MULTIDISCIPLINARY PROJECT
FINAL REPORT
POLITECNICA
WATERWAYS FOR TERRITORY TRANSFORMATION
a methodological approach to urban and landscape design
Sara Borchiero, Product Service System Design, Politecnico di Milano Ivaylo Nachev, Architecture, Politecnico di Milano Antri Pantelide, Urban planning and Policy design, Politecnico di Milano Anna Pichetto Fratin, Architecture for restoration, Politecnico di Torino Alberto Re, Product Service System Design, Politecnico di Milano Davide Resnati, Electronic Engineering, Politecnico di Milano Francesca Sorli, Architecture Building City, Politecnico di Torino
Principal Academic Tutor: Laura Daglio, Department of Architecture, Politecnico di Milano Other Academic Tutors: Orio de Paoli, Department of Architecture, Politecnico di Torino Giulia Gerosa, Department of Design, Politecnico di Milano Carlo Ravagnati, Department of Architecture, Politecnico di Torino Institutions: Centro Studi PIM Patto per il Nord-Ovest Supermilano
meet THE TEAM: Sara Borchiero Product Service System Design Politecnico di Milano Ivaylo Nachev Architecture Politecnico di Milano Antri Pantelide Urban Planning & Policy Design Politecnico di Milano Anna Pichetto Fratin Architecture for restoration and preservation of architectural and environmental heritage Politecnico di Torino Alberto Re Product Service System Design Politecnico di Milano Davide Resnati Electronic Engineering Politecnico di Milano Francesca Sorli Architecture Building City Politecnico di Torino
meet THE TUTORS: Laura Daglio Architecture Politecnico di Milano
Orio de Paoli Architecture Politecnico di Torino
Giulia Gerosa Design Politecnico di Milano
Carlo Ravagnati Architecture Politecnico di Torino
POLITECNICA
WATERWAYS FOR TERRITORY TRANSFORMATION a methodological approach to urban and landscape design
.INDEX ABSTRACT
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1. BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT The description of the context and the existing situation, together with the motivations that led to the project work
a. WATER & TERRITORY the importance of the water element in the Milan area throughout the history of the city
b. EXPO AS OPPORTUNITY EXPO objectives for Milan; the Vie D’Acqua Project and its relations with the territory crossed by the waterway
c. ACTORS ANALYSIS analysis of the different stakeholders and their requirements.
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2. PROPOSAL
The methodology adopted in the development of the project; understanding the territory by means of layers and their superposition; the different roles of water in the project, cases and proposal for the linear park around the waterway 2.0 USING WATER FOR TERRITORY TRANSFORMATION
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2.1. META-DESIGN PROPOSAL
a. UNDERSTANDING THE TERRITORY the identification of the multiple layers which constitute the territory; their interpretation and the possibility of a linear park along the canal of the Vie D’Acqua Project
b. ENERGY GENERATION The possibility of hydroelectric energy generation in the Vie D’Acqua Project and proposal to power various systems of the park
c. UPCYCLING OF EXPO PAVILLION materials and structures used in EXPO pavilions recycled as urban furniture elements and other facilities along the canal.
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38 46
2.2. SYSTEM ANALYSIS
a. THE IBA HAMBURG analysis of a comparable case study focusing on the public participation process
b. USER INVOLVEMENT the project for an involvement of the local population in order to assure feasibility and consistency to the whole system; possible solutions and feedback to actors’ needs and conflict situations
2.3. PROGRAMMATIC FRAMEWORK masterplan for the new integrated system; analysis of the points constituting the linear public space, pointing out specific needs and facilities
57 63
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3. CONCLUSION
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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. ABSTRACT
_WATT ABSTRACT
Waterways for territory transformation a methodological approach to urban and landscape design
EXPO 2015 can be a strong agent to trigger changes in the north-western Milanese area, offering a wonderful occasion for the transformation of the territory but, on the other hand, forcing to deal with various issues which characterise the area. Marco Biraghi and Silvia Micheli in “Storia dell’architettura italiana 1985-2015”1 already highlighted potentialities and problems related to Expo 2015. The site, “in the black heart of the postindustrial Brianza”, according to them is one of the most industrialized, environmentally downgraded and polluted area of the Milan suburbs2. Therefore this represents a big problem of integration between the Universal Exposition planned for the year 2015, the site itself, the whole area and the society, but on the other hand it provides a big chance for change. In this difficult territory a new canal, the Via d’Acqua, has been planned – although not realized yet. The new canal itself represents an environmental, architectural and social opportunity for a change of the territory which is now lacking of a common identity and of a common systemic project of development. WATT – Waterways for a territory transformation aims to that. Starting from an analysis of the different characters of the territory, conceived as superimposed layers joined together by water as a unifying element, and in combination with
1 2
ABSTRACT
an analysis of the actors involved, the WATT project has the aim of respondiing to the needs of the territory and the society. The multidisciplinary approach is here fundamental, given the manifold nature of the context in which the project has to be conceived. As Giancarlo de Carlo in 1969 said, “Architecture is too important to be left to architects”; different suggestions should come from every stakeholder and be integrated in a project which should not involve only architectural and urban planning experimentations but also social and technical skills. In a society becoming more complex every day, equally complex solutions following from the integration of different fields are needed. The project developed along the Via d’Acqua proposed by the team takes into account and tries to integrate in a common outcome problems of green energy production, urban and landscape design, lack of common identity, dismantling of Expo pavilions, social involvement, using “water” as core element in order to re-establish the ancient connection which it had with the territory. In the area along the new canal some focus points have been identified and analysed in order to define potentialities, unified in a programmatic framework and in the masterplan of a new urban public area.
Marco Biraghi, Silvia Micheli, Storia dell’architettura italiana 1985-201, Einaudi ed, Torino 2013 Ibidem, p.325
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1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT The description of the context and the existing situation, together with the motivations that led to the project work
_WATT WATER & TERRITORY
1.a WATER & TERRITORY The importance of the water element in the Milan area through the history of the city
The city of Milan is settled in the north area of the Po valley, where the mountains end and the valley begins. Its geographic location, set among the Alps’ valleys, makes its territory very rich of surface and underground waterways that cross the city following the geographic inclination southwards towards the Po river. The water has always been an important element of the local landscape since roman times. Although there are different versions and legends discussing the origin of the name, the Romans called the settlement Mediolanum (in the middle of the wetland, or midland, inbetween the waterways) highlighting the important link between the village and the surrounding landscape. The first settlement was founded over a dry plot of land where the water aquifer was lower, surrounded by wetlands that could allow an easy defence of the city from enemy attacks. Being in-between the water resurgences of the Adda and Ticino rivers, the amount of water was so great, that the population was
Historical urban settlement and waterways of Milan area (http://blog.urbanfile.org/2013/12/21/ milano-i-fiumi-nascosti-di-milano/)
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forced to use different techniques in order to manage the water flows and guarantee a proper land for the specific human activities since ancient times. The canals and drainage systems were conceived in order to increase the productivity of the local agriculture as well as to improve the transportation and infrastructural connections. They were basically a fundamental part of the living city, upon which the whole human life and functions were based. The Romans, who had a deep knowledge of water managing techniques and hydraulic engineering, exploited the local environmental characteristics of the wetlands, building a rich system of artificial canals that had various dimensions, in order to satisfy the rising needs in water supply of theincreasing community. In a landscape made by waterways, artificial since ancient times, man had always managed the territory, seeking for the right symbiosis with nature. The water system was fundamental for the city, providing fresh water supply, defense,
_WATT WATER & TERRITORY
navigation, irrigation, dry areas etc. The presence of water in relation with local traditions and life was so strong , that the traditional building materials of Milan were chosen in order to deal in the best way with its wetlands and muddy soils. A classical example is the extensive use of the so called “Ceppo-Lombardo� (a clastic sedimentary rock)which has been used specially for the building foundations close to the canals, because of its porosity and high water resistance since pre-roman times. In medieval times the city often changed the administration, although every new ruler contributed to preserve and continue the tradition of waterways. The density of the urban fabric was growing in the north side, where the land was drier and the aquifer deeper, while the south side, rich of wetlands was mostly used for agriculture. The division between the rich and the poor was also strongly related with the wetland landscape, defining
separations zones between the rich landowners with their villas and cascine close to the productive agricultural land, away from the poor class. The city started to build the first waterways, the Navigli circle, in 1156 with a project by Guglielmo da Guintellino in order to protect the city from military attacks. Different canals were built following the extension of the existing system, connecting them to the bigger regional rivers for navigation and transportation of materials. Since their construction the Navigli system has been part of the city character, being not only water canals, but also a meeting place, a link with something that was beyond the city perimeter. In fact the relation between the inner city and the main surrounding rivers was more sophisticated than just a formal one. The ability of the Lambro, Olona and Seveso rivers to influence the city is not easy to
Map of Navigli system through centuries. (http://www.regione.lombardia.it)
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_WATT WATER & TERRITORY
perceive looking at the urban fabric. While the main rivers run down the slopes of the Alps, (NorthSouth) the city of Milan developed in a radial way, without taking into account the linear verticality of the rivers (North to South). The relation between the city and the territory is not made by natural elements, but by artificial ones, that in a radial way supported the development of Milan and the connection with the local regional context. The canals as a result of engineering and man-made projects are the representation of a performative artificial landscape that uses all the potential of natural water and applies it for the improvement of different issues. The network was carefully studied in order to bring water to the right crop location and to dry out the needed areas in order
to achieve a higher agricultural production, while the differences in levels and slopes had a millimeter accuracy. Thanks to the waterways, the city was not only connected to a wider territory, but it was also referring to its past identity and environment, bringing water inside the city and controlling internal microclimates. Looking through this perspective, the importance of water with respect to the different layers of the urban development can be noticed clearly. Unfortunately, in the XX century the water navigation went through a decline due to the developing automotive industry. The canals’ pollution, caused by the newly born industries, made fishing dangerous and so lately forbidden in the canals. In particular, there were three critical
Below a map of the city and the canals drawn by the engineer Giovanni Brenna in 1860
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_WATT WATER & TERRITORY
The Viarenna basin, the first navigation lock in the world, as it was looking in the end of the XIX century.
The Martesana covering (the beginning, from the city centre outwards) via Melchiorre Gioia 1959-1961.
Covering of the Redefossi (the ancient defensive canal) close to Porta Venezia in the beginning of the XX century.
areas for pollution: the Santo Stefano lake, the Naviglio Morto (now via Pontaccio) and the Naviglio San Gerardo (now via Carducci)1. With the rising need for road transportation, those areas, together with the entire canals system started to be neglected piece by piece .2 The historian of urbanism Guido Zucconi, in “Storia dell’urbanistica: L’Ottocento”3 underlined how the city at the beginning of the XIX century was still struggling inside the Navigli
circle, and also between it and the Spanish walls. The real problem raised with the increasing of the population and the consequently demand of building land in the second half of the century, accomplished mostly by private initiative4. This is the root of a strong speculative period, which partly destroyed the shape of the city: many of the canals were set in pipes under the streets5, while many others were land filled and erased, seeking to avoid instability
Giuseppe Sala, Milano sull’acqua - Ieri, oggi, domani, Skira, Milano 2014, p.116 Giuseppe Sala described this situation in his book, saying: “the myth of speed substitutes the slow pace of the contemplative world of the waterways; the car replaces both boats and carriages, and the ratio between Milan people and their city gradually deforms” (Source: Giuseppe Sala, Milano sull’acqua - Ieri, oggi, domani, Skira, Milano 2014, p.117) 3 Guido Zucconi, La città dell’Ottocento, Laterza, Bari 2008, p.499 4 The first “Piano Regolatore” promoted by the Milan administration was designed by Cesare Beruto in 1884 (Source: Guido Zucconi, La città dell’Ottocento, Laterza, Bari 2008, p.510). 5 In 1882-1883 the Naviglio San Gerolamo and the Naviglio Morto were covered, followed by the Conca di San Marco and the Viarenna. The burying work of the Navigli lasted for almost fifty years and it was finalized only with the urban plan of Cesare Albertini, which cancelled the traces of the Vettabbia and the Redefossi (Source: Giuseppe Sala, Milano sull’acqua - Ieri, oggi, domani, Skira, Milano 2014, p.116). 1 2
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_WATT WATER & TERRITORY
and humidity problems with the nearby buildings. The city made room for the fast moving cars and the industrial infrastructures, rejecting the water identity of the city. What went lost was not only in terms of aesthetics, but mainly in outdoor quality and identity. Lorenzo Spagnoli, in the book “Storia dell’urbanistica moderna – dall’età della borghesia alla globalizzazione (1815-2010)”6 explained few of the decisions undertaken by Cesare Beruto in the new Piano Regolatore: in the north side of the city, industries and working-class districts were located near the railway stations, while in the east and west sides there were middle-class neighbourhoods and public buildings. In order to guarantee all these new spaces the demolition of the Spanish walls and the cover of the inner Naviglio or “fossa” (by then useless as mean of transportation and converted into a sewer) were programmed, all replaced by French style7 boulevards8. The covered sections of the canals left almost no
trace of what the infrastructures used to be like and what happened in the past. Water as a fundamental layer of the Milanese landscape has been forgotten. Nowadays only a few canals remain visible outdoors, as a trace of how the city used to look like, one century ago9. Quoting Emily Backus, Milan “fails against Paris, New York and many smaller conurbations in one critical category: urban planning. As cities from Lisbon to Lyon have shed the worst legacies of postwar industrial development, buffing their international reputations through major investment in urban renewal, public space upgrades and transport projects, Milan has looked on “the Cinderella of Europe”10 condition that could change thanks to Expo 2015. As Marco Biraghi and Silvia Micheli wrote “the presence of a really strong historical inheritance has not to be considered as an obstacle […] to the possibility of development. It is rather in the ability to compose history and progress that is pinned the potential of the Italian future”11.
Lorenzo Spagnoli, Storia dell’urbanistica moderna, vol.2, Zanichelli, Bologna 2008, p.113 Town planners and engineers generally looked at Hausmann’s Paris when projecting Milan. (Source: Giuseppe Sala, Milano sull’acqua - Ieri, oggi, domani, Skira, Milano 2014, p.116) 8 Giuseppe Sala, Milano sull’acqua - Ieri, oggi, domani, Skira, Milano 2014, p.116 9 However, “reopen the historic canals is possible” according to a study conducted by architects R. Biscardini and A. Cassone, deepened in the course of urban planning at Polytechnic of Milan in the years 2008/09. It proposes the canals total re-opening (those covered during the Fascist period between 1929 and 1960, for a total lenght of 8.5 km and at a cost not exceeding 80M €) for primarily tourism and cultural identity reasons. Despite the widespread support for the project (94.32% of “yes” to the referendum of 2011), the government has decided to postpone the discussion until the end of Expo 2015. (Source: R. Biscardi, A. Cassone, Riaprire i Navigli si può. Biblion, Milano 2014) 10 Emily Backus, Europe’s Cinderella, in “The Financial Times”, 25th april 2009 (http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/10549bda-2f9d-11de-a8f6-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3JRgSA5kx) 11 M. Biraghi, S. Micheli, Storia dell’architettura italiana 1985-2015, Einaudi, Torino 2013, p.328 6 7
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_WATT EXPO AS OPPORTUNITY
1.b EXPO AS OPPORTUNITY EXPO objectives for Milan; the Vie D’Acqua Project and its relations with the territory crossed by the waterway
The EXPO 2015 arrived with the idea of bringing back the lost identity of Mediolanum, by giving again a central importance to waterways that were so characteristic for the Milanese landscape. For the EXPO 2015 – “Feed the planet, Energy for Life”, water represents the primary element for feeding and food production, a territory and landscape matrix of the Lombardy plain, a historical element that relates Milan and to its territory. The EXPO’s topic for food finds in waterways the main opportunity to link the EXPO site, the city and the territory, and also to develop a sustainable ecotourism, leaving to Milan and the Lombardy region a system with a rich network of bicycle paths and routes along the canals. The new waterway for the Expo is thought as a functional and performative element that could contribute to the event in various ways. The EXPO aims at: the landscape requalification through an integrated, multifunctional and multidimensional approach; landscape transformation through the quality improvement of the outdoor public space systems; concentration of the direct interventions on the systems of networks, seeking to increase the flexibility. The three key actions for EXPO Milan 2015 are1: • Environmental and landscape requalification of the existing water system; improve of the irrigation network between the Villoresi and the Naviglio Grande canals; 1
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
requalification of the valley systems. • Reconnection of the green and agricultural areas of western Milan, connecting together the South Agricultural Park of Milan and the Groane Park. • Promotion and touristic development through a sustainable and responsible use of the local landscape heritage. To introduce the WATT project, settled on the canal designed for EXPO 2015, it could be useful to explain what Via d’Acqua aims to bring in western Milan area and which are the conflict situations on the territory that it had generated since the beginning. Vie D’Acqua is articulated in a waterway starting from Villoresi Channel, one of the most important of the region bringing water from Ticino to Adda river, and finishing in the Naviglio and Darsena. Along the path, the waterway crosses the Expo site that is thought as an island formed by Vie D’Acqua water. This project was initially thought as a possible positive outcome for the territory, also after the Expo’s conclusion: a bicycle path was designed along the waterway to link the territory with Milan in a sustainable way. The new channel passes a complex territory with big green areas, villas, cultivated fields, urban centers, industries: this territory is cut along the channel by great infrastructures like highways and railways. So that the reality in which the project is inserted is very diversified and lots of interests are playing in this region, from a several
http://www.expo2015.org/en/learn-more/the-theme
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_WATT EXPO AS OPPORTUNITY
number of actors. When the masterplan of the project was presented in 2012 it was initially well received: it contained the previous project for the Expo site, which has found a big success in both expert and public opinion field, in Italy and abroad. The Vie D’Acqua project occupied only the last part of this presentation and that was not the point where most of people were focused on. Only after one year, with the previous works for the canal’s construction, problems became to rise. In fact inside the document there was no trace of a public debate or public participation to discuss it with the territory, and this lack of dialogue is the main cause of the conflict we can perceive in the present situation. The project is developed more like a top-down decision, such as a bottomup process. Despite of that it has Expo Guidelines In order to improve the sustainability of the projects proposed by single countries to national pavilions, Expo 2015 Spa provided to participants some guidelines to be adopted in planning, building, dismantling and reuse phases. These guidelines in particular include2: • the adoption of measures for the prevention of pollution and proper management of the environmental impacts associated to construction and setting up of their pavilions and exhibition structures; • the reduction and optimisation of 2
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
not been applied any form of public involvement in the decision making process and this fact has created a complex situation of conflict. The conflict with the population and the other actors acting in the territory is causing now a delay in the work yard and a negative acceptance of the project, and of the entire Expo 2015 event, by the public opinion. The delay of the works’ delivery causes also a huge amount of costs for the Expo society. Therefore this is the current situation where WATT will be settled and for that reason the project aims to integrate such a complex territory by giving to the population a new urban park to encourage sociality and people integration, but at the same time to promote people awareness on territory transformations.
energy and water consumption; • the adoption of specific strategies to manage the environmental aspects connected to packaging, logistics, transport and movement of goods; • the preference for products and services with the best environmental characteristics and performance in the development of their commercial and marketing activities. In fact as this guidelines reports, building reuse is a fundamental issue nowadays and an International Exposition has the responsibility to improve sustainable habits: today the building sector accounts for 30
http://www.expo2015.org/en/linee-guida-per-i-partecipanti
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_WATT EXPO AS OPPORTUNITY
to 40 percent of the world’s energy consumption, it uses raw materials, water, land and generates waste, contributing to current world CO2 emissions for 25 to 35 percent.3 Here the main features regarding sustainable solutions gave by Expo to participants have been resumed in order to improve knowledge and awareness on this theme, useful in the proposal phase, where some possible reuse of pavilions and Exposition’s materials will be provided.4 Expo guidelines are divided in four main themes: Design, Construction, Dismantling and Reuse. According to the research shown in this report, the focus has been directed to the Design phase, in order to better understand
how pavilions and infrastructures for the Expo have been conceived. In the Materials and Construction Technology section5 the main goal is resumed as the reducing the environmental and health impact of the building, reachable by implementing two different strategies: choose green materials or choose environmental construction techniques. About green materials the Guidelines shows, joint to classical techniques, some alternatives solutions in order to improve reusable and recycled materials. Therefore sustainable practices are desirable by Expo in choosing building materials, but also in the
TRADITIONAL MATERIALS
clay masonry
modular framework
structural steel
solid lumber
straw bales
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
wood blocks
recycled wood pallet
pre-selected waste
bamboo
pultruded glass reinforced plastic
cardboard
engineered wood products
wood plastic composite
hemp blocks
rammed earth
recycled wood pallets
Guidelines -Sustainable Solutions- Design, Construction, Dismantling and Reuse, Expo 2015 Spa, Milano 2014 (pg.4) 4 See the chapter 2.1.c.Upcycling of EXPO pavilions of this report. 5 Guidelines -Sustainable Solutions- Design, Construction, Dismantling and Reuse, Expo 2015 Spa, Milano 2014 (pg.23) 3
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_WATT EXPO AS OPPORTUNITY
dismantling phase lot of waste can be avoid. Depending on materials and construction technologies, if decisions have been taken correctly, there are two main possible resultant situations, as shown in the table below provided in Expo Guidelines6:
reusable components which can be processed with upcycling methods, and recyclable materials. How to treat this type of “waste” coming from the Expo dismantling, in order to reuse it in a sustainable way in WATT project, will be explored in following pages.7
How to reduce waste in Expo buildings’ life
have you designed a green building?
have you designed for decostruction?
have you constructed for decostruction?
how to dismantle?
through demolition
through deconstruction
re-usable components
exhibition facility
LANDFILL
non re-usable components
salvaged components
recyclable materials
NO WASTE
Guidelines -Sustainable Solutions- Design, Construction, Dismantling and Reuse, Expo 2015 Spa, Milano 2014 (pg.59) 7 See the chapter 2.1.c.Upcycling of EXPO pavilions of this report. 6
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_WATT ACTOR ANALYSIS
1.c ACTOR ANALYSIS The analysis of the different stakeholders and of their requirements
The territory where the Via D’Acqua project will be settled is characterized by a variety of users that act in the area. They are institutions, public and private organizations, citizens and all the population with an interest for their territory. It is possible to classify the main actors, regrouping them in categories, in order to understand the current situation where WATT project will be inlaid. There are three main
methods to do this type of analysis: the power/interest matrix, the stakeholder circle methodology and the social network analysis. The power/interest matrix proposed by Mendelow1 is the most used system for its simplicity and completeness, including the dynamism of the system and the power of stakeholders. The image below shows how this matrix works.
LATENTS keep satisfied
PROMOTERS key players
APATHETICS minimal effort
DEFENDERS keep informed
low
POWER
high
Table 1. Power/interest matrix:
low
INTEREST
For WATT project has been more useful to analyze actors with the other two methods above mentioned. The first method applied as been the stakeholder circle methodology developed by Bourne2. This theory is very useful to prioritise stakeholders in order to develop an appropriated engagement strategy for users. There are five main steps to reach the final graph: identify, prioritise, visualise, engage and monitor. In this part of
high
the analysis we focused on the first part of these steps, identifying actors in order to classify them. As shown in Bourne’s methodology to prioritise actors three main features are fundamental: power, is their power to influence the work or the outcomes of the project significant or relatively limited? proximity, are they closely associated or relatively remote from the work of the project? urgency, are they prepared to go to any length to
Mendelow A., Stakeholder Mapping, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Information Systems, Cambridge 1991, (Cited in Scholes,1998). 2 Lynda Bourne e Derek H.T.Walker, Project relationship management and the Stakeholder Circle, International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, Vol.1 Iss.1, pp.125-130, 2008. 1
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_WATT ACTOR ANALYSIS
Table 2. Stakeholder circle methodology:
er w o p
e influenc
Expo 2015 Bureau of Expo Governo Italiano Regione Lombardia Provincia di Milano Comune di Milano Comune di Rho Patto per il Nord-Ovest Centro studi PIM Supermilano Commissione Ambiente Italia Nostra NGO Citizens’ commettee
PROJECT
achieve their outcomes? According to these issues it is possible to present the following diagram in which the concentric circles indicate distance of stakeholders from the project, the size of the wedges stands for stakeholders’ scale and scope of influence and the radial depth shows actors’ impact or power to kill the project. In contrast with the stakeholder circle methodology, the social network analysis, theorized by Bruno Dente3, analyses mainly the relationship between actors instead of their 3 4
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specific characteristics as single subjects. As shown in the table 3, every actor can be identified as a different type of subject, according to the interest it has on the territory. The roles illustrated in the table represent the way each actor has influenced the process of the Via D’Acqua project, from the starting phase to the current situation.4 Some of the actors showed in this list are considered as stakeholders because of the role of supporter and adviser they have represented during the WATT project. Patto per
Bruno Dente, Understanding Policy Decisions, Polimi Springer Briefs, 2014. See the chapter 2.2. System analysis, part a. User involvement of this report.
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_WATT ACTOR ANALYSIS
Table 3. Actor analysis in social network analysis ACTORS
TYPE
RESOURCES
OBJECTIVES
Expo 2015 spa
specific interest
economic
content
director
Bureau of Expo
bureaucratic actor
legal
content
gatekeeper
Governo italiano
political actor
political/legal
content
supporter/ally
Reg. Lombardia
political actor
political/economic
content
supporter/ally
Provincia Milano
political actor
political/economic
content
supporter/ally
Comune Milano
political actor
political/economic
content
supporter/ally
Comune Rho
political actor
political/economic
content
supporter/ally
Patto Nord-Ovest
specific interest
political
process/content
supporter/ally
Centro studi PIM
experts
sci. knowledge
process
supporter/ally
Supermilano
specific interest
int. knowledge
content
opposer
Comm. Ambiente political act./expert
sci. knowledge
process
mediator
Italia Nostra NGO
specific interest
int. knowledge
content
promoter
Citizens’ committe
specific interest
int. knowledge
content
opposer
il Nord Ovest5, and in particular Rho mayor Pietro Romano, has helped us in a previous phase in order to better understand the complex territory we would deal with, whereas Supermilano6 has followed our entire project introducing us their events and initiatives. Finally Centro Studi PIM7 is our main stakholder due to the power it exerts on the territory as urban planning and political experts. According to table3 there are many actors influencing the territory that WATT project needs to consider.
ROLE
After the proposal of the Vie D’Acqua project the whole area has experienced a complex conflict situation due to a general lack of public participation initiatives. In order to avoid this type of conflicts for WATT project, a chronology of issues has been compiled. There are two main phases: the previous project and the increase of conflicts. Afterwards to understand how actors have reacted to the conflict situation they have been subdivided, analyzing their roles in each phase.
Patto per il Nord Ovest has been conceived in 2008 as an institution in which 16 municipalities of north-west collaborate to promote the territory. These cities are Arese, Baranzate, Bollate, Cesate, Cornaredo, Garbagnate Milanese, Lainate, Novate Milanese, Pero, Pogliano Milanese, Pregnana Milanese, Rho, Senago, Settimo Milanese, Solaro e Vanzago. 6 Supermilano is an integrated cultural system focused on the north-west area of Milan, promoting events focused on the territory. 7 Centro Studi PIM is an association between several institutions acting on Milanese territory, in order to coordinate and promote urban planning activities and local population awareness on area’s transformations. 5
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_WATT ACTOR ANALYSIS
Methodology In order to analyze the problematic situation created by locating Expo 2015 site in the north-west area of Milan, and more particularly, the Vie D’Acqua project, a methodology has been applied with the aim of understanding a complex decision process and in order to find possible solutions. The aim of the Via D’Acqua project was to transform a territory, linking it with the site of a huge temporary event like Expo, but it has created a lot of problems with the population because of a general incomprehension and a lack of dialogue between the actors involved in the process. It can be surely defined as a collective problem, involving different public and private actors, a great territory and its population. In the public sphere this issue can be called “public policy” or “policy decision”. It can be defined in a detailed way, as Knoepfel wrote, as “the connection of intentionally consistent decisions and activities taken from different public actors, and sometimes private ones, in order to solve in a targeted way a problem which, politically is defined as collective”8 (Knoepfel et al. 2001, p.29); or, in a more general way we can define a policy decision “as the
process of choice between alternative ways to solve a collective problem”9 (Dente 2014, p.8). The model used for the following analysis is the one developed by Bruno Dente in his book Understanding Policy Decisions (Milano, 2014): he adopts the incremental model, remembering the lesson of the purposive rationality (Simon) and the importance of time dimension (March and Olsen). The main goal is to judge the feasibility of different alternatives to point out the more suitable choice. This method can be summarize as “the outcomes of a public policy decisional process depend on the interaction of different types of actors with different goals and roles who, within a network that can have different characteristics, exchange resources using different patterns of interaction to obtain stake, within a given decisional context”10 The analysis of this case-study will be carried on the following protocol (Dente 2014, p.161)11: 1) The problem (already introduced in previous pages)12; 2) The chronology; 3) Actors, networks and patterns of interaction; 4) Strategies.
Peter Knoepfel, New institutional arrangements for a new generation of environmental policy instruments: intra and interpolicy cooperation. In: Dente, B. (ed.) Environmental Policy in Search of New Instruments, pp. 197–233. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 9 Bruno Dente, Understanding Policy Decisions, Polimi Springer Briefs, 2014. 10 Bruno Dente, op.cit. 11 Bruno Dente, Paolo Fareri, Josee Ligteringen, “A Theoretical Framework for Case Study Analysis”, in The Waste and the Backyard. The Creation of Waste Facilities: Success Stories in Six European Countries, Kluwer Dordrecht, 1998 11 See the chapter 1.b. EXPO as opportunity of this report. 8
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
19
_WATT ACTOR ANALYSIS
Chronology
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
Phase 1
Phase 2
The process started the 31st of March 2008 with the assignment of the world exposition 2015 to the Italian government, by the BIE (Bureau of International Expositions) board. The Italian proposal was well received also because of the topic related to water; in fact one of the main points presented to the judges’ commission was the fact that the Expo’s site would be surrounded by water, and this water management would integrate the north-west Milan territory with the whole project, in order to achieve a requalification of the entire region. On April 2010 the Italian delegate, Maurizio Serra, delivered to the Bureau the first dossier about the event’s organization which was approved in October. In October 2008 the Expo management organisms were founded by a Legislative Decree (DLgs 112/2008). Expo Spa, previously Società di Gestione Expo Milano 2015 S.p.A. or So.Ge, is a listed society in which the participants are Regione Lombardia, Provincia di Milano, Comune di Milano, Ministry of Economy and Chamber of Commerce of Milan. The Rho municipality is involved in the management of the Expo site ground, at 1%, and it belongs to another corporation: the Patto per il Nord Ovest, which is a group formed by the municipalities of the north-west of Milan.
On February 2012 the masterplan regarding Via D’Acqua project and Expo site was released. On May 2013 Giuseppe Sala was nominated Commissioner for the entire event. He also appointed two delegates: one of them, Antonio Acerbo, had the task to deal with the infrastructures’ works and the main projects like Vie D’Acqua. Then on July 2013 the problems began to rise when the NGO Italia Nostra exposed some observations and constraints about the track of the channel. This act caused an outbreak of protests by the local citizens’ committees, in agitation also because the channel works started, and led to the occupation of the territory. In fact due to a non specialized public opinion, and the lack of shared information from Expo, the work yard had been envisaged bigger than it was planned, with a gated part of 20 meters of sections, for a waterway that would not be more than 3 or 4 meters. These factors are responsible for the complex conflict situation we can see now.
20
_WATT ACTOR ANALYSIS
Actors, networks and patterns of interaction Phase 1 In the first phase the main two actors
the decisional process if the Expo Spa
are the recently born Expo society
does not respond to the requirements.
and the BIE, Bureau of International
As represented in the following
Exposition who had the responsibility
draft, around Expo Spa there are
to choose the candidate for the new
some strictly linked actors due to its
Expo site and to control the previous
organization, like Regione Lombardia,
project and masterplan. In this case
Provincia di Milano and Comune di
is the BIE that has more decisional
Milano, which are mainly political
power, instead of the Expo society.
actors acting as allies of the director;
Nevertheless the director of the
there are also two actors linked to
whole process is clearly Expo 2015
Expo Spa in a less direct way, as
Spa society, as we can see later, who
Governo Italiano, who has clearly a
developed the Via D’Acqua project,
role as supervisor and supporter, and
one of the most promoted features of
Patto per il Nord Ovest, who has a
the Italian candidacy for the universal
special interest linked to the territory
exposition of 2015. The Expo 2015
and a more process-related goal.
Spa goal is to carry out the whole
Therefore the decisional network has
operation with a minimum utilization
an axis shape in which BIE and Expo
of funds
and the less possible
are the two opposite actors. In this
negative advertisement caused by a
case the pattern of interaction is more
conflict with the territory population,
the confrontation because the BIE has
which can be embarrassing world
the power to block the process and it
wide spread. Whereas in this phase
can move more resources than the
the Bureau is more like a gatekeeper
Expo Spa.
because it has a veto-power to stop Table 4. Actor network phase 1:
Bureau of International Exposition
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
21
Governo Italiano
-Expo spa --
Patto Nord Ovest
Regione Lombardia Provincia di Milano Comune di Milano
_WATT ACTOR ANALYSIS
Actors, networks and patterns of interaction Phase 2
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
In the second phase a new important
interactive knowledge they have but
actor
as
the situation is now too complex to
promoter, as similar associations
intervene in a disordered way, and
and committees with same goals,
they are acting mainly as mediators.
raising the problem that will lead to
These actors are Centro Studi PIM,
the conflict situation: the NGO Italia
a public subject that controls and
Nostra. This is an association acting
supervises urban transformations
for the preservation and protection
on the territory, and Commissione
of the Italian territory, divided in
Ambiente for west green areas,
different sections to have a more
that has the task to coordinate the
direct presence in the country. On
management of parks and green
July 2013 the NGO North section
landscape in the Milan region, giving
points out the problem of a lack
an expert’s advice.
of integration of the channel with
In this phase, as in the previous,
the territory and it exposed doubts
we are facing a zero-sum game
about the track of the channel and
situation, represented by a negative
the section; it advanced also a new
coordination in the negotiation of
proposal described in a report that
the decision policy. The network is
was sent to the Expo organs, with the
shaped like an axis, as in phase 1, but
wish to start a constructive dialogue.
here we have the contrast between
The Expo society never answered to
the Expo actor and the opposer, Italia
these attempts of reconciliation and
Nostra, which is supported by two
this led to a negative escalation in
entities, with a specific knowledge of
the relationship between the Society
the territory, as citizens’ committees
and the local population. Now we can
and Supermilano (an association that
see a situation of conflict in which
makes events and works in the north-
citizens are acting as opposers;
west of Milan). In phase 2 we have a
they are gathered in committees
new type of actor, the mediators, who
against the project, without knowing
are experts working with both parts
well the specific technical data of it.
and suggesting a path of dialogue
Some experts could solve maybe
(Centro Studi PIM and Commissione
the situation, due to the scientific or
Ambiente).
enters
the
22
process
_WATT ACTOR ANALYSIS
Table 5. Actor network phase 2:
Citizens’ Committee
-Italia Nostra NGO -Supermilano
Governo Italiano
Centro Studi PIM -Commissione Ambiente
-Expo spa --
Patto Nord Ovest
Regione Lombardia Provincia di Milano Comune di Milano
Strategies
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
In these two phases of the process
the conflict to reach a better outcome
we can clearly see that Expo Spa has
that can satisfy everyone.
more power and resources than the
Theoretically to solve the conflict in
opposer or the promoter, that are
this case the most suitable strategy
more linked to the territory but with
will be more the problem solving
less political and economic power.
in which resources are pooled
According to Dente’s policy decision
together to achieve a common goal.
model this case presented a situation
So that Expo Spa should do a step
of zero-sum game and the strategy
behind searching a dialogue with the
more desirable is the confrontation:
territory in which the project will be
it is applied when the resources are
held, taking advantage of the experts’
weighted in a zero-sum game and
aid as mediators, like the knowledge
the actor who wins is the one with
of the territory the Centro Studi Pim,
more resources10. In this case, Expo
and also Supermilano, achieved.
is now winning the conflict process,
In this case the network between
detecting
important
actors will be more desirable in the
resources. But the process is not
way that actors will interact better
concluded yet: Vie D’Acqua is still in
among them: it will be represented
construction, as the Expo site, and it
by the scheme of the total interaction
will normally be finished for the Expo
between subjects involved in the
inauguration on May 2015. Therefore
process, in a good relationship and
actors have still the time to change
dialogue.
the
most
23
_WATT ACTOR ANALYSIS
Table 6. Desirable actors’ network:
Centro Studi PIM -Commissione Ambiente
Citizens’ Committee
-Italia Nostra NGO -Supermilano
Governo Italiano
Patto Nord Ovest
Regione Lombardia Provincia di Milano Comune di Milano
Therefore following this model, due
mediation and public debate. As
to the collective problem analyzed
the project is not concluded yet a
and the particular conflict context
suitable timing to intervene solving
strictly linked with the transformation
this conflict will be right now, when
of a complex territory, the adopted
the process is mature and the general
strategy will be to modify the
outcome can still be changed.
pattern of interaction, transforming
This type of analysis will be resumed
a confrontation situation in a
in the part of this report regarding the
collaboration one, and applying
project in order to give a responsible
an inclusive strategy. This means
answer to territory’s needs and
to increase the participation and
current situation, avoiding conflicts
the transparency of the process
and improving public participation and
adopting some inclusive solutions
users’ engagement in the process.
like participatory decision-making,
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
-Expo spa --
24
2 PROPOSAL The methodology adopted in the development of the project; understanding the territory by means of layers and their superposition; the different roles of water in the project, cases and proposal for the linear park around the waterway
_WATT USING WATER FOR TERRITORY TRANSFORMATION
2.0 USING WATER FOR TERRITORY TRANSFORMATION Our project focuses on the territory transformation of the area interested by the Vie D’Acqua project; as described in the previous chapter, this area is characterised by an irregular urban development that created a need to reconnect the different parts of the territory, in order to restore its lost identity. The development of this proposal with the aim of finding the optimal way to shape the territory exploiting the water element has been carried out with a specific methodological approach which allowed to correctly consider the manifold nature of Vie D’Acqua project, which is set in a complex territory like the north-western Milan area. The starting point has been a weaknesses/opportunities analysis, which helped us to identify the needs of the area and the framework for which the project has been conceived. In particular, the Milan suburbs along the Via d’Acqua is characterized by a strong non homogeneous disorganized urban development, which is also the main cause of the lack of identity that has been pinpointed and which will become one of the main purposes of the research. On the other hand, the EXPO and the area in Rho municipality assigned for the universal exposition represent a big opportunity for changing and renovating the territory itself: the needs for an integrated action and for the reconstruction
of the area’s identity, based on the matrices which defined this territory in the past, are two of the core points which drive the design stage of the project. Especially, water has been recognized as one of the most important layers featuring the area. As historical maps show, most of the settlements developed along rivers and canals, widely present in Milan and its suburbs, being also the main means of transportations and source of life for agricultural activities. Water has been the driver of urban economic development. Therefore, as second step, three different keys to interpretation have been provided to the “water element”. First, water has been declined as element of identity in order to understand the development and organization rationales of the territory and then as interpretation, of the morphological layers which structure the area and give a clear image of the matrices1 at the basis of the territory design. Secondly, water has been identified as element of opportunity, especially related to the year 2015, when the EXPO will take place. This important event will create the chance to develop some projects aimed to enhance the identity of the area, now partially lost, and water can also be considered as a solution to tackle with some EXPO-related issues. In the EXPO guidelines, though no instructions are defined, a special request to indicate the
The matrices are some critical and constitutive points of the territory emerged through and integrated reading of the morphological layers which define the area analyzed (for example water, agricultural fields, cities extension...). 1
PROPOSAL
26
_WATT USING WATER FOR TERRITORY TRANSFORMATION
management and the dismantling of the pavilions and the possible reuse of the materials is expressed. As third and final key to interpretation, water has also been identified as a system which can provide green energy. Since the final proposal is an integrated project for the area, water could be envisaged not only as a natural and artistic element but also as a source of renewable, clean and reliable energy. In the final part of the project, all these separated aspects of this fundamental element, which is water, are unified and integrated again into a meta-design proposal for the area. In
particular, the project concept faced the problem of the lack of identity of the Milan suburbs, with the aim of reconnecting a fragmented territory, rebuilding its relationship with the water element, which has been lost through the modern urbanization process. Hence, EXPO 2015 offers the opportunity to enhance the image and identity of the area, strongly connected with the water element: the significant number of canals, which characterizes the Rho area and the Milanese area, in general is the morphological layer that since the beginning of urbanization connects land and people.
OPPORTUNITY
lack of identity & inhomogeneous development
EXPO, post-EXPO & waterways project
water as IDENTITY
water as OPPORTUNITY
water as SYSTEM
UNDERSTAND THE TERRITORY
EXPO & POST-EXPO
ENERGY & SUSTAINABILITY
interpretation of spatial matrices
development of a recycling method
sustainable technology for urban design
MULTI-LAYERS ANALYSIS
SYSTEMIC INTEGRATION
META-DESIGN PROPOSAL
actors analysis
SYSTEM Scheme of the methodological approach applied. It is highlighted the starting point of the analysis, from the weaknesses and the related opportunities of the territory, together with the three main elements explored and their integration procedure.
PROPOSAL
27
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH
WEAKNESSES
_WATT USING WATER FOR TERRITORY TRANSFORMATION
This three-sided way to look at the situation is graphically represented in the previous scheme. The integration of these three different aspects of the same problem, together with a multilayered analysis of the considered context, constitutes an innovative methodological approach to this kind of problems. Our way of proceeding is a high-level approach which allows to deal with the complexity of the territory transformation of a urban area; at the same time, this is a general and repeatable procedure, which can be applied with the same validity to other cases that share with ours the deep connections with a heterogeneous territory and with the water element. The price to pay for an extensive analysis like the one just described is, however, the impossibility to provide for an in-depth study of each aspect of the project. Instead, each element was subject to an opportunitybased examination, which resulted in a key feature of the final project concept. The systemic integration of each of these key features is the second important aspect of the methodological approach just described. In fact, all the parts are not eventually considered by themselves, but integrated in the final proposal where everything has a common aim and a common meaning. For instance, the territory analysis was coupled with the study of the possibilities for energy generation along the waterway, locating the main nodes
PROPOSAL
28
where energy production could enhance territory transformation. The schematic of the adopted methodological approach highlights also that the final proposal comes along with an analysis of the actors involved in the project. The presence of these actors, whose needs are distinct but related with the ones of the territory examined before, creates opportunities that need to be identified in order to enhance the positive impact of the project on the territory. In conclusion, the various layers previously considered have not to be analysed separately anymore but as a single unity. This synthesis is the hardest step of the process and it has been carried out comparing the different results of the integration of the different elements, in this case with the common relationship with water. For our particular context, the meta-design proposal mentioned above will be an urban park that will connect all the urban areas developed along the Via d’Acqua. There will also be some particular focus points, named “bridges�, where water, urban areas, energy and urban furniture will be integrated. The park will give back a common identity to the territory, as parts of a whole. Water will be considered again as one of the element of urban growth and social connection, and the Milan northwestern suburbs, instead, will have a model to look at.
2.1 META-DESIGN PROPOSAL a. READING THE TERRITORY the identification of the multiple layers which constitute the territory; their interpretation and the possibility of a linear park along the canal of the Vie D’Acqua Project b. ENERGY GENERATION the possibility of hydroelectric energy generation in the Vie D’Acqua Project and a realization proposal to power various systems of the park c. UPCYCLING OF EXPO PAVILLION materials and structures used in EXPO pavilions recycled as urban furniture elements and other facilities along the canal.
_WATT READING THE TERRITORY
2.1.a UNDERSTANDING THE TERRITORY the identification of the multiple layers which constitute the territory; their interpretation and the possibility of a linear park along the canal of the Vie D’Acqua Project
META-DESIGN PROPOSAL
In this chapter a new critical way of understanding the North-West Milanese territory is proposed. Looking at the suburban Milanese territory as it is today, it is possible to recognize a disordered and fragmented territory without identity. An incoherent development has occurred that over time has deleted the memory of the territory and shaped the contemporary image of north-western suburban Milan. In WATT project’s interpretation the main effort is to identify the different layers that composed the territory and shaped the landscape over time. The bases for our research were a series of historical maps of the Milan region (maps 1878 to 2005). Multiple layers, as rationales triggering and addressing the urban development are explored in addition to a first one considering water as the main element. Historically, water has been a significant urban element in the Milanese territory shaping a structural complex network of canals and rivers. Its presence shaped the agricultural activities, guided the building of settlements and nodes, created connections and offered means of transportation. Exploring the development of the territory over time, water can be identified as one of the main layers which built up the Milanese territory. Since ancient times water as an element has had a strong impact in the whole Milanese region. Its richness offered the opportunity to even have a harbour at the core of the cityDarsena. Nowadays very few traces 30
are left like the Navigli canals which still have vital activities and become crucial points in the city. Even though comparing the layer of water in 1878 and nowadays it is obvious how over time water lost its strong character as a shaping element in the urban landscape. Other layers are recognised as significant topics that occurred in the territorial composition apart from water network like the agricultural fields, the urban settlements, the mobility networks, industrial areas and cascinas. The agricultural pattern had a very specific structure, very thin and gossamer pattern that has characterized the north region, as shown in map 1. Agricultural fields were developed on the basis of water structure due to the vitality of water for agricultural activities. The two layers-water and thin agricultural pattern- were giving a strong identity to the old Milanese territory. During time the change of economy and the overlapping of other rationales in the urban development left very few patches of this particular agricultural net, evident in map2. Today most of these void spaces remain marginal from an economic viewpoint. Still this pattern could have a more dynamic character in the contemporary city under a new conceptualization that could invest to them more sense and meaning. Recognised as a part of a “sponge” system this pattern offers better porosity, permeability and accessibility in the urban fabric as it has a better relation with its context than the “pipes” system, the linear system of highways and his networks.
_WATT READING THE TERRITORY
Map 1. Different layers based on the historical map of 1878. Here the water Map 2. The same layers are here highlighted on a map referring to the year network mixed with the agricoltural field pattern, the cities nodes and the 2005. It is yeasy to notice that water left the leading role to infrastructures main infrastructures. and urban centre.
META-DESIGN PROPOSAL
31
_WATT READING THE TERRITORY
This leads to the other important layer in the WATT study area: the mobility networks. Highways, train tracks and high speed roads have a significant presence in the contemporary landscape cutting and fragmenting the territory in some cases. These so called “pipes”1 allow usually entry and exit without a dialogue with the urban surroundings. In the past the density of transportation networks was very low, usually following the water structure but nowadays these networks are setting the rules on the territorial shaping without following any existing structures, as shown in map 2. The urban settlements layer reveals the dramatic occupation of the territory. The map of 1878 records the shaping of some nodes-centres usually around big farms (cascine) or villas, or even the concentration along water resources. The map of 2005 shows a great expansion around the initial centres and even an irregular and illogical filling of the empty spaces left in between. Settlements and built environment do not follow any rules, completing therefore the chaotic image of the suburban Milanese area. All kinds of built environment, degrees of densities and sizes are found: housing units, industries, historical centres, new developments, sport facilities, commercial complexes and more. Some kind of rules seem
to occur: for example industries are usually located on the periphery of a municipality but even so the expansion is in such a degree that there are no more distinct nodes and limits; just expansion and a sprawl development with the different environments mixed. Industrial areas and cascinas are two of the layers highlighted within the urban built environment category, having had a great significance in the suburban Milanese territory in different times. Industrial complexes compose a significant layer especially in the North Milanese territory that was once characterised by intense industrial activities. As above mentioned industrial areas seem to be placed at the periphery of municipalities; shaping a sort of enclaves. The interesting fact about industrial areas is that even though they are numerous in the North-West Milanese territory, a big amount of them is empty. This abandonment could be turned into an opportunity for new uses and activities, related even with the Via d’Acqua system in WATT proposal. The net maps, 3 and 4, show the Via d’Acqua project inserted in the historical and current system, according to the two tools used: the Carta di Manovra of 1878 by the IGM (Istituto Geografico Militare), and the Carta Tecnica Regionale of 2005.
Bernardo Secchi, Understanding and Planning the Contemporary European City: a new urban question, Department of Landscape and Urbanism, Aarhus School of Architecture and Centre for Strategic Urban Research, 22-23 March 2010 . 1
META-DESIGN PROPOSAL
32
_WATT READING THE TERRITORY
Map 3. Via d’Acqua in 1878 map.
META-DESIGN PROPOSAL
Map 4. Via d’Acqua in 2005 map.
33
_WATT READING THE TERRITORY
Cascinas are a very interesting layer since it describes an agricultural structure which is typical of the Italian agricultural territory. As commented previously cascinas were in many cases the cause for the creation and development of settlements since they constituted nodal points of agricultural activity. The number of cascinas in our study area is high whereas some of them are abandoned. Under the framework of a new urban space, cascinas could regain a significant role in the territory even by accommodating new activities. Another important layer shown in map 5 is the system of Ville Gentilizie that has characterized this territory during centuries while nowadays it has lost its importance. Also the Fornaci have been the interpretation of economic power of the region, in relation with fundamental matrices of the territory. One last element that becomes quite important in our interpretation is the green and specifically the system of parks in the area. This green complex –Parco delle Groane- remains as a very important green lung in the north-west belt of Milan with a great significance both in terms of environmental value and as a “detonation” space from the city daily routine. This green area could function as another main element in shaping a new identity for the area.
VIA D’ACQUA VILLAS CASCINAS FORNACI
Map 5 Cascinas, Villas and Fornaci layers on the current map of 2005.
Interpreting the territory through a linear park The proposal is to use Via d’Acqua as a linear park that will reconstruct the territory’s lost identity. The idea of WATT project is to develop a space that integrates and reinterprets the urban layers and the territorial transformations. Accordingly Via d’Acqua responds to the new urban question about the role of water in the construction of a new landscape. A water spine which follows the north to south orientation characteristic of the structuring of the historical landascape emerges offering the META-DESIGN PROPOSAL
34
opportunity to underline and highlight elements from the different layers analysed to provide the park with a renovated dynamic and significance. Through a superimposition of the various layers analysed before, different “vital” points are be brought back to surface to become new nodes along the canal. This layers’ synthesis results on the final matrix that concentrates all the possible constitutive elements of a new territorial identity. The interpretation of the spatial matrices will finally
_WATT READING THE TERRITORY
define the conceptual frameworks. Through the matrix the linear park is finalised evolving elements and proposals in different scales. The main objective is to use Via d’Acqua as an instrument for re-composing urban elements in such a way that a new public space will be generated providing greater spatial and sociocultural benefits for the municipalities through which the canal is passing. Under the Via d’Acqua project several topics will be integrated whereas the water topic functions as a distinguished element in terms of identity, opportunity and as system. Various constitutive elements, themes and concepts overlap under the launching of a new linear park: a water canal, a new public space, a sustainable approach, reusing and recycling, new mobility and new energy production. Exploiting the international event of EXPO 2015, Via d’Acqua project has the aim of re-establishing the historical link
Map 6. Territorial system: fields’ area and historical urban centres.
META-DESIGN PROPOSAL
between the element of water through strengthening the park system of the area and the agricultural character of the past. In this way the inhabitants of the North-West Milanese territory and the visitors of EXPO 2015 will have the chance to experience a whole new different space with a different perception and point of view. In the following maps, 6 and 7, the territorial system of the North-west area of Milan is illustrated. Historic canals of this region have been important during centuries for the settlement of cities and economic activities. The Green and agricultural system, strictly linked to territory’s matrices, is developed along the waterways, primary layer of this region, such as the urban areas and historic activities. Nowadays this territorial system has been lost due to new infrastructures and industries: WATT project aims to gather the current territory with its original matrices, along the new Via d’Acqua.
Map 7. Territorial system: cities development and urban centres.
35
_WATT READING THE TERRITORY
SUPERMILANO Supermilano concept (supermilano.org)
This new proposed park will be able to facilitate various activities even periodically following the example of Supermilano initiative. It was born as a cultural system of the North-West Milan, unifying 16 municipalities. Their main effort is to highlight the identity and promote the resources of the area, similar objective with Via d’Acqua linear park. Furthermore, the idea is to reveal the high opportunity of the area in terms of cultural, touristic and economic
activities and to create new paths for young professionals. A possible collaboration with Supermilano would reinforce the identity of the new linear park through the organization of events and activities based on the “resources” of the area. Topics such as culture, environment, hospitality, tourism, gastronomy, enterprise, creativity, multiculturalism and integration are the driving forces in this effort to transform the area into a sustainable and shared territory.
PLAN BLEU. LION Plan Bleu, Grand Lyon (http://www.grandlyon.com/projets-damenagement.1194.0.html)
More related with the design and concept approach is the Plan Bleu project in Lyon that follows similar strategy. Dealing with a much bigger scale of water structures Plan Bleu is defined as an urban project that functions as an instrument for “reconquering” Saona and Rhone rivers in Lyon. Apart from reappropriating the physical structure of the banks, the element of the META-DESIGN PROPOSAL
36
water gains an urban role that goes far beyond the spatial restructuring. As in Via d’Acqua park environmental aspects are combined with social and cultural criteria in a new urban public space with reference to the historical economic needs directly related to the water and to new collective uses. The water structures are seen as essential resources to improve the quality of public life for the citizens.
_WATT READING THE TERRITORY
DORSALE VERDE NORD . Dorsale Verde Nord Milano (http://www.provincia.mi.it/pianificazione_ territoriale/paesaggio_ambiente/rete_ ecologica/Dorsale_verde_nord.html)
Dorsale Verde Nord is a strategic project dealing with green spaces in North Milan more coherent with the idea of Via d’Acqua for shaping and maintaining a new park that connects small green areas or parks, providing also a new way of mobility. In this project the main idea is to reconstruct continuity among networks from Parco Ticino to Parco Adda and transform these networks into a green urban infrstructure. The objectives set are dealing with the conservation of the natural environment, referring
also to biodiversity. In the case of Via d’Acqua there is an extra physical element that makes the connection even more evident: the water canal. Furthermore Via d’Acqua adopts a vertical approach, creating a new intervention that reveals the richness of the territory and highlights its identity. Dorsale Verde Nord instant remains a political project, following a horizontal approach that unifies existing green projects and green leftovers without introducing a new “artificial” in the landscape structure.
PEDEMONTANA GREENWAY PedeMontana Greenway (http://www.ubistudio.it/main.php http://www.pedemontana.com/ compensazioni_ambientali.php)
PedeMontana Greenway composition projects of green spaces adopts a similar approach by using the leftover green spaces- “patches” around the new highway structure Pedemontana Lombarda to connect areas with a bicycle path, promoting public life and activities in the few remaining green areas and reinforcing the green element. As the Dorsale Verde, also the Pedemontana project remains a META-DESIGN PROPOSAL
37
more political project whereas Via d’Acqua makes a great difference with following a vertical approach that highlights the territory’s uniqueness. Furthermore, in the case of PedeMontana the infrastructure is conceived as a disturbing mobility element, where as in Via d’Acqua project the water canal functions as a driving force for the creation of the public space.
_WATT ENERGY GENERATION
2.1.b ENERGY GENERATION the possibility of hydroelectric energy generation in the Vie D’Acqua Project and a proposal to power various systems of the park
In the Vie D’Acqua project the design of the open space, which will characterize the surroundings of the canal, meets the presence of a constant water flow that is a peculiar aspect of the context considered. These two features of the project provide a clear opportunity for the utilisation of the water element in order to produce electric energy. The presence of artificial waterways near an urban centre is a well-known resource and there are many cases in which it is already exploited as an energy source. Without going too far away, among the many sources of energy that power the city of Milan we can find the hydroelectric plants located along the canals which origin from Ticino and Adda rivers, the two great streams that delimit the Milan territory, respectively, at the western and eastern border. From the first, the Naviglio Grande grows out, together with the whole system of Navigli (Naviglio Pavese, Naviglio di Bereguardo) that flow through the southern part of the Milan province. The second give rise to the Naviglio di Paderno and, downstream, to the Naviglio della Martesana that reach the city of Milan from its east side. Six hydroelectric plants take advantage of the streams of these waterways, reaching a total power output of more than 100 MW1. However, these plants are located outside the city that they give power to, in a setting that does not dictate any constraint about the physical 1 2
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space occupied by the system. In a true urban context, which is more similar to the one that compete to our project, these constraints must instead be considered in order to propose a feasible solution. Unfortunately, the waterways present in Milan urban area nowadays lack of such solutions, while there are many feasibility studies and projects that assess the problem of hydroelectric energy production in the urban context. A good example is the project, about to be put in practice, which envisage the installation of four mini-hydroelectric plants along the stream of Villoresi canal in the city of Monza2. The idea here is to exploit the differences in height along the stream that give rise to four waterfalls, a few meters tall, employing the same number of minihydroelectric turbines. Such systems would provide a total amount of electric power of more than 1 MW to the nearby districts. One of the major issues of this idea lies in the high population density of the surroundings of the canal in the parts that would be interested by the project and in the consequent need to realize an installation “on stream”, directly over the riverbed of the canal. This is accomplished with a proper technology of the turbines, able to capture the water directly from the stream and to release it back after converting it into mechanical, and then electrical, energy.
www.naviglilombardi.it Rapporto sul sistema energetico-ambientale, Comune di Monza, June 2010
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(Left) One of the waterfalls formed by the Villoresi canal in Monza. (Right) A proposal for a on-stream micro hydroeletric system on the Villoresi canal .
Another example of such a structure can be found along the Naviglio Pavese, just outside, at the southern border of the metropolitan area of Milan. Here a turbine similar to the one already described is placed over the canal but, after the installation, it faced problems in its operation due to the presence of high densities of grass residuals in the water flow; these were caused by maintenance activities conducted along the sides of the waterways upstream from the hydroelectric plant3. This situation provide a clear example of the variety of problems that a simple idea such the generation of hydroelectric power from artificial waterway can create. The Vie D’Acqua project consists in a small-scale representation of a complex waterways system, like the Navigli system around the city of Milan, and thus it has to face these same problems but in a somewhat reduced fashion. The solutions that
3
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will be adopted to solve the problems related to hydroelectric energy production in this context can then be a great example to follow during the development of similar projects, especially in the Milan area, paving the way to a rational and organic exploitation of the many resources that this territory has thanks to its waterways. Beside the presence of the waterway itself, the main aspect that must be taken into consideration is the morphology of the territory crossed by the canal, since the generation of hydroelectric power can only take place in presence of significant differences in height along the water stream. The Vie D’Acqua path goes from north to south, parallel to the natural streams, which flows from the Alps to the plain where the city of Milan is located to the Po river; this marks a difference between this new waterway and the ones remained
http://www.etvilloresi.it/portal-villoresi/upload/ent3/1/Nota_ConcaFallata.pdf
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Altitude [m]
175 170 165 160 155
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Distance [m] Elevation profile of the path of the canal in its northern part, from the Villoresi canal to the Canale Scolmatore. The following section of the new waterways present only negligible altitude gaps.
from the complex system existing in the past, which flows mainly along a east-west direction. While this characteristic could make one think of bigger differences in height along the Vie D’Acqua path, the latter is quite flat, with some slight altitude gaps present only in the first part. As shown in the upper graph, these gaps sum up to a total of about 20 meters of difference in height between the starting point of the new waterway, that derives from the Villoresi canal, to the EXPO site that is crossed by it. The situation is not dissimilar from the one involving the Villoresi canal mentioned above, with a series of small waterfalls along the stream that can be exploited to generate locally a certain amount of hydroelectric power. The same problem of limited available space have to be faced here, together with smaller differences in
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height and lower water flows that have to move the turbines with respect to the previous case. This requested the study of a suitable solution for hydroelectric energy production in order to provide an optimal energy output with the resources available in this context. Hence, the canal is characterised by small differences in height, each one limited to a couple of meters. On the other hand, though the water stream is much lower than in the canals mentioned above, it remains higher than one cubic meter per second, more than enough for a satisfying micro-hydroelectric power generator. Moreover, this stream is kept constant in time since it is controlled artificially and this allow a continuous operation of the system to be installed, avoiding possible maintenance difficulties that could arise from inactivity periods.
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TYPE
LOW HEAD KAPLAN TURBINE
FLOW RATE [min-max]
25 l/s - 50 l/s
HEAD [min-max]
1m-5m
max ROTATION SPEED
1500 rpm
max POWER OUTPUT
1.5 kW
DIMENSIONS
Ø 300 mm, height 1040mm
(Left) A PowerSpout Low Head turbine with its main components. (Right) An example of a system with 3 such turbines in operation.
The intermittency in the water flow due to seasonal irrigation cycles has been one of the main difficulties that prevented the development of hydroelectric power generation systems in the canals around the Milan area; in fact, a lot of efforts have been made in the last period to allow the Villoresi canal, that will feed the entire Vie D’Acqua project, to bring a continuous flow of water during the whole year. In light of the characteristics listed above, the most suited type of turbine to be used in the situation is a reduced size Kaplan turbine, able to generate power up to 1.5kW with a head (that is, the difference in height between the top and the bottom of the waterfall over which the system should be placed)
of few meters4. The main technical characteristics of this turbine are summarized in the table beside5. Our proposal for the canal of the Vie D’Acqua project is the installation of four of such turbines on each waterfall encountered by the canal along its path. First, the Kaplan turbines receive the water flow through a dedicated derivation built next to the main canal, which can be as narrow as one meter, minimizing the occupation of space of the whole infrastructure; in the second place, the stream flows in the draft tube making the shaft to rotate and producing mechanical energy; eventually the water is re-inserted into the main flow through the draft tube itself. Such a system will deliver a total amount of power up to 3 kW
Powerspout LH manual, retrievable at http://www.powerspout.com/assets/Uploads/PS-manual-May-2014.pdf 5 Powerspout LH technical specifications, retrievable at http://www.powerspout.com/assets/Uploads/PS-Technical-Specifications-Jan-2014.pdf 4
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micro kaplan turbine water flow
1m
3m
Scheme of the proposed system. Two turbines can be put on the opposite side of the canal.
for each installation and, in our case, we identified at least three distinct locations in which an infrastructure of this kind can be placed. At the same time, the water flow required to produce the power output mentioned above is about two hundreds of litres per second, one tenth of the planned total flow rate of the canal6. The possibility to derive only a small part of the total flow rate allow the preservation of the visual aspect of the waterfall that characterize that particular point of the canal. The system which has just been described is limited, mainly because the generated energy can only be used within a radius of a few hundreds of meters from the turbines, due to the
electrical power dissipation in the wires. Thus, there is the need for different punctual solutions to satisfy further the energy demand of the project. While solar energy provides an obvious alternative, a fascinating solution is an hybrid hydroelectricphotovoltaic system7. Such a system use the exceeding electric energy produced by photovoltaic panels to power a pump which brings water in an elevated reservoir; during night, then, water flows down to a lower reservoir (in this case the canal), operating a turbine which produces the requested electric energy.
www.expocantiere.expo2015.org D Manolakos, G Papadakis, D Papantonis, S Kyritsis, A stand-alone photovoltaic power system for remote villages using pumped water energy storage, Energy, Volume 29, Issue 1, January 2004, Pages 57-69 6 7
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users
PV modules pump
storage tank
canal
hydroel. turbines
Scheme of the hybrid photovoltaic-hydroelectric system proposed. The storage tank have to be some meters above the ground to provide sufficient head for the turbines.
A scheme of this system is shown in the upper figure. In this way, the energy is stored in the upper water reservoir, providing multiple advantages over a conventional battery-based storage system: first, there are no standby energy losses; second, the water released from the upper reservoir can be re-used for irrigation or health purposes. Moreover, the system can use the photovoltaic elements present in the EXPO pavilions, as highlighted in section 2.1.c. The main disadvantage is obviously the necessity to build the water reservoir and the related expenses. The latter should have a volume of 1020 cubic meters and should be 6 meters above the ground in order to store an energy of 10 kWh8, supposing
an overall system efficiency of 60% (accounting for power losses in the pipes, mechanical and electrical energy losses in the pump and in the turbines). The reservoir can be constituted by a discrete container or can be integrated in a small pond over an embankment near the path of the canal. A possible location for this installation is near Cascina Caldera, next to the Parco delle Cave. The effort to find an optimal way to generate hydroelectric energy aims to follow the EXPO sustainability guidelines in matters of renewable energies. The main purpose of these initiatives is decarbonizing human activities, while providing a framework of feasible ideas and concepts to be replied in similar situations. In this particular context, the objective is to
The energy from the turbines will be used only when the photovoltaic panels are not working, so we chose a limited energy capacity, comparable to the daily consumption of a single household. 8
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castellazzo
parco delle cave
Kaplan turbines
Hybrid system
The pictures above show the point in the linear parc in which the two different solution are going to be applyed: the KAplan turbines in three different points in the upper part, close to the Castellazzo, while the Hybrid system in the lower part in the area of Parco delle Cave.
lower the electric power consumption of the project as much as possible, taking advantage of the possibility of hydroelectric power generation shown above. Consequently, besides the actual implementation of the system described here, the other main issue to be tackled by the project is the possibilities to employ the energy generated with these micro hydroelectric plants. The continuity in the water stream, together with the fact that the installation will be concentrated in the northern part of the Vie D’Acqua project for the reasons described above, suggest that the easiest and more practical solution is to convoy the energy produced in
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the electricity grid, spreading a little but important energy contribution to the surrounding municipalities. Conversely, the power levels that will be produced allow thinking of a more immediate “off-grid” use, that is, the utilisation of the energy generated locally to give power to the nearby infrastructures that are part of the project. First, a useful application for the energy produced is the electricity supply of a system of wireless internet hot spots along the canal from its northern starting point to the EXPO site. Similar system have already been installed in various urban parks in Milan and their power requirements can be less than one
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tenth of the total generated power, depending on the area that will be covered by the Wi-Fi signal; since the park that will surround the path of the canal will have a linear development more than 7 kilometres long, it appears unfeasible to cover the entire length of the area, while it is more practical to provide internet access to a number of relevant points of the park. Secondly, the park itself represent a natural green corridor that connects the northern metropolitan area of Milan with the EXPO site and it will embody a cycling path, as well as a pedestrian path, that will follow the canal in its entire length. These infrastructures needs a proper, continuous illumination, being inserted into a urban context; at the same time, public lighting represents an important contribution
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to the energetic balance of such an infrastructure and, consequently, its impact has to be minimized. The idea is to power the public lighting system with the energy produced by our micro hydroelectric plants and simultaneously, limit the energy consumption by using low power street lamps and a photocell that will enable to dim the lights over a particular section of the path when nobody is passing on it. These proposals helps to make the project energetically self-sufficient, while leaving some space to exploit the remainder of the energy produced to power particular infrastructures, like temporary pavilions, that will be placed alongside the canal. Moreover, the concepts illustrated here provide hints and replicable solutions for the building of parks and public spaces surrounding small waterways.
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2.1.c UPCYCLING OF EXPO PAVILION materials and structures used in EXPO pavilions recycled as urban furniture elements and other facilities along the canal.
In this chapter, some general guidelines will be formulated for applying the upcycling1 method in the design process of Via D’Acqua park and its facilities. Guidelines are based on knowledge gained through the analysis of the recycling phenomenon; supporting case studies research and a first exploration about the dismantling of the pavilions and the reuse of the EXPO pavilions materials have been produced.
The next pages will try to demonstrate why upcycling is the best possible choice in recycling and which are the benefits that its application could bring to WATT Project and to the involved territory. Finally starting from the analysis of EXPO 2015 building materials, some specific suggestions for upcycling will be formulated, in order to integrate upcycling strategies to the project proposal.
Framing the Upcycling method in the Recycling Phenomenon In industrial ecology, waste can be interpreted as a resource, but going in the wrong place. The goal is to move the resource’s flow back to a closed up cycle, reducing to minimum level extraction of new raw materials as well as final discarded waste quantity3. Both biological and technical cycles have to be considered. Upcycling is a methodology of recycling in which materials or components are re-used without degrading the quality and composition of the materials or elements for their next use. Material properties (such as strength, ductility and conductivity) remain unaltered in the material “second life” or better yet if they improve according to design needs and specific requirements of the case. Steel, glass and aluminium are
materials that can be recycled over and over again with no significant drop in their properties. Concrete can be recycled to a certain point as granulate replacing pebbles in new concrete creation process; we then talk about down-cycle. Re-using material in a biological cycle is clearly not always achievable. Referring to building materials, it is possible to indicate as technical cycle the process in which the individual components of a product become the basic element or the technical foundation of a new product. In this context the upcycling model is doubly effective: in the first place it reduces the volume of waste sent to landfill, secondly, by reusing the resource, avoids the exploitation of new raw resources and reduces the energy consumption for their processing.
Upcycling is the practice of recycling material in such a way that it maintains and/or accrues value over time. Conversely downcycling is the practice of recycling a material without defining its future use. This results in greater entropy and therefore a decrease in the value and potential of the material for future uses. (Braungart and McDonough, 2002) 2 Braungart and McDonough, Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things, 2002. 8
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Production Consumption
ENERGY IN THE MAKING
Every product has a supply chain that begins with harvesting virgin materials and processing them into their finished form. All of this requires energy and interfaces with the environment. .
TAKE IT BACK
Unlike recycling, upcycling drives materials back up the supply chain to be reused, negating the need forfurther virgin stock and reducing waste.
Upcycle Trash
Recycle
LONGER PATH TO THE EARTH
Recycling does lengthen the lifespan of materials, but ultimately tjey are likely still destinated for a landfill, only delaying the problem
RECIPE FOR CONTAMINATION
Even the best of landfills eventuall suffer from leaks with chemicals, metals and plastic breaking down and yielding harmful substances into our water supply, our plant life and other animals.
Table showing Waste, Recycle and Upcycle after product consumption and their effects on the system.
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Upcycling in Architecture Moving from products to architecture production we can recognize the reuse of construction materials and components since ancient times. If we just consider as example the city of Rome we can immediately be able to mention the phenomenon of reusing Colosseum’s stones to construct new buildings or - on the other way - removing and melting Pantheon’s bronze roofing in 1625 in order to create Bernini’s Baldacchino in Saint Peter’s Basilica3. Sustainability is nowadays a fundamental issue in the process of designing a building, starting from its very early stages. A big amount of construction waste is created in the building phases. Even though site waste management plans and strategies are often applied at this stage, it is infrequent to encounter specific protocols about dismantling and reuse of building systems and materials. Recycling as part of environmental considerations has become a common feature in architecture and building construction. Among all the relevant solutions upcycling of building waste can make a considerable contribution in reducing the total environmental impact of the building sector both in the erecting and in the demolishing/
disassemble processes. The building’s transformation or “multiple life” works as a catalyst or driver for the material cycles in the system, increasing internal loops efficiency4. In other words it elongates the material life span moving resources back up the supply chain. There are several benefits and motivations that can be shared by different actors; builders and building owners may view it as beneficial to make an extra investment in a demountable structure. Laws and regulations controlling the waste streams have become more severe and are expected to become even more so in the next decades5. Concluding, taxes on landfills, pollution legislation and building codes put pressure on recycling activities and can be identified as main constraint of upcycling application. Assessing building material and component reuse, Nordby pointed out that “There are different kinds of drivers in this system, and there are also hurdles - both real and perceived. Additional design and building costs can be a first hurdle. Other constraints related to the second hand use of materials are connected to warranty and insurance systems.”6
Marian Moffett, Michael W. Fazio, A World History of Architecture, Laurence King Publishing, London, 2003. 4 Nordby, 2009. 5 Addis, Happold and Schouten, 2004. 6 Nordby, 2009. 3
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Framework of the building industry
Guidelines The manufacturers of building materials generally provide complete systems that include the material and associated products for the assembly. The design of an assembly suitable for disassembly is a need that could be addressed in more accurate model by material producers rather than by the producers of the final system. Therefore material manufacturers should provide information on relevant methods of disassembly and recycling. As a result architects and engineers 7
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Luthrop, 1997.
49
need both general and tangible guidelines for design for disassembly and recycling within modern building construction. Design for disassembly can be described as a design7 for easy disassembly of multi material designs and should be part of the early stages of design. Nowadays there is very little such settled practice: both building sector professionals and final users are not familiar with this topic. After all, some ground rules can be formulated based on bestestablished know-how from product
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design and general knowledge about building construction. Dismantling modern constructions can therefore use a much shorter period of time and save an unwanted amount of material from damage. The first operation in a design for reuse/recycling is to determine the recycling form that the materials used in the construction will be able to enhance. Which parts can be reused and which parts consist of recyclable materials? Which parts are hazardous? As a general rule, upcycling as defined is the best form of recycling. At the same time, there may be considerable or small obstacles to achieve a feasible design for reuse. The question is then to determine when it is really environmentally worthwhile to overcome these obstacles. In the figure, there are three possible ‘outcomes’: 1. Recycling results in limited benefits when the material is not involving non-renewable or scarce resources and its production doesn’t require a big amount of energy there are not substantial benefits in the re-use; 2. It is suggested to avoid materials and treatments that obstruct material recycling and facilitate disassembly for material recycling or combustion, when there is the possibility to use the material as a scarce or an hazardous resource with no risk for
the environment; 3. In the desirable case in which the material is in a modular well sized shape and short lifespan parts are easily removable the suggestion is indeed to facilitate disassembly for future re-use. Guidelines pertaining to disassembly and recycling can be structured in three groups: choice of material, structure of the building element and choice of joints and connections. To face this issue a complete rethinking of industrial processes is needed8, says William McDonough, architect and the co-author of a book published in 2002 called “Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things”. Along with Michael Braungart, his fellow author and chemist, he suggest that recycling should be taken into account at the design stage and all materials should either be able to return to the soil safely or be recycled indefinitely.9 Moreover, the scope for re-using building components and materials in the future depends a lot on how buildings are designed nowadays. To achieve this goal, Design has not to be considered just for the aesthetics but its potential to influence customers to think about the concept of product has to be taken into account. The fundamental issue is that, as McDonough emphasized during his TED Talk in 2005, “design is the first
William McDonough, William McDonough, On cradle to cradle design, Talk at TED2005 conference, Oxford, UK, 2005. Source: http://www.ted.com/talks/william_mcdonough_on_cradle_to_cradle_ design/transcript?language=en 9 The Economist print edition, 2007. 8
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signal of human intentions. So what are our intentions, and what would our intentions be - if we wake up in the morning, we have designs on the world - well, what would our intention be as a species now that we’re the
dominant species?�10 A philosophy of sustainable design should connect people and the natural world within the development a more respectful and effective relationship.
Assessment for material upcycling
Is any of the following valid for the material: - non-renewable resources? - energy intensive production? - scarce resource?
YES
NO
Is the process from primary resource to raw material considerably less energy-intensive than the process from raw material to ready product? Are hazardous materials used in the process raw material, ready product?
YES
NO
Does the material contain hazardous materials for which there are no substitutes? Can materials recycling produce a substitute for a scarce resource?
YES
NO
Avoid materials and treatments that obstruct material recycling. Facilitate disassembly for material recycling or combustion
Recycling results in limited benefits
Does the component contain parts which shorten the life time?
YES
NO
Try to prolong their lifetime ot make them easy to disassemble
Does the size of the module considerably limit the degree of freedom in future design?
YES
NO
Consider changing the size of the module to one that wold increase the degree of freedom in future design
Facilitate disassembly for future reuse
William McDonough, William McDonough, On cradle to cradle design, Talk at TED2005 conference, Oxford, UK, 2005. Source: http://www.ted.com/talks/william_mcdonough_on_cradle_to_cradle_ design/transcript?language=en 10
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EXPO 2015 Pavilions Materials Re-Use Dismantling and future usage of Expo pavilions are important issues for the EXPO 2015 commission who asked to the participating Nations to provide solutions to face these problems. Due to the dry mounting and the modular building systems used for this kind of event, the universal exposition and to be more clear the “after-EXPO” would be the perfect case-study where to apply the upcycling process to building system. The goal is to influence consumers/ citizens awareness and figure out a way to promote this new Sustainable approach on a large scale while giving a strong identity to the Milanese territory. Design is exploited as a way to change how people think: the new function
given to the Expo pavilions materials will be a constant reminder of what upcycling can do to society and shape future lives and relationship with landscape and environment, other than prove that the Expo wasn’t a complete waste of people money. Exploring all the possibilities that the upcycle method present, four different alternatives have been drawn: 1. single row materials that will be transformed into something else, that will change their use destination 2. materials that will be re-used for their same purpose 3. iconic objects, that will be installed in the new location as they are 4. re-use of the all pavilion, entirely moved to the new park
Raw materials & specific materials
In order to evaluate the possible applications of upcycling to the WATT project it has been created a library of available and suitable materials present in the projects for EXPO 2015 pavilions that can be consulted. General proposals of these materials and elements “second life” can be given demonstrating the feasibility of upcycling in the context of Via D’Acqua canal and the coherence with the urban park concept. The re-use of material should concern the all Watt project and can be individuated as recurring design marks along the channel, connoting the image as park’s landmarks and providing facilities META-DESIGN PROPOSAL
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to users. An example can be a special urban furniture designed for the park employing the layered wooden beams (construction material M3.) as main components of benches and seating system. As in the Promenade du Pavillon in Nice, France, the combination of the urban furniture items can create different atmospheres along the entire length of the site while giving continuity and a common image to the whole system. The upcycle consist in this case in the action of designing something shaped on users needs and creating social interaction starting from a structural element. Referring an other time to Nice promenade, is relevant
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the presence of an armchair that pivots on its axis, enabling citizens to create their personal viewpoint on the landscape. The main difference between the two solution here proposed concern the previous usage: some materials such as Piezoelectric or Photovoltaic panel are going to be re-used for the same purpose as they were planned to be during the Expo event, integrating them in the energy generation
system, specially in the lower part of the park in which there will be a lack of energy production using the water in the channel. Other materials, instead, such as layered wooden beams, used as constructing material for pavilion can be disassembled and reassembled in a new shape and function. For example they can be used for the building of the bridges that will connect different part of the park.
BUILDING SYSTEMS, PACKAGES & SPECIFIC MATERIALS Covering membrane and photovoltaic system Decorative brise-soleil with integrated photovoltaic system Piezoelecric paving CONSTRUCTION/RAW MATERIALS Cell beams Photovoltaic glasses Linear and curved beams in layered wood Brise-soleil in concrete fibre Metal sheets Bamboo sheets Mixed woods for floating floor systems Shinglesses in gres stone Decorative panels in GRG Steel joists Iconic object and small pavilion
Site specific object and pavilion have been designed for the Expo 2015. These elements are hard to disassemble and to re-use as row materials. Plus they are characterized by a strong identity that will permit META-DESIGN PROPOSAL
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them to be easily recognize as part of the fair event. This is why some of these objects have been considered to be upcycled entirely as they are, just moving them to the new location in the linear Watt Park.
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Some example of these iconic object are the the photovoltaic umbrella of the XXX pavilion: covering membrane and photovoltaic system in the shape of a “three�, that will help in creating the identity of the area and in the production of energy. Another example brought is the biosphere proposed by the country XXX, that can become a focus point of one of the solution, dedicated to the agriculture. Regarding the possibility of re-use of
the whole pavilion, the idea is to create small hub or info point along the channel for the communication of the project, the results obtained or home for the special events and workshop that will be proposed. Particular attention should be posed on the restoration of Cascina Cassinazza, now completely abandoned and in ruins that will be brought back to life thanks the addition of small pavilions inside and outside.
ICONIC OBJECTS
German pavilion and its photovoltaic membrane umbrellas
Azerbaijan pavilion and the bioclimate spheres on the inside
SMALL PAVILION
Switzerland pavilion
META-DESIGN PROPOSAL
Monaco pavilion
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RAW MATERIAL
SPECIFIC MATERIAL
change
replace
AZTOIKIA MUNICIPAL LIBRARY
SINGAPORE TEMPORARY PAVILION
Made by using old railroad ties on the facade of the former railway station building, giving this competition winning entry not only an interesting plan, but an innovative integrated recycled facade.
A temporary pavilion made out of prefabricated plywood and galvanized steel. This structure is easily assembled and recycled.The modules can be used to create smaller structures or furnitures.
ICONIC OBJECT
SMALL PAVILION
identify
META-DESIGN PROPOSAL
re-use
PRAHRAN HOTEL
MILL JUNCTION
Architecture studio Techne Architects stacked large recycled concrete pipes for the renovation of the rear facade of Prahran Hotel.
A unique student accommodation which is constructed out of shipping containers and disused silos.
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2.2 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS a. THE IBA HAMBURG analysis of a comparable case study focusing on the public participation process and population involvement b. USER INVOLVEMENT the project for an involvement of the local population in order to assure feasibility and consistency to the whole system; possible solutions and feedback to actors’ needs and conflict situations
_WATT THE IBA HAMBURG
2.2.a THE IBA HAMBURG - A CASE STUDY analysis of a comparable case study focusing on the public participation process
PUNTEGGIO LIVELLO SERVIZI:
Milan and Hamburg: confrontation Milan and Hamburg are comparable under different aspects: dimensions and populations are similar (1.3 million inhabitants Milan and 1.8 million Hamburg)1, but also the traditional context is quite analogous. These two cities were founded and they still depend on water. The water is the most ancient aspect of Milan and it lives nowadays, even if hidden and neglected, while for Hamburg water lands and its river, Elbe, represent a fundamental socioeconomical characteristic, in past and future times. Therefore why should not Milan learn some issues from HAMBURG
min
Hamburg regarding waterways and the relationship between this element and the city? In these two maps about the density of city services the similarities between these two cities are evident in the radial distribution of infrastructures and the centralization of services and facilities. In following paragraphs some projects undertaken by Hamburg municipality for the territory development will be presented in order to point out some suggestions that WATT system would take into account for the north-west Milan areas. MILAN
ROADS: motorways main roads
max
Comparison of the key service densities of the two cities: Milan1 and Hamburg2
The IBA Hamburg The introduction of a case study and the comparison to the WATT project aims to bring values and understand how, in similar situation and context, issues and problematics have been
solved while opportunities arise. Learning and applying a winning methodology will make also the WATT project efficient and working. The project that has been chosen
Andrea Boschetti, Federico Parolotto, Milan Mapping: una città alla ricerca dell’identità metropolitana, The Plan n°65, April 2013. 2 Andrea Boschetti, Federico Parolotto, Hamburg Mapping: una metropoli d’acqua con la nostalgia del futuro, The Plan n°71, pp.20-23, December 2013-January 2014. 1
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is the Internationale Bausstellung or the so called IBA Hamburg, an international building exhibition that has been a major tradition in Germany since 1901, in term of both municipal planning and building culture. It has always been more than just an exhibition but mostly used as a urban planning tool, engaging at all times with current contemporary challenges. Between 2006 and 2013 the IBA took place in Hamburg to support the long-term sustainable development of the river island Wilhelmsburg3, an area fulfilled with great potentialities and controversies at the same time that combines industries, port, water, housing, green and open space but most of all a huge cultural diversity. Exactly as the Expo 2015 is a great opportunity for Milan and in particular for the peripheral area that will surround the event site, the IBA was a big chance for Hamburg and for the district of Wilhelmsburg. Previously Wilhelmsburg was characterized by a difficult situation: “Everything considered undesirable by other areas was dumped here: a large hazardous waste depot, motorway intersections, high voltage power lines, shipping containers and highrise council estates. Wilhelmsburg was a “problem districts”, a source of environmental scandals and negative headlines.”4
The solution in this case came up thanks to the active residents of the area that could not stand the situation anymore and decided to put pressure on Hamburg Senate, resulting in funding for a conference on the future of the island. More than 100 citizens worked with the representative of the administration to draw up plans for the sustainable, economic, social and environmentally friendly development of the Europe’s biggest island and this is why Hamburg has been chosen to be the city hosting the IBA in the past years. Citizens wanted better schools and prospects for children and young people, high quality and familyfriendly new homes, the relocation of a through road which divide the district, the removal of contaminated sites and better transport connections. Main aim of the IBA, an exhibition, as already said, that involves a whole area of the city in a process spanning several years, was to propose innovative reaction to pressing contemporary living, building and urban planning issues. From the very outset these were focused on new types of housing and building techniques, but social issues have also been taken into account as part of the response. Such effort considered how the citizens from the affected areas of the city can participate, and how their interest can be addressed,
Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg district and Europe’s biggest island, lies in the river Elbe, with an area of 55 square kilometers; it has a low density population and it is situated below the sea level with dams to protect the city from flooding, used mainly for port operations and as industrial area. 4 “Towards a new city. A Guide to the Elbe Islands and the Projects of the IBA Hamburg”, edited by IBA Hamburg, Klartext Edition, 2012, pg. 12 3
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among other factors. Key activity was in fact the participation of all the citizens of the area, from the very starting point of the event to the very last one. People were asked to make proposals, to share and communicate with the team. Strengths, weaknesses, problems and potential were systematically assessed in focuses exchanges, in fact, between many experts and residents. The IBA team, such as the WATT team, wanted to create a Wilhelmsburg model that should resonate and be applied to similar cases all around Germany and
Europe and having as a starting point an important dialog with the citizens of the interested area. They developed more than sixty projects in order to better improve the area and bring a new fresh air of optimism, creating vibrant districts in formerly neglected part of the inner city periphery. The all area was characterized by a makeover and all the projects arisen from the IBA activity have been categorized and divided by three topic areas in order to address the main driving question of the whole event: Cosmopolis: How can Hamburg
Map of the IBA Hamburg project in the area of Wilhelmsburg
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benefit from the cultural diversity of the Elbe island? Metrozones: How can Hamburg unlock the potential of its inner-city transitional zones? Cities and climate change: How can Hamburg safeguard the climate by using its own energy? The primary conditions to be solved were related to the island reputation: known as an area for dockworkers, sailors, carpenters and immigrants, with 5000 inhabitants from over 30 countries living in uncomfortable and small homes. There were immigrants and people relying on state welfare and who was able to move away did it. Shops stood empty and the district
acquired a bad reputation. The city needed to take action and to give a different face to the Wilhelmsburg district. Thanks to the IBA, public spaces were enhanced, the social infrastructure was improved, local associations became involved, business people benefit from special conditions and students were targeted as residents. But what is interesting it is to understand how they structured the three topic areas that composed their planning model and even more interesting analyzing the relationship they created between the topics, how they have been mixed together to solve main problems in a very effective way.
METROZONES
Cities are central to less heeded and peripheral areas: industrial wasteland, unused and empty spaces, wedged between wide traffic lanes, landfill sites and business parks. When discussing such places, urban planners used to talk about “inner peripheries” or “metrozones”, where they believe to have massive potential in growing cities such as Hamburg or Milan. Metrozones represent exciting possible surface areas within the city itself, as an alternative to ever greater SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS
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expansion at its outer edges. IBA is demonstrating how nonplaces can become liveable districts and which urban building’s options can be used in these peripheral and transitional parts of the city, just adding a range of cultural and leisure facilities, educational institutions, workplaces and shops making this array of opportunities accessible by a dense network of roads and public transport.
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENERGY
“Renewable Wilhelmsburg� is a comprehensive and long-term concept for the energy redevelopment of the whole district. This climate protection concept is a targeted plan of action to turn the all district into a carbon-neutral Elbe island. It demonstrates how, by 2050, Wilhelmsburg buildings can be empowered entirely by renewable energy produced in the local area,
This will transform the district into a model for environmentally friendly cities within Europe. To reach this result the IBA developed numerous individual projects to enable energy-efficient new constructions, redevelopment of existing buildings and generation of renewable energy representing the first step towards bringing this concept to life.
COSMOPOLIS
The Elbe island has a particularly rich cultural and ethnic diversity: people from over 100 countries can be found living alongside one to other in a space of 55 square kilometres. To persuade people to stay, their opportunities to participate in the community must be improved. How can a holistic approach to planning, combining urban planning, education, culture and support for local economies overcome social and cultural barriers SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS
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in the face of demographic change? How can the strength of a city district be born out of cultural diversity? These were the questions IBA experts tried to solve: targeted construction projects and socio-cultural programs are giving rise to new urban spaces to serve twenty-first century international communities within the city, providing opportunities to build bridges.
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IBA, HafenCity and Hamburg IBA is not the only project involving urban planning promoted by the municipality of Hamburg. In fact in past years the government of the city invested huge resources to redevelop urban dismantled areas in order to change the image of Hamburg, aiming to become an important German metropolis. More than IBA project, there is one project trying to link an unpopular central area with the inner city: the HafenCity. This is the most important operation of urban regeneration in Europe and, started in ‘90s, it will lead in 2020 to a total transformation of the formal docklands in the north bank
of Elbe river5. This huge project has been possible thanks to an innovative planning based on a convergence between public and private interests. Projects for the new neighbourhood are chosen with the method of competition on calls and only after the approval of the previous version, architects and engineers can carry it out. Until now these projects have been completed, seen as a positive outcome by citizens: this has been possible thanks to the promotion of public participation and confrontation between planners and population by the HafenCity administration6.
Watt & Hamburg transformation All these lessons can be easily moved to WATT project’s problematics: in fact WATT, as HafenCity or IBA, would operate in a complex territory where the current situation is unpopular among the local population and a rebuilt image will be welcomed. In these contexts the citizenship can be seen as a problem to fight with, or an opportunity to transform the territory with participation and public agreement. This is why WATT system would insert the public participation in the territory transformation, in a situation of strictly connections
between private and public interests. At the same time WATT would integrate IBA’s lesson on complex environment changes and transformation: starting from the re-evaulation and the building of a new identity for the area, integrating landscaping improvement and self-sustainable energy system, IBA is driving forward modern city development in Hamburg, creating living space, and demonstrating how cities can be built with old and new social and environmental requirements.
Andrea Boschetti, Federico Parolotto, Hamburg Mapping: una metropoli d’acqua con la nostalgia del futuro, The Plan n°71, pp.20-23, December 2013-January 2014. 6 Benedetto Camerana, Amburgo. Abitare sull’acqua, The Plan n°71, pp.24-27, December 2013-January 2014. 5
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2.2.b USER INVOLVEMENT the project for an involvement of the local population in order to assure feasibility and consistency to the whole system; possible solutions and feedback to actors’ needs and conflict situations
The controversies at the base of WATT project The project of Vie d’Acqua, one of the symbols of the masterplan that enabled Milan to win the runoff with Smirne to host the Expo 2015, since the very beginning encountered big opposition from the citizen counterpart. For the committee No Canal, No Expo and Cambia Canale, the channel was nothing more than a pit of concrete that would open up a serious injury in these green areas. According to them the project was unnecessary and harmful to the parks in the west area of Milan, which would have been cut in two halves by the canal, without any reason and with a big waste of money that could have been used in a more effective way by the municipalities involved in it. The results of this strong opposition was the cancellation of the project and the decision to transform the channel into a partially underground pipe that carries out the functions provided from the previous channel. In the new design - said the commissioner for Expo Giuseppe Sala - the implementation should be limited to a purely hydraulic work that does not affect the crown urban parks west of Milan, but it will be able, however, to ensure the flow of water to the dock and play a role in the irrigation system for agricultural Milan. Analyzing the situation carefully, it will be clear that what led to the project defeat was a lack in communication and public involvement of citizens, 1
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in the very early stage of the design phase of the Vie d’Acqua. Inhabitants of the area felt left apart from the decision made, they couldn’t see benefits from the new project but just another architectural imposition from the institutions that didn’t respond to their primary needs. A new space that they didn’t need, that nobody would have ever use. “There is no longer a corner of the urbanized areas where institutional control does not try to spread widely, but the scope of intervention has become so broad that no longer allows any form of control. The actions have to be massive, rapid and brutal. If in any area it happens to be tracking a highway, destroying a natural green space, gutting a neighborhood, build a new headquarters, install a new industrial zone, etc... not only institutions do not bother to informing residents but do not even have the ability to assess the environmental, technological, economic, sociological intervention that is undertaken. They don’t even try to take into account the needs of those who live and those who work there and, even worse, they are not able to determine the point at which the dissatisfaction of those requirements undermines the more immediate objectives of the initiatives. Control, as it extends, is proving to become increasingly incompetent and stupid; therefore it generates revolt.”1 Following the words of Giancarlo De
G. De Carlo, L’architettura della partecipazione, Quodlibet Editore, pg. 65
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Carlo2, today there is an increasing awareness that every action taken on the city or region is determined by the greed of speculators or dullness of bureaucrats. So it’s hard for citizens to keep believing in the investigations, programs, plans, interdisciplinary teams, to human scientists, planners and architects - all ingredients of an
incomprehensible series of events that always have the same goals and the same conclusion. This is why architecture should reinvent itself as a discipline, and why architects should revise their approach to architecture to restore legitimacy to ourselves and architecture.
Participatory design Introducing participatory design in architecture and involving final user in the decision making process it’s an experienced and established solution to resolve conflicts and meet the needs proposed by several architects. These architects believed that involving citizens in projects with public interest is equivalent to practice more democratic forms of action. Giancarlo De Carlo, one of the pillars of this approach, defined participatory architecture as “when everyone is involved equally in the management of power, or when there is no more power because they are all directly and equally involved in decision-making process.”3 Using participatory design as a tool means to make a comparison with the related place and context, it means to have and idea of the project that is not a static interpretation but a way to reflect on possible new paths
of an architecture based on listening. The use of participatory practices produces immediate effects on the level of visibility and communication. Therefore, the use of this method would have completely changed the history of Vie d’Acqua project and the all result of Expo 2015. Listening to the users and understanding their needs is the key aspect of participatory design and architect/planners should learn the art of being critical listeners. “By listening both to the voices of passionate proponent of a project and to who oppose it, planners should explore new possibilities that other parties have not yet taken into account. Asking questions to the builders of the project, staff members or other agencies, city planners must consider the deeper interests, information not yet disclosed but important, new ideas about possible
Giancarlo De Carlo, italian architect, he was among the first to experience and apply user participation in architecture and urban planning. It is internationally known for being one of the founders of Team X who cause the first real break with the Modern Movement and the functionalist thesis of Le Corbusier. 3 G. De Carlo, L’architettura della partecipazione, Quodlibet Editore, pg. 61 2
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strategies, agreements and outcomes of the projects.”4 The mistake that most architects often do when design is to analyze the ideal man. But it is impossibile to think about our society as made of ideal people because this would lead to incorrect understanding of users’ desires. Contemporary cities are a complicated mosaic of peoples and life trajectories. Those cities have differences in background, culture, language, age, gender, consumption patterns, sexual orientation and family organization, skill and physical ability, lifestyle and behavior, not to mention income and wealth, work and class, influence and power. In particular, public spaces, streets and squares of the city, are places in which usually all these differences meet, compare and clash. The need to think and work on real people rather than on the ideal ones, the centrality of the use rather than the function, the willingness that the project should attach different
possibilities, covering different ways of acquiring, the conflict as an opportunity and not as a limit, are the main cornerstones of the participatory design attitude. What is peculiar on participatory architecture and design is that it doesn’t exist a fixed theory but the answer that a good architect should come out with has to be personal. It is not enough to ask users what they want: asking people who have no experience what kind of home and neighborhood would like, get meaningless answers, as it happened for the IBA project at its early stage.5 Planners and architects should structure creative strategies to involve them, the only rule that an architect should follow is to listen the city and how this is lived. Participatory design is a way to empower users in the the design and construction, a way to bring together designers with whom live the city, to define an idea of community through architecture and its concrete realization.
“The architecture of the future will be characterized by an increasing user participation both in the in the organization and in its formal definition. Contemporary architects should do everything that can to make architecture of the future to be less and less a representation of the person who designs and more and more a representation of the user.” - G. De Carlo
J. Forester, Planning in the face of power, University of California Press, Barkley / Los Angeles, 1989, pg 178 5 See chapter 2.2.a The IBA Hamburg 4
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The design process When design, architects normally focus more on the project itself leaving beside the previous phase of problem definition and the last phase of evaluation of results obtained. Most of the time processes used for problem definition are poorly maintained and unsystematic, often based on intuition or data compilation, deformed by the pressure of the values of the investigator, which usually is the same that design. The objectives are usually taken for granted and not deepen: architects don’t usually discuss the overall purpose but only the immediate consequences that affect costs, economics, technology and aesthetics of the project. While rating and evaluating the result it is considered mostly irrelevant, also because the counterfeiting of the objectives and the indifference related to the use, makes it impossible to establish any standard of judgment that allows to compare what it was intend to achieve with what actually is reached. Introducing user participation in the process means to change it all over and each phase become a project itself: this because participation implies the presence of users throughout the whole course of the operation. The acceptance of user in the design process implies also the introduction of another important phase: the usage. Another characteristic noticeable is that the different moments fade into each other and the transaction ceases to be linear, single-minded and selfSYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS
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sufficient. The phases are defined in such way: > definition of the problem: the objectives of the operation and the related resources become a topic of discussion with future users and actors involved > solution processing: what the architect will get from this phase will no longer be a single result but a series of assumptions that continue to be refined by passing through the critical and creative contributions of users; designer’s task is to extract solutions from a continuous dialogue with those who will use his work; his imagination will be focus on how to awaken the imagination of his audience and the solution will come from the contact between the two, through a concatenation of alternatives more and more adherents to the nature of the problem addressed. > usage: in order to let users become owner of the space, service design solution must be drawn out in parallel with the architectural project. Providing different and flexible usage solution will permit also user that didn’t participate in the co-design phase to become a member of the new community by participating in its activities. > results evaluation: it refers to the way in which the product is used, and the judgment is more or less positive depending on the needs of users are more or less satisfied. Analytics would also help both the architect and the users: the architect will evaluate
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his work adjusting his methods for future projects while users can work together on how to improve their new community. During the design of the project for each phase is good to establish the grade of opening in relation to the phases of the decision-making process in which participation intervenes. A strong characteristic that co designed project should
always have as a key concept is the flexibility. Since our society is not a stable entity but in a continuous evolution also users needs are evolving and the solution presented need to be able to be adaptable to future needs: work must be designed to allow adjustments comminuted and ever new transformations, which can be substantiated with the project as true extensions of the project.
Participatory design for public space Community involvement is the process of working in partnership with individuals and groups to achieve specific objectives. For parks and open spaces, community engagement allows mayors and public officials to directly involve their constituencies in the ongoing design, planning and management of these resources. This process results in informed and engaged residents who feel better in touch with their communities. While sometimes controversial, but more often productive and rewarding, community engagement is an essential ingredient to successful urban open space. Parks support the involvement of the community, providing residents with a venue for the participation and attachment to their communities. They also provide a sense of place and provide quality and enhancing essential features
that aid in the rise of the community well-being. By understanding the community benefits of parks, decision makers can develop constituencies able to sustain their systems of urban parks over time. Parks create a sense of place by connecting residents between them and to their larger environment. City parks also provide residents with meaningful ways to express their concern for the environment. They can physically reconnect the communities themselves through the creation of links or restoring historical connections broken by highways, sprawl and poor planning decisions. Greenways, linear parks and green roads are now widely used open space types.6 Project for public spaces7 uses an interesting approach called Placemaking to revitalize communities and realize projects
D. Smith, P. Hellmund, Ecology of Greenways: Design and Function of Linear Conservation Areas. Minneapolis, 1993 7 Project for Public Spaces is a british studio, made up of a highly experienced and cross-disciplinary staff trained in environmental design, architecture, urban planning, urban geography, environmental psychology, landscape architecture, arts administration, and information management. 6
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of participation. Improving public spaces and the lives of people who use them means finding the patience to take small steps, to truly listen to people, and to see what works best, eventually turning a group vision into the reality of a great public place. Their work focuses on the importance of lively neighborhoods and inviting public spaces. In order to gather that, one of their mostly used tool, called Place diagram, it is used by communities to evaluate and re-invent their public space. In the diagram are presented key attributes, intangible qualities and measurable data. Watt
SOCIABILITY USES & ACTIVITIES ACCESS & LINKAGES COMFORT & IMAGE PUBLIC SPACE ATTRIBUTES The Place Diagram is a tool developed to help in public space evaluation. It represents key attributes (macro-categories) and related intangible qualities and measurable data.
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team worked on this diagram to come out with a graph related to the Watt project. All the attributes and qualities represented are differently relevant for the different point of the project. To every point has been then assigned a series of needs and quality requirements that match with the participatory idea generation, previously divided by phases. In this way every point of the linear park of the project will be characterized by different moments and projects of participation that will generate activities, services and function of the specific point.
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«When public spaces are successful […] they will increase opportunities to participate in communal activity. This fellowship in the open nurtures the growth of public life, which is stunted by the social isolation of ghettos and suburbs. In the parks, plazas, markets, waterfronts, and natural areas of our cities, people from different cultural groups can come together in a supportive context of mutual enjoyment. As these experiences are repeated, public spaces become vessels to carry positive communal meanings». C. Francis, Public Spaces, Rivlin and Stone, 1993, p. 344
CONCEPT IDEATION Taking into account the three different phases of the design process some example of concept solutions have been highlighted in the field of public participation.
DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM
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SOLUTION PROCESSING
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USAGE
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RESULTS EVALUATION USAGE
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2.3 PROGRAMMATIC FRAMEWORK masterplan for the new integrated system; analysis of the points constituting the linear public space, pointing out specific needs and facilities
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PROGRAMMATIC FRAMEWORK masterplan for the new integrated system; analysis of the points constituting the linear public space, pointing out specific needs and facilities
PROGRAMMATIC FRAMEWORK
The synthesis of the different composing elements of the Milanese territory resulted in a meta-proposal; a matrix which is translated into a master-plan for the new waterway (Via D’acqua). The main effort is to provide meta-design proposal, a framework and particular guidelines for the possible activities that the waterway can accommodate along its course through the landscape. This master-plan is the result of a complex synthetizing process which brings together elements of different nature and responds to various demands and concerns. First, territorial actors, factors and directly involved users are the main concern and their needs and demands become the main priority. Furthermore, significant territorial features are highlighted, obtaining a new role whereas proposals for new functions are introduced. All these aspects are brought together under the presence of water which performs the role of a re-composition instrument, a synthetizing element and a system in the territory which regains a new identity. In this system, EXPO 2015 operates as a catalyst for the shaping of the new Via D’Acqua involving a reaction with the canal during the event and especially after its realization. The master-plan is focusing on six points that are proposed to function as nodes in the Via D’Acqua system. These six nodes are selected due to common homogeneous criteria and to their more specific and unique features. In common all the nodes are defined by old Cascinas that represent 72
an identical element of the regional landscape, all are characterized by a significant proximity to the waterway, and all of them have opportunities and possibilities for development due to their unique features. Most importantly all of the six nodes are parts of other physical and service systems and networks, and work as intersections/interactions between the different networks with the new system of Via D’Acqua. In map 3 the scheme of the linear system created by WATT is shown: the main 6 points on which the project will be developed were identified as intersection of different layers: the historical agricultural and water matrix of the territory cut by recent infrastructures, industrial areas and urban spread. In the confrontation between map 1 and map 2 the territory’s contradictions, raised in recent years, come out clearly: the original system of the region has been upset by other layers that are not following the territorial matrix. This situation led nowadays to a general conflict and discontent of local population. WATT project aims to link this territory along the new Via d’Acqua project, returning evident its authentic matrices. Specifically the six nodes (starting from 1 to 6) are: Castellazzo, Cascina Cinci, Cascina Merlata, Cascina Bellaria, Cascina Caldera and Cascina Cassinazza. An investigation was carried out for each of the points to explore the current situation, the main problems and possible needs - opportunities that characterize each specific point.
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Map 1. Via d’Acqua project in relation to 1878 layers.
Map 2. Via d’Acqua project in relation to 2005 layers.
This analysis led to the shaping of a complete and integrated proposal for each point involving almost all of the topics developed in the project: functional enhancemnt, energy production, energy usage, upcycling and user engagement. The main concept is to develop all the topics whenever it is possible in the Via D’Acqua macro-scale and in each node micro-scale. All the nodes will become part of one new system: Via D’Acqua, with various functional objectives but with a persistent and systematic proposal corresponding to the four developing topics of the project. The systematic approach suggests to foster energy production whenever possible in the system of Via D’Acqua to provide energy
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Map 3. Scheme of WATT linear system (relation to the project and the context).
Map 4. Scheme of WATT linear system (green areas).
to the various parts of the project for wifi services, lighting and power outlets. Upcycling is applied in each node in a different way (materials, parts, components or whole objects) but the concept is to apply it also in the macro scale of the project providing shelter with PV materials and non, shaping the cycling and pedestrians paths with various elements like CO2 absorption materials and also creating the park’s furniture with the usage of various objects and materials. Finally through a systematic effort we reinforce the user engagement concept with the promotion of co-design, social networking, data collecting and eco-tourism.
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1. CASTELLAZZO
HOSPITALITY, ARTISTS & ENERGY PRODUCTION
Castellazzo is probably the most known and developed node. It is located inside the Parco delle Groane next to Villa Arconati al Castellazzo which is part of the association “Sistema Ville Gentilizie” in Lombardy and accommodates numerous activities and events. It is surrounded by big open green spaces that are used for free-time leisure and agricultural activities. Even though the Villa and the Castellazzo are active structures, the surrounding area has a lack of human activities that could integrate and use all the possibilities of the place. There is no big residential activity in the near surroundings; therefore the everyday human presence is limited. In addition, the park is divided in two parts by the railways connecting Milan with north Italy. In a better case Castellazzo could accommodate new programs and events that would make possible the involvement of the local society and the attraction of people inside the area. Castellazzo due to its position could function as a nodal point and in addition could promote the enhancement of the historical cultural heritage like Villa Arconati. Furthermore the Villa Arconati camp could be used as an accommodation project for EXPO. This offers the opportunity to transform Castellazzo into a node characterized by the theme of hospitality and accommodation. In addition, other functional objectives could characterize the node like cultural activities and production with the initiative of Borgo degli Artisti and energy production with the presence of an energy power plant. Adopting the concept of energy production, we could apply the micro-turbines system. Energy could be used for the organization of temporary events, for supporting the activities of Borgo degli Artisti and also the activities of Castellazzo. The Upcycling method is applied in this case to provide the node with an energy pavilion-totem which could be one of the PV umbrellas used for German Pavilion at EXPO. The user engagement approach is enhanced in the organization of DIY workshops, inclusive events and eco-tourism.
ane
elle Gro
d Parco
’A Via d
PROPOSAL
EXISTING SITUATION
Enhanced Villa Arconati Temporary activities Artist village Micro turbines Energy pavilion + PV umbrella
Villa Arconati Old village of Castellazzo Existing canal Parco delle Groane
BACKGROUND STATE OF THE ART
Villa Arconati Parco delle Groane Big open green space
cqua
Bollate
PROPOSAL PROBLEMS
Lack of activities Railway division No residential area
PROGRAMMATIC FRAMEWORK
OPPORTUNITIES
ENERGY
Programs & event Enhance the Villa Hospitality project
Microturbine Energy pavilion Temporary events
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UPCYCLING
Energy pavilion PV Umbrella
ENGAGEMENT
DIY workshop Inclusive events Eco-tourism
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2. CASCINA CINCI Cascina Cinci is the second node in our system. It is currently used for agricultural and accommodating activities, utilizing the agricultural fields that surround it. The main activity characterising the area is the industrial activity, something which represents a very big problem for the cascina since it is isolated in the CONNECTION, ACCESSIBILITY middle of this big industrial area. In addition to this, the presence of the Milan-Turin highway makes the & ENVIRONMENT QUALITY cascina an unattractive place to be. There is a need for highlighting the small scale activities that take place at the cascina and the proximity to the EXPO creates the opportunity for a direct connection and the possible ENHANCEMENT transformation to a post-EXPO residential area. Connection and accessibility are emerging for the cascina whereas environmental sustainability could become the main topic describing the node of cascina Cinci. This cascina could be used as a model- prototype for the application of systems and sensors for pollution and noise. Upcycling in this case is proposed to function in a new innovative way, proving the cascina with materials like lamellar wood for the building of a bridge to connect the area to the adjacent expo site and industry isolation or covering materials such as the components and systems used for instance for the green roof of the Monaco and Uruguay Pavilions, and for the green façade of the Italian and Israeli Pavilion for the creation of vertical and horizontal green cladding of the industrial buildings/fences. Through upcycling it could be possible to promote the environmental sustainability topic and explore the idea of how to improve urban environment with elements from EXPO. The main concept for cascina Cinci belongs to the user engagement topic through the prototyping of the cascina and the data collecting for industrial pollution.
Via d ’A
cqua
Exp
os
EXISTING SITUATION
PROPOSAL
Industries Agricultural fields Expo Highways
Expo bridge Vertical green air cleaning pavilion CO2 absorbing pavimentation Sensors
BACKGROUND
ite
PROPOSAL
STATE OF THE ART
PROBLEMS
OPPORTUNITIES
Agricultural activities Industrial area
Milan-Turin highway Isolated cascina Big industrial area
Small scale activites agricultural & cultural Post-Expo residential
ENERGY
Support to cascina Pollution & noise sensors
UPCYCLING
Cycling path
Data collecting
CO2 absorption materials Bridge lamellar wood
air quality & noise pollution
Industry isolation vertical green
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ENGAGEMENT
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3. CASCINA MERLATA Node number three is cascina Merlata, which has become a well-known settlement due to the new development that is taking place next to it: the so called “Citta Contemporanea”. The actual use of the cascina is agricultural activity. The cascina is next to the Cimitero Maggiore of Milan and very close to metro stops Molino Dorino and San Leonardo. EXPO facilities dominate the area. The main problem of the cascina is that it is isolated and not a part of a systemic network and it is also located at the edge of the new high density residential area; adjacent to Cimitero Maggiore. The proposal for a new project on the area is to transform cascina Merlata into a different place. The cascina will become a new gate to the EXPO area , accompanied with a new urban park, social housing, a mixed-use development and EXPO village. This transformation of the cascina is offering the chance to use its new status for promoting the agricultural activities that take place in the cascina and most particularly the urban agriculture that can be developed. Also the new role that cascina Merlata takes as a gate to the EXPO area transforms the cascina in a dynamic place that will host different human flows and activities, promoting the topic of agriculture. Electric energy will be used for advanced urban agriculture purposes (e.g. sensors for remote agriculture) and to power the Biosphere from the Azerbaijan pavilion; the latter could be used as an identification object- a landmark for the new cascinanode, implying the upcycling topic and reinforcing the new character of this place. In the case of cascina Merlata for the user engagement approach we propose, in parallel with inclusive events, the idea of remote agriculture that permits the management of urban orchards by town communities and neighbourhoods which are distant from the Via d’Acqua and the new park, but could still be involved in the project, virtually having the possibility to cultivate and produce food.
URBAN AGRICULTURE
cqua Via d’A
EXISTING SITUATION
PROPOSAL
Expo village Residential neighborhood Cimitero monumentale Expo
Biosphere Remote agriculture New Expo gate
BACKGROUND STATE OF THE ART
Agricultural activities Proximity to MM Future Expo Village
PROPOSAL PROBLEMS
Cascina’s position
PROGRAMMATIC FRAMEWORK
OPPORTUNITIES
New urban park New social housing Mixed-use development
ENERGY
Support to the cascina Agricultural sensors Support to the biosphere
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UPCYCLING
Biosphere
ENGAGEMENT
Inclusive events Remote mgmt
remote agricolture for town communities & neighborhood
_WATT PROGRAMMATIC FRAMEWORK
4. CASCINA BELLARIA
NODE BETWEEN 3 DIFFERENT GREEN SYSTEMS
Cascina Bellaria is the fourth node in the Via d’Acqua system. The specific cascina is part of the association “100 Cascine” in Lombardy region and it is used for agricultural activities related with the business of leisure. It is located in the middle of three green networks: agricultural fields part of Parco Agricolo Sud of Milan, the Parco Aldo Aniasi (Parco di Trenno) on the East and Bosco in Città on the West; and on the East there is also the racecourse (ippodromo) of Milan. Due to the presence of the racecourse the area is characterised by sport facilities and activities dealing with horse-racing. Cascina Bellaria is very involved and active but even so it is not so much known and it has connectivity problems. It is also located in the middle of all the green networks without a central role, since cascina S.Romano in Bosco in Città takes all the attention. These issues are transformed into opportunities through our intervention. Firstly, the location of the cascina Bellaria in the centre of the three important green networks could define the new node as a central green point. A connection with Bosco in Città and cascina S.Romano could reinforce this. In addition new activities related with racecourse and sports could be developed in cascina Bellaria. The energy production could be achieved through the usage of piezoelectric system and dynamo system and could supply with energy the park facilities and the cascina. Different kind of materials are possible to be used from upcycling for covering park needs for furnishing and landscaping. Users are engaged in the cascina’s activities and inclusive events related with sports.
Pa r
co
Bo
sc
oi
ag
ric
olo
su
d
nc
ittà
qua
c Via d’A
Pa r
co
EXISTING SITUATION
PROPOSAL
Bosco in città Parco agricolo sud Parco di Trenno SanSiro/Racecourse
Connection node Piezoelectric pathway Park facilities
BACKGROUND STATE OF THE ART
100cascine association Three green networks Racecours of Milan
di
Tre
nn
o
PROPOSAL PROBLEMS
Disconnected Unknown
PROGRAMMATIC FRAMEWORK
OPPORTUNITIES
ENERGY
Central point Connection with Cascina Romano Connection racecours
Piezoelectric system Dynamo system
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UPCYCLING
Park furniture different materials
ENGAGEMENT
Inclusive events sport related
_WATT PROGRAMMATIC FRAMEWORK
5. CASCINA CALDERA
IDENTITY OF THE TERRITORY
The fifth node is shaped at cascina Caldera location. The cascina is still active in agriculture producing biological food and still using the irrigation canals for the agricultural land along the way. It is part of the “Mercati in Cascina a km 0” association. Caldera located in Parco delle Cave, the waterway passes next to the Quinto Romano local football field between the old Cascina and the neighbourhood. As the years passed by, Caldera lost its connection with the park, because of the lack of related events and sharing. The entrance to the park is blocked and under definition, furthermore there is nothing to attract people and activities in the area anymore. In the new system of Via D’Acqua cascina Caldera gains a new role as a strong element of identity because of its long history and preserved agricultural landscape, it shapes a stronger identity for the territory since it is the only one still using the traditional irrigation systems and water features like marcite-water meadows and the aquifer that characterized the territory in the past. The idea is to integrate the cascina with the park activities and events; to define a new entrance to the park and to create a stronger link with sport activities related with the football field. Cascina Caldera becomes the strongest point for the application of the energy production system due to its topography and landscape features; a hybrid system is adopted of micro turbines and PV panels. The energy produced will supply the bio-climate sensors, will cover the needs of the cascina, will also support the researchers and the sport activities that will take place. PV umbrella and shelter will be used also in the case of cascina Caldera as part of the upcycling, incorporating also a symbolic meaning. Users will be involved in DIY workshops, data collecting related with bio-climate and natural areas preservation, research projects dealing with phytoremediation and eco-tourism.
ua
Acq
’ Via d
EXISTING SITUATION
PROPOSAL
Residential neighborhood Parco delle Cave Cascina Caldera
PV umbrella Sport activities Basin for energy production Temporary agriculture events
BACKGROUND STATE OF THE ART
Active Cascina
agriculture, agritourism, market, 0 km cascina
Parco delle Cave Football field Irrigation canal
PROPOSAL PROBLEMS
OPPORTUNITIES
ENERGY
Cascina disconnected Integrated activities Park entrance blocked New entrance gate Unattractive area Enhance sport activites Ecomuseo
PROGRAMMATIC FRAMEWORK
Hybrid system
PV panels + micro-turbines
UPCYCLING
PV materials PV umbrella & shelter
ENGAGEMENT
DIY workshop Data collecting preserve bioclimate
Research project phytoremediation (marcite)
Ecotourism
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_WATT PROGRAMMATIC FRAMEWORK
6. CASCINA CASSINAZZA The sixth and last node in the system is cascina Cassinazza (diagram 06). Cascina Cassinazza is an abandoned cascina, in the middle of a big unused green area and almost completely ruined. It is very close to Bisceglie Metro stop and to a Juvanile prison- a jail for minors. There is a highly residential neighbourhood in the close surroundings. The big empty green area of the cascina is surrounded by industrial areas, while the continuity of the park and the waterway is interrupted by a strong boundary - Via Ferruccio Parri- therefore the cascina is detached and isolated. There is an emerging need for connecting the different waterway paths that pass by. The situation of the cascina is also very crucial, ruins should be faced and enhanced in a way. The big green area comes into sight as an opportunity for a new public space – park and the presence of the Juvanile prison creates an opportunity for integration with the young prisoners. Cascina Cassinazza could adopt a very unusual and innovative character as an activity hub for young people. The various activities developed for the integration of the young prisoners could start from cascina Cassinazza and expand in the new green public space. Cascina will have a new shape composed by different materials from EXPO or even a small pavilion. Users are engaged in cascina Cassinazza node through DIY workshops for the prisoners rehab and inclusive events.
ACTIVITY HUB FOR YOUNG PEOPLE
Via d
’Acq
ua
EXISTING SITUATION
PROPOSAL
Residential neighborhood Agricultural field Juvanile prison Industrial area via Ferruccio Parri
Bridge over the street Activity hub Temporary ws and activities Connection with neighborhood and prison
BACKGROUND STATE OF THE ART
Abandoned cascina Proximity to MM Social housing Juvanile Prison Big unused green area
PROPOSAL PROBLEMS
Industrial area Boundary via F. Parri
Isolated Cascina
PROGRAMMATIC FRAMEWORK
OPPORTUNITIES
ENERGY
Enhancement of ruins New public space/park Activities related to juvanile prison
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Hub support
UPCYCLING
Ruins transformation small pavillion
ENGAGEMENT
DIY workshop prisoners rehab
Inclusive events
. CONCLUSION
_WATT CONCLUSION
Waterways for territory transformation Conclusions and suggestion for the application of an innovative method
CONCLUSION
The first attempt was to describe the Milan area underling and exploring the different layers which constitute the territory. The most important was water, since the ancient connection that the region had with this element, but also investigation through the streets, industrial, agricultural patters have been conducted. The aim was to re-discover the different kind of stratifications which contribute to shape the nowadays city. The method applied was rather new and applicable not only in this particular context, but similar studies could be undertaken for any other city. The bid made was to develop a methodology able to analyse critically an incoherent territory in order to set the framework for a development project strictly related to the territory where it is requested. Together with that, an analysis of the different stakeholders, of their needs and their problems, have been conducted for planning a new public space which would eventually fulfil these requirements. In this complex context, Expo 2015 comes to the fore as an opportunity of change, and the WATT project tried to deal specifically with the construction of the new channel Via d’Acqua, using the element water to start a deep territory transformation and, at the same time, transforming in opportunities the problems related to the dismantling of the Expo pavilions (e.g. upcycling part of the materials they are made of as elements of urban furniture). However, the WATT project does not aim to be only architectural. Problems
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of green energy production were also considered and suggestion of possible assets to experiment in the new channel were explored, as well as, the problem of users involvement was tried to be solved particularly looking to some virtuous examples such as the IBA project for Hamburg. All the aspects analysed in the research phase were then unified in a programmatic masterplan, which considered some core-points arose from the previous territorial investigations. The final output attempts to be not only an architectural project, but the definition of a linear public space which unifies together all the aspects examined in the first chapters of the report. Finding the right words for concluding a research is anyway never easy, and almost impossible is to say if it was a good or bad project, especially if it is supposed to be purely academic and it would probably never be realized. Surely it can be improved, since the proposal does not aim to be perfect and ‘research’ for its own definition has never an ending point. What the WATT project tried to do is to underline an already existing problem of incoherent expansion and planning of the cities suburban areas, and to develop a possible programmatic solution which could eventually help administrations, architects and, generally, planners of every kind to understand the importance of a wise and coherent territory transformation, which is actually possible.
. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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BIBLIOGRAPHY HISTORY OF THE TERRITORY Giuseppe Bruschetti, Storia dei progetti e delle opere per la navigazione interna del Milanese, Angelo Monti Libraio, Milano 1824 Carlo Cattaneo, Notizie naturali e civili su la Lombardia, Coi tipi di G. Bernardoni di Giovanni, Milano 1844
Francesco Ogliari, Il naviglio che non c’è più, Edizioni Selecta, Pavia, 2009 Raffaele Pugliese, Marco Lucchini, Milano città d’acqua. Nuovi paesaggi urbani per la tutela dei navigli, Alinea Editrice, Milano 2009
Toti Celona, Gianni Beltrame, I Navigli milanesi, storia e prospettive, Pizzi editore, Milano 1982
Emma Alterino, Catherine Wrenn, Navigli 1800-1900 Milan Yesterday, LittleItaly Editore, Milano 2011
Enzo Pifferi, Da Milano lungo i navigli, Editrice E.P.I., Como 1984 Giorgio Bocca, Enzo Pifferi, Il Duomo, Milano Anno Domini 1386, Editrice E.P.I., Como 1986
G. Motta, A. Pizzigoni, C. Ravagnati, L’architettura delle acque e della terra, Milano, F. Angeli, 2006 Andrea Boschetti, Federico Parolotto, Milan Mapping: una città alla ricerca dell’identità metropolitana, The Plan n°65, April 2013
Graziella Buccellati, Antonio Grandi, Milano sull’acqua: i navigli perduti, F.M. Ricci, 1987
Gianandrea Barreca, Giovanni Lavarra, Milan’s hidden watermarks. The city, its region and water, The Plan n°65, April 2013
L. Cracco Ruggini, Milano da “metropoli” degli Insubri a capitale d’Impero: una vicenda di mille anni, catalogue of exhibition “Milano capitale dell’Impero romani (286-402 d.C.)”, curated by Gemma Sena Chiesa, Milano 1990.
Giuseppe Sala, Milano sull’acqua, ieri, oggi, domani, Skira/ Fondazione Corriere della Sera, 2014
Empio Malara, Cristiana Coscarella, Milano & Navigli: un parco lineare tra il Ticino e l’Adda, Baio Editore, 1990 Roberta Cordani, I Navigli, da Milano lungo i canali, Edizioni Celip, Milano 2002
Canale Villoresi: http://www.etvilloresi.it/portal-villoresi/ upload/ent3/1/Nota_ConcaFallata.pdf, (ultima consultazione 08/10/2014)
Roberta Cordani, Milano, il volto di una città perduta, Edizioni Celip, Milano, 2004
Navigli: http://www.naviglilombardi.it, (ultima consultazione 08/10/2014)
Vittore Buzzi, Claudio Buzzi, Le vie di Milano, Ulrico Hoepli editore, Milano 2005
Via d’Acqua: www.expo2015.org/it/cos-e/perche-milano-/vied-acqua (ultima consultazione 01/10/2014)
ENERGY STRATEGIES
CASE STUDY
D Manolakos, G Papadakis, D Papantonis, S Kyritsis, A standalone photovoltaic power system for remote villages using pumped water energy storage, Energy, Volume 29, Issue 1, January 2004, Pages 57-69
Towards a new city. A Guide to the Elbe Islands and the Projects of the IBA Hamburg, edited by IBA Hamburg, Klartext Edition, 2012
Rapporto sul sistema energetico-ambientale, Comune di Monza, June 2010
Andrea Boschetti, Federico Parolotto, Hamburg Mapping: una metropoli d’acqua con la nostalgia del futuro, The Plan n°71, pp.20-23, December 2013-January 2014
S.Stremke, Progetti integrati: Paesaggi energetici sostenibili, Architettura del Paesaggio n.27, 2013, pp.34-37
Benedetto Camerana, Amburgo. Abitare sull’acqua, The Plan n°71, pp.24-27, December 2013-January 2014
Tesi di laurea, Simone Ercolani, Isola di San Giuliano. Riqualificazione energetico-ambientale, Rel. Orio De Paoli, Politecnico di Torino 2013
Laura Daglio, Abitare con l’acqua, Maggioli Editore, 2014
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_WATT BIBLIOGRAPHY
RECYCLING AND UPCYCLING Simon, M., In product design, the idea of recycling engineered products, started about 1990, 1993.
McDonough, W., William McDonough on cradle to cradle design, 2005.
VDI., Konstruieren recyclinggerechter technischer Produkte. (In German) (Design technical products for ease of recycling.) VDI 2243. Berlin: Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, VDI, 1993.
Thorpe, A., Designer’s Atlas of Sustainability: Charting the Conceptual Landscape Through Economy, Ecology, and Culture, 2007.
Papanek, V. , The Green Imperative Ecology and Ethics in Design and Architecture, Thames & Hudson, 1995.
Richardson, M., Design for Reuse: Integrating Upcycling intoIndustrial Design Practice, Monash University, Australia, presented at the International Conference on Remanufacturing 2011 in Glasgow.
Anink, D., Boonstra, C., & Mak, J., Handbook of sustainable Building. London: James&James, 1996.
Guidelines -Sustainable Solutions- Design, Construction, Dismantling and Reuse, Expo 2015 Spa, Milano 2014.
Luttrop, C., Design for disassembly. . Doctoral thesis. Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology, 1997.
http://web.pdx.edu/~fischerw/courses/320_415_515/ docs/04260450/0447_2011_EntrepreneurMag_upcycling.pdf, (ultima consultazione 08/10/2014)
Thormark, C., Recycling Potential and Design for Disassembly in Buildings, 2001. Braungart, W. M. a. M., Cradle to cradle: remaking the way make things, 2002.
http://www.economist.com/node/9249262?story_id=9249262, (ultima consultazione 08/10/2014)
Fuad-Luke, A., The eco-design handbook: a complete sourcebook for the home and office. London, 2002.
URBAN PLANNING
USERS’ PARTICIPATION
C. Francis, Public Spaces, Rivlin and Stone, 1993
G.Paba, C.Perrone, Cittadinanza attiva, Il coinvolgimento degli abitanti nella costruzione della città, Alinea Editrice, Firenze, 2002
D. Smith, P. Hellmund, Ecology of Greenways: Design and Function of Linear Conservation Areas. Minneapolis, 1993 Paola Viganò , Landscapes of water, Risma Edizioni, Pordenone, 2009.
P. Savoldi, Giochi di partecipazione, Forme territoriali di azione collettiva, Franco Angeli Editore/Diap Politecnico di Milano, Milano, 2006
Bernardo Secchi, Understanding and Planning the Contemporary European City: a new urban question, Department of Landscape and Urbanism, Aarhus School of Architecture and Centre for Strategic Urban Research, 22-23 March 2010 .
G. De Carlo, L’architettura della partecipazione, Quodlibet Abitare, Macerata 2013 W. Limpornpugdee, Exploring the Impacts of User Participation and Users Characteristics, Umi Dissertation Publishing Proquest, Memphis, 2009
Bernardo Secchi with Paola Viganò, La Ville poreuse, Edition MetisPresses, Genève, 2011. Francesco Morandi, Federico Niccolini, Massimo Sargolini, Parks and territory. New perspectives in planning and organization, List Lab, Trento, 2012.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Stanley King, Co-Design, A process of design participation, Van Nostrand Reinhold, London, 1989
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_WATT BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACTORS’ ANALYSIS Ralph Keeney, Howard Raiffa, Decisions with Multiple Objectives: preferences and values tradeoffs, Wiley, New York 1976. J. Forester, Planning in the face of power, University of California Press, Los Angeles, 1989
Lynda Bourne e Derek H.T.Walker, Project relationship management and the Stakeholder CircleTM, International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, Vol.1 Iss.1, pp.125130, 2008.
Mendelow A., Stakeholder Mapping, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Information Systems, Cambridge 1991, (Cited in Scholes,1998).
Marta Carla Bottero, Giulio Mondini, Valutazione e sostenibilità: piani, programmi, progetti, Celid, Torino 2009. Bruno Dente, Understanding Policy Decisions, Polimi Springer Briefs, 2014.
Burall., P., Product development and the environment, 1996. Euro Beinat, Value functions for environmental management, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 1998.
Tesi di laurea, Augusta Trussoni, Scalo San Paolo: un nuovo tassello urbano, Rel. Alessandro Armando, Politecnico di Torino 2014.
Bruno Dente, Paolo Fareri, Josee Ligteringen, “A Theoretical Framework for Case Study Analysis”, in The Waste and the Backyard. The Creation of Waste Facilities: Success Stories in Six European Countries, Kluwer Dordrecht, 1998.
Conflit chronicle: www.ecodallecitta.it/notizie.php?id=379169 (ultima consultazione 01/10/2014) Conflit chronicle: italianostra-milanonord.org/document/viadacqua-expo-2015/, (ultima consultazione 01/10/2014)
Stefano Stanghellini, Il negoziato pubblico privato nei progetti urbani. Prinicipi, metodi e tecniche di valutazione, Dei, Roma 2012.
Conflit chronicle: www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2014/02/26/expomilano-vittoria-dei-comitati-no-canal-stop-alle-vie-dacquanei-parchi-in-zona-ovest/894972/, (ultima consultazione 01/10/2014)
Valerie Belton, Theodor Stewart, Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis: an integrated approach, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 2002.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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