¶ WV\Y 2HMRH PS Z»HNP[ KL SH JVTT\UH\[t OtIYH{X\L X\»PS UL WYtZLU[L WHZ K\ [V\[ JVTTL W\YL L[ VYKVUUtL THPZ H\ JVU[YHPYL JVTTL \UL JVTT\UH\[t JOHV[PX\L ]VPYL ZV\PSStL THPZ WYtJPZtTLU[ LU JLJP ZH JYtL JVTTL SH 3VP L[ SH ]PL LSSLZ H\ZZP ZV\PSStLZ L[ KtZVYKVUUtLZ 0S ` H WYLZX\L \UL MH\[L [YHNPX\L H WYPVYP KHUZ SL MHP[ KL ZL ZLU[PY IPLU LU KLOVYZ KL SH JVTT\UH\[t JVTTL ZP S»HJJ\Zt t[HP[ KtQn JV\WHISL UVU WHZ WHYJL X\L ZVU KtSP[ ZLYHP[ WYV\]t THPZ WHYJL X\»LU HMÃ&#x201E;YTHU[ ZVU PUUVJLUJL PS ZL WVZL JVU[YL SH JVTT\UH\[t X\P HNP[ H\ TV`LU KL SH SVP 4vTL KHUZ SLZ [OYPSSLYZ Q\YPKPX\LZ HTtYPJHPUZ ¶ ;O\YV^ .YPZOHT ¶ SH MVYT\SL K\ WYVJuZ  SL 7L\WSL JVU[YL 9VZH[ 2 :HIPJO ® YtZVUUL KL THUPuYL NYV[LZX\L WYLZX\L JVTTL \U ]LYKPJ[
+L UVTIYL\_ JOLMZ K»µ\]YLZ SP[[tYHPYLZ ZVU[ UtZ K»\UL JVUMYVU[H[PVU H]LJ SH 3VP 3L 4PJOHLS 2VOSHHZ KL 2SLPZ[ LZ[ WL\[ v[YL SL WS\Z NYHUK 0S TVU[YL SL JVUÃ&#x2026;P[ LU[YL SH Q\Z[PJL  StNHSL ® KL]LU\L MH\ZZL L[ SH ]YHPL Q\Z[PJL " THPZ Z\Y[V\[ PS TVU[YL SH MH\[L [YHNPX\L X\P WVY[L n ZL JVUZ[P[\LY LU Q\NL IPLU X\»PUKLTUL KLZ TH\_ K\ TVUKL L[ KVUJ IV\YYLH\ H]LJ SH ]PVSLUJL KL JLS\P X\P ZL MHP[ (UNL K\ 1\NLTLU[ L[ KtJV\]YL LU YLU KHU[ Q\Z[PJL  KPL (YNSPZ[ PU ^LSJOLY KPL NHUaL >LS[ ]LYZ\URLU ®¯ +HUZ SL TvTL Ã&#x201E;SVU KL S»t[OVZ WY\ZZPLU VU [YV\]L LUZ\P[L SL :[YLP[ \T KLU :LYNLU[LU .YPZJOH K»(YUVSK A^LPN H]LJ ZVU VWWVZP[PVU LU[YL SL KYVP[ X\P MVUKL S»,[H[ L[ S»,[H[ KL KYVP[ X\P KHUZ JLY[HPULZ JPYJVUZ[HUJLZ UL WL\[ Z»LTWvJOLY KL UPLY SL KYVP[ ZHUZ WV\Y H\[HU[ v[YL Q\Z[PÃ&#x201E;t n SL MHPYL
+HUZ JL[ H\[YL JOLM K»µ\]YL X\»LZ[ )PSS` )\KK KL 4LS]PSSL SL JHWP[HPUL =LYL JVTTHUKHU[ K\ UH]PYL KVP[ Q\NLY SL [YuZ W\Y L[ TVYHSLTLU[ PUUV JLU[ )PSS` )\KK X\P H [\t S»PUMoTL Z\WtYPL\Y *SHNNHY[ X\P SL WLYZtJ\[HP[ " SL JHWP[HPUL ZHP[ X\L )PSS` )\KK LZ[  \U HUNL KL +PL\ ® L[ X\»PS H MHP[ \UL JOVZL TVYHSLTLU[ Q\Z[L " THPZ PS JVUZPKuYL X\»PS KVP[ WH`LY WV\Y ZVU HJ[L WV[LU[PLSSLTLU[ WVY[L\Y KL [YuZ NYH]LZ JVUZtX\LUJLZ LU [LTWZ KL N\LYYL 3H TVY[ KHUZ S»oTL THPZ WLYZ\HKt X\L SL JVL\Y KVP[ v[YL  L_W\SZt KL SH *V\Y ® PS SL JVUKHTUL n SH WLUKHPZVU
+LW\PZ SLZ VYPNPULZ KL UV[YL JP]PSPZH[PVU VU VWWVZL SL KYVP[ JVKPÄt n ZH ]VPY SH SVP n S»\UP]LYZHSP[t KLZ ]HSL\YZ O\THPULZ \UP]LYZHSP[t X\»H\J\UL UVYTL WVZP[P]L U»LZ[ LU TLZ\YL KL UPLY ( SH SVP PUPX\L KL S»,[H[ WYVT\S N\tL WHY *YtVU SVP X\P UPL SLZ ZLU[PTLU[Z L[ SLZ ]HSL\YZ \UP]LYZLSZ (U[P NVUL VWWVZL SLZ SVPZ KP]PULZ UVU tJYP[LZ ® SLZ JVTTHUKLTLU[Z L[ SLZ WYPUJPWLZ HIZVS\Z X\»H\J\UL H\[VYP[t UL WL\[ ]PVSLY 3L JOLM K»µ\]YL KL :VWOVJSL LZ[ \UL L_WYLZZPVU [YHNPX\L K\ JVUÅP[ LU[YL S»O\THPU L[ SH SVP " J»LZ[ H\ZZP \U JVUÅP[ LU[YL SL KYVP[ L[ SH SVP
+HUZ ZVU L_WVZt KL SH KVJ[YPUL Z[V{JPLUUL K\ KYVP[ UH[\YLS X\L S»VU [YV\]L KHUZ ZVU SP]YL +L 9LW\ISPJH *PJtYVU WHYSL K»\UL SVP ]YHPL JVUMVYTL n SH UH[\YL \UP]LYZLSSL JVUZ[HU[L L[ t[LYULSSL B¯D SVP n SHX\LSSL S»OVTTL UL WL\[ WHZ KtZVItPY ZHUZ ZL M\PY ZVP TvTL L[ ZHUZ YLUPLY SH UH[\YL O\THPUL ® *L KYVP[ KL UH[\YL X\P WVZL S»O\THUP[t JVTTL JVTT\UH\[t \UP]LYZLSSL WHZZL H\ *OYPZ[PHUPZTL L[ H]LJ SL *VYW\Z 0\YPZ *P]PSPZ LSSL VYKVUUL OL\YL\ZLTLU[ SLZ JOVZLZ KP]PULZ L[ O\THPULZ L[ TL[ \U [LYTL n S»PUQ\Z[PJL ® ZLSVU SLZ TV[Z H[[YPI\tZ n 1\Z[PUPLU
3L KtJYL[ PUQ\Z[L KL *YtVU LZ[ \UL SVP WVZP[P]L H]LJ ZVU JVU[LU\ ZWt JPÄX\L *VU[YL SH SVP (U[PNVUL VWWVZL \U KYVP[ UVU JVKPÄt X\L S»VU WV\YYHP[ X\HSPÄLY KL KYVP[ JV\[\TPLY [YHUZTPZ WHY SH WPL[HZ L[ WHY S»H\J [VYP[HZ KL SH [YHKP[PVU ,[ SH [YHKP[PVU tJYP[ 7PUKHYL JL TvTL WVu[L X\P H WVY[HU[ KtÄUP SH SVP JVTTL ZV\]LYHPUL ® UVTVZ IHZPSL\Z LZ[ SH YLPUL KL [V\[LZ SLZ JOVZLZ ® 7HY HPSSL\YZ SH JV\[\TL H WHYMVPZ t[t VWWVZtL n SH UH[\YL ¶ H\ WVPU[ KL Z»PKLU[PÄLY n SH JVU]LU[PVU H\ UVTVZ JVUs\ WHY SLZ :VWOPZ[LZ L[ UVU ZL\SLTLU[ WHY L\_ JVTTL VWWVZt n SH WO`ZPZ n SH UH[\YL 4HPZ SLZ SVPZ KP]PULZ UVU tJYP[LZ ® H\_X\LSSLZ (U[PNVUL ZL YtMuYL UL ZVU[ WHZ KLZ JV\[\TLZ " JL ZVU[ KLZ PTWtYH[PMZ JH[tNVYPX\LZ HIZVS\Z (U[PNVUL LZ[ SL Z`TIVSL PTWtYPZZHISL KL SH YtZPZ[HUJL H\_ SVPZ PUQ\Z[LZ n SH [`YHUUPL L[ H\ THS 5V\Z ]tUtYVUZ JVTTL KLZ OtYVZ L[ KLZ THY[`YZ :VWOPL L[ /HUZ :JOVSS V\ LUJVYL SL [OtVSVNPLU )VUOVLMMLY *LZ ÄN\YLZ VU[ [V\[ JVTTL (U[PNVUL ZHJYPÄt SL\Y ]PL WV\Y ZL YLILSSLY JVU[YL SLZ SVPZ KL S»,[H[ UHaP X\P WPt[PUHP[ S»O\THUP[t
(]LJ SL JOYPZ[PHUPZTL SL KYVP[ UH[\YLS Z»PKLU[PÃ&#x201E;L H]LJ SL KYVP[ JVU[LU\ KHUZ S»,]HUNPSL L[ PS HJX\PLY[ WHY Sn \UL KPTLUZPVU VU[VSVNPX\L X\P ZL SP[ KHUZ S»VYKYL KL SH UH[\YL JYtt WHY +PL\ \U VYKYL X\»H\J\UL SVP WVZP[P]L UL WL\[ ]PVSLY ZHUZ WLYKYL ZH WYVWYL StNP[PTP[t :HPU[ ;OVTHZ tJYP[ X\L SLZ SVPZ WVZP[P]LZ PUQ\Z[LZ UL ZVU[ WYVWYLTLU[ WHZ KLZ SVPZ " VU UL SL\Y KVP[ H\J\UL VItPZZHUJL (\ JVU[YHPYL S»OVTTL OVUUv[L H SL KYVP[ L[ SL KL]VPY KL ZL YLILSSLY JVU[YL SLZ SVPZ WVZP[P]LZ PUQ\Z[LZ
(\ JV\YZ K»\U P[PUtYHPYL JVTWSL_L L[ JVU[YHKPJ[VPYL LU Z\P]HU[ \U WYV JLZZ\Z WYVNYLZZPM KL SH{JPZH[PVU SL KYVP[ KL UH[\YL ¶ LU WHZZHU[ WHY .YV[P\Z 7\MLUKVYM L[ K»H\[YLZ WLUZL\YZ ¶ ZL YLSPL PKtHSLTLU[ ZHUZ WV\Y H\[HU[ Z»PKLU[PÃ&#x201E;LY H\_ KYVP[Z JP]PSZ KL SH TVKLYUP[t SPItYHSL L[ KtTVJYH [PX\L 7V\Y 3VJRL SL WOPSVZVWOL KL SH [VStYHUJL L[ KLZ KYVP[Z JP]PSZ \U ,[H[ H\[VYP[HPYL UPL SH UH[\YL TvTL KL S»OVTTL 3H KtJSHYH[PVU HTtYP JHPUL KL WYVJSHTL X\L  HSS TLU HYL JYLH[LK LX\HS [OH[ [OL` HYL LUKV^LK I` [OLPY *YLH[VY ^P[O JLY[HPU PUHSPLUHISL 9PNO[Z [OH[ HTVUN [OLZL HYL 3PML 3PILY[` HUK [OL W\YZ\P[ VM /HWWPULZZ ® 3H KtJSHYH[PVU MYHUsHPZL KL WHYSL LSSL H\ZZP KL  KYVP[Z UH[\YLSZ PUHSPtUHISLZ L[ ZHJYtZ KL S»/VTTL ® +L\_ KtJSHYH[PVUZ Yt]VS\[PVUUHPYLZ X\P KL MHP[ HJJVTWHNULU[ KL\_ Yt]VS\[PVUZ L[ MVU[ SH [OtVYPL L_WSPJP[LTLU[ KHUZ SL JHZ HTtYPJHPU K\ KYVP[ n SH Yt]VS\[PVU !  [OH[ ^OH[L]LY HU` -VYT VM .V]LYUTLU[ ILJVTLZ KLZ[Y\J[P]L VM [OVZL LUKZ P[ PZ [OL 9PNO[ VM [OL 7LVWSL [V HS[LY VY [V HIVSPZO P[ ® ;OVYLH\ H\ZZP MLYH SH [OtVYPL SH *P]PS +PZVILKPLUJL K\  KYVP[ n SH Yt]VS\[PVU ® JVTTL PS SL KP[ L_WSPJP[LTLU[ L[ PS WVZLYH SL WYPTH[ KL S»PUKP]PK\ Z\Y S»,[H[ *L[[L SPILY[t t[OPX\L L[ WVSP[PX\L KL]PLU[ WV\Y S\P \U TVKL K»v[YL \UL TVKHSP[t L_PZ[LU[PLSSL L[ WVt[PX\L X\P Z»L_WYPTL KHUZ SH ]PL SPIYL TLUtL KHUZ SLZ IVPZ KL >HSKLU L[ KHUZ SH YLUJVU[YL MYH[LYULSSL H]LJ [V\Z SLZ v[YLZ ]P]HU[Z
4HPZ KL UVTIYL\ZLZ H\[YLZ ]VP_ Z»tSu]LU[ JVU[YL SL KYVP[ KL UH[\YL " LSSLZ JVU[LZ[LU[ S»PKtL TvTL K»\UL UH[\YL  JVUZ[HU[L \UP]LYZLSSL L[ t[LYULSSL ® /\TL tJYP[ X\L  [OL ^VYK UH[\YHS PZ JVTTVUS` [HRLU PU ZV THU` ZLUZLZ HUK PZ VM ZV SVVZL ZPNUPÃ&#x201E;JH[PVU [OH[ P[ ZLLTZ ]HPU [V KPZ W\[L ^OL[OLY Q\Z[PJL IL UH[\YHS VY UV[ ® :LSVU /VIILZ S»t[H[ KL UH[\YL U»LZ[ WHZ \UL PK`SSL HYJOH{X\L THPZ \U  ILSS\T VTUP\T JVU[YH VTULZ ® X\P KVP[ v[YL JVYYPNt L[ WHY JVUZtX\LU[ VWWVZt H\_ SVPZ /VIILZ tJYP[
X\L  ILMVYL [OLYL ^HZ H SH^ [OLYL JV\SK IL UV PUQ\Z[PJL " HUK [OLYLMVYL SH^Z PU [OLPY UH[\YHS HU[LJLKLU[ [V Q\Z[PJL HUK PUQ\Z[PJL ® 3LVWHYKP H\Z ZP JVU[LZ[L YHKPJHSLTLU[ SL KYVP[  X\L S»VU [PLU[ WV\Y UH[\YLS ® L[ X\P LU YL]HUJOL LZ[ ZLSVU S\P \UL  W\YL JVU]LU[PVU ® SL MY\P[ K»\UL  VWPUPVU ® L[ KL JVU[PUNLUJLZ OPZ[VYPX\LZ V\ K»LYYL\YZ SVNPX\LZ +HUZ JL[[L WLYZWLJ[P]L SH YLSH[PVU LU[YL KYVP[ L[ TVYHSL LZ[ IYPZtL " SL KYVP[ UH[\YLS LU [HU[ X\L MVYTL KL KL]VPY v[YL HYIP[YHPYL LZ[ YLQL[t H\ UVT KL S»v[YL H\ UVT KLZ JOVZLZ X\P ZVU[ JVTTL LSSLZ ZVU[ L[ K\ TVKL VI QLJ[PM KL SLZ NtYLY 7LYZVUUL TPL\_ X\L /LNLS U»H TtWYPZt S»HU[HNVUPZTL LU[YL  JL X\P KL]YHP[ v[YL L[ JL X\P LZ[ ® " /LNLS JYP[PX\L WHY JVUZtX\LU[ SL KYVP[ UH[\YLS X\»PS [PLU[ WV\Y \UL ]HPUL PKtHSP[t HIZ[YHP[L PUMtYPL\YL n SH TVYHSP[t Z\WtYPL\YL X\»LZ[ S»L_PZ[LUJL JVUJYu[L KL S»,[H[ ,[ S»,[H[ X\HUK PS L_LYJL \UL MVYJL L[ \UL ]PVSLUJL UL WL\[ v[YL Q\Nt X\L WHY S»/PZ[VPYL WHYJL X\L S»/PZ[VPYL LZ[ SL [YPI\UHS L[ TvTL SL Q\NLTLU[ \UP]LYZLS
3LZ  SVPZ KP]PULZ UVU tJYP[LZ ® n ZH]VPY SLZ KYVP[Z O\THPUZ PUHSPtUHISLZ ZVU[ HJJ\ZtZ K»v[YL KLZ HIZ[YHJ[PVUZ PKtVSVNPX\LZ L[ TVYHSPZHU[LZ JVU[YL SLZX\LSSLZ VU VWWVZL SH YtHSP[t KL S»OPZ[VPYL L[ S»OPZ[VYPJP[t JVUJYu[L KL [V\[L JVUKP[PVU O\THPUL PUt]P[HISLTLU[ T\S[PWSL 1VOU * *HSOV\U \U tTPULU[ WVSP[VSVN\L L[ OVTTL WVSP[PX\L t[HZ\UPLU KL SH WYLTPuYL TVP[Pt K\ KP_ UL\]PuTL ZPuJSL H[[HX\L S»PKtVSVNPL tNHSP[HPYL KL SH +tJSHYH[PVU HTtYPJHPUL KL L[ LU WHY[PJ\SPLY SL WYPUJPWL ZLSVU SLX\LS [V\Z SLZ OVTTLZ UHPZZLU[ SPIYLZ L[ tNH\_ 3»tNHSP[t LZ[ WV\Y S\P  JVU[YL UH[\YL ® " J»LZ[ \UL MHSZPÃ&#x201E;JH[PVU X\P WVSS\L SH UH[\YL +L THUPuYL ZPNUPÃ&#x201E;JH[P]L PS KP[ X\L S»VU UL UHz[ WHZ OVTTL THPZ X\L S»VU UHz[ LUMHU[
6U [YV\]L H\ZZP JL[[L JVUJLW[PVU K\ KYVP[ KHUZ SH SP[[tYH[\YL +HUZ SH [YHNtKPL (NULZ )LYUH\LY KL /LIILS YLTWSPL K\ WH[OVZ OtNtSPLU L[ OPZ [VYPJPZ[L SH WYV[HNVUPZ[L PUUVJLU[L L[ [YuZ W\YL HPUZP X\L ZVU HTHU[ ZVU[ IY\[HSLTLU[ ZHJYPÃ&#x201E;tZ n SH 9HPZVU K»,[H[ :LZ IV\YYLH\_ JVTTL SL ILH\ MYuYL ,YULZ[ +\J KL )H]PuYL ]tUuYLU[ ZVU O\THUP[t [YuZ KV\JL L[ ZV\MMYLU[ KL KL]VPY SH Kt[Y\PYL THPZ PSZ ZVU[ K»H]PZ X\»\UL [LSSL HJ[PVU L[ \UL [LSSL MH\[L ZVU[ UtJLZZHPYLZ L[ KVUJ Q\Z[LZ KHUZ SL JHKYL K»\UL WLYZ WLJ[P]L OPZ[VYPX\L X\P [YHUZJLUKL SL ZPTWSL PUKP]PK\  +HZ NYVZZL 9HK NPUN Â&#x2026;ILY ZPL ^LN ¶ KP[ SL +\J ,YULZ[ ¶ U\U PZ[ ZPL ILP KLT KLY»Z KYLO[ ®
L[ ZLSVU S\P SLZ LUMHU[Z U»VU[ WHZ LUJVYL KL KYVP[Z ,[ PS KtMLUK S»LZJSH ]HNL KLZ 5VPYZ +L THUPuYL HUHSVN\L KHUZ S»(SSLTHNUL K\ KP_ O\P[PuTL ZPuJSL 1\Z[\Z 4Â&#x20AC;ZLY WH[YPHYJOL K»6ZUHIYÂ&#x2026;JR KtMLUKHP[ JVU[YL SLZ WHY[PZHUZ KLZ 3\TPuYLZ SH ZLY]P[\KL KL SH NSuIL L[ SLZ PUZ[P[\[PVUZ [YHUZTPZLZ WHY S»OPZ[VPYL PUZ[P[\[PVUZ X\P t[HISPZZHPLU[ KLZ PUtNHSP[tZ KL [V\[ [`WL " KL TvTL )\YRL VWWVZHP[ n S»tNHSP[t Yt]VS\[PVUUHPYL PZZ\L KLZ 3\TPuYLZ SH KP]LYZP[t KL S»OVTTL OPZ[VYPX\LTLU[ L[ JVUJYu[LTLU[ Kt[LYTPUt *L U»LZ[ WHZ \U OHZHYK ZP 4Â&#x20AC;ZLY KtMLUKHP[ UVU ZL\SLTLU[ SH ZLY]P[\KL KL SH NSuIL THPZ H\ZZP S»PUKP]PK\HSP[t SP[[tYHPYL JVU[YL SLZ WYPUJPWLZ K»\UL 9HPZVU KHUNLYL\ZLTLU[ tNHSPZH[YPJL K\ NVÂ&#x201E;[ L[ KL SH MHU[HPZPL
4HPZ JLZ OPZ[VYPLUZ JVUZLY]H[L\YZ LUULTPZ KL S»tNHSP[t L[ WHYMVPZ KtMLUZL\YZ HJOHYUtZ KL SH KP]LYZP[t JVUMVUKLU[ \UL KVUUtL KL MHP[ H]LJ \U KYVP[ JVTTL ZP SL MHP[ KL Z\IPY \UL YtK\J[PVU KL KYVP[ V\ \UL PUQ\Z[PJL UVU ZL\SLTLU[ UL WV\]HP[ WHZ v[YL JVYYPNt JVTTL JLSH HYYP]L WHYMVPZ THPZ UL KL]HP[ WHZ UVU WS\Z S»v[YL TvTL KHUZ SLZ SPTP[LZ K\ WVZZPISL ,\_ H\ZZP JVTTL[[LU[ S»LYYL\Y X\»PSZ PTW\[LU[ H\_ Q\ZUH[\YH SPZ[LZ WHYJL X\L YLM\ZHU[ [V\[ KL]VPY v[YL HIZ[YHP[ PSZ MVU[ KL JL X\P LZ[ KL S»v[YL UVU WHZ \UL JVUZ[H[H[PVU THPZ ILS L[ IPLU \U WYtJLW[L \U  KL]VPY v[YL ® *HSOV\U JVUZPKuYL X\L SH SPItYH[PVU KLZ LZJSH]LZ LZ[  JVU[YL UH[\YL ® KL]LUHU[ HPUZP \UL LZWuJL KL :HPU[ ;OVTHZ V\ KL ;OVYLH\ n S»LU]LYZ
4HY_ LZ[ WL\[ v[YL SL WLUZL\Y X\P Yt\UP[ KL THUPuYL WHYHKV_HSL SH JYP [PX\L WHYMVPZ TtWYPZHU[L K\ Q\ZUH[\YHSPZTL L[ \U  MYHUJ UH[\YHSPZTL ® PYYtK\J[PISL JVTTL SL KPZHP[ PS ` SVUN[LTWZ *HYSV (U[VUP 7V\Y 4HY_ J»LZ[ S»OPZ[VPYL L[ UVU WHZ SH UH[\YL X\P KVP[ HWWVY[LY SH SPItYH[PVU ,[ WV\Y[HU[ KHUZ SH WLUZtL KL 4HY_ KLTL\YL S»PKtHS K»\UL WLYZVUUHSP[t O\THPUL YtHSPZtL KHUZ ZH WStUP[\KL 7V\Y S\P H\ZZP [V\[ JVTTL WV\Y *HSOV\U SLZ OVTTLZ UL UHPZZLU[ WHZ SPIYLZ L[ Z\Y[V\[ PSZ UL UHPZZLU[ WHZ tNH\_ 4HPZ JL MHP[ U»LZ[ WHZ WV\Y S\P \U KYVP[ H\[VTH[PX\L V\ TPL\_ JL U»LZ[ WHZ SH UtNH[PVU K»\U KYVP[ K\ KYVP[ n SH SPILY[t L[ n S»tNHSP[t +HUZ SH J\S[\YL L\YVWtLUUL L[ LU WHY[PJ\SPLY KHUZ SH J\S[\YL HSSLTHUKL SH UtNH[PVU JYVPZZHU[L K\ KYVP[ KL UH[\YL TLUtL H\ UVT KL SH YtHSP[t
OPZ[VYPX\L TuULYH WYVNYLZZP]LTLU[ n WHY[PY KL SH ZLJVUKL TVP[Pt K\ KP_ UL\]PuTL ZPuJSL n SH UtNH[PVU KL S»O\THUP[t L[ KL [V\[ \UP]LYZLS O\THPU JVTTL S»H IPLU ]\ ,YUZ[ ;YVLS[ZJO
,U MVUJ[PVU KL SH ZP[\H[PVU OPZ[VYPJV ZVJPHSL SH SPILY[t L[ SH KtTVJYH [PL ZL KtMLUKLU[ [HU[ [ LU PU]VX\HU[ SL KYVP[ UVU tJYP[ KtWVZP[HPYL KL S»LUZLTISL KL SH [YHKP[PVU J\S[\YLSSL [HU[ [ LU PU]VX\HU[ SH SVP WVZP[P]L +\YHU[ SH 9tW\ISPX\L KL >LPTHY SLZ KtTVJYH[LZ PU]VX\HPLU[ SLZ SVPZ WVZP[P]LZ JVU[YL SLZ ]PVSLUJLZ HU[PZtTP[LZ X\P ZL YtWHUKHPLU[ HSVYZ X\L SLZ Q\YPZ[LZ L[ SLZ PU[LSSLJ[\LSZ WOPSVUHaPZ ZV\[LUHPLU[ X\L JLZ SVPZ UL JVYYLZWVUKHPLU[ WS\Z H\_ JVU]PJ[PVUZ MVUKHTLU[HSLZ K\ WL\WSL HSSL THUK L[ WHY JVUZtX\LU[ n ZVU KYVP[ SL WS\Z WYVMVUK L[ X\»LSSLZ t[HPLU[ WHY[HU[ HIZ[YHP[LZ +\YHU[ SL UHaPZTL LU YL]HUJOL JL M\YLU[ SLZ VW WVZHU[Z H\ YtNPTL UHaP X\P PU]VX\uYLU[ SLZ SVPZ KP]PULZ UVU tJYP[LZ ® JVU[YL SLZ SVPZ WVZP[P]LZ YHJPHSLZ L[ SPILY[PJPKLZ
<UL SP[[tYH[\YL PUÄUPL [V\YUL H\[V\Y K\ JVUÅP[ LU[YL (U[PNVUL L[ *YtVU JVUÅP[ [V\QV\YZ YtHJ[\HSPZt ZV\Z KP]LYZLZ MVYTLZ 4HPZ (U[PNVUL LZ[ \UL [YHNtKPL LSSL U»VMMYL WHZ \UL UL[[L VWWVZP[PVU LU[YL S»PUUVJLUJL L[ SH MH\[L THPZ ILS L[ IPLU \U JVUÅP[ KHUZ SLX\LS PS LZ[ PTWVZZPISL WV\Y X\PJVUX\L K»HZZ\TLY \UL WVZP[PVU X\P UL JVTWVY[L WHZ PUt]P[HISLTLU[ \U JLY[HPU KLNYt KL MH\[L :VWOVJSL UL WYtZLU[L WHZ *YtVU JVTTL \U [`YHU TVUZ[Y\L\_ " JL U»LZ[ WHZ \U /P[SLY THPZ \U NV\]LYUHU[ KVU[ SH YLZWVUZHIPSP[t KL NV\]LYULY L[ KL ZH\]LNHYKLY SH JP[t WL\[ L_PNLY H\ UVT KL S»t[OPX\L KL SH YLZWVUZHIPSP[t JOuYL n >LILY X\L S»VU [PLUUL JVTW[L KLZ JVUZtX\LUJLZ WV\Y SH ]PL KL [V\Z K»\UL KtZVItPZZHUJL H\_ SVPZ WVZP[P]LZ L[ K\ JOHVZ X\P WL\[ Z\YNPY 3H ZVS\[PVU UL WL\[ ]LUPY X\L KL SH JVTWVZP[PVU K\ JVUÅP[ " L[ JOLYJOLY n JVTWVZLY LZ[ SH TPZZPVU KL SH WVSP[PX\L J»LZ[ SL ZLUZ KL SH WVSP[PX\L 8\HUK JL[[L KLYUPuYL JuKL V\ ZLTISL JtKLY (U[PNVUL UL KL]PLU[ WHZ WHY OHZHYK \UL ÄN\YL Z`T IVSPX\L KL SH KtJOPY\YL JVTTL JL M\[ SL JHZ KL S»(SSLTHNUL KLZ HUUtLZ KL WSVTI V PS t[HP[ PU[LYKP[ KL KVUULY \UL ZtW\S[\YL H\_ TPSP[HU[Z KL SH 9(-
3LZ  SVPZ KP]PULZ UVU tJYP[LZ ® K»(U[PNVUL ZVU[ IPLU WS\Z X\L KL S»HUJPLU KYVP[ [YHUZTPZ ,SSLZ UL ZL WYtZLU[LU[ WHZ JVTTL KLZ tStTLU[Z OPZ[V YPX\LZ THPZ JVTTL KLZ tStTLU[Z HIZVS\Z (PUZP KHUZ S»0WOPNtUPL LU ;H\YPKL KL .VL[OL ¶ KL S»H]VJH[ .VL[OL ¶ 0WOPNtUPL Z»VWWVZL H\_ ZHJYP Ã&#x201E;JLZ O\THPUZ WHYJL X\L KP[ LSSL \U +PL\ \UL ]HSL\Y \UP]LYZLSSL WHYSL LU ZVU Jµ\Y 4HPZ KHUZ JL JHZ KL Ã&#x201E;N\YL JVTTLU[ ZH]VPY ZP JLS\P X\P WHYSL LZ[ \U +PL\ \UP]LYZLS V\ \UL PKVSL ]LU\L KLZ VIZJ\YLZ LU[YHPSSLZ KL S»PU[tYPVYP[t \UL PKVSL X\P [LU[LYHP[ KL MHPYL WHZZLY WV\Y \UP]LYZLS \U SLNZ H[H]PX\L &
3H SVP LZ[ [YHNPX\L WHYJL X\»LSSL TL[ LU IYHUSL KLZ TtJHUPZTLZ X\P WL\]LU[ JLY[LZ v[YL UtJLZZHPYLZ L[ YtWHYLY \U THS THPZ JLZ TtJH UPZTLZ ZVU[ [V\QV\YZ \U THS TPUL\Y L[ QHTHPZ \U IPLU ,U[YL SL IPLU L[ SL KYVP[ Z»V\]YL ZV\]LU[ \U NV\MMYL ! KHUZ SH 1Â&#x2026;KPU ]VU ;VSLKV KL .YPSSWHY aLY SLZ UVISLZ LZWHNUVSZ [\LU[ H\ UVT KL SH 9HPZVU K»,[H[ SH [YuZ ILSSL THz[YLZZL K\ YVP X\P WHYJL X\»LSSL SL YLUKHP[ HWH[OPX\L TL[[HP[ SL WH`Z LU KHUNLY " PSZ UL ZL YLWLU[LU[ WHZ K\ KtSP[ JVTTPZ THPZ PS ZL ZLU[LU[ L[ ZL KtJSHYLU[ JV\WHISLZ WtJOL\YZ L[ WYv[Z n L_ WPLY ! PSZ KPZLU[ X\»PSZ VU[ HNP  KHZ .\[L ^VSSLUK HILY UPJO[ KHZ 9LJO[ ®
3VP L[ KYVP[ ZHUJ[PVUULU[ KVUJ JL WtJOt VYPNPULS JL[[L PTWVZZPIPSP[t KL S»PUUVJLUJL n L_PZ[LY ,[ J»LZ[ JL WVPU[ X\P IPLU X\»PS VWWVZL WVtZPL L[ KYVP[ SLZ YHWWYVJOL H\ZZP IPLU WHYJL X\L JVTTL S»tJYP[ :HS]H[VYL 7HZZH KHUZ \U WHZZHNL K\ .PVYUV KLS .P\KPaPV  SL KYVP[ LZ[ [LY YPISL JVTTL SH ]PL ® ,[ SH SP[[tYH[\YL ]V\tL n YHJVU[LY SH ]tYP[t U\L KL SH ]PL ZHUZ OtZP[H[PVU TVYHSPZHU[L UL WL\[ WHZ UL WHZ WLYJL]VPY SH WYV_P TP[t KHUNLYL\ZL KL JL[[L [LYYL\Y *»LZ[ SL KYVP[ JP]PS WS\Z X\L SL KYVP[ WtUHS X\P TL[ n U\ JL[[L KtZVSH[PVU " SL KYVP[ JP]PS UV\Z JVUMYVU[L H]LJ SH TPZuYL SH WS\Z UVPYL K\ Jµ\Y O\THPU WuYLZ JVU[YL Ã&#x201E;SZ L[ Ã&#x201E;SZ JVU[YL WuYLZ n JH\ZL KL KL\_ TPZtYHISLZ MYHUJZ n JH\ZL K»OtYP[HNLZ TvTL TVKLZ[LZ X\P Kt[Y\PZLU[ SLZ ZLU[PTLU[Z KL [V\[L \UL ]PL +L UVTIYL\_ YtJP[Z KL )HSaHJ TL[[LU[ LU ZJuUL SH ZVYKPKL W\PZZHUJL KL S»PU[tYv[ X\P Kt[Y\P[ S»OVTTL V\ SLZ TtJHUPZTLZ Q\YPKPX\LZ THUPW\StZ n ZVU ZLY]PJL
5H[\YLSSLTLU[ LU MVUJ[PVU KLZ JPYJVUZ[HUJLZ JL ZLYH S»\UL V\ S»H\[YL KL JLZ WVZP[PVUZ X\P ZL [YV\]LYH LU TLZ\YL KL KtMLUKYL JVYYLJ[LTLU[ SH SPILY[t KLZ OVTTLZ ! SL TVKuSL \UPÃ&#x201E;JH[L\Y WV\YYH KtIV\JOLY Z\Y \U HWSH[PZZLTLU[ [`YHUUPX\L KL SH KP]LYZP[t V\ H\ JVU[YHPYL Z\Y \UL ZH\ ]LNHYKL KtTVJYH[PX\L KLZ KYVP[Z KL [V\Z SLZ OVTTLZ +HUZ S»(SSL THNUL YVTHU[PX\L SH WVStTPX\L LU[YL ;OPIH\[ L[ :H]PNU` H WYVMVUKt TLU[ PUÃ&#x2026;\LUJt SH SP[[tYH[\YL *OHYSLZ 5VKPLY L_WSPX\HP[ SH YPJOLZZL KL SH WYVZL MHU[HZ[PX\L LU (SSLTHNUL WHY  SH T\S[P[\KL KLZ JPYJVUZJYPW[PVUZ SVJHSLZ L[ KLZ \ZHNLZ WHY[PJ\SPLYZ ® n ZH]VPY WHY SL WHY[PJ\SHYPZTL PZZ\ K\ :HPU[ ,TWPYL YVTHPU NLYTHUPX\L LTWPYL X\P MYHJ[PVUUHU[ SL WH`Z LU K»PUUVTIYHISLZ WL[P[Z ,[H[Z L[ SH ZVJPt[t LU JSHZZLZ L[ JVYWVYH[PVUZ Z[YH[PÃ&#x201E;tLZ H\ JV\YZ KLZ ZPuJSLZ MHPZHP[ JVTTLUJLY SL UV\]LH\ L[ SL KPM MtYLU[ KHZ >\UKLYSPJOL S»t[YHUNL L[ KHZ >\UKLYIHYL SL TLY]LPSSL\_ H\_ WVY[LZ KL JOHX\L WL[P[L ]PSSL L[ KL JOHX\L X\HY[PLY *»LZ[ \U TVUKL WL\WSt JVTTL KHUZ SLZ YVTHUZ L[ YtJP[Z KL 1LHU 7H\S V\ KL /VMMTHUU KL WLYZVUUHNLZ X\P JPYJ\SLU[ KHUZ \U KYVP[ KL]LU\ THUPHX\L L[ Ã&#x201E;_H[PVU KLZ[Y\J[YPJL ! JVUZLPSSLYZ ZLJYL[Z KL JOHUJLSSLYPL YtMtYLUKHPYLZ HYJOP ]PZ[LZ tY\KP[Z SVJH\_ YLJ[L\YZ KL JVSSuNLZ WPt[PZ[LZ THNPZ[YH[Z ZH]HU[Z
*»LZ[ Z\Y[V\[ KHUZ S»(SSLTHNUL YVTHU[PX\L X\»\UL ZPUN\SPuYL HSSPHUJL Z»LZ[ VWtYtL LU[YL WVtZPL L[ KYVP[ ¶ PJP JVTWYPZ JVTTL KYVP[ JV\[\ TPLY L[ UVU JVTTL SL_ WVZP[P]L 3LZ MYuYLZ .YPTT NYHUKZ WOPSVSVN\LZ L[ NYHUKZ SL[[YtZ t[HPLU[ tNHSLTLU[ Q\YPZ[LZ ,U YHZZLTISHU[ SL\YZ Jt SuIYLZ JVU[LZ PSZ H]HPLU[ S»PU[LU[PVU KL ZH\]LY SL NYHUK WH[YPTVPUL K\  IVU ]PL\_ KYVP[ ® n ZH]VPY SLZ JV\[\TLZ SLZ [YHKP[PVUZ L[ SLZ \ZHNLZ SV JH\_ X\P L_WYPTLU[ SL JHYHJ[uYL K\ WL\WSL HSSLTHUK (\ Ã&#x201E;S KLZ HUUtLZ JL WH[YPTVPUL Z»t[HP[ JVUZLY]t KHUZ SH SP[[tYH[\YL WVW\SHPYL (\ TvTL TVTLU[ tJSH[HP[ LU (SSLTHNUL \UL MHZJPUHU[L JVU[YV]LYZL Q\YPKPX\L LU[YL K»\U J [t ;OPIH\[ X\P ]V\SHP[ KVUULY \U JVKL JP]PS \UP[HPYL L[ \UP Ã&#x201E;JH[L\Y n S»(SSLTHNUL n ZH]VPY \U JVKL IHZt Z\Y SL TVKuSL UHWVStVUPLU JHWHISL KL YLUKYL [V\Z SLZ JP[V`LUZ tNH\_ KL]HU[ SH SVP L[ KL ZL KtIHY YHZZLY KLZ WYP]PSuNLZ MtVKH\_ " L[ KL S»H\[YL J [t :H]PNU` X\P ]V\SHP[ H\ JVU[YHPYL KtMLUKYL SH ]HYPt[t SLZ KP]LYZP[tZ SVJHSLZ SLZ KPMMtYLUJLZ L[ SLZ PUtNHSP[tZ KL S»HU[PX\L KYVP[ JVTT\U JV\[\TPLY L_WYLZZPVU K\ :HPU[ ,TWPYL YVTHPU NLYTHUPX\L
MHZJPUtZ WHY SL WHY[PJ\SPLY L[ S»L_[YH]HNHU[ ]VPYL TvTL SL TVUZ[Y\L\_ WHY S»HSPUtH L[ WHY S»L_JLW[PVU KHUZ \U YHWWVY[ VIZLZZPVUULS LU[YL \U Yv]L KL [V[HSP[t L[ SH YtHSP[t KL S»PUÃ&#x201E;TL
/LPUL JVTTLUJL ZH JHYYPuYL JVTTL JOHU[YL K\ KYVP[ [YHKP[PVUULS KL ZLZ WHY[PJ\SHYP[tZ L[ KL ZVU \UP[t VYNHUPX\L JVUZVSPKtLZ WHY SLZ ZPuJSLZ L[ KVU[ VU [YV\]L \U tJOV KHUZ SL =VSRZSPLK 7S\Z [HYK PS Z»HWLYJL]YH X\L JL[[L [YHKP[PVU [YHUZMVYTtL LU KYVP[ LZ[ \U HZWLJ[ KL SH +L\[ZJOL 4PZuYL KL S»HYYPtYH[PVU K\ JHYHJ[uYL HSSLTHUK L[ KL SH ZtWHYH[PVU PUQ\Z[L KLZ JVYWZ ZVJPH\_ 3L WVu[L /LPUL KL]PLUKYH SL JOHTWPVU KL 5HWVStVU L[ K\ JVKL UHWVStVUPLU ]V`HU[ KHUZ ZVU HJ[PVU \UPÃ&#x201E;JH[YPJL SH JYtH [PVU K»\UL UV\]LSSL [V[HSP[t tWPX\L TVKLYUL ,[ SLZ KYHTLZ KL :JOPSSLY KHUZ SH THUPuYL KVU[ PSZ TL[[LU[ LU ZJuUL SLZ KPSLTTLZ KL SH SPILY[t ZVU[ WYVMVUKtTLU[ LTWYLPU[Z KL WYVIStTH[PX\L Q\YPKPX\L KLW\PZ 4HYPL :[\HY[ Q\ZX\»H\ >PSOLST ;LSS :JOPSSLY ZL JVUMYVU[L H]LJ SH StNP[PTP[t K\ WV\]VPY H]LJ SH WVZZPIPSP[t K»\U KYVP[ KL MHPYL SH Yt]VS\[PVU H]LJ SLZ KYVP[Z O\THPUZ L[ SL\Y ZP[\H[PVU OPZ[VYPX\L
3L ZLUZ JVTT\U VWWVZL ]VSVU[PLYZ SH WHZZPVU L[ SH WVtZPL n JL[[L MVYTL K»PYYH[PVUHSP[t X\»VU [YV\]L UVU [HU[ KHUZ SL KYVP[ X\L KHUZ SH SVP *»LZ[ Z\Y[V\[ SL MVYTHSPZTL KL SH SVP X\P HWWHYHz[ JOPJHUPLY HYPKL L[ X\P YLM\ZL SH JOHSL\Y O\THPUL ,UJVYL \UL MVPZ PS YL]PLU[ n SH NYHUKL SP[[tYH [\YL KL KtIYV\PSSLY SLZ PTIYVNSPVZ KL SH ]PL LU KtIYV\PSSHU[ WHY Sn TvTL SLZ PTIYVNSPVZ K\ MVYTHSPZTL Q\YPKPX\L HWWHYLTTLU[ WS\Z JOPJHUPLY L[ X\P H\ JVU[YHPYL Yt]uSL ZVU JHYHJ[uYL UtJLZZHPYL KHUZ SH KtMLUZL KL S»O\THPU +HUZ SL 4LYJOHU[ VM =LUPJL :OHRLZWLHYL TVU[YL JVTTLU[ 7VY[PH KtN\PZtL LU H]VJH[ [YuZ Z\I[PS L[ ]t[PSSL\_ ZH\]L S»O\THUP[t SH Q\Z[PJL SH WHZZPVU L[ SH ]PL NYoJL H\ YLJV\YZ n \U MVYTHSPZTL Q\YPKPX\L KLZ WS\Z ZVWOPZ[PX\tZ X\P H\[VYPZL :O`SVJR n WYtSL]LY \UL SP]YL KL JOHPY K\ JVYWZ K»(U[VUPV THPZ ZHUZ ]LYZLY \UL ZL\SL NV\[[L KL ZHUN *L U»LZ[ WHZ S»HWWLS JOHSL\YL\_ n S»O\THUP[t H\_ ZLU[PTLU[Z L[ n SH Q\Z [PJL X\P ZH\]L SH ]PL K»(U[VUPV THPZ J»LZ[ SL YLJV\YZ MYVPK L[ H]VJHZZPLY n SH SL[[YL MVYTLSSL KL SH SVP *L[[L MYVPKL\Y SVNPX\L ZH\]L SLZ ]HSL\YZ JOH\KLZ ! LSSL ZH\]L UVU ZL\SLTLU[ SH ]PL K»(U[VUPV THPZ H\ZZP S»HTP[Pt LU[YL (U[VUPV L[ )HZZHUPV " Z\Y[V\[ LSSL ZH\]L S»HTV\Y KL 7VY[PH L[ KL
)HZZHUPV HTV\Y K»HIVYK [YV\ISt WHY S»HUNVPZZL KL )HZZHUPV WV\Y SL ZVY[ KL ZVU HTP !  -VY UL]LY ZOHSS `V\ SPL I` 7VY[PH»Z ZPKL >P[O HU \UX\PL[ ZV\S ® KP[ SH MLTTL n ZVU HPTt KtJPKHU[ HSVYZ KL SL SPItYLY KL JL[[L PUX\Pt[\KL X\P VIZJ\YJP[ ZVU tYVZ LU SPItYHU[ (U[VUPV NYoJL H\_ JOPJHULZ StNHSLZ <UL SP[[tYH[\YL UVTIYL\ZL H ]\ SL KYVP[ H]LJ YHUJ\UL U»` [YV\]HU[ X\»HYP KP[t X\L WYVZH{ZTL WV\Y TPL\_ S»VWWVZLY n SH WVtZPL L[ n SH TVYHSL (\ UVT KL SH ]PL SLZ VYH[L\YZ TtWYPZLU[ ZV\]LU[ SH KtTVJYH[PL L[ SH SVNPX\L LU [HU[ X\L ]HSL\YZ  MYVPKLZ ® X\»PSZ VWWVZLU[ H\_ ]HSL\YZ  JOH\KLZ ® K\ ZLU[PTLU[ 4HPZ JLZ ]HSL\YZ MYVPKLZ ZVU[ UtJLZZHPYLZ WV\Y Z[HIPSPZLY SLZ YuNSLZ L[ SLZ NHYHU[PLZ KL ZH\]LNHYKL K\ JP[V`LU YuNSLZ ZHUZ SLZX\LSSLZ SLZ PUKP]PK\Z UL ZLYHPLU[ WHZ SPIYLZ L[ UL WV\YYHPLU[ WHZ ]P]YL SL\Y  ]PL JOH\KL ® ZLSVU S»L_WYLZZPVU KL :HIH
3H YHPZVU L[ SH SVP VU[ ZV\]LU[ WS\Z KL MHU[HPZPL X\L SL Jµ\Y JHY SL Jµ\Y LZ[ ZL\SLTLU[ JHWHISL KL ZLU[PY ZLZ WYVWYLZ L[ PUL_[YPJHISLZ JVTWSPJH [PVUZ L[ PS LZ[ PUJHWHISL K»PTHNPULY X\»L_PZ[LU[ H\ZZP IPLU SLZ JVTWSP JH[PVUZ KLZ H\[YLZ Jµ\YZ 3L StNPZSH[L\Y X\P W\UP[ SH JVYY\W[PVU KHUZ SLZ JVU[YH[Z W\ISPJZ K»HKQ\KPJH[PVU KL [YH]H\_ LZ[ \U HY[PZ[L X\P ZHP[ PTH NPULY SH YtHSP[t WHYJL X\»PS UL ZL JVU[LU[L WHZ KL ]VPY KHUZ \U JHZ KL JVYY\W[PVU SH ]PVSH[PVU HIZ[YHP[L K»\UL UVYTL THPZ WHY L_LTWSL SLZ TtKPVJYLZ tX\PWLTLU[Z ¶ VYPNPUL K»\U [LSSL JVYY\W[PVU ¶ X\L YLsVP[ \U O WP[HS LU SPL\ L[ WSHJL KLZ tX\PWLTLU[Z LMÃ&#x201E;JHJLZ X\»PS H\YHP[ L\ NYoJL
( SH KPMMtYLUJL KL JLS\P X\P ZL YL]LUKPX\L KLZ YHPZVUZ WYVMVUKLZ K\ Jµ\Y L[ X\P UL WLUZL LU YtHSP[t X\»n S»L_PZ[LUJL KL ZVU WYVWYL Jµ\Y SH SVP WHY[ K»\UL JVUUHPZZHUJL WS\Z WYVMVUKL K\ Jµ\Y O\THPU WHYJL X\»LSSL ZHP[ X\»PS L_PZ[L [HU[ KL Jµ\YZ JOHJ\U H]LJ ZLZ T`Z[uYLZ PUZVU KHISLZ L[ ZLZ WHZZPVUZ [tUtIYL\ZLZ " WYtJPZtTLU[ WV\Y JL[[L YHPZVU SH SVP ZHP[ X\L ZL\SLZ KLZ UVYTLZ WYtJPZLZ n TvTL KL WYV[tNLY JOHJ\U KL UV\Z WLYTL[[LU[ n S»PUKP]PK\ KL ]P]YL ZH ]PL PYYt]LYZPISL KL J\S[P ]LY ZLZ KPL\_ L[ ZLZ KtTVUZ ZHUZ v[YL LTWvJOt UP VWWYPTt WHY SH ]PVSLUJL KLZ H\[YLZ PUKP]PK\Z *HY SLZ H\[YLZ ZVU[ [V\[ JVTTL S\P LU WYVPL n K»PUL_[YPJHISLZ JVTWSPJH[PVUZ K\ Jµ\Y " THPZ PSZ ZVU[ WS\Z MVY[Z X\L S\P JVTTL SLZ IHNUHYKZ SPItYtZ WHY +VU 8\PJOV[[L ZVU[ WS\Z MVY[Z X\L S\P L[ SL THSTuULU[ IY\[HSLTLU[
n \UL TPZL H\ JVUJV\YZ YtNSLTLU[HPYL ! KLYYPuYL SL KtSP[ PS ` H KVUJ KLZ THSHKLZ TVPUZ IPLU ZVPNUtZ KLZ PUKP]PK\Z JVUJYL[Z X\P ZV\MMYLU[ 3LZ HUJPLUZ ZH]HPLU[ X\»PS WL\[ ` H]VPY KL SH WVtZPL KHUZ S»HJ[L KL StNPMtYLY " JL U»LZ[ WHZ \U OHZHYK ZP KL UVTIYL\_ T`[OLZ KPZLU[ X\L SLZ WVu[LZ M\YLU[ H\ZZP SLZ WYLTPLYZ StNPZSH[L\YZ *SH\KPV 4HNYPZ
;YHK\J[PVU KL S»P[HSPLU WHY -YHUJLZJV .YLNVYPV
+H]HU[P HSSH SLNNL 3L[[LYH[\YH L KPYP[[V *SH\KPV 4HNYPZ
8\LZ[V H[[LNNPHTLU[V KLSSH WVLZPH ยถ PU[LZH ULS ZLUZV WPย HTWPV X\HSL JYLHaPVUL HY[PZ[PJH KยบVNUP NLULYL ยถ KPUHUaP HS KPYP[[V UVU u YPK\JPIPSL H \UH YP]VS[H KLSSH MHU[HZPH JVU[YV SL YLNVSL L SH SVNPJH KLP JVKPJP 6NUP HY[PZ[H KLNUV KP X\LZ[V UVTL OH ZLTWYL ZHW\[V JOL UVU Jยบu YLNVSH WPย MLYYLH KP X\LSSH JOL WYLZPLKL HSSH JYLHaPVUL HY[PZ[PJH :V[[V [HSL HZWL[[V ZP WYVร SH ZLTTHP \UH HMร UP[n MYH SL[[LYH[\YH L KPYP[[V NYHaPL HSSยบHUHSVNPH MYH KPYP[[V L SPUN\HNNPV WPย ]VS[L ZV[[VSPULH[H HS WHYP KP X\LSSH MYH NP\YPZWY\KLUaH L NYHTTH[PJH L]PKLU[L ZVWYH[[\[[V HK LZLTWPV ULS WVZP[P]PZTV NP\YPKPJV
ยธ(SSn ZL SV OH`H JHKH\UV JVU Z\ WLJHKV ยถ KPJL +VU *OPZJPV[[L ]LKLUKV SH ร SH KLP NHSLV[[P PU JH[LUL ยถ 5V LZ IPLU X\L SVZ OVTIYLZ OVUYHKVZ ZLHU ]LYK\NVZ KL SVZ V[YVZ OVTIYLZยน :V[[V P WPย KP]LYZP JPLSP L ULSSL WPย KP]LYZL LWVJOL SH SL[[LYH[\YH ZLTIYH WLY]HZH KH \U YPร \[V KLS KPYP[[V L KLSSH SLNNL 5V]HSPZ ZJYP]L PU \UV KLP Z\VP MYHTTLU[P! ยธ 0JO IPU LPU NHUa \UQ\YPZ[PZJOLY 4LUZJO VOUL :PUU \UK )LKย YMUPZ Mย Y 9LJO[ ยน
5LS *YVJL ZLNUHSH]H PU \U ZHNNPV Z\SSH ร SVZVร H KLS KPYP[[V SH ZVTP NSPHUaH MYH PS SH]VYV KLS NYHTTH[PJV L X\LSSV KLS NP\YPZ[H 4H ]P u MVYZL \UH HUHSVNPH HUJVY WPย WYVMVUKH ! JVZy JVTL ยธ SL NYHT TH[PJOL L P KPaPVUHYP SH MVUL[PJH L SH TVYMVSVNPH UVU MHUUV \U SPUN\HN NPV ยถ ZJYP]L (SLZZHUKYV 7HZZLYPU Kยบ,U[YL]LZ ยถ JVZy SH NP\YPZWY\KLUaH u PUJHWHJL KP KPYL SH WHYVSH ร UHSL PU[VYUV HS KPYP[[V ยน 8\LZ[ยป\S[PTV UVU YPLZJL H JVNSPLYL SH ]LYP[n Z\ ZL Z[LZZV H YPZWVUKLYL HSSยบHU[PJH KVTHUKH KP (SJPIPHKL! ยธ +PTTP 7LYPJSL TP ZHWYLZ[P ZWPLNHYL JOL JVZยบu SH SLNNL & ยน 3ยบPU[LYYVNH[P]V ยธX\PK P\Z ^HZ PZ[ KHZ 9LJO[ &ยน KPJL]H 2HU[ JYLH HS NP\ YPZ[H SV Z[LZZV PTIHYHaaV JOL WYV]H PS ร SVZVMV X\HUKV NSP ]PLUL JOPLZ[V! ยธ >HZ PZ[ KPL >HOYOLP[ & ยน <U ZPU[VTV KP X\LZ[V PTIHYHaaV u SH MYLX\LU[L JVUM\ZPVUL [YH P\Z L SL_ KPYP[[V L SLNNL KLU\UJPH[H KH /VIILZ! [HSP [LYTP UP ยธV\NO[ [V IL KPZ[PUN\PZOLK ILJH\ZL YPNO[ JVUZPZ[L[O PU SPILY[` [V KV VY [V MVYILHY" ^OLYLHZ SH^ KL[LYTPUL[O HUK IPUKL[O [V VUL VM [OLT! ZV [OH[ SH^ HUK YPNO[ KPMMLY HZ T\JO HZ VISPNH[PVU HUK SPILY[` ยน
3H YPร LZZPVUL NP\YPKPJH ZP PU]PZJOPH ULS NYV]PNSPV MYH YPJO[PNLZ 9LJO[ L NLYLJO[LZ 9LJO[ " MYH JP~ JOL HWWHY[PLUL HS KPYP[[V PU X\HU[V P\ZZ\T VY KPUH[V KH \UH ]VSVU[n ZV]YHUH L JP~ JOL NSP HWWHY[PLUL PU X\HU[V P\ Z[\T PU X\HU[V NP\Z[PaPH \UP]LYZHSTLU[L ]HSPKH *VZy SยบVKPZZLH NP\YPKPJH JLYJH PU]HUV KP MHY X\HKYHYL PS JPYJVSV KP JVUJPSPHYL \UยบLZZLUaH TVYHSL PTTHULU[L ULS KPYP[[V ยถ HMMLYTH[H ZVWYH[[\[[V KHS NP\ZUH[\YHSPZTV ยถ L X\LSSH KPZ[PUaPVUL L ZLWHYHaPVUL [YH KPYP[[V L TVYHSL MYH VIISPNV KP SLNNL L VIISPNV KP JVZJPLUaH JOL u SH NHYHUaPH MVUKHTLU[HSL KLSSH SPILY[n L PS WYLZ\WWVZ[V KP \UH ZVJPL[n JP]PSL L JOL u Z[H[H HMMLYTH[H KHS WLUZPLYV TVKLYUV KH ;OVTHZP\Z ZPUV HNSP HS[YP L WPย NYHUKP NP\YPZ[P L ร SVZVร KLS KPYP[[V KLSSL LWVJOL Z\JJLZZP]L
3H KPZ[PUaPVUL SH ZLWHYHaPVUL u KLS YLZ[V SH NYHUKL SLaPVUL JOL PS KPYP[[V Kn HSSยปPU[LSSPNLUaH PU X\HU[V LZZV u HUaP[\[[V HY[L KP ZLWHYHYL JVTL KPJL HK LZLTWPV PS JHWP[VSV 0ZVSPLY\UN KLP 7YPUJPWP KLS KPYP[[V YVTHUV KP -YP[a :JO\Sa " ZLWHYHaPVUL KLS KPYP[[V ZHJYV KHS WYVMHUV W\IISPJV KHS WYP ]H[V JP]PSL KHS WLUHSL :V[[V X\LZ[V WYVร SV PS KPYP[[V X\HSL HY[L KLSSH ZL WHYHaPVUL VMMYL \U MVUKHTLU[HSL JVU[YPI\[V HSSยปPU[LSSPNLUaH HSSH TVYHSL L ZVWYH[[\[[V HSSH WVSP[PJH " KH LZZV ZP HWWYLUKL JVU MVYaH SH KPZ[PUaPVUL
MYH *OPLZH L :[H[V MYH JP~ JOL u VNNL[[V KP MLKL L JP~ JOL u VNNL[[V KP KPTVZ[YHaPVUL YHaPVUHSL MYH ]HSVYP MYLKKP SL YLNVSL KLSSH KLTVJYHaPH L ]HSVYP JHSKP S»HTPJPaPH S»HTVYL P ZLU[PTLU[P 3H SL[[LYH[\YH PU]LJL u WLY LJJLSSLUaH PS [LYYP[VYPV TL[PJJPV KLSS»PUJVU[YV L KLSSH TLZJVSHUaH KLSSV ZM\THYL KLSSL JH[LNVYPL KLSS»HTIPN\P[n KLSSH ]P[H PU J\P [\[[V ZP PU[YLJJPH JVU [\[[V
,WW\YL S»H]]LYZPVUL KLSSH WVLZPH YP]VS[H PUKPZ[PU[HTLU[L VYH HSSH SLNNL VYH HS KPYP[[V u YHKPJH[H WYVMVUKHTLU[L 3H SLNNL PUZ[H\YH PS Z\V PTWLYV L YP]LSH SH Z\H ULJLZZP[n Sn KV]L J»u V u WVZZPIPSL \U JVUÅP[[V " PS YLNUV KLS KPYP[[V u SH YLHS[n KLP JVUÅP[[P L KLSSH ULJLZZP[n KP TLKPHYSP 0 YHWWVY[P \THUP UVU OHUUV IPZVNUV KLS KPYP[[V SV PNUVYHUV " S»HTPJPaPH S»HTVYL UVU YPJOPLKVUV JVKPJP NP\KPJP H]]VJH[P L WYPNPVUP " TH JVKPJP NP\KPJP H]]VJH[P L WYPNPVUP KP]LU[HUV PTWYV]]PZHTLU[L ULJLZZHYP X\HUKV PU]LJL KLSS»HTVYL V KLSS»HTPJPaPH ZP ZJH[LUHUV PTWYV]]PZHTLU[L ]PVSLUaH X\HU KV X\HSJ\UV ]\VSL PTWLKPYL H X\HSJ\U HS[YV SH WVZZPIPSP[n KP HTHYL V KP ]P]LYL 5LSSH WVLZPH ¶ HUJOL SH WP [YHZNYLZZP]H ¶ J»u ZWLZZV L]PKLU[L V UHZJVZ[V PS ZVNUV KLSS»L[n KLSS»VYV KLSS»PUUVJLUaH KP VNUP W\SZPVUL KP \U M\[\YV PU J\P PS S\WV L S»HNULSSV IL]VUV HTPJOL]VSTLU[L HSSH Z[LZZH MVU[L 8\LZ[H YLKLUaPVUL WVL[PJH KP VNUP W\SZPVUL JOL 5V]HSPZ L MVYZL HUJOL
+»HS[YVUKL JVTL ZV[[WVSPULH JVU WHY[PJVSHYL ]PNVYL \UH NYHUKL Z[\KPV ZH YLJLU[LTLU[L ZJVTWHYZH 4HYPL ;OLYLZL - NLU UVTVZ SLNNL ]\VS KPYL HUJOL JHU[V WVLTH MVUKH[VYL KP \UH JP]PS[n" SL WYPTL SLNNP :VSVUL H]L]HUV MVYTL KP JHU[V L ULS JHU[V ZP WV[L]HUV LZWYPTLYL SL JVZL JOL ULSSH JP[[n NV]LYUH[H KH \U [PYHUUV UVU ZP WV[L]HUV KPYL ULSS»HNVYn ULSSH KPZJ\ZZPVUL W\IISPJH 4HYPL ;OLYLZL - NLU OH WV[\[V PU[P[VSHYL \U Z\V ILSSPZZPTV SPIYV +HZ 3PLK ]VT .LZL[a :WLZZV P JVKPJP P JVYWP KP SLNNP LYHUV WYLJLK\[P KH WYLS\KP V WYLHTIVSP JOL UL ZWPLNH]HUV SL YHNPVUP L UL JLSLIYH]HUV P ]HSVYP [YHZJLUKLUKV SL SLNNP WVZP[P]L PU UVTL KLS ZLUZV KLSSH ]P[H JOL SL MVUKH]H VZZPH MHJLUKV KLSSH SL[[LYH[\YH Ï 9VILZWPLYYL HK HIVSPYL X\LZ[P WYLS\KP H WYLZLU[HYL SH *VZ[P[\LU[L KLS ¸ ZHUZ WYtHTI\SL ¹ TH X\LZ[P JVU[PU\LYHUUV (UJVYH :JOTP[[ ZP WVUL]H PS WYV ISLTH ¸ 2VKPÄRH[PVU VKLY 5V]LSSL ¹ +LS YLZ[V *PJLYVUL H]L]H KLÄUP[V SL SLNNP \U ¸ JHYTLU ULJLZZHYP\T ¹
9PTIH\K YP[LUL]HUV WVZZPIPSL [PUNL KLS WYVWYPV JVSVYL KP ÄVYL Haa\YYV WLYÄUV JLY[P TV]PTLU[P YP]VS\aPVUHYP WYV[LZP H JYLHYL WVL[PJHTLU[L LK LZPZ[LUaPHSTLU[L S»\VTV U\V]V " K\YHU[L SH *VT\UL KP 7HYPNP P JVT\ UHYKP ZWHYH]HUV HNSP VYVSVNP WLY ZPTIVSLNNPHYL SH ÄUL KLS [LTWV Z[VYPJV L NP\YPKPJV KLSS»PUNP\Z[PaPH L S»H]]LU[V KP \U [LTWV U\V]V TLZZPHUPJV ¸ +PL /LYYZJOHM[ KLZ 9LJO[Z ¶ KPJL \U HS[YV MYHTTLU[V KP 5V]HSPZ ¶ ^PYK TP[ KLY )HYIHYLP aLZZPLYLU ¹
0S YPÄ\[V KLSSH SLNNL H]]PJPUH SH WVLZPH HSSH MLKL 5LZZ\UV OH TLZZV ZV[[V HJJ\ZH SH SLNNL JVTL :HU 7HVSV L SH [LVSVNPH ZWLJPL WYV[LZ[HU[L JOL KLYP]H KH S\P ¸ +HZ .LZL[a YPJO[L[ U\Y AVYU HU +HZ .LZL[a PZ[ a^PZJOLU OPULPUNLRVTTLU KHTP[ KLY -HSS a\T lILYÅPL LU RVTTL ¹ Z[H ZJYP[[V ULSSH 3L[[LYH HP 9VTHUP " u LZZH ZP KPJL HUJVYH JOL MH WYLUKLYL ]P[H HS WLJJH[V L SV MH ZV]YHIIVUKHYL 3\[LYV PUJHSaH ! ¸ A\]VY ^HY PJO MYLP \UK NPUN ILP KLY 5HJO[ VOUL 3H[LYUL " QL[a[ UHJO KLT .LZL[a OHIL PJO LPU .L^PZZLU \UK ULOTL LPUL 3H[LYUL ILP KLY 5HJO[ (SZV PZ[ .V[[LZ .LZL[a UPJO[Z KLUU LY MMULU TLPU I ZLZ .L^PZZLU & ¹ 3H YPZWVZ[H KLSS»\VTV YLSPNPVZV HSS»VYYVYL KLSSH SLNNL u PS ZHS[V ULSSH NYHaPH S»HIIHUKVUV HSSH MLKL JOL ZHS]H HSKPSn KLS NP\KPaPV WLYJOt UVU ZP IHZH Z\SS»LZHTL KLSSL HaPVUP TLYP[VYPL V KLSP[[\VZL ILUZy Z\SS»\UPVUL [V[HSL PU +PV PUKPWLUKLU [LTLU[L KH VNUP ]HS\[HaPVUL TVYHSL (IYHTV ZJYP]L 2HYS )HY[O ZP ZHS]H UVU WLY X\LSSV JOL MH ILUZy WLYJOt LNSP KPJL LZWYLZZHTLU[L JYLKL PU JVS\P JOL KPJOPHYH NP\Z[V S»LTWPV
(S WVSV VWWVZ[V .YVaPV PS MVUKH[VYL KLSSH [LVYPH TVKLYUH KLS KPYP[[V UH[\YHSL HMMLYTH ¶ ULS +L 0\YL )LSSP HJ 7HJPZ ¶ JOL ¸ 5LTTLUV +PV W\~ MHY Zy JOL JP~ JOL u PU[YPUZLJHTLU[L THSL UVU ZPH THSL ¹ " HUJOL :HU ;VTTHZV JVU SH Z\H ¸ S\JL KLSSH YHNPVU UH[\YHSL ¹ JOL u HSSH IHZL KLSSH Z\H PKLH KLS KPYP[[V KP UH[\YH u Z\ X\LZ[H SPULH :L J»u \UH MHJVS[n \THUH JOL JVTL KPJL PS =HUNLSV UVU UHZJL WLY NP\KPJHYL UVSP[L P\KP JHYL ILUZy WLY YHJJVU[HYL SH ]P[H WLY JVTWYLUKLYSH L YHMÄN\YHYSH HSKPSn KP JVKPJP YLNVSL L SLNNP X\LZ[H u L]PKLU[LTLU[L SH SL[[LYH[\YH :WLZZV SH SL[[LYH[\YH ZP H]]PJPUH HSSH KPTLUZPVUL TPZ[PJH KLSSH YLSPNPVUL TVS[V WP JOL H X\LSSH MVYTHSPZ[PJH V KVNTH[PJH " ZP H]]PJPUH HSSH NYHaPH WP\[ [VZ[V JOL HSSH SLNNL L ZVWYH[[\[[V H X\LSS»PZWPYHaPVUL TPZ[PJH JOL PNUVYH V [YHZNYLKPZJL SH SLNNL HUJOL TVYHSL *VTL PUZLNUHUV +VZ[VL]ZRPQ V
:PUNLY J»u \U ULZZV Z[YL[[V [YH TPZ[PJH L [YHZNYLZZPVUL " PU 2PLYRLNHHYK PS TVTLU[V YLSPNPVZV S»\IIPKPLUaH KP (IYHTV HSS»VYKPUL KP \JJPKLYL 0ZHJJV ZP JVU[YHWWVUL HS TVTLU[V L[PJV JOL PTWVUL KP VWWVYZP H X\LSS»VYKPUL 5LZZ\UV JVTL 2HMRH OH LZWYLZZV PS WH[OVZ SH NYHUKLaaH S»VYYL KLSSH 3LNNL 3H 3LNNL ¶ KP J\P X\LSSH LIYHPJH u S»LZWYLZZPVUL Z\WYLTH ¶ u SH ]P[H " NP\KPJHYSH PU[LYWYL[HYSH u \U PUNHUUV \UH JVSWH 3H WHYHIVSH =VY KLT .LZL[a UVU W\~ TH ZVWYH[[\[[V UVU KL]L LZZLYL ZWPLNH[H Ï JVSWL ]VSL WYL[LUKLYL \UH JVUVZJLUaH KLSSH 3LNNL" JVTL ZV[[VSPULH .P\SPHUV )HPVUP ]P W\~ LZZLYL ZVSV \U»LZWLYPLUaH KLSSH 3LNNL 3H Z\H VZZLY]HUaH u PTWVZZPIPSL ! ¸ (SSLZ ]LYZ[ [ NLNLU KHZ .LZL[a ¹ KPJL -PZJOLYSL ULSSH )SLUK\UN KP *HUL[[P 3H 3LNNL WVUL S»PUKP]PK\V JOL ZP HYYVNH KP JV UVZJLYSH L KP HUHSPaaHYSH M\VYP KHSSH ]P[H ¶ M\VYP KHS [LYP[VYPV KLSS»HTVYL ZJYP]L 2HMRH H 4PSLUH
3H 3LNNL ]LYZV J\P S»PUKP]PK\V ZP YLUKL JVSWL]VSL u SH JVT\UP[n ¶ WLY 2HMRH SHJVT\UP[n LIYHPJH JOL LNSP YHMÄN\YH [\[[»HS[YV JOL W\YH L VYKP UH[H ILUZy JHV[PJH L [HSVYH ZWVYJH TH HWW\U[V ZHJYH JVTL SH 3LNNL L SH ]P[H HUJO»LZZL ZWVYJOL L KPZVYKPUH[L *»u X\HZP \UH [YHNPJH JVSWH H WYPVYP IULSS»LZZLYL M\VYP KHSSH JVT\UP[n JVTL ZL S»HJJ\ZH[V MVZZL NPn JVSWL]VSL UVU WLYJOt PS Z\V YLH[V ZPH WYV]H[V TH WLYJOt LNSP HMMLY THUKV SH Z\H PUUVJLUaH ZP WVUL JVU[YV SH JVT\UP[n JOL HNPZJL [YHTP[L SH SLNNL (UJOL ULP [OYPSSLY NP\YPKPJP HTLYPJHUP ¶ ;O\YV^ .YPZOHT ¶ SH MVYT\SH WYVJLZZ\HSL ¸ 0S 7VWVSV JVU[YV 9VaH[ 2 :HIPJO ¹ Z\VUH NYV[[L ZJHTLU[L X\HZP NPn JVTL \U ]LYKL[[V
4H X\LZ[H JVUZHWL]VSLaaH PUK\JL S»\VTV H \U WLJJH[V HUJVYH WP NYH]L VZZPH WYL[LUKLYL KP UVU TLZJVSHYZP HS I\PV L HSS»PTW\YV KLSSH ]P[H KP LZZLYL W\YV VYNVNSPVZHTLU[L ZJL]YV KP VNUP JVWSH L KLSSH Z[LZZH JVSWH KP ]P]LYL ;HSL Z\WLYIH WYL[LZH KP UVU LZZLYL ZWVYJH[V KHS MHUNV KLSSH ]P[H u SH Z\H JVSWH JOL SV LZ[YHUPH HNSP \VTPUP L SV JVUKHUUH H YLZ[HYL ZLTWYL KH]HU[P HSSL WVY[L KLSSH 3LNNL JVTL ULSSH MHTVZH WH YHIVSH H UVU LU[YHYL ULSSH ]P[H H ¸ ZPJO IPZ a\T :JOS\ a\ ]LY[LPKPNLU ¹ JVTL KPJL 2HMRH ULP Z\VP KPHYP JVSWL]VSL WYVWYPV WLY [HSL VZZLZZPVUL KP KPMLZH SLNHSPZ[PJH *VZy ULS YVTHUaV SH +LH .P\Z[PaPH KPWPU[H ULS X\HKYV KP ;P[VYLSSP ZP [YHZMVYTH ULSSH +LH KLSSH *HJJPH
+HS JVUMYVU[V JVU SH 3LNNL ZVUV UH[P TVS[P JHWVSH]VYP SL[[LYHYP 4PJOHLS 2VOSOHHZ KP 2SLPZ[ MVYZL PS WPย NYHUKL TVZ[YH PS JVUร P[[V [YH SH NP\Z[PaPH ยธ SLNHSL ยน KP]LU\[H MHSZH L SH ]LYH NP\Z[PaPH TH TVZ[YH ZVWYH[[\[[V SH [YH NPJH JVSWH KP MHYZP NP\KPJL HUJVYJOt W\YV KLP THSP KLS TVUKV L K\UX\L IVPH SH ]PVSLUaH KP JOP ZP MH (UNLSV KLS .P\KPaPV L ZJVWYL MHJLUKV NP\ Z[PaPH ยธ KPL (YNSPZ[ PU ^LSJOLY KPL NHUaL >LS[ ]LYZ\URLU ยน :\ X\LZ[H SPULH KP L[OVZ WY\ZZPHUV ZP HYYP]H HSSV :[YLP[ \T KLU :LYNLHU[LU .YPZJOH KP (YUVSK A^LPN JVUL SH Z\H JVU[YHWWVZPaPVUL MYH PS KPYP[[V JOL MVUKH SV :[H[V L SV :[H[V KP KPYP[[V JOL PUJLY[L JPYJVZ[HUaL UVU W\~ UVU ULNHYSV ZLUaH WLY X\LZ[V LZZLYL NP\Z[Pร JH[V
0U \U HS[YV JHWVSH]VYV )PSS` )\K KP 4LS]PSSL PS JHWP[HUV =LYL PS JVTHU KHU[L KP THYPUH JOL KL]L NP\KPJHYL PS W\YPZZPTV L TVYHSTLU[L PUUVJLU[L )PSS` )\K JOL OH \JJPZV SยปPUMHTL L WLYZLJ\[VYPV Z\WLYPVYL *SHNNHY[ ZH JOL )PSS` )\K u ยธ \U HUNLSV KP +PV ยน L OH MH[[V \UH JVZH UH[\YHSTLU[L NP\Z[H TH YP[PLUL JOL KLIIH WHNHYL WLY SH Z\H HaPVUL WV[LUaPHSTLU[L JHYPJH KP NYH]PZZPTL JVUZLN\LUaL PU [LTWV KP N\LYYH *VU HS TVY[L ULS J\VYL TH WLYZ\HZV JOL PS J\VYL KLIIH LZZLYL ยธ LZW\SZV KHSSH *VY[L ยน SV JVUKHUUH HSSยปPTWPJJHNPVUL
:PU KHSSL VYPNPUP MVUKHU[P KLSSH UVZ[YH JP]PS[n HS KPYP[[V JVKPร JH[V VZZPH HSSH SLNNL ]PLUL JVU[YHWWVZ[H Sยป\UP]LYZHSP[n KP ]HSVYP \THUP JOL ULZZ\UH UVYTH WVZP[P]H W\~ ULNHYL ! HSSยปPUPX\H SLNNL KLSSV :[H[V WYVT\SNH[H KH *YLVU[L JOL ULNH \UP]LYZHSP ZLU[PTLU[P L ]HSVYP (U[PNVUL JVU[YHWWV UL SL ยธ UVU ZJYP[[L SLNNP KLNSP KLP ยน P JVTHUKHTLU[P L P WYPUJPWP HZZVS\[P JOL ULZZ\UH H\[VYP[n W\~ ]PVSHYL 0S JHWVSH]VYV KP :VMVJSL u \UH [YHNPJH LZWYLZZPVUL KLS JVUร P[[V [YH Sยป\THUV L SH SLNNL JOL u W\YL JVUร P[[V [YH PS KPYP[[V L SH SLNNL 0S KLJYL[V PUPX\V KP *YLVU[L u \UH SLNNL WVZP[P]H JVU \U Z\V JVU[LU\ [V ZWLJPร JV (K LZZH (U[PNVUL JVU[YHWWVUL \U KPYP[[V UVU JVKPร JH[V WV[YLTTV KPYL JVUZ\L[\KPUHYPV [YHTHUKH[V KHSSH WPL[HZ L KHSSยปH\J[V YP[HZ KLSSH [YHKPaPVUL , SH [YHKPaPVUL OH ZJYP[[V 7PUKHYV PS WVL[H JOL OH W\YL KLร UP[V ยธ ZV]YHUH ยน SH SLNNL UVTVZ IHZPSL\Z u ยธ YLNPUH KP [\[[L SL JVZL ยน 7LYHS[YV SH JVUZ\L[\KPUL u Z[H[H [HS]VS[H JVU[YHWWVZ[H HSSH UH[\YH
¶ ZPUV H PKLU[PÃ&#x201E;JHYZP X\HZP JVU SH JVU]LUaPVUL JVS UVTVZ HU[P[L[PJV WLY P ZVÃ&#x201E;Z[P L UVU ZVSV WLY SVYV HSSH WO`ZPZ HSSH UH[\YH 4H SL ¸ UVU ZJYP[[L SLNNP KLNSP KLP ¹ J\P ZP HWWLSSH (U[PNVUL UVU ZVUV JVUZ\L[\KPUP ILUZy PTWLYH[P]P JH[LNVYPJP HZZVS\[P (U[PNVUL u PS ZPTIVSV PU[YHTVU[HIPSL KLSSH YLZPZ[LUaH HSSL SLNNP PUNP\Z[L HSSH [PYHUUPKL HS THSL " ]LULYPHTV JVTL LYVP L THY[PYP :VWOPL L /HUZ :JOVSS V PS [LVSVNV )VUOVLMMLY JOL JVTL (U[PNVUL OHUUV ZHJYPÃ&#x201E;JH[V SH SVYV ]P[H WLY YPILSSHYZP HSSL SLNNP KP \UV :[H[V X\LSSV UHaPZ[H JOL JHSWLZ[H]H S»\THUP[n ,ZWVULUKV SH KV[[YPUH Z[VPJH KLS KPYP[[V UH[\YHSL *PJLYVUL ULS +L 9LW\ ISPJH WHYSH KP \UH ¸ ]LYH SLNNL JVUMVYTL H UH[\YH \UP]LYZHSL JVZ[HU[L LK L[LYUH SLNNL HSSH X\HSL S»\VTV UVU W\~ KPZ\IIPKPYL ZLUaH M\NNPYL ZL Z[LZZV L ZLUaH YPUULNHYL SH UH[\YH \THUH ¹ 8\LZ[V KPYP[[V KP UH[\YH JOL ZLU[L S»\THUP[n JVTL JVT\UP[n \UP]LYZHSL WHZZH HS *YPZ[PHULZPTV L JVS *VYW\Z 0\YPZ *P]PSPZ ¸ MLSPJLTLU[L VYKPUH SL JVZL KP]PUL L \THUL L WVUL Ã&#x201E;UL HSS»PUPX\P[n ¹ ZLJVUKV SL WHYVSL H[[YPI\P[L HSSV Z[LZZV .P\Z[PUPHUV
0U \U P[PULYHYPV JVTWSLZZV L JVU[YHKKP[[VYPV L PU \U WYVJLZZV KP WYV NYLZZP]H SHPJPaaHaPVUL PS KPYP[[V KP UH[\YH ¶ H[[YH]LYZV .YVaPV 7\MLUKVYM L HS[YP ¶ ZP JVSSLNH PKLHSTLU[L W\Y ZLUaH PKLU[PÃ&#x201E;JHYZP JVU LZZP JVU P KPYP[[P JP]PSP KLSSH TVKLYUP[n SPILYHSL L KLTVJYH[PJH 7LY 3VJRL PS Ã&#x201E;SVZVMV KLSSH [VSSLYHUaH L KLP KPYP[[P JP]PSP \UV :[H[V H\[VYP[HYPV ULNH SH UH[\YH Z[LZZH KLSS»\VTV 3H KPJOPHYHaPVUL HTLYPJHUH KLS WYVJSHTH JOL ¸ HSS TLU HYL JYLH[LK LX\HS [OH[ [OL` HYL LUKV^LK I` [OLPY *YLH[VY ^P[O JLY[HPU \UHSPLUHISL 9PNO[Z [OH[ HTVUN [OLZL HYL 3PML 3PILY[` HUK [OL W\YZ\P[ VM /HWWPULZZ ¹ " X\LSSH MYHUJLZL KLS WHYSH HUJO»LZZH KP ¸ SLZ KYVP[Z UH [\YLSZ PUHSPtUHISLZ L[ ZHJYtZ KL S»/VTTL ¹ +\L KPJOPHYHaPVUP YP]VS\aPV UHYPL JOL ZP HJJVTWHNUHUV PUMH[[P H K\L YP]VS\aPVUP L [LVYPaaHUV JVTL
*VS *YPZ[PHULZPTV PS KPYP[[V UH[\YHSL ZP PKLU[PÃ&#x201E;JH JVU X\LSSV JVU[LU\[V ULS =HUNLSV L HJX\PZ[H \UH KPTLUZPVUL VU[VSVNPJH PTTLKLZPTHUKVZP JVU S»VYKPUL KLSSH UH[\YH JYLH[V KH +PV JOL ULZZ\UH SLNNL WVZP[P]H W\~ ]PVSHYL ZLUaH WLYKLYL SH Z\H SLNP[[PTP[n 3L SLNNP WVZP[P]L PUNP\Z[L ZJYP]L :HU ;VTTHZV UVU ZVUV WYVWYPHTLU[L SLNNP L HK LZZL UVU u KV]\[H HSJ\UH VIILKPLUaH " HUaP S»\VTV VULZ[V OH PS KPYP[[V L PS KV]LYL KP YPILS SHYZP JVU[YV KP LZZL
MH LZWSPJP[HTLU[L S»HTLYPJHUH PS KPYP[[V HSSH YP]VS\aPVUL ! ¸ [OH[ ^OLUL]LY HU` -VYT VM .V]LYUTLU[ ILJVTLZ KLZ[Y\J[P]L VM [OVZL LUKZ P[ PZ [OL 9PNO[ VM [OL 7LVWSL [V HS[LY VY [V HIVSPZO P[ ¹ ;OVYLH\ [LVYPaaLYn SH *P]PS +PZVIPLKPLUJL PS ¸ KPYP[[V HSSH YP]VS\aPVUL ¹ JVTL LNSP KPJL LZWYLZZHTLU [L L PS WYPTH[V KLSS»PUKP]PK\V Z\SSV :[H[V 8\LZ[H SPILY[n L[PJH L WVSP[PJH KP]PLUL \U TVKV KP LZZLYL \UH TVKHSP[n LZPZ[LUaPHSL L WVL[PJH " SH SPILYH ]P[H ULP IVZJOP KP >HSKLU PS MYH[LYUV PUJVU[YV JVU [\[[P NSP LZZLYP ]P]LU[P
4H JVU[YV PS KPYP[[V KP UH[\YH ZP SL]HUV TVS[L HS[YL ]VJP SL X\HSP JVU[LZ[H UV SH Z[LZZH PKLH KP \UH UH[\YH ¸ JVZ[HU[L \UP]LYZHSL LK L[LYUH ¹ /\TL KPJL JOL ¸ [OL ^VYK UH[\YHS PZ JVTTVUS` [HRLU PU ZV THU` ZLUZLZ HUK PZ VM ZV SVVZL ZPNUPÃ&#x201E;JH[PVU [OH[ P[ ZLLTZ ]HPU [V KPZW\[L ^OL[OLY Q\Z[PJL IL UH[\YHS VY UV[ ¹ 7LY /VIILZ SV Z[H[V KP UH[\YH UVU u \U PKPSSPV HYJHKP JV ILUZy \U ¸ ILSS\T VTUP\T JVU[YH VTULZ ¹ JOL KL]L LZZLYL JVYYL[ [V L K\UX\L JVU[YHZ[H[V KHSSL SLNNP /VIILZ ZJYP]L JOL ¸ ILMVYL [OLYL ^HZ H SH^ [OLYL JV\SK IL UV PUQ\Z[PJL " HUK [OLYLMVYL SH^Z HYL PU [OLPY UH[\YHS HU[LJLKLU[ [V Q\Z[PJL HUK PUQ\Z[PJL ¹ (UJOL 3LVWHYKP JVU[LZ[H YHKPJHSTLU[L PS KPYP[[V ¸ JOL ZP JYLKL UH[\YHSL ¹ L JOL PU]LJL H Z\V H]]PZV u ¸ W\YH JVU]LUaPVUL ¹ MY\[[V KP ¸VWPUPVUL¹ L KP JVU[PUNLUaL Z[VYPJOL V LYYVYP SVNPJP
0U X\LZ[H WYVZWL[[P]H PS ULZZV MYH KPYP[[V L TVYHSL ]PLUL PUMYHU[V " PS KPYP[[V UH[\YHSL ]PLUL YLZWPU[V X\HSL HYIP[YHYPV KV]LY LZZLYL PU UVTL KLSS»LZZLYL KLSSL JVZL JVZy JVTL ZVUV L KLS TVKV VNNL[[P]V KP NLZ[PYSL 5LZZ\UV JVTL /LNLS OH KPZWYLaaH[V S»HU[HNVUPZTV [YH ¸ JP~ JOL KV]YLIIL LZZLYL L JP~ JOL u ¹ L K\UX\L PS KPYP[[V UH[\YHSL JOL LNSP JVUZPKLYH \UH ]HJ\H PKLHSP[n HZ[YH[[H PUMLYPVYL H X\LSSH Z\WLYPVYL TVYHSP[n JOL u S»LZPZ[LUaH JVUJYL[H KLSSV :[H[V , SV :[H[V ULS Z\V LZLYJPaPV KLSSH MVYaH L KLSSH ]PV SLUaH W\~ LZZLYL NP\KPJH[V ZVSV KHSSH :[VYPH WLYJOt SH :[VYPH \UP]LYZHSL u PS [YPI\UHSL L HUaP PS NP\KPaPV \UP]LYZHSL (UJOL X\LZ[H JVUJLaPVUL KLS KPYP[[V Z»PUJVU[YH JVU SH SL[[LYH[\YH " ULSSH [YHNLKPH (NULZ )LYUH\LY KP /LIILS WLY]HZH KP WH[OVZ OLNLSPHUV L Z[VYP JPZ[H SH W\YPZZPTH L PUUVJLU[L WYV[HNVUPZ[H L PS Z\V HTVYL ]LUNVUV IY\ [HSTLU[L ZHJYPÃ&#x201E;JH[P HSSH 9HNPVU KP :[H[V 0 Z\VP JHYULÃ&#x201E;JP JVTL PS Z\VJLYV ,YULZ[V +\JH KP )H]PLYH ]LULYHUV SH Z\H KVSJPZZPTH \THUP[n L ZVMMYVUV
KP KV]LYSH Z[YVUJHYL TH YP[LUNVUV JOL [HSL HaPVUL L [HSL JVSWH ZPHUV ULJLZZHYPL L K\UX\L NP\Z[L ULS X\HKYV KP \UH WYVZWL[[P]H Z[VYPJH JOL [YHZJLUKL PS ZPUNVSV PUKP]PK\V ¸ +HZ NYV L 9HK NPUN ILY ZPL ^LN ¶ KPJL PS +\JH ,YULZ[V ¶ U\U PZ[ ZPL ILP KLT KLY»Z KYLO[ ¹ 3L ¸ UVU ZJYP[[L SLNNP KLNSP KLP ¹ V]]LYV NSP PUHSPLUHIPSP KPYP[[P \THUP ]LU NVUV HJJ\ZH[P KP HZ[YH[[LaaH PKLVSVNPJH L TVYHSPZ[PJH J\P ]PLUL JVU [YHWWVZ[H SH YLHS[n KLSSH Z[VYPH L SH JVUJYL[H Z[VYPJP[n KP VNUP JVUKPaPVUL \THUH PUL]P[HIPSTLU[L KP]LYZH 1VOU * *HSOV\U LTPULU[L WVSP[VSVNV L \VTV WVSP[PJV Z[H[\UP[LUZL KLSSH WYPTH TL[n KLSS»6[[VJLU[V H[[HJJH S»PKLVSVNPH LNHSP[HYPH KLSSH +PJOPHYHaPVUL HTLYPJHUH KLS L PU WHY[P JVSHYL PS Z\V WYPUJPWPV ZLJVUKV PS X\HSL [\[[P NSP \VTPUP UHZJVUV SPILYP LK LN\HSP 3»LN\HNSPHUaH u WLY S\P ¸ JVU[YV UH[\YH ¹ \UH MHSZPÄJHaPVUL JOL PUX\PUH SH UH[\YH " LNSP KPJL K\UX\L HUJOL ZPNUPÄJH[P]HTLU[L JOL UVU UHZJVUV \VTPUP ILUZy IHTIPUP JOL WLY S\P UVU OHUUV HUJVYH KPYP[[P ,K LNSP KPMLUKL SH ZJOPH]P[\» KLP ULYP
4H X\LZ[P Z[VYPJP JVUZLY]H[VYP ULTPJP KLSS»\N\HNSPHUaH L [HSVYH HJ\[P KP MLUZVYP KLSSH KP]LYZP[n ZJHTIPHUV \U KH[V KP MH[[V WLY \U KPYP[[V JVTL ZL WH[PYL \UH TLUVTHaPVUL V \U»PUNP\Z[PaPH UVU ZVSV UVU WV[LZZLYV JVTL [HSVYH HJJHKL TH ULTTLUV KV]LZZLYV LZZLYL JVYYL[[L ULHUJOL ULP SPTP[P KLS WVZZPIPSL (UJO»LZZP JHKVUV ULSS»LYYVYL KH LZZP YPUMHJJPH[V HP NP\ZUH[\YHSPZ[P WLYJOt YLZWPUNLUKV VNUP HZ[YH[[V KV]LY LZZLYL MHUUV KP JP~ JOL u KLSS»LZZLYL UVU \UH JVUZ[H[HaPVUL ILUZy \U WYLJL[[V \U ¸ KV ]LY LZZLYL ¹ *HSOV\U JOL JVUZPKLYH ¸ JVU[YV UH[\YH ¹ SH SPILYHaPVUL KLNSP ZJOPH]P KP]LU[H JVZy \UH ZWLJPL KP :HU ;VTTHZV V ;OVYLH\ HSSH YV]LZJPH
(UHSVNHTLU[L ULSSH .LYTHUPH ZL[[LJLU[LZJH 1\Z[\Z 4 ZLY PS WH[YPHY JH KP 6ZUHIY JR KPMLUKL]H JVU[YV NSP 0SS\TPUPZ[P SH ZLY]P[ KLSSH NSLIH L SL PZ[P[\aPVUP [YHTHUKH[L KHP ZLJVSP JOL Z[HIPSP]HUV KPZ\N\HNSPHUaL K»VNUP NLULYL JVZy JVTL )\YRL VWWVUL]H HSS»\N\HNSPHUaH PSS\TPUPZ[H L YP]VS\aPVUHYPH SH KP]LYZP[n KLSS»\VTV Z[VYPJHTLU[L L JVUJYL[HTLU[L KL [LYTPUH[V 5VU H JHZV 4 ZLY KPMLUKL]H UVU ZVSV SH ZLY]P[ KLSSH NSLIH TH HUJOL S»PUKP]PK\HSP[n SL[[LYHYPH JVU[YV P WYPUJPWP KP \UH 9HNPVUL \UP ]LYZHSL WLYPJVSVZHTLU[L \N\HNSPH[YPJL W\YL KLS N\Z[V L KLSSH MHU[HZPH
Ï MVYZL 4HY_ H \UPYL WHYHKVZZHSTLU[L SH JYP[PJH HUJOL ZWYLaaHU[L HS NP\ZUH[\YHSPZTV L \U PYYPK\JPIPSL ¸ ZJOPL[[V UH[\YHSPZTV ¹ JVTL KPJL]H HUUP MH *HYSV (U[VUP 7LY 4HY_ u SH Z[VYPH UVU SH UH[\YH JOL KL]L WVY[HYL SH SPILYHaPVUL , [\[[H]PH YPTHUL ULS WLUZPLYV KP 4HY_ S»PKLHSL KP \UH WLY ZVUHSP[n \THUH YLHSPaaH[H ULSSH Z\H WPLULaaH (UJOL WLY S\P JVTL WLY *HSOV\U NSP \VTPUP UVU UHZJVUV SPILYP L ZVWYH[[\[[V UVU UHZJVUV \N\HSP 4H X\LZ[V MH[[V UVU u WLY S\P H\[VTH[PJHTLU[L \U KPYP[[V V TLNSPV SH UL NHaPVUL KP \U KPYP[[V KLS KPYP[[V HSSH SPILY[n L HSS»\N\HNSPHUaH 3H JYLZJLU[L ULNHaPVUL KLS KPYP[[V PU UH[\YH PU UVTL KLSSH YLHS[n Z[VYPJH JVUK\YYn WYV NYLZZP]HTLU[L H WHY[PYL KHS ZLJVUKV 6[[VJLU[V PU NLULYL ULSSH J\S[\YH L\YVWLH L PU WHY[PJVSHYL MVYZL PU X\LSSH [LKLZJH HSSH ULNHaPVUL KLSS»\TH UP[n L KP VNUP \UP]LYZHSL \THUV JVTL OH ]PZ[V ,YUZ[ ;YVLS[ZJO
<UH SL[[LYH[\YH Z[LYTPUH[H Y\V[H K\UX\L PU[VYUV HS JVUÅP[[V ZLTWYL YPU UV]H[V PU MVYTL KP]LYZL [YH (U[PNVUL L *YLVU[L 4H (U[PNVUL u \UH [YHNLKPH VZZPH UVU \UH UP[PKH JVU[YHWWVZPaPVUL K»PUUVJLUaH L KP JVSWH ILUZy \U JVUÅP[[V ULS X\HSL UVU u WVZZPIPSL WLY ULZZ\UV HZZ\TLYL \UH WVZPaPVUL JOL UVU JVTWVY[P PUL]P[HIPSTLU[L \U JLY[V NYHKV KP JVSWH :V MVJSL UVU YHMÄN\YH *YLVU[L X\HSL TVZ[Y\VZV [PYHUUV " UVU u \U /P[SLY TH \U NV]LYUHU[L SH J\P YLZWVUZHIPSP[n KP NV]LYUV L KP [\[LSH KLSSH JP[[n W\~ JOPLKLYL KP [LULY JVU[V PU UVTL KLSS»L[PJH KLSSH YLZWVUZHIPSP[n JHYH H >LILY KLSSL JVUZLN\LUaL Z\SSH ]P[H KP [\[[P KP \UH KPZVIILKPLUaH HSSL SLNNP WVZP[P]L L KP \U WVZZPIPSL JHVZ JOL UL ZLN\L :VSV SH JVTWVZPaPVUL KLS JVUÅP[[V u \UH ZVS\aPVUL L X\LZ[H JVTWVZPaPVUL ZWL[[H HSSH WVSP[PJH u PS ZLUZV KLSSH WVSP[PJH 8\HUKV X\LZ[»\S[PTH JLKL V ZLTIYH JLKLYL (U[PNVUL [VYUH UVU H JHZV HK LZZLYL SH ÄN\YH ZPTIVSPJH KLSSH SHJLYHaPV UL JVTL u HJJHK\[V PU .LYTHUPH ULNSP HUUP KP WPVTIV JVS KP]PL[V KP KHY ZLWVS[\YH HP TPSP[HU[P KLSSH 9(- ( ZLJVUKH KLSSH JVZ[LSSHaPVUL Z[VYPJV ZVJPHSL SH SPILY[n L SH KLTVJYH aPH ZP KPMLUKVUV HWWLSSHUKVZP HS KPYP[[V UVU ZJYP[[V KLWVZP[HYPV KP [\[[H SH [YHKPaPVUL J\S[\YHSL V HSSH SLNNL WVZP[P]H +\YHU[L SH 9LW\IISPJH KP >LPTHY P KLTVJYH[PJP ZP HWWLSSH]HUV HSSL SLNNP WVZP[P]L JOL W\UP]HUV SL KPSHNHU[P ]PVSLUaL HU[PZLTP[L TLU[YL NP\YPZ[P L PU[LSSL[[\HSP ÄSVUHaPZ[P ZVZ[LUL]HUV JOL X\LSSL SLNNP UVU JVYYPZWVUKL]HUV HS YHKPJH[V ZLU[PYL
KLS WVWVSV [LKLZJV L K\UX\L HS Z\V WYVMVUKV KPYP[[V LK LYHUV WLYJP~ HZ[YH[[L " K\YHU[L PS UHaPZTV PU]LJL HK HWWLSSHYZP HSSL ¸ UVU ZJYP[[L SLNNP KLNSP KLP ¹ JVU[YV SL WVZP[P]L SLNNP YHaaPHSP L SPILY[PJPKL KLS YLNPTL LYHUV NSP VWWVZP[VYP KLS UHaPZTV 3L ¸ UVU ZJYP[[L SLNNP KLNSP KLP ¹ KP (U[PNVUL ZVUV ILU KP WP KP \U HU[PJV KPYP[[V [YHTHUKH[V " ZP WYLZLU[HUV UVU X\HSP LSLTLU[P Z[VYPJP ILUZy X\HSP HZZVS\[P *VZy ULSS»0WOPNLUPH PU ;H\YPZ KP .VL[OL ¶ KLSS»H]]VJH[V .VL[OL ¶ 0ÄNLUPH ZP VWWVUL HP ZHJYPÄJP \THUP WLYJOt KPJL \U +PV \U ]HSVYL \UP]LYZHSL WHYSH JVZy HS Z\V J\VYL 4H X\HUKV JP~ HJJHKL JVT»u WVZZPIPSL ZHWLYL ZL H WHYSHYL u \U +PV \UP]LYZHSL V \U PKVSV KLNSP VZJ\YP NYV]PNSP PU[LYPVYP JOL MHUUV ZJHTIPHYL \U YL[HNNPV H[H]PJV WLY S»\UP]LYZHSL &
3LNNL L KPYP[[V ZHUJPZJVUV K\UX\L X\LZ[V WLJJH[V VYPNPUHSL X\LZ[H PT WVZZPIPSP[n KLSS»PUUVJLUaH KP LZPZ[LYL ,K u X\LZ[V JOL W\Y JVU[YHWWV ULUKV WVLZPH L KPYP[[V HUJOL SP H]]PJPUH WLYJOt ¶ ZJYP]L :HS]H[VYL :H[[H PU \U WHZZV KLS .PVYUV KLS .P\KPaPV ¸ PS KPYP[[V u [LYYPIPSL JVTL SH ]P[H ¹ " L SH SL[[LYH[\YH JOPHTH[H H YHJJVU[HYL SH U\KH ]LYP[n KLSSH ]P[H ZLU aH YLTVYL TVYHSPZ[PJOL UVU W\~ UVU H]]LY[PYL \UH WLYPJVSVZH ]PJPUHUaH H X\LSSH [LYYPIPSP[n ,» PS KPYP[[V JP]PSL WP KP X\LSSV WLUHSL JOL TL[[L H U\KV X\LZ[H KLZVSHaPVUL JOL JVZ[YPUNL H JVUMYVU[HYZP JVU SH WP SP]PKH TPZLYPH KLS J\VYL \THUV WHKYP JVU[YV ÄNSP L ÄNSP JVU[YV WHKYP WLY K\L TPZLYH IPSP SPYL LYLKP[n HUJOL TVKLZ[L JOL KPZ[Y\NNVUV HMML[[P KP [\[[H \UH ]P[H 4VS[P YHJJVU[P KP )HSaHJ TVZ[YHUV SH ZVYKPKH WV[LUaH KLSS»PU[LYLZZL ¶ L KLP TLJJHUPZTP NP\YPKPJP THUPWVSH[P HS Z\V ZLY]PaPV ¶ ULS KPZ[Y\NNLYL S»\VTV
3H SLNNL u [YHNPJH WLYJOt TL[[L PU TV[V TLJJHUPZTP JOL WVZZVUV LZ ZLYL ULJLZZHYP L YHWWYLZLU[HYL \U JVYYL[[P]V HS THSL TH ZVUV ZLTWYL \U THSL TPUVYL L THP \U ILUL -YH PS ILUL L PS KPYP[[V ZP HWYL ZWLZZV \U IHYH[YV ! ULSSH 1 KPU ]VU ;VSLKV KP .YPSSWHYaLY P UVIPSP ZWHNUVSP JOL WLY SH YHNPVU KP :[H[V OHUUV \JJPZV SH ILSSPZZPTH HTHU[L JOL YLU KL]H PNUH]V PS YL TL[[LUKV JVZy PU WLYPJVSV PS WHLZL UVU ZP WLU[VUV KLS KLSP[[V JVTTLZZV WLY~ ZP ZLU[VUV L KPJOPHYHUV JVSWL]VSP WLJJH[VYP L WYVU[P HK LZWPHYL! OHUUV HNP[V ¶ KPJVUV ¶ ¸ KHZ .\[L ^VSSLUK HILY UPJO[ KHZ 9LJO[ ¸
,» ZWLJPHSTLU[L PU .LYTHUPH JOL ZP u ]LYPÄJH[H ZVWYH[[\[[V PU L[n YV THU[PJH \UH ZPUNVSHYL HSSLHUaH [YH WVLZPH L KPYP[[V ¶ PU[LZV X\HSL KPYP[[V JVUZ\L[\KPUHYPV L UVU X\HSL SL_ WVZP[P]H 0 MYH[LSSP .YPTT NYHUKP ÄSVSVNP L SL[[LYH[P LYHUV NP\YPZ[P 9HJJVNSPLUKV SL SVYV JLSLIYP ÄHIL PU[LUKL]H UV ZHS]HYL PS NYHUKL WH[YPTVUPV KLS ¸ I\VU ]LJJOPV KPYP[[V ¹ VZZPH KLSSL JVUZ\L[\KPUP [YHKPaPVUP \ZP SVJHSP KLS WVWVSV [LKLZJV ULSSH Z\H JVYHSP[n" WH[YPTVUPV JOL ULP ZLJVSP LYH Z[H[V JVUZLY]H[V ULSSH SL[[LYH[\YH WVWVSHYL 5LSSH Z[LZZH LWVJH ZJVWWPH PU .LYTHUPH \U»HMMHZJPUHU[L JVU[YV]LYZPH NP\YPKPJH [YH ;OPIH\[ JOL WYVW\NUH WLY SH .LYTHUPH \U JVKPJL JP]PSL \UP [HYPV L \UPÄJHU[L Z\S TVKLSSV UHWVSLVUPJV H[[V H YLUKLYL [\[[P P JP[[HKPUP \N\HSP KH]HU[P HSSH SLNNL L H ZWHaaHYL ]PH P WYP]PSLNP ML\KHSP L :H]PNU` JOL ]\VSL PU]LJL KPMLUKLYL SH ]HYPL[n SL KP]LYZP[n SVJHSP SL KPMMLYLUaL L KPZLN\HNSPHUaL KLSS»HU[PJV KPYP[[V JVT\UL JVUZ\L[\KPUHYPV LZWYLZZPVUL KLS :HJYV 9VTHUV 0TWLYV
5H[\YHSTLU[L H ZLJVUKH KLSSL JPYJVZ[HUaL u S»\UH V S»HS[YH KLSSL WVZP aPVUP H KPMLUKLYL JVUJYL[HTLU[L SH SPILY[n KLNSP \VTPUP ! PS TVKLSSV \UP ÄJHU[L WV[Yn LZZLYL HWWPH[[PTLU[V [PYHUUPJV KLSSL KP]LYZP[n V [\[LSH KL TVJYH[PJH KLP KPYP[[P KP [\[[P NSP \VTPUP 0U X\LNSP HUUP YVTHU[PJP [LKLZJOP SH WVSLTPJH [YH ;OPIH\[ L :H]PNU` PUÅ\LUaH WYVMVUKHTLU[L SH SL[[LYH[\YH *OHYSLZ 5VKPLY YPJVUK\JL]H SH ÄVYP[\YH KLSSH UHYYH[P]H MHU[HZ[PJH PU .LY THUPH HSSH Z\H ¸ TVS[P[\KPUL KP JPYJVZJYPaPVUP SVJHSP L \ZP ZWLJPHSP ¹ VZZPH HS Z\V WHY[PJVSHYPZTV ZHJYV YVTHUV PTWLYPHSL JOL MYHaPVUHUKV PS WHLZL PU PUU\TLYL]VSP Z[H[LYLSSP L SH ZVJPL[n PU JL[P L JVYWVYHaPVUP Z[YH[PÄJH[L ULP ZLJVSP ¶ MHJL]H PUPaPHYL PS U\V]V L PS KP]LYZV KHZ >\UKLYSPJOL SV Z[YHUV L KHZ >\UKLYIHYL PS TLYH]PNSPVZV HSSL WVY[L KP VNUP JP[[HKPUH L KP VNUP X\HY[PLYL Ï \U TVUKV WVWVSH[V JVTL ULP YVTHUaP L ULP YHJJVU[P KP 1LHU 7H\S V KP /VMMTHUU KP WLYZVUHNNP JOL Y\V[HUV PU[VYUV H \U KPYP[[V KP]L U\[V THUPHJHSL L Z[Y\NNLU[L ÄZZHaPVUL ! JVUZPNSPLYP ZLNYL[P KP JHUJLSSLYPH YLMLYLUKHYP HYJOP]PZ[P LY\KP[P SVJHSP YL[[VYP KP JVSSLNP WPL[PZ[PJP THNPZ[YH [P KV[[P HMMHZJPUH[P KHS WHY[PJVSHYL Z[YH]HNHU[L L [HSVYH TVZ[Y\VZV KHS JVTTH L KHSS»LJJLaPVUL PU \U YHWWVY[V VZZLZZP]V [YH PS ZVNUV KLS [\[[V L SH YLHS[n KLS TPUPTV
0S ZLU[PYL JVT\UL JVU[YHWWVUL ]VSLU[PLYP SH WHZZPVUL L SH WVLZPH HSSH YHaPVUHSP[n UVU [HU[V KLS KPYP[[V X\HU[V KLSSH SLNNL ,» ZVWYH[[\[[V PS MVYTHSPZTV KP X\LZ[»\S[PTH HK HWWHYPYL JH]PSSVZV HYPKV ULNH[VYL KLSSH JHSKH \THUP[n (UJVYH \UH ]VS[H u SH NYHUKL SL[[LYH[\YH H ZJHUKHNSPHYL P NYV]PNSP KLSSH ]P[H HUJOL ZJHUKHNSPHUKV P NYV]PNSP KLS MVYTHSPZTV NP\YP KPJV HWWHYLU[LTLU[L WP JH]PSSVZV JOL PU]LJL YP]LSH SH Z\H ULJLZZP[n WLY SH KPMLZH KLSS»\THUV 5LS 4LYJOHU[ VM =LUPJL :OHRLZWLHYL TVZ[YH JVTL S»\THUP[n SH NP\Z[PaPH SH WHZZPVUL SH ]P[H ]LUNHUV ZHS]H[L KH 7VY aPH [YH]LZ[P[H KH ZV[[PSPZZPTV L JHWaPVZV H]]VJH[V NYHaPL HS MVYTHSPZTV NP\YPKPJV WP ZVÄZ[PJH[V JOL H\[VYPaaH :O`SVJR H WYLUKLYL \UH SPIIYH KP JHYUL KHS JVYWV KP (U[VUPV TH ZLUaH ]LYZHYL ULHUJOL \UH NVJJPH KP ZHUN\L 5VU u PS JHSKV HWWLSSV HSS»\THUP[n HP ZLU[PTLU[P HSSH NP\Z[PaPH H ZHS]HYL SH ]P[H KP (U[VUPV ILUZy PS MYLKKV YPJOPHTV H]]VJH[LZJV HSSH SL[[LYH MVYTHSL KLSSH SLNNL 8\LZ[H MYLKKLaaH SVNPJH ZHS]H P ]HSVYP JHSKP! UVU ZVSV SH ]P[H KP (U[VUPV TH HUJOL S»HTPJPaPH KP (U[VUPV L )HZZHUPV L ZVWYH[[\[[V S»HTVYL KP 7VYaPH L )HZZHUPV WV[LUaPHSTLU[L WYPTH [\YIH[V KHSS»HUNVZJPH KP X\LZ[»\S[PTV WLY SH ZVY[L KLSS»HTPJV ! ¸ -VY UL]LY ZOHSS `V\ SPL I` 7VY[PH»Z ZPKL >P[O HU \UX\PL[ ZV\S ¹ KPJL SH KVUUH HSS»HTH[V KLJPKLUKV HSSVYH KP SPILYHYSV KH X\LSS»PUX\PL[\KPUL JOL VMM\ZJH S»LYVZ L KP ZHS]HYL K\UX\L JVU P JH]PSSP SLNHSP (U[VUPV
/LPUL PUPaPH JVTL PS JHU[VYL KLS KPYP[[V [YHKPaPVUHSL KLSSL Z\L WLJ\SPHYP [n L KLSSH Z\H \UP[n VYNHUPJH JVUZVSPKH[L ULP ZLJVSP LK LJOLNNPHU[P ULS =VSRZSPLK 7P [HYKP LNSP ZP HJJVYNL JOL X\LZ[H [YHKPaPVUL KP]LU\[H KPYP[[V u \U HZWL[[V KLSSH +L\[ZJOL 4PZuYL KLSS»HYYL[YH[LaaH [LKLZJH L KLSS»PU NP\Z[H ZLWHYHaPVUL KLP JVYWP ZVJPHSP , JVTL WVL[H LNSP KP]LU[LYn PS JHT WPVUL KP 5HWVSLVUL L KLS JVKPJL UHWVSLVUPJV ]LKLUKV ULSSH Z\H HaPVUL \UPÄJHU[L SH JYLHaPVUL KP \UH U\V]H TVKLYUH [V[HSP[n LWPJH , P KYHTTP KP :JOPSSLY ULS SVYV TL[[LYL PU ZJLUH P KPSLTTP KLSSH SPILY[n ZVUV WYVMVU KHTLU[L WLY]HZP KP WYVISLTH[PJH NP\YPKPJH KHSSH 4HYPH :[\HY[ HS >PSOLST ;LSS :JOPSSLY ZP JVUMYVU[H JVU SH SLNP[[PTP[n KLS WV[LYL JVS KPYP[[V V TLUV KLSSH YP]VS\aPVUL JVU P KPYP[[P \THUP L JVU SH SVYV ZP[\HaPV UL Z[VYPJH
;HU[H SL[[LYH[\YH OH N\HYKH[V JVU HZ[PV HS KPYP[[V JVUZPKLYHUKVSV HYPKV L WYVZHPJV YPZWL[[V HSSH WVLZPH L HSSH TVYHSL +LTVJYHaPH SVNPJH L KPYP[[V ZVUV ZWLZZV KPZWYLaaH[P KHP YL[VYP ]P[HSPZ[P X\HSP ]HSVYP ยธ MYLKKP ยน PU UVTL KLP ]HSVYP ยธ JHSKP ยน KLS ZLU[PTLU[V 4H X\LP ]HSVYP MYLKKP ZVUV ULJLZZHYP WLY Z[HIPSPYL SL YLNVSL L SL NHYHUaPL KP [\[LSH KLS JP[[HKPUV ZLUaH SL X\HSP NSP PUKP]PK\P UVU ZHYLIILYV SPILYP L UVU WV[YLIILYV ]P]LYL SH SVYV ยธ JHSKH ]P[H ยน JVTL SH JOPHTH]H :HIH
( KPMMLYLUaH KP JOP KLJSHTH SL WYVMVUKL YHNPVUP KLS J\VYL WLUZHUKV PU YLHS[n JOL LZPZ[H ZVSV PS Z\V J\VYL SH SLNNL WHY[L KH \UH JVUVZJLUaH WPย WYVMVUKH KLS J\VYL \THUV WLYJOt ZH JOL LZPZ[VUV [HU[P J\VYP VNU\ UV JVU P Z\VP PUZVUKHIPSP TPZ[LYP L SL Z\L HWWHZZPVUH[L [LULIYL L JOL WYVWYPV WLY X\LZ[V ZVSV KLSSL UVYTL WYLJPZL JOL WYV[LNNVUV VNU\UV WLYTL[[VUV HS ZPUNVSV PUKP]PK\V KP ]P]LYL SH Z\H PYYPWL[PIPSL ]P[H KP JVS[P ]HYL P Z\VP KuP L P Z\VP KLTVUP ZLUaH LZZLYL PTWLKP[V Ut VWWYLZZV KHSSH ]PVSLUaH KP HS[YP PUKP]PK\P JVTL S\P WYLKH KP PULZ[YPJHIPSP JVTWSPJHaPVUP KLS J\VYL TH WPย MVY[P KP S\P JVTL P NHSLV[[P SPILYH[P KH KVU *OPZJPV[[L ZVUV WPย MVY[P KP S\P L SV THSTLUHUV IY\[HSTLU[L
3H YHNPVUL L SH SLNNL OHUUV ZWLZZV WPย MHU[HZPH KLS J\VYL JHWHJL ZVSV KP ZLU[PYL SL WYVWYPL PULZ[YPJHIPSP JVTWSPJHaPVUP L PUJHWHJL KP PTTHNPUHYL JOL LZPZ[HUV W\YL X\LSSL HS[Y\P 0S SLNPZSH[VYL JOL W\UPZJL SH JVYY\aPVUL ULNSP HWWHS[P W\IISPJP u \U HY[PZ[H JOL ZH PTTHNPUHYL SH YLHS[n WLYJOt PU X\LSSH JVYY\aPVUL ]LKL UVU SยปHZ[YH[[H ]PVSHaPVUL KP \UH UVYTH TH HK LZLTWPV SL JH[[P]L H[[YLaaH[\YL KP J\P ยถ JH\ZH X\LSSH JVYY\aPVUL ยถ ]PLUL KV[H[V \U VZWLKHSL PU S\VNV KP X\LSSL LMร JHJP JOL LZZV H]YLIIL H]\[V NYHaPL HK \UยปHZ[H JVYYL[[H ! KPL[YV X\LS YLH[V JP ZVUV K\UX\L THSH[P J\YH[P WLNNPV PUKP]PK\P JVUJYL[P JOL ZVMMYVUV .SP HU[PJOP ZHWL]HUV JOL JP W\~ LZZLYL WVLZPH ULS SLNPMLYHYL " UVU H JHZV TVS[P TP[P KPJVUV JOL P WVL[P ZVUV Z[H[P HUJOL P WYPTP SLNPZSH[VYP *SH\KPV 4HNYPZ
7OV[VNYHWOL ! -LSP_ 0TOVM *L[[L WSHX\L[[L H t[t HJOL]tL K»PTWYPTLY LU UV]LTIYL Z\Y SLZ WYLZZLZ KL S»([LSPLY .YHUK :( PTWYPTL\YZ tKP[L\YZ H\ 4VU[ Z\Y 3H\ZHUUL :\PZZL 4PZL LU WHNL <50*64 <UP]LYZP[t KL 3H\ZHUUL