Parametric Dublin by Francesca Foresi

Parametric dublin!!!

algorithm

lots: buildings boundaries

curves: 5 rhino splines

extrusions

attractors

equation which affects the extrusion

S.A.D. School of Architecture and Design â&#x20AC;&#x153;Eduardo Vittoriaâ&#x20AC;? Master degree thesis in architectural & landscape design a. y. 2010/11 Parametric Dublin_ Generative algorithms for a new urban development_generative modeling

Thesis director

Cristiano Toraldo di Francia

Supervisor

Daniele Rossi

student Andrea Pieretti

the value of extrusion (y) is exactly equal to the distance between the centroid of the rectangle and the center of the grid.

y=x 2.

extrusion value (y) is reduced by a coefficient B

y = Bx 3.

All values greater than 1 will become equal to 1. This operation is meant to give a border to the algorithm. indeed, when you apply the cosine, all values are canceled out.

y = Bx (max1) 4.

I apply p to prepare the algorithm to the cosine.

y = Bx p 5.

I apply the cosine.

y = cosBx p 6.

the equation becomes positve with the addition of +1.

y = (cosBx p) + 1 7.

I apply a multiplier that allows further control of the height of the extrusion.

y = a [(cosBx p) + 1] 8.

this logic operation can be applied more times in the same algorithm

Thesis director

Cristiano Toraldo di Francia

Supervisor

Daniele Rossi

student Andrea Pieretti

parametricism

method

Platonic Shapes

repetition of elements

juxtaposition of unrelated elements

consider all forms to be parametrically malleable; differentiate gradually (at varying rates), inflect and correlate systematically

PARAMETRICISM A NewGlobal Style for Architecture and Urban Design Though parametricism has its roots in the digital animation techniques of the mid-1990s, it has only fully emerged in recent years with the development of advanced parametric design systems. Patrik Schumacher explains why parametricism has become the dominant, single style for avant-garde practice today and why it is particularly suited to large-scale urbanism as exemplified by a series of competition-winning masterplans by Zaha Hadid Architects. There is a global convergence in recent avant-garde architecture that justifies its designation as a new style: parametricism. It is a style rooted in digital animation techniques, its latest refinements based on advanced parametric design systems and scripting methods. Developed over the past 15 years and now claiming hegemony within avant-garde architecture practice, it succeeds Modernism as the next long wave of systematic innovation. Parametricism finally brings to an end the transitional phase of uncertainty engendered by the crisis of Modernism and marked by a series of relatively shortlived architectural episodes that included Postmodernism, Deconstructivism and Minimalism. So pervasive is the application of its techniques that parametricism is now evidenced at all scales from architecture to interior design to large urban design. Indeed, the larger the project, the more pronounced is parametricism’s superior capacity to articulate programmatic complexity. The urbanist potential of parametricism has been explored in a three-year research agenda at the AADRL titled ‘Parametric Urbanism’ and is demonstrated by a series of competition-winning masterplans by Zaha Hadid Architects. Parametricism as Style Avant-garde architecture and urbanism are going through a cycle of innovative adaptation – retooling and refashioning the discipline to meet the socioeconomic demands of the post-Fordism era. The mass society that was characterised by a universal consumption standard has evolved into the heterogeneous society of the multitude, marked by a proliferation of lifestyles and extensive work-path differentiation. It is the task of architecture and urbanism to organise and articulate the increased complexity of our post-Fordist society. Contemporary avant-garde architecture and urbanism seek to address this societal demand via a rich panoply of parametric design techniques. However, what confronts us is a new style rather than merely a new set of techniques. The techniques in question – the employment of animation, simulation and form-finding tools, as well as parametric modelling and scripting – have inspired a new collective movement with radically new ambitions and values. In turn, this development has led to many new, systematically connected design problems that are being worked on competitively by a global network of design researchers. Over and above aesthetic recognisability, it is this pervasive, long-term consistency of shared design ambitions/problems that justifies the enunciation of a new style in the sense of an epochal phenomenon. Parametricism is a mature style. There has been talk of ‘continuous differentiation’, versioning, iteration and mass customisation among other things for quite some time now within architectural avant-garde discourse. Not long ago we witnessed an accelerated, cumulative build-up ofvirtuosity, resolution and refinement facilitated by the simultaneousdevelopment of parametric design tools and scripts that allow the precise formulation and execution of intricate correlations between elementsand subsystems. The shared concepts, computational techniques,formal repertoires and tectonic logics that characterise this work are crystallising into a solid new hegemonic paradigm for architecture. Parametricism emerges from the creative exploitation of parametric design systems in the course of articulating increasingly complex social processes and

institutions. That parametric design tools themselves do not account for this profound shift in style from Modernism to parametricism is evidenced by the fact that late Modernist architects are employing parametric tools in ways which result in the maintenance of a Modernist aesthetic, using parametric modelling inconspicuously to absorb complexity. The parametricist sensibility, however, pushes in the opposite direction, aiming for maximum emphasis on conspicuous differentiation and the visual amplification differentiating logics. Aesthetically, it is the elegance of ordered complexity and the sense of seamless fluidity, akin to natural systems that constitute the hallmark of parametricism. Styles as Design Research Programmes Avant-garde styles can be interpreted and evaluated analogously to new scientific paradigms, affording a new conceptual framework and formulating new aims, methods and values. Thus a new direction for concerted research work is established. Thus styles are design research programmes. Innovation in architecture proceeds via the progression of styles so understood: as the alternation between periods of cumulative advancement within a style and of periods of revolutionary transition between styles. Styles therefore represent cycles of innovation, gathering design research efforts into a collective endeavour. Here, stable self-identity is as much a necessary precondition of evolution as it is in the case of organic life. To hold on to the new principles in the face of difficulties is crucial for the chance of eventual success, something that is incompatible with an understanding of styles as transient fashions. Basic principles and methodologies need to be preserved and defended with tenacity in the face of initial difficulties and setbacks: each style has its hard core of principles and a characteristic way of tackling design problems/tasks. The programme/style consists of methodological rules: some tell us what paths of research to avoid (negative heuristics), and others what paths to pursue (positive heuristics). Negative heuristics formulates strictures that prevent relapse into old patterns that are not fully consistent with the core; positive heuristics offers guiding principles and preferred techniques that allow the work to fast-forward in a particular direction. Defining Heuristics and Pertinent Agendas The defining heuristics of parametricism is fully reflected in the taboos and dogmas of contemporary avant-garde design culture: • Negative heuristics (taboos): avoid rigid geometric primitives such as squares, triangles and circles; avoid simple repetition of elements, avoid juxtaposition of unrelated elements or systems. • Positive heuristics (dogmas): consider all forms to be parametrically malleable; differentiate gradually (at varying rates), inflect and correlate systematically. The current stage of development within parametricism is as much to do with the continuous advancement of the attendant computational design processes as it is due to the designer’s grasp of the unique formal and organisational opportunities afforded by these processes. Parametricism can only exist via the continuous advancement and sophisticated appropriation of computational geometry. Finally, computationally advanced design techniques such as scripting (in Mel-script or Rhino-script) and parametric modelling (with tools such as GC or DP) are becoming a pervasive reality such that it is no longer possible to compete within the contemporary avant-garde architecture scene without mastering and refining them. However, the advancement of techniques should go hand in hand with the formulation of yet more ambitions and goals. NEIL LEACH

S.A.D. School of Architecture and Design “Eduardo Vittoria” Master degree thesis in architectural & landscape design a. y. 2010/11 Parametric Dublin_ Generative algorithms for a new urban development_generative modeling

Thesis director

Cristiano Toraldo di Francia

Supervisor

Daniele Rossi

student Andrea Pieretti

tool

generative modeling

generative design is not about designing the building, it’s about designing the system that builts the building

For some time now, digital technologies have had a substantial impact on architectural design. Toward the end of the ‘80, the computer has been introduced among the architectural tools. At the same time some pioneer starting to approach 3d modeling technique. That tecnique came expecially from the world of movie’s digital animation. In that way the software has been changed from tool for represent to tool for design. After the sperimentation of the last year, 3d software became more and more widespread and diversified. However, the designer who uses these tools must still be based on a limited, though large, number of options provided and developed by the manufacturers. Indipendently from the used tool, the architect’s idea have to be reached trought combination of operation provided. The next goal are software that get over these issues, and allow the user to define the generative rules by himself. This tecnique is called generative modeling. training

what?

For designers who are exploring new shapes using generative algorithms, Grasshopper® is a graphical algorithm editor tightly integrated with Rhino’s 3-D modeling tools. Unlike RhinoScript, Grasshopper requires no knowledge of programming or scripting, but still allows designers to build form generators from the simple to the awe-inspiring. FROM GRASSHOPPER OFFICIAL BLOG

why?

Rhino4 came with a basic history featurebuiltin, which is a non-intrusive layer around the workflow that allows for automatic updates of certain modeling steps. The current implementation of History in Rhino4 is implicit, that is: it is recorded as you go. This means there is no additional overhead required at model-time which is exactly the sort of thing we would like to see in Rhino: more features, no additional limitations. However, implicit history cannot do some things which are possible with explicitly defined history. First of all, the history tree is hidden from the user. The behaviour of the different history stages cannot be adjusted. For example, there is only one chance to set the properties of a history based Loft. Once the surface exists, the only way to change the Loft settings is to recreate the surface. This will break all downstream history records and is thus potentially an extremely expensive limitation. It is also impossible to add or replace curves from a history Loft. Grasshopper tackles these issues by allowing the user to construct their own “history tree” or better “definition” of the procedure that will be used to construct the object(s). This definition is constructed in a unique visual and interactive way, making it easy to learn and fun even for people with no previous programming experience. There are of course limitations that come with the process. It is no longer possible to record the history tree transparently, it has to be specifically constructed by the user. It is impossible to use available Rhino commands since they do not expose the options and settings they need to run. However, the advantages speak for themselves: The tree is exposed, and can thus in whole or in part be re-used throughout different models. The components on the tree are exposed and can thus be replaced or adjusted. The operations are not tied to geometry in the model, it is possible to make a tree which only deals with mathematics. Mathematical and logical relationships can be constructed. External (to Rhino) sources can be used to retrieve and store data. This makes Grasshopper is a marvelous tool to be explored by anyone who is interested in generative modeling of complex objects or more control over the characteristics of even simple objects.

loft operation

curves

no history recorded

history recorded

loft operation

sliders applied to loft options component

diffently regulated loft

implicit history

esplicit history history tree of a loft operation

pipe component applied to the same curves

pipe operation

logic operation

FROM ROBERT MCNEEL

Thesis director

Cristiano Toraldo di Francia

Supervisor

Daniele Rossi

student Andrea Pieretti

dublin analysis Density

a view from space

Average Age

year-old

Ireland

northwall

walled city

year-old

georgian 1756 medieval city

Italy

Ireland population

the liberties

irishtown

pre 1860

4’500’000 ireland is Dublin? Dublin population

City

Urban

Metro

urban

35%

dublin historical growth

system o

This scheme shows the historical growth of Dublin, from the inner walled city toward the pre 1860 part. It’s clear that Dublin is a small city, living in the city centre allows you to letteraly get rid of using a car. Walking is the best way to discover this city and if you are living there, there’s a bike sharing service in many places. Dublin has always been divided between two cathegories: Vikings and Celtics, Irish and English and between Catholics and Anglicans. Actually the city has two name, Dublin is after a Viking name (An Dubh Linn) and the other one (Baile Átha Cliath) is coming from Celtics. About history, Dublin was an English colony for the most of her time. England left an important footprint which was hideous to Irish people. During the sixties some English symbols were removed, for istance Colonell Nelson’s column replaced by the Spire. Georgian Dublin is also an important and large English heritage. Several houses were broken down and replaced by new builndings.

Neverthe along Gr ward eas The river the Dubli spine of t which is t water fro in the sou lin bay an floodings prevent t

Nowadays problems & potential

1’600’000

metro

sandy mount

Of Ireland population

Dublin is ireland?

1th t

Dublin was for decades a city of emigrants and just in the last two decades this process was reversed. However the outskirt of Dublin kept growing, without any planification, so without any service of any kind. They soon became unsafe places, where criminality could easily grow. In the meantime many areas more or less close to the city centre have to be redeveloped due to change of destination. The closer areas have more chance to become the extention of the city core, they should become high density residential areas and attract new people, preferably young couple with children.

Since Dub to follow Nowada gate way the quiet ways sho

How wate

How can Dublin City Core be an attractor of new families? what are the project’s tools?

beckett’s bridge

U2 tower

guinnes storehouse

saint patrick’s cathedral

lansdowne

grand canal theatre Thesis director

Cristiano Toraldo di Francia

Supervisor

Daniele Rossi

student Francesca Foresi

stadium

riv

nix

iew

irv

II p

nal

l ca

ntar

tol

roya

cloa po

t k

r pa

odder

dublin bay ea

rrio

fitz

wil

rbe

liam

ar or ep

ringsend park

gre

hen

a tp

e nc

river d

d gran

l cana

tep

qua

st’s

river liffey

irishtow

squ

n nature

are

park

of water bodies

system of parks

eless Dublin is near the shore, it is so detached by it that people, while they are strolling rafton Street, aren’t aware to be so close to the sea. This is due to Dublin’s growth tost, due to the presence of the port and due to the fight against tides. Liffey is the main river. It was firstly used as a dump and lately as a waterway, to get to in harbour. Looking at urban scale of the city it’s possible to notice that this river is the the city. Many of the public attractions lay along it. It divides the city in Dublin North, the poorest and Dublin south, the richest. The Grand canal and the Royal canal take om river Shannon, they were used as waterways from west to east Ireland. The former is uth side and the latter in the north side. River Dodder and River Tolka lay between Dubnd the twin canals. They have waving courses and sometimes river Tolka had given s. Generally floods are a threat coming from the sea. Walls facing the shore were built to them. Now they laying in the Docklands between the city and the harbour.

Dublin hasn’t actually squares, covered with limestone to gather people in summertime. However there are many parks spread all over the city called squares. People use to enjoy going there in sunshine for a bief lunch, among nature. Therefore The presence of public parks are really important. St’ Stephen Green Park is the most famous, it is adjacent to one of Dublin’s main shopping streets, Grafton Street, and to a shopping centre named for it, while on its surrounding streets are the offices of a number of public bodies. It is the largest among Georgian squares (Marrion’s square Park and Fitzwilliam square). The largest urban park is Phoenix Park. It so huge to have been reckoned as the largest European Park. It includes large areas of grassland and tree-lined avenues, and since the seventeenth century has been home to a herd of wild Fallow deer. Amog many sports facilities this park hosts the Dublin zoo, the Wellington Monument and the Papal Cross, built in occasion of the visit of Pope John Paul II in 1979.

tool_water

2th tool_cultural importance of green

blin’s plan missed any regularity and a coherent planning, it’s a natural consequence waterways to get an orientation. In this vision river Liffey is really the spine of the city. ays what is missing is an adeguate ending of the Liffey’s spine. Our mission is to create a y, a urban structure which is in between the river and the bay. From thr urban spine to t bay. It would be possible aslo collect into the bay the path along river Dodder. Waterould carry bike routes and foot paths.

erbodies can be strenghtened ?

Ireland and Dublin are famous for green lawns. Thank to humidity growing a perfect lawn is easy. Due to weather changings it’s possible to have at least a sunny half an hour in a day. Dubliners like to enjoy sun laying on the grass in public parks. The presence of trees can esily stop strong winds and be a shelter from rain. Green is palced along rivers and canals, not only in parks. How green can be used to redisign the city ?

DDP

The Dublin Development Plan regulate the development of the city through 6 points: 1_shaping the city 2_boosting infrastructures 3_greening the city 4_fostering culture 5_providing quality homes in a compact city core strategy 6_create good neighbourhoods

DDP

DDda

DDDA

PPS

The Dublin Docklands Development Authority regulates the re-development of the docklands. Once this are was just an industrial area with factories and plants, due to the presence of the port. Now this area is going to be re-urbanized because factories have been closed and broken down. There are 5 priorities: 1_speeding up physical transformations 2_create an Architectural identity 3_exploiting docklands potential 4_quality of life

main cultural quarters Zone 1: To protect, provide and improve residential ameni ties Zone 2: To protect and/or improve the amenities of residential conservation areas Zone 3: To provide for and improve neighbourhood facilities Zone 4: To provide for and improve mixed services facilities Zone 5: To consolidate and facilitate the development of the central area and to identify, reinforce and strengthen its civic design character and dignity Zone 6: To provide for the creation and protection of enterprise and facilitate opportunities for employment creation Zone 7: To provide for the protection and creation of industrial uses and facilitate opportunities for employment creation Zone 7A: To provide for the protection and creation of industrial uses and facilitate opportunities for employment creation Zone 8: To protect the existing architectural and civic design character, and to allow for limited expansion consistent with the conservation objective. To allow primarily residential and compatible office and institutional uses Zone 9: To preserve, provide and improve recreational amenity, and open space Zone 10: To consolidate and facilitate the development of inner suburban sites for mixed use development of which office, retail and residential would be predominant uses Zone 11: To protect and improve canal, coastal and river amenities Zone 14: To seek the social, economic and physical development or rejuvenation of an area with mixed use, of which residential and Zone 6 would be the predominant uses Zone 15: To provide for institutional and community uses

5_create an image

DDP

pps

DDDA PPS

The Poolbeg Planning Scheme regulates the re-development of this artificial peninsula on the south side of river Liffey’s mouth. One of the principles is to extend the city toward east, taking advantage from the empty lot of the former glass bottle factory. 5

poolbeg highlights spotting the area

historical sites

ringsend irishtown

great south wall

sandymount

fort

ringsend

power plants

lighthouse

first outpost of Dublin toward the sea . The wharf is almost 2 km long.

pigeon house & former power plants

regeneration areas what will these areas become?

they supply energy for all the city and a large part of Ireland the development of Dublin should cohabit with them

dwellings and lack of facilities the core of this neighbourhood is a park with just rugby fields, soccer fields, tennis courts, hurling pitches and playground

“smart” city

regeneration of Dublin. this is the twentyone-century face of the city. many archistar were called to design their masterpiece: for instance there is a bridge on the Liffey by Calatrava, a theatre by Libeskind, a five star hotl from Aires Mateus and a square by Martha Schwartz.

dublin harbour

it is the biggest port of the country. 2/3 of Irish import/export shipping passes through it. most of port area is occupied with containers and some of them are allocated in the southern quay. Some warves are use d by cruise ships, so the port area is more or less the first impression of the city for cruise ‘s passengers. Something exiting should happen here, there’s a need of a gateway.

art

end

pow

rage

r sto

aine cont

lin dub

our

harb

o hth

city

Rings

nts er pla

se & nts hou er pla n w eo Pig er po form

1th power plant pigeon house

key point

lig

The former glass bottle factory is an empty area for a new development. The lot is around 300 x 300 meters, almost a perfect square. There is nearby another empty lot called Fabrizia between the former actory and the Dublin Bay. This area needs to be connected with the “smart” city and with the former power plant. Thesis director

Cristiano Toraldo di Francia

Supervisor

Daniele Rossi

student Francesca Foresi

design strategy compact the city

compact the city, to avoid urban spralw, which is one of the micro criminality’s reasons. For long time during the econbomic growth of Ireland Dublin have been growing off her boundaries, without a proper planning scheme. The most of outskirt’s quarter are lacking of public and privite services. Living without neighbourhood’s service forces people to use cars to do grocery shopping and so on. Social alienation is another of the results and most of the people use theri homes just ad a dormitory, actually living their life in the city centre.

City

urban sprawl

compact city

no suburban sprawl no traffic jam no smog healthy

rive

more service

r dod der

spread public services

easier life

Overtake the natural barrier which river Dodder is, with a new bridge to create a f isical connection between city and ringsend. There would be more accesibility to public services have been created in the last decade in the Smart City. The new development should add further public and privite services, which would be used also by inhabitants of ringsend who are actually living in detached or terraced houses.

more affordable houses

more houses near the center

Houses in the city are too expensive and there’s no room to build new ones. New houses in poolbeg are cheaper and close to the city centre. Offering a large amount of cheaper houses here will decrease city centre’s house rates. These new units are adressed to young couple with children and to young or old single. There should be ground for vegetable gardens among buildings and on the rootops.

more supply lower rent house for everyone

lin b

dub

y rive liffe

purpose

Fostering the relation with water, flipping the riverside road The new urban development should be grounded on a unique gesture which is a connection of three sectors. 1) Ringsend riverside 2) former glass factory area 3) Reclaimed land

Thesis director

Cristiano Toraldo di Francia

Supervisor

Daniele Rossi

student Francesca Foresi

city councilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s proposal

old proposals 1.

11 march 2011

12.

11. 25 october 2011

Thesis director

Cristiano Toraldo di Francia

15 september 2011

Supervisor

Daniele Rossi

student Andrea Pieretti

18 march 2011

10. 2 september 2011

25 march 2011

8. 2o april 2011

1 april 2011

7. 15 april 2011

8 april 2011

Thesis director

Cristiano Toraldo di Francia

Supervisor

Daniele Rossi

student Francesca Foresi

Thesis director

Cristiano Toraldo di Francia

Supervisor

Daniele Rossi

student Francesca Foresi

1 2

4 5 7 6

Public & private transportations

Tram Luas + minimetro

bike’s routes

2 Thesis director

Cristiano Toraldo di Francia

Supervisor

Daniele Rossi

student Francesca Foresi

attractors

scale 1 : 5000

extrusions in according with a series of equations

y = a [(cosBx p) + 1]

lots: buildings boundaries

curves: 5 rhino splines

affected by the position of control points

contextâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bonds 5 transversal axes

roads for cars & parking

7 11

subdivision into cells

minimum 45 sq m

vertical aggregation

one cell

Thesis director

Cristiano Toraldo di Francia

orizontal aggregation

Supervisor

Daniele Rossi

student Francesca Foresi

orizontal or vertical aggregation

spot of cells

no sectionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s zoning

mixing use

housing off ice retail

prof. Cristiano Toraldo di Francia prof. Cristiano Toraldo di Francia dott. Daniele Rossi dott. Daniele Rossi

glossario glossario

francesca foresi francesca foresi

Parametric Parametric dublin!!! dublin!!! arametricismo -> stile architettonico che ffonda le sue radici nelle tecniche di che arametricismo -> stile architettonico nimazione digitale di meta’ anni '90, ffonda le sue radici nelle tecniche di efinitivamente emerso neglianni ultimi nimazione digitale di meta’ '90,anni razie allo sviluppo degli avanzati efinitivamente emerso negli ultimisistemi anni irazie modellazione generativa. allo sviluppo degli avanzati sistemi i modellazione generativa. nimazione digitale -> il complesso delle cnologie usate per generare immagini nimazione digitale -> il complesso delle nimate attraverso del computer. cnologie usate perl'uso generare immagini nimate attraverso l'uso del computer. odellazione parametrica -> E‘ un metodo iodellazione modellazione 3d che consente di metodo generare parametrica -> E‘ un mediante3dl'immissione isolidi modellazione che consentedi diparametri generare umerici, ad es. l'altezza, la lunghezza, solidi mediante l'immissione di parametri profondita’, raggi e lelamisure angolari, umerici, ad es.i l'altezza, lunghezza, di poter intervenire su questi parametri profondita’, i raggi e le misure angolari, nche dopointervenire aver realizzato il modello, per di poter su questi parametri odificarne e aggiornare nche dopo aver realizzato la il geometria modello, per enza doverloe ricostruire. (es. revit e odificarne aggiornare la geometria rchicad) enza doverlo ricostruire. (es. revit e rchicad) odellazione parametrica associativa -> a ifferenza della modellazione parametrica odellazione parametrica associativa -> a semplice” elementi del modello ifferenza tutti dellagli modellazione parametrica ono interconnessi tra di loro semplice” tutti gli elementi dele modello nfluiscono gli uni tra sugli ono interconnessi di altri. loro e

andrea pieretti andrea pieretti S.A.D. School of Architecture & Design MasterSchool degree architecural& design. S.A.D. ofin Architecture Design Master degree in architecural design. Modellazione generativa (o computazionale) -> E’ un metodogenerativa di modellazione parametrica Modellazione (o computazionale) associativa in cui il progettistaparametrica non -> E’ un metodo di modellazione disegna direttamente il modello, non ma associativa in cui il progettista progetta il sistema diilpassaggi disegna direttamente modello,che maportera’ al risultato finale. di passaggi che portera’ progetta il sistema Il processo di modellazione generativa al risultato finale. puo’ avveniredi attraverso appositi Il processo modellazione generativa programmi che permettono di disegnare puo’ avvenire attraverso appositi l'algoritmo che che permettono produrra’ ildimodello oppure programmi disegnare attraverso le tecniche di scripting. l'algoritmo che produrra’ il modello oppure attraverso le tecniche di scripting. Algoritmo -> processo logico grazie al quale, impostati una serie di fattori di Algoritmo -> processo logico grazie al base ed alcune regole una che ne gestiscono il di base quale, impostati serie di fattori rapporto reciproco, si gestiscono puo’ giungere ed alcune regole che ne il a infiniti risultati. rapporto reciproco, si puo’ giungere a infiniti risultati. Modellazione scripting -> E’ un metodo di modellazione che agisce attraverso Modellazione scripting -> E’ un metodo di linguaggi di programmazione. modellazione che agisce attraverso linguaggi di programmazione.