E&T II - FINAL REPORT by Foong Chee Shen

Environment & Technology 2 _ Project 2

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE ENVIRONMENT & TECHNOLOGY 2 (ARC 71003)

FINAL REPORT

Foong Chee Shen 0346103

Environment & Technology 2 _ Project 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 PROJECT 1 2.0 PROJECT 2 3.0 PROJECT 3

Environment & Technology 2 _ Project 2

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE ENVIRONMENT & TECHNOLOGY 2 (ARC 71003)

PROJECT 1

Foong Chee Shen 0346103

Environment & Technology 2 _ Project 2

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE ENVIRONMENT & TECHNOLOGY 2 (ARC 71003)

PROJECT 2: SERVICE CORE OPTIMAL PROPOSAL

Foong Chee Shen 0346103

Environment & Technology 2 _ Project 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 SITE INTRODUCTION

3.0 SITE ANALYSIS 3.1 Sun and shadow analysis 3.2 Shadow Study 3.3 Wind Direction, Speed & Wind Rose 3.4 Rainfall, Humidity & Temperature

04 06 07 09

4.0 BUILDING INTRODUCTION 4.1 Building Information and drawings 4.2 Purpose Group 4.3 Occupancy Load

5.0 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION 5.1 Fire Appliance Access 5.1.1 Perimeter Appliance Access 5.1.2 Hydrant Location 5.2 Means of Escape 5.2.1 Measurement of Travel Distance to Exits 5.2.2 Escape Provision Computation 6.0 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION 6.1 Analysis & Placement of Cores 6.2 Location of Service Cores 6.3 Analysis & Design Options of Core Design 6.4 Components & Details of Main Service Core 6.5 Fire Extinguishing, Sprinkler & Alarm Systems

7.0 REFERENCES

12 19 43 21 23

24 29 32 33 34 36 38

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Environment & Technology 2 _ Project 2

The module emphasizes the role of building technology and sustainability in architectural design through an analysis and evaluation of a complex building or group of buildings. It addresses architecture as an integration of the environment, technology and building. These three factors are considered as holistic components of architectural design, which may be critically assessed with theories. Specific topics of environment and technology are isolated out for investigation. The module equips students with knowledge of building science and skills in the use of information and digital technology to inform design and to support the design resolution of students’ Architectural Design Thesis, particularly with respect to architectonic and technological aspects.

This project aims to produce a handbook providing the studies and proposals of lift and service cores for the Urban Design Studio proposal project. The proposed service cores will improve the indoor environment and at the same time comply to the necessary standards and regulations with the following considerations: a) Specify the correct choice of orientation and components with basic understanding of their requirement, characteristics and environmental impact. b) Analyze the series of configured options c) Identify the optimal options. d) Incorporate the necessary statutory requirements

Submission requirements are as follows: A) Handbook (softcopy) in A4 portrait format B) Analysis of proposed core area, design options and optimal design proposal. C) Drawings (plans, sections, elevations) of the proposed building service core. D) References (in APA citation) E) Student’s full name and ID number.

Final assessment of this submission is to be conducted on the following aspects: A) Understanding of analysis, space planning and application of services. B) Quality of drawings, diagrams, and images with correct drawing conventions. C) Clarity of specifications of all components studied in the exercise, both in illustration and description. D) Presentation of handbook.

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2.0 SITE INTRODUCTION

Figure 1.0: Location of Kampong Bharu

Located right in the heart of Kuala Lumpur, Kampong Bharu is a top-down initiative from its beginning. This means that the establishment and development of Kampong Bharu had been "planned" from the beginning, although the plan was refined over time. The story of Kampong Bharu begins in the early 1900s. His Royal Highness, the Sultan of Selangor, granted the land to the Malays under a special condition that only the Malays could own the land and reside in the area.

Kampong Bharu consists of 7 villages and with the land size of 220 acres. The Malay Agricultural Settlement (MAS) was introduced by the British later on so as to educate the children of Malays to take a part in the administration and to enable them to reap some of the advantages of the present prosperity. Since then, Kampong Bharu has held out against development and modern-city living, turning into a political symbol of Malay culture.

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Figure 2.0 Location of project site

3.0 SITE ANALYSIS 3.1 Sun Path analysis

Figure 3.0: Sun path diagram of Kampong Bharu

Sun path and position in Kampong Bharu varies slightly throughout the year. Three readings are taken with the use of simulation programs to study the three positions of the sun path throughout the year: during the Equinox, the Summer Solstice and during the Winter Solstice: 21st March/ September (Equinox): 09:00 – 20:00 Equinox happen twice a year in Malaysia which is on 21st March and 21st September. The temperature will increase slightly due to the sun is positioned at the top of the equatorial region. 21st June (Summer Solstice): 09:00 – 20:00

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Malaysia is located slightly above the equator line and the sun is further North in the month of June during the Summer Solstice. The Summer Solstice signifies the longest day of the year. 21st December (Winter Solstice): 09:00 – 20:00 The sun is further South in the month of December during WInter Solstice in Malaysia. The Winter Solstice signifies the shortest day of the year.

3.2 Shadow Study

Figure 4.0 Summer Solstice Shadow Study (via Trimble Sketch Up)

North and East faces of the site exposed to sunlight during the morning of the Summer Solstice. The site does not receive any shadow coverage due to the adjacent massing mostly is low-rise buildings. During afternoon, there are no shadow received on site due to the position of sun is high above during the afternoon of the Summer Solstice. Meanwhile in the evening, the site also does not receive any shadow coverage from the adjacent massing during the evening sun of the Summer Solstice.

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Figure 5.0 Winter Solstice Shadow Study (via Trimble Sketch Up)

East and South faces of the site exposed to sunlight during the morning of the Winter Solstice. The site does not receive any shadow coverage due to the adjacent massing mostly is low-rise buildings. There are no shadow received on site due to the position of sun is high above during the afternoon of the Winter Solstice. The site receives approximately 70% shadow coverage from the residential high-rise building during the evening sun of the Winter Solstice 3.3 Wind Direction, Speed & Wind Rose

The average hourly wind speed in Kampong Bharu experiences mild seasonal variation over the course of the year. The windier part of the year lasts for 2.9 months, from December 2 to February 26, with average wind speeds of more than 1.8 meters per second. The windiest day of the year is January 21, with an average hourly wind speed of 2.1 meters per second. The calmer time of year lasts for 9.2 months, from February 26 to December 2. The calmest day of the year is April 15, with an average hourly wind speed of 1.5 meters per second.

Figure 6.0 The average of mean hourly wind speeds of Kampong Bharu (indicated dark grey line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands

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Figure 7.0 Wind Rose & Speed

The wind is most often from the east for 3.4 months, from January 1 to April 12, with a peak percentage of 53% on January 29. The wind is most often from the west for 3.4 weeks, from April 12 to May 6 and for 2.0 months, from September 23 to November 22, with a peak percentage of 45% on October 19. The wind is most often from the south for 4.6 months, from May 6 to September 23, with a peak percentage of 67% on July 21.

Figure 8.0 The predominant average hourly wind direction in Kampong Bharu

The Malaysian Standard (MS 1525;2014) provides a guide on the impact of air speed on occupant's sensation. The air speed of 0.5 to 1.0 m/s is generally pleasant when comfortable or warm, but causing constant awareness of air movement while the air speed of 1.0 to 1.5 m/s is acceptable in warm conditions but can be from slightly to annoyingly draughty. Thus, the air speed from 0.5 to 1.5 m/s is considered acceptable.

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Figure 9.0 Guide on the impact of air speed on occupants’ sensation

3.4 Rainfall, Humidity & Temperature

Figure 10.0 Percentage chance of precipitation in Kampung Bharu

The chance of wet days in Kampung Bharu varies significantly throughout the year. The wetter season lasts 6.8 months, from September 30 to April 25, with a greater than 47% chance of a given day being a wet day. The chance of a wet day peaks at 63% on November 14. The drier season lasts 5.2 months, from April 25 to September 30. The smallest chance of a wet day is 31% on June 20. The most common form of precipitation throughout the year is rain alone, with a peak probability of 63% on November 14.

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Figure 11.0 Average rainfall over one month in Kampung Bharu

The table above shows that the rainfall accumulated over a sliding 31-day period centered around each day of the year. Kampung Bharu experiences extreme seasonal variation in monthly rainfall. The most rain falls during the 31 days centered around November 14, with an average total accumulation of 271 millimeters. The least rain falls around June 25, with an average total accumulation of 112 millimeters.

Figure 12.0 Average rainfall over one year in Kampong Bharu

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Figure 13.0 Average hourly temperature, colour coded into bands. The shaded overlays indicate night and civil twilight

The figure above shows you a compact characterization of the entire year of hourly average temperatures. The horizontal axis is the day of the year, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the color is the average temperature for that hour and day.

Figure 14.0 Temperature readings over one year in Kampung Bharu

The temperatures are highest on average in May, at around 33 °C | 91.4 °F. December33 has the lowest average temperature of the year. It is 31 °C | 87.8 °F.

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Figure 15.0 (Left) Average cloud and humidity levels, (Right) Humidity comfort levels

The perceived humidity level in Kampong Bharu, as measured by the percentage of time in which the humidity comfort level is muggy, oppressive, or miserable, does not vary significantly over the course of the year, staying within 0% of 100% throughout.

4.0 BUILDING INTRODUCTION 4.1 Building Information

The studio project is required to satisfy the spatial, structural and technical attributes in order to deliver a community centric building of approximately 5,000 – 8,000 sqm of gross floor area (GFA). Nursing Vocational College is selected among the other provided programs. The building is proposed just next to Kelab Sultan Sulaiman, facing towards Jalan Raja Abdullah. This college aimed to create a biophilic environment for the college users and also natural public spaces to attract and welcome people to conduct activity in this community hub.

The vocational college has approximately 5800 m² total floor area and consist a total of 4 storey floor height and a storey of underground basement for carpark. The lower levels of the building consist of public park, community retail, restaurants, and community spaces. The upper levels of the building are mainly dedicated for the student and lecturers which consist of library, gym, offices, classrooms, laboratories, workshops and lounges. During off campus hours, the community are allowed to utilize the semi-public areas such as library and gyms

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Figure 16.0 Conceptual images of proposed Nursing Vocational College

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4.2. Purpose Group

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According to the Uniform Building By-Laws 1984’s Fifth Schedule, “Designation of Purpose Groups”, proposed Nursing Vocational College’s spaces falls under the purpose group of “Institutional”, “Office”, “Shop” and “Place of Assembly”. Number of purpose group II

Description Title

Office

Shop

VII

Place of A assembly

Institutional

Purposes for which compartment is intended to be used Hospital, school or other similar establishment used as living accommodation for, or for treatment, care or maintenance of, persons suffering from disabilities due to illness or old age or other physical or mental disability or under the age of 5 years, where such persons sleep in the premises. Office, or premises used for office purposes, meaning thereby the purposes of administration, clerical work (including writing, book-keeping, sorting papers, filing, typing, duplicating, machine calculating, drawing and the editorial preparation of matter for publication), handling money and telephone and telegraph operating.

Shop, or shop premises, shopping complexes, food courts, wet and dry markets, premises used for the carrying on there of retail trade or business (including the sale to members of the public of food or drink for immediate consumption, retail sales by auction, the business of lending books or periodicals for the purpose of gain, and the business of a barber or hairdresser) and premises to which members of the public are invited to resort for the purpose of delivering their goods for repair or other treatment or of themselves carrying out repairs to or other treatment of goods Place, whether public or private, used for the attendance of persons for or in connection with their social, recreational, educational, business or other activities and not comprised within group I to IV.

Table 1.0 Designated purpose group of Kampong Bharu, according to the UBBL Fifth Schedule

UBBL (1984) Page 63, By-law Clause 134. Designation of purpose groups For the purpose of this Part every building or compartment shall be regarded according to its use or intended use as falling within one of the purpose groups set out in the Fifth Schedule to these By-laws and, where a building is divided into compartments, used or intended to be used for different purposes, the purpose group of each compartment shall be determined separately: 19

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Provided that where the whole or part of a building or compartment, as the case may be, is used or intended to be used for more than one purpose, only the main purpose of use of that building or compartment shall be taken into account in determining into which purpose group it falls. UBBL (1984) Page 65, By-law Clause 138. Other walls and floors to be constructed as compartment walls or compartment floors The following walls and floors in buildings shall be constructed as compartment walls or compartment floors: a) Any floor in a building of Purpose Group II (Institutional); b) Any wall or floor separating a flat or maisonette from any other part of the same building; c) Any wall or floor separating part of a building from any other part of the same building which is used or intended to be used mainly for a purpose falling within a different purpose group as set out in the Fifth Schedule to these By-laws; d) Any floor immediately over a basement storey if such basement storey has an area exceeding 100 square metres UBBL (1984) Page 81, By-law Clause 179. Classification of places of assembly Each place of assembly shall be classified according to its capacity as follows: Class A – Capacity … 1,000 persons or more Class B - Capacity … 300 to 1,000 persons Class C - Capacity … 100 to 300 persons

4.3. Occupancy Load According to the Uniform Building By-Laws 1984’s Seventh Schedule, “Calculation of Occupant Load and Capacity Exits”, the followings are the detail: Purpose Group

II. Institutional Class-room Area … Workshop and vocational areas … Day Nurseries with sleeping facilities … Hospital … … Sleeping Department In-patient Department … … … IV. Office

V. Shop Street floor and sale basement … … Other floors … … Storage and shipping … … VII. Place of Assembly Areas of concentrated use without fixed seating … … Standing spaces…

Occupant load square metre per 100 2 net 4.5 net

3.5net 12 Gross

24 Gross 10 Gross (4) 3 gross (4) 6 gross (4) 10 gross 1.5net

CAPACITY EXITS No. of persons per unit – Exit Width

Doors outside

Horizontal Exit

Ramp Main Exit

Ramp Sec. Exit

Escalator

100

0.7net 0.3net Table 2.0 Calculation of Occupancy Load & Capacity of Exits

Stairs

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UBBL (1984) Page 77, By-law Clause 167. Storey exits (2) The width of storey exits shall be in accordance with the provisions in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws. UBBL (1984) Page 77, By-law Clause 168. Staircases (2) Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh schedule to these By-laws.

UBBL (1984) Page 77, By-law Clause 168. Staircases 2) Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh schedule to these By-laws. UBBL (1984) Page 78, By-law Clause 169. Exit route No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit.

UBBL (1984) Page 78, By-law Clause 170. Egress through unenclosed openings Where unenclosed openings are permitted between floors and for a mezzanine floor, egress may be by way of an open staircase to an adjacent floor and thence to a story exit: c) Only 50% of the occupants of a floor are assumed to use the open staircase and storey exits are provided at every level to accommodate the other 50% of the occupants of that level in accordance with the provisions of the Seventh Schedule to these by-laws.

UBBL (1984) Page 78, By-law Clause 171. Horizontal exits 1) Where appropriate, horizontal exits may be provided in lieu of other exits. 2) Where horizontal exits are provided protected staircases and final exits need only be of a width to accommodate the occupancy load of the larger compartment or building discharging into it so long as the total number of exit widths provided is not reduced to less than half that would otherwise be required for the whole building. 3) For institutional occupancies the total exit capacity other than horizontal exits shall not be reduced by more than one-third that would otherwise be required for the entire area of the building. UBBL (1984) Page 80, By-law Clause 175. Calculation of occupant load Calculation of occupancy loads and capacity of exits shall be in accordance with the provisions of the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws.

UBBL (1984) Page 81, By-law Clause 180. Space standards for calculating occupancy loads The occupancy load permitted in any place of assembly shall be determined by dividing the net floor area or space assigned to the use by the square metre per occupant as follows: (a) Assembly area of concentrated use without fixed seats such as an auditorium, places of worship, dance floor and lodge room – 0.65 square metre per person; (b) Assembly area of less concentrated use such as a conference room, drinking room, drinking establishment, exhibit room, gymnasium, or lounge – 1.35 square metre per person; (c) Standing room or waiting space – 3 square metres per person; (d) The occupancy load of an area having fixed seats shall be determined by the number or fixed seats installed. Required aisle space serving the fixed seat shall not be used to increase the occupant load. 21

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UBBL (1984) Page 82, By-law Clause 183. Exit details for places of assembly Every place of assembly, every tier or balcony and every individual room used as a place of assembly shall have exits sufficient to provide for the total capacity thereof as determined in accordance with bylaw 180 and as follows: (a) No individual unit of exit width shall serve more than one hundred persons; (b) Doors leading outside the building at ground level or not more than three risers above or below ground one hundred persons per exit unit; (c) Staircases or other types of exits not specified in by-law 177 above seventy-five persons per exit unit; (d) Every Class A place of assembly (capacity one thousand persons or more) shall have at least four separate exits as remote from each other as practicable; (e) Every Class B place of assembly (capacity three hundred to one thousand persons) shall have at least two separate exits as remote from each other as practicable, and if of a capacity of over six hundred at least three such exits; (f) Every Class C place of assembly (capacity one hundred to three hundred persons) shall have at least two means of exit, consisting of separate exits or doors leading to a corridor or other space giving access to separate exists in different directions.

UBBL (1984) Page 83, By-law Clause 186. Exit doors in places of assembly (1) All doors used by the public as exit door from any part of the place of assembly or leading to the open air, shall be open only in the direction of the exit. (2) In a place of assembly all exit doors and doors through which the public pass on the way to the open air shall be without lock, bolts or other fastenings while the public are in the building: Provided that doors used for exit only may be fitted with panic bolts. (3) Panic bolts fitted to doors in a place of assembly shall be not less than 750 millimetres or more than 1100 millimetres above the floor. (4) Turnstiles, if installed in a place of assembly, shall be arranged clear of the line of exit, and shall not be included in the calculation of exit width. (5) In a place of assembly every external door used by the public and every collapsible gate shall be capable of being locked in the fully open position in such a way that a key is required to release such door or gate from such open position.

5.0 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION 5.1 Fire Appliance Access

5.1.1 Perimeter Appliance Access The total volume for propose vocational college is 53,182m³. According to UBBL Clause 140, the college falls under one-sixth of the total perimeter of the building. Meaning, to provide firefighting access into the site that only allocate the one-sixth building perimeter length. The provided firefighting access at site is more than required. UBBL (1984) Page 83, UBBL (1984) Page 83, By-law Clause 140. Fire appliance access All building in excess of 7000 cubic metres shall abut upon a street or road or open space of not less than 12 metres width and accessible to fire brigade appliances. The proportion of the building abutting the street, road or open space shall be in accordance with the following scale: 22

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Minimum proportions of perimeter of building

Volume of building in cubic meter 7000 to 28000 28000 to 56000 56000 to 84000 84000 to 112000 112000 and above

One-sixth (1/6) One-fourth (1/4) One-half (1/2) Three-fourths (3/4) Island site

Figure 17.0 Bomba access road into site

5.1.2 Hydrant Location The considerations regarding the placement of fire hydrants is based on the following by-law, under the Uniform Building By-Law (1984), Eighth Schedule, “Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access”:

UBBL (1984) Page 98, By-law Clause 225. Detecting and extinguishing fire (1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws. (2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 metres from the nearest point of fire brigade access. (3) Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by Fire Authority. 23

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5.2 Means of Escape

Figure 18.0 The proposed location of the fire hydrants

5.2.1 Measurement of Travel Distance to Exits According to the Uniform Building By-Laws (1984), Seventh Schedule, “Maximum Travel Distances” (Bylaw 165(4), 166 (2), 167(1), 170(b)), the proposed Nursing Vocational College falls under “Institutional”, “Office”, “Shops” and “Place of Assembly” purpose groups, with a sprinkler system, and as such, shall comply to the respective dead-end limits as stated in Table 4.0, under column (3): Purpose Group

II Institutional Hospitals, Nursing Homes, etc. School… Open Plan… Flexible Plan… IV Office V Shops VII. Places of Assembly

Limit when alternative exits are available (1) (2) *Dead End Limit (metre) Unsprinklered 9

6 NR NR

45 30 45

15 45 15 30 NR 45 Table 3.0 Maximum travel distances

(3) Sprinklered 45

60 45 65

60 45 61

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* Note: The dead-end limit shall be the distance to a storey exit or to a point where alternative means of escape is available provided that the total travel distance shall not exceed the limits under (2). The measurement and calculation of travel distances in the proposed Nursing Vocational College is based on the following by-laws:

UBBL (1984) Page 77, By-law Clause 165. Measurement of travel distance to exists (1) The travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or other walking surface along the centre line of the natural path of travel, starting 0.300 metre from the most remote point of occupancy, carving around any corners or obstructions with 0.300 metre clearance therefrom and ending at the storey exit. Where measurement includes stairs, it shall be taken in the plane of the trend noising. (2) In the case of individual rooms which are subject to occupancy of not more than six persons, the travel distance shall be measured from the doors of such rooms: Provided that the travel distance from any point in the room to the room door doesn’t not exceed 15 metres. (3) The maximum travel distances to exists and dead-end limits shall be as specified in the Seventh Schedule of these By-laws. UBBL (1984) Page 77, By-law Clause 166. Exists to be accessible at all times (1) Except as permitted by by-law 167 not less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exists as may be necessary. (2) The exists shall be sited and the exits access shall be so arranged that the exits are within the limits of travel distance as specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws and are readily accessible at all times.

UBBL (1984) Page 77, By-law Clause 167. Storey exits 1) Except as provided for in by-law 194 every compartment shall be provided with at least two storey exits located as far as practical from each other and in no case closer than 4.5 metres and in such position that the travel distances specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws are not exceeded. 2) The width of storey exits shall be in accordance with the provisions the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws.

UBBL (1984) Page 78, By-law Clause 170. Egress through unenclosed openings Where unenclosed openings are permitted between floors and for a mezzanine floor, egress may be by way of an open staircase to an adjacent floor, and thence to a story exit: (a) The layout is such that a fire originating anywhere within the compartment will be obvious to the occupants of all communicating levels or areas; (b) The travel distances specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws are not exceeded; (c) Only 50% of the occupants of a floor are assumed to use the open staircase and storey-exits are provided at every level to accommodate the other 50% of the occupants of that level in accordance with the provisions of the Seventh Schedule to these by-laws; and (d) The storey exits on the principle floor through which other levels discharge are designed to handle the occupants of that floor plus 50% of the occupants from the adjacent levels discharging through it. UBBL (1984) Page 82, By-law Clause 183. Exit details for places of assembly (a) Every place of assembly, every tier or balcony and every individual room used as a place of assembly shall have exits sufficient to provide for the total capacity thereof as determined in accordance with by-law 180 and as follows: 25

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(b) No individual unit of exit width shall serve more than one hundred persons; (c) Doors leading outside the building at ground level or not more than three risers above or below ground one hundred persons per exit unit; (d) Staircases or other types of exit not specified in by-law 177 above seventy-five persons per exit unit; (e) Every Class A place of assembly (capacity one thousand persons or more) shall have at least four separate exits as remote from each other as practicable; (f) Every Class B place of assembly (capacity three hundred to one thousand persons) shall have at least two separate exits as remote from each other as practicable, and if of a capacity of over six hundred at least three such exits; (g) Every Class C place of assembly (capacity one hundred to three hundred persons) shall have at least two means of exit, consisting of separate exits or doors leading to a corridor or other space giving access to separate exists in different directions. UBBL (1984) Page 84, By-law Clause 188. Travel distance in place of assembly Exits in any place of assembly shall be arranged that the travel distance from any point to reach an exit shall not exceed 45 metres for unsprinklered buildings and 60 metres for sprinkled buildings.

Figure 19.0 Escape route (Ground Floor Plan)

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Figure 20.0 Escape route (First Floor Plan)

Figure 21.0 Escape route (Second Floor Plan)

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Figure 22.0 Escape route (Third Floor Plan)

Figure 23.0 Escape route (Fourth Floor Plan)

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5.2.2 Escape Provision Computation The escape provision in relation to occupancy load is based on the following By-laws:

UBBL (1984) Page 80, By-law Clause 175. Calculation of occupant load Calculation of occupancy load and capacity of exits shall be in accordance with the provisions of the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws. UBBL (1984) Page 80, By-law Clause 176. Computing storey exit widths To compute the required exit width from individual floors of a building-

(a) Calculate the floor area net or gross whichever applicable; (b) Determine the allowable occupancy load factor from the table; (c) Divide the floor area by the number of square metres per person to determine the number of persons for which exits must be provided for that floor; (d) Determine from the table the capacity of the type of exit to be used for the purpose group being designed; and (e) Calculate the number of units of exit widths for each type of exit used based upon the capacity.

UBBL (1984) Page 80, By-law Clause 177. Computing number of staircases and staircase widths The following factors shall be used in computing the exit widths: (a) In a multi-storeyed building if x units of exit width are required from each floor the staircases serving those floors do to need to be x time the number of floors served in units of exit width. The staircases need be only wide enough to serve each floor but not less than the minimum width allowed and in every case one of the protected staircases shall be assumed to be inaccessible and the remaining protected staircase shall be of sufficient width and the number to accommodate the relevant occupancy;

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Level

Purpose Group

II. Institutional V. Shops VII. Place of Assembly

Occupancy Load (Seventh Schedule) 4.5 6

1.5

II. Institutional IV Office

4.5

VII. Place of Assembly

1.5

II. Institutional

IV Office

II. Institutional

2 4.5

VII. Place of Assembly

1.5

Proposed Space

Floor Area (m²)

Occupancy Load = C/B

Exit Capacity Required

Minimum Exit Width (E*550mm)

Healthcare Centre Retail Restaurant Campus Lobby

307

68/ 100 = 0.68 117/ 100 = 1.17 244/ 100 = 2.44

374mm

Multipurpose Area Library

Student Affairs Office Administration Office Medical Museum Gym

320 384 270 96

800 202 144 123 225

Research Labs E-Learning Labs Staff Office

364 121

Classrooms Student Lounge Society Room Skills Centres

640 90

Multipurpose Hall Auditorium

401

521

64 423

260

307/ 4.5 = 68 704/ 3 = 117 366/ 1.5 = 244

585mm

1342mm 2301mm

800/ 4.5 = 177 346/ 10= 35

177/ 100 = 1.77 35/ 100 = 0.35

973.5mm

348/ 1.5 = 232

232/ 100 = 2.32

1276mm

485/ 2 = 243

243/ 100 = 2.43

521/ 10 = 52 794/ 2 = 397

52/ 100 = 0.52

491/ 100 = 4.91

423/ 4.5 = 94 661/ 1.5 = 441

Table 4.0 Exit Width Calculations Table

192.5mm

2442mm 1336.50mm 286mm

1622.50mm 3349.50mm

2700mm 441/ 100 = 4.41

2425.50mm 2425.50mm

The proposed 3 fire staircases are similar throughout the whole floor level with the width of 1400mm, assuming one of the staircases of the floor (1,400mm) is inaccessible, the remaining exit width (4,200mm – 1,400mm) is 2,800mm which is still sufficient as a mean for escape throughout each floor and therefore the provision satisfies the By-laws.

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Figure 24.0 Location of 3 fire staircases in each level

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6.0 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION 6.1 Analysis & Placement of Cores

Under the Uniform Building By-Law 1984 Clause 168. Staircases (1), the proposed Nursing Vocational College shall have means of egress via at least two separate staircases as the topmost floor’s height exceeds 12 metres in height. One additional exposed fire escape staircases are also located close to open area in the ground floor. One alternative staircase mainly for research labs and skills center (clinical practice), while another serving offices, classrooms, gym and library.

Figure 25.0 Analysis of optimum positioning of main service core and fire escapes

6.2 Location of Service Cores

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All locations of service cores are as shown in the floor plans attached below:

Figure 26.0 Location of service cores from all floor plans (Ground to Fourth)

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6.3 Analysis & Design Options of Core Design

Two options of the main service core configuration and design is explored, as shown in the diagrams below:

Figure 27.0 Option 1 for main service core design & configuration

Option 1 allow the lift core to be facing the program spaces, reducing the travel distance and allowing passenger to identify the lift easily from distance. There are two passenger lifts facing the fire-fighting staircase. All services, stacks, M&E risers and fire-fighting requirements are arranged beside firefighting staircase to ease the maintenance service.

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Figure 28.0 Option 2 for main service core design & configuration

Option 2 has a design that allowed the lift and staircase to be accessible by passenger on different sides. There are two passenger lifts facing the fire-fighting staircase. All services, stacks, M&E risers and fire-fighting requirements are arranged beside fire-fighting staircase to ease the maintenance service. This configuration, neatly arranged, does allow for the lift lobby to be properly/naturally ventilated or illuminated. It encourages natural/cross-ventilation, as the lift cores do not block airflow, and it opens up the view towards the Kelab Sultan Sulaiman which located behind the building. Therefore, Option 2 was implemented in the project.

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6.4 Components & Details of Main Service Core

Figure 29.0 service core layout

The requirements for the lift lobby are based on the following clauses, as stated in the Uniform Building By-Law (1984):

UBBL (1984) Page 71, By-law Clause 152. Opening in lift shafts (1) Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These 36

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requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be approved by the D.G.F.S. (2) Landing doors shall have a FRP of not less than half the FRP of the hoist way structure with a minimum FRP of half hour. (3) No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case any vision panel shall or be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not be more than 0.0161 square metre and the total area of one of more vision panels in any landing door shall be not more than 0.0156 square metres. (4) Each clear panel opening shall reject a sphere 150 millimetres in diameter. (5) Provision shall be made for the opening of all landing doors by means of an emergency key irrespective of the position of the lift car.

UBBL (1984) Page 72, By-law Clause 153. Smoke detectors for lift lobbies (1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors. (2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a pre-set time. UBBL (1984) Page 73, By-law Clause 157. Protected shafts consisting of staircase A protected staircase or a protected shaft containing a staircase shall not contain any pipe conveying gas or oil or any ventilating duct other than a duct serving only that staircase or shaft.

UBBL (1984) Page 79, By-law Clause 172. Emergency exit signs (1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signed and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishing or other equipment. (2) A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent. (3) Every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR” in plainly legible letters not less than 150 millimetres high with the principal strokes of letters not less than 18 millimetres wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background. (4) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy. (5) Illuminated signed shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts each.

UBBL (1984) Page 84, By-law Clause 190. External staircase Any permanently installed external staircase is acceptable as a required exit under the same condition as an internal staircase: Provided that such staircase shall comply with all the requirements for internal staircases. External staircases shall be separated from the interior of any building by walls and fire door of the same fire resistance rating as required for internal staircases.

UBBL (1984) Page 87, By-law Clause 198. Ventilation of staircase enclosures (1) All staircase enclosures shall be ventilated at each floor or landing level by either permanent openings or openable windows to the open air having a free are of not less than 1 square metre per floor. (2) Openable windows shall meet the operational requirements of the D.G.F.S. (3) In buildings not exceeding three storeys above ground level, staircase enclosure may be unventilated provided that access to them at all levels except the top floor is through ventilated lobbies. 37

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6.5 Fire Extinguishing, Sprinkler & Alarm Systems

According to the Uniform Building By-Laws 1984, Tenth Schedule, the proposed Nursing Vocational College requires the following fire detection, fire alarm and extinguishing systems according to the purpose groups as shown below. Occupancy Hazard

Extinguishing System Note 2

Fire Alarm System Note 3

Emergency Lighting Note 4

Class A and B below the level of exit discharge…

A&G

Hazardous areas…

A, B, C, D, E or F

II. INSTITUTIONAL 1.

Educational Occupancies (i) Used for instructional purposes only. Open design balcony approach (a) 1 or 2 storeys… iv) Library (a) Single storey – less than 1000 sq. m… (v) Vocational School (a) wood working, metal work, 1 or 2 storeys… Hospital and Nursing Homes (i)Clinic day-care

IV. OFFICES

2. 4 storeys and over, or less than 1,000 sq. m… V. SHOP 2. Single Storey (a) Less than 750 sq.m … … VII. PLACE OF ASSEMBLY 1.

Stage with fly galleries gridirons and riggings for movable theatretype scenery…

Table 5.0 Classification of fire-fighting requirements for occupancy hazards

Note 2: The letters in the second column of this Schedule refer to the types of fixed extinguishing system, as follows: A – Automatic Sprinklers. B – Water Spray System. C – High Expansion Foam System. D – Carbon dioxide System. E – Approved Halogenated Extinguishing System

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F – Other Automatic Extinguishing System G – Hose Reel H – Hydrant System

Note 3: The figures in the third column of this Schedule refer to the types of fire alarm, as follows: 1. Automatic Fire Detectors System 2. Manual Electrical Fire Alarm System 3. Signal Indicator Alarm System 4. Manual Alarm System Note 4: Types of Emergency Illumination – (a) Signal points units (b) Central battery (c) Generators

In all cases the duration of emergency illumination in the event of failure of normal supply shall not be less than 1 hours.

As such, the proposed Nursing Vocational College shall require an automatic sprinkler system and hose reel, with a manual electrical fire alarm system and a central battery emergency illumination system.

The fire-fighting water tank is located on the roof plan, alongside the consumer water tank, as shown in the attached fourth floor plan (roof garden plan).

Figure 30.0 Highlighted location of water tanks on Roof Garden Level

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The requirements for fire alarms, extinguishing and alarm systems are based on the following clauses in the Uniform Building By-Law 1984: UBBL (1984) Page 98, By-law Clause 225. Detecting and extinguishing fire (1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws. (2) Every building shall be serves by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 metres from the nearest point of fire brigade access. (3) Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority. UBBL (1984) Page 98, By-law Clause 227. Portable extinguishers Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.

UBBL (1984) Page 98, By-law Clause 228. Sprinkler valves (1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority (2) All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.

UBBL (1984) Page 101, By-law Clause 237. Fire alarms (1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws. (2) All premises and buildings with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area exceeding 9290 square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) to be given in adjoining section. (3) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.

UBBL (1984) Page 103, By-law Clause 247. Water storage (1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for firefighting systems and installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws. (2) Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances. (3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided without need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restriction sin their locations.

7.0 REFERENCES

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1. Average Weather in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Year Round - Weather Spark. (n.d.). Weather & Climate. https://weatherspark.com/y/113829/Average-Weather-in-Kuala-Lumpur-MalaysiaYear-Round

2. Laws of Malaysia. (1984). Uniform Building By-Laws 1984. Kuala Lumpur: International Law Book Services

3. Laws of Malaysia. (2006). Malaysian Standard: Fixed Firefighting Systems – Automatic Sprinkler Systems – Design, Installation and Maintenance. Kuala Lumpur: Department of Standards Malaysia 4. Weather and Climate information for every country in the world. (n.d.). World Weather & Climate Information. Retrieved October 13, 2020, from https://weather-and-climate.com/

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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE ENVIRONMENT & TECHNOLOGY 2 (ARC 71003)

PROJECT 3

Foong Chee Shen 0346103