Membrane Frame Locking by Francis McCloskey

Emergent Technologies & Design Core Studio 1 Documentation January 2015

DIRECTORS : Michael Weinstock, George Jeronimidis STUDIO MASTER : Evan Greenberg MASTER TUTORS : Manja VandeWorp, Mehran Gharleghi DESIGN TEAM : Francis McCloskey Lopez Parantap Bhatt, Spyros Efthymiou

ABSTRACT As an urban intervention at the Masthouse Terrace Pier on the Isle of Dogs in London, the project has been developed as an inhabitable surface capable of creating spatial, structural and environmental effects in response environmental and programmatic stimulation. The continuous surface is realized as a composite material system through the use of wood and textiles. The design process negotiates the relationship between defined performance targets, spaces required, and environmental conditions to be controlled. The proposed system is a composition of plywood frames, steel cylindrical joints and fabric membranes. Flat plywood strips are combined to form diagrid layers and assembled together through the steel rods. Membranes are used to lock the frame into its final state so as to introduce variations in relation to structural and environmental conditions. A property of this grid system is its movement and deployability due to the rotation allowed by the joints. This capability is explored and evaluated throughout the design process. The resulting articulated morphology is differentiated locally and regionally and is evaluated according to environmental, structural and programmatic criteria.

INDEX

Abstract �� 2

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

Site �� 4 Programmatic Requirements �� 5 Solar Analysis �� 6 Wind Analysis �� 8

FIRST PRINCIPLES

Initial Concept | Digital & Physical explorations ��10 Component Rotation and Curvature Formation ��12 Geometry Formation and Fabrication ��13 Experiment 1.1 | Single Component ��14 Experiment 1.2 | 3x3 Module Combination ��16 Experiment 1.3 | Various Module Combinations ��18 Experiment 2 | Layer Removal / Joint Test ��20

PROJECT SCOPE

[Global] Frame Design Loading ��22 [Local] Membrane Design ��22 Fabrication �� 23 Digital Analysis ��23 Flow Chart �� 24

STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION

Wind Analysis 2.1 | Individual Panel ��33 Wind Analysis 2.2 | Regional Assembly ��34 Wind Analysis 2.3 | Global Effects ��36 Experiment 3 | Regional Assembly ��38 Lighting Studies ��40

CONCLUSIONS

Further Developments ��42

WIND ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

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Load Cases �� 26 Material Allocation ��28 Enclosure and Evaluation Criteria ��30

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

SITE . he projected urban intervention is located at the Masthouse Terrace Pier; located at the southern end T of the Isle of Dogs in London. Masthouse Terrace Pier is one of the busiest piers providing a river bus service managed by Transport for London. Approximately 8m x 40 m in size it is located on the River Thames and made up of a floating concrete base with metal columns. Contrary to typical piers where the base is supported on the pillars, the base at Masthouse terrace pier is connected with a movable detail to the pillars. The detail allows the base to move up and down with the tides, accessed by a floating bridge. For the project the site is relevant to wind, tide, and temperature and user occupancy as environmental factors. These factors and programmatic requirements are important considerations for the development of the urban intervention.

40 35 30 25

time

people

no of ferry

Departure

Arrival

5 0

11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

Access points for the river bus

Visibility distance and direction

Number of ferries and users in relation to time

PROGRAMMATIC REQUIREMENTS As the function of the site will remain the same, the material system must improve the user experience of the site. The pier is used for the river bus service and has nearly 90 ferries stopping at the pier with 350-500 people commuting every day. The service starts from 6.00 am and runs throughout the day until 11.30 pm. The maximum number of commuters are between 8-10.00 am and 6-9.00 pm.

Low Water Level

High Water Level

TIDES Tidal change plays an important role in the design proposal. The water level of the River Thames rises and drops 7m twice a day. As mentioned, the Masthouse terrace pier moves accordingly. The proposal can either be attached to the pillars or independent from them. Each case has opportunities and challenges. Connecting to pillars requires flexibility to accommodate regular changes. An independent system requires the design of anchor points independent to the posts.

Water Level in Relation to Time

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Departure and arrival points need to be accessible, and visibility must take into account the need for commuters to see approaching ferries. This requires two major design decisions, (1.) the provision of access points and (2.) the permeability of surface conditions in the west direction.

eekly Summary

°C 45+ 40

ra g e T e mp e ra ture (°C)

tion: London, England - UK (51.4°, 0.0°)

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

our Range: -0.54 - 50.00 °C eps of: 1.00 °C

35 30 25 20

e a th e r T o o l

°C

Weekly Summary

°C 50

A v e ra g e T e mp e ra ture (°C) Location: London, England - UK (51.4°, 0.0°)

Contour Range: -0.54 - 50.00 °C In Steps of: 1.00 °C

35 30 25 20

°C

°C 30

15 10 5 <0

45+ 40

2810

20 16 20

32 36 40 44 48 52

16 20

32 36

N44

J 24 28

A 20

M 16

24 Hr

D48

48 52

52 Wk

SOLAR ANALYSIS

Shadow pattern January

Shadow pattern April

Shadow pattern July

Shadow pattern October

Solar analysis of the site involves a thermal comfort and lighting studies. The temperature of the site fluctuates from 0 to 35oC throughout the year. From temperature analysis, it is observed that a comfortable temperature for a user is attained in the months of April to September. Understanding thermal comfort for a user results in parameters and design decisions that adapt to contextual information. With regard to lighting, shadows play an important role in the architectural intervention. Sun path and shadow analysis demonstrate how shadows are longer in winter and shorter in the summers. The site is away from other buildings, allowing the intervention to have independent shadow patterns.

16 20 24

I R R A D

LATITUDE: 51.4° LONGITUDE: 0.0° TIMEZONE: -0.0 hrs

NAME: London MONTHLY England DIURNAL AVERAGES - UK - London, England - UK LOCATION: °C DESIGN SKY: Not Av ailable ALTITUDE: 12.8 m

W/m²

1.0k

0.8k

0.6k

°C 10

MONTHLY DIURNAL AVERAGES - London, England - UK

W/m² 0.4k

40 0

1.0k 0.2k

Wind 3pm

30 -10

0.8k 0.0k Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep

Aug

Jul

Jun

May

Apr

Mar

Feb

Jan 20

0.6k °C

DAILY CONDITIONS - 1st January (1)

W/m²

T E M P

0.4k

Wind 9am

0.2k 0.8k

0.6k 0.0k Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep

Aug

Jul

Jun 10

°C 0

Direct Solar Diffuse Solar Cloud Cover

0.4k DAILY CONDITIONS - 1st January (1)

40 -10

300

May

Apr

Mar

Feb

Jan

Temperature Rel.Humidity Wind Speed

400

1.0k

-10

LEGEND Comfort: Thermal Neutrality

500

W/m² 0.2k

1.0k 0.0k

0.8k

0.6k

DEGREE HOURS (Heating, Cooling and Solar)

8k LEGEND Comfort: Thermal Neutrality Temperature 6k Rel.Humidity Wind Speed

Direct Solar Diffuse Solar Cloud Cover

0.4k

0.2k

-10

0.0k

200

2k 0k

S C J

Environmental solar response for intervention in winter

Environmental solar response for intervention in Summer

Notably, the pier can be comfortable as an open structure in the summer, but enclosure is necessary for winter use. An increase in the amount of solar radiation is also evident in the summers, and therefore a permeable enclosure is beneficial. To take gain control of temperature, wind must be analysed further and wind chill effects considered. In response to shadow analysis, the intervention can have varied perforations that can create a variety of shadow patterns that change with time and season as an experiential space.

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100

D A Y L T

eekly Summary

km/h 45+ 40

ra g e W ind S p e e d (k m/ h)

tion: London, England - UK (51.4°, 0.0°)

our Range: 0.79 - 50.00 km/ h eps of: 1.00 km/ h

e a th e r T o o l

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS Weekly Summary

km/h

45+ 40

A v e ra g e W ind S p e e d (k m/ h) Location: London, England - UK (51.4°, 0.0°)

km/h

15 10 5 <0

50 30

20 8

28 32 36 40 44 48

16 20

32 A

J28

J 2424

M 12

F 8

NORTH

W ind Fre q ue nc y (H rs )

345°

Location: London, England - UK (51.4°, 0.0°)

50 km/h

hrs

15°

144+

Date: 1st June - 31st August Time: 00:00 - 24:00

330°

30°

129 115

40 km/h 315°

100

45°

86 72

30 km/h

57 300°

60°

43 28

20 km/h

<14 285°

75°

10 km/h

WEST

EAST

255°

105°

240°

Summer Max: 35 km/h Major direction: SW

120°

225°

135°

210°

150°

195°

165° SOUTH

Prevailing Winds

NORTH

W ind Fre q ue nc y (H rs )

345°

Location: London, England - UK (51.4°, 0.0°)

50 km/h

hrs

15°

176+

Date: 1st September - 30th November Time: 00:00 - 24:00

330°

30°

158 140

40 km/h 315°

123

45°

105 88

30 km/h

70 300°

60°

52 35

20 km/h

<17 285°

75°

10 km/h

WEST

EAST

255°

105°

240°

Autumn Max: 35 km/h Major direction: SW

Understanding wind conditions on the site involves wind velocity and direction on site. The wind speed throughout the year varies from 0 km/h to 50 km/h. From the information above, it is evident that the fastest winds occur in February and march, while the slowest occur in September and October. The daily wind speed cycle is directly proportional to the daily temperature cycle, with a maximum in the afternoon between 12pm and 4pm, while the temperature is also at a maximum. A minimum wind speed occurs from 4am to 8am.

120°

225°

135°

210°

150°

195°

165° SOUTH

Prevailing Winds

NORTH

W ind Fre q ue nc y (H rs )

345°

Location: London, England - UK (51.4°, 0.0°)

50 km/h

hrs

15°

173+

Date: 1st December - 28th February Time: 00:00 - 24:00

330°

30°

155 138

40 km/h 315°

121

45°

103 86

30 km/h

69 300°

60°

51 34

20 km/h

<17 285°

75°

10 km/h

WEST

EAST

255°

105°

240°

Winter Max: 45 km/h Major direction: SW

120°

225°

135°

210°

150°

195°

165° SOUTH

Prevailing Winds

NORTH

W ind Fre q ue nc y (H rs )

345°

Location: London, England - UK (51.4°, 0.0°)

50 km/h

hrs

15°

122+

Date: 1st March - 31st May Time: 00:00 - 24:00

330°

30°

109 97

40 km/h 315°

45°

73 61

30 km/h

48 300°

60°

36 24

20 km/h

<12 285°

75°

10 km/h

WEST

EAST

255°

105°

240°

120°

225°

135°

210°

150°

195°

165° SOUTH

Spring Max: 50 km/h Major direction: SW

16 20 24

WIND ANALYSIS Prevailing Winds

15 10 5 <0

35 30 25 20

Contour Range: 0.79 - 50.00 km/ h In Steps of: 1.00 km/ h © W e a th e r T o o l

35 30 25 20

The maximum wind speed is observed from the southwest, as well as the east direction. Because the frequency still remains maximum from the southwest, west and south, these directions are crucial for the design intervention. To relate to temperature analysis, the temperatures in autumn and winter are crucial for user comfort: blocking or reducing wind during that time can create a great impact on user comfort because of the wind chil effect where reducing the speed and frequency reduces the amount of heat dissipated from a user.

Prevailing Winds

NORTH

W ind Fre q ue nc y (H rs )

345°

Location: London, England - UK (51.4°, 0.0°)

50 km/h

hrs

15°

606+

Date: 1st January - 31st December Time: 00:00 - 24:00

330°

30°

545 484

40 km/h 315°

424

45°

363 303

30 km/h

242 300°

60°

181 121

20 km/h

<60 285°

75°

10 km/h

WEST

EAST

255°

105°

240°

120°

225°

135°

210°

150°

195°

165°

Environmental wind response for intervention in relation to wind frequency

Environmental wind response for intervention in relation to wind direction

From the analysis, southwest, west and south are assumed to be the most relevant for the design intervention. Additionally, the overall form should be curvilinear to reduce friction and reduce drag. The assumed wind directions should be met with minimal perforations on the surface of the intervention. The design intervention in response to the east should have a perforated surface that blocks or reduces wind velocity of high speed winds from the east. Other directions can be open or semi open as to allow wind to pass through as well as allowing the user to have visual connection to the boat service. The perforation also helps the intervention to deal with environmental responses related to sun and temperature.

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SOUTH

FIRST PRINCIPLES INITIAL CONCEPT | DIGITAL & PHYSICAL EXPLORATIONS . The design process is defined and informed through constant negotiation between physical and digital explorations. A brief description of the initial stages are described below and analysed individually later on. . Initial interest and concepts are developed through a diagrammatic logic and later translated into digital tools that inform the overall process Firstly, (D01) an initial component is developed as a diagrid frame that allows rotation through the joints. An understanding of the behaviour is followed by the extraction of a relation between rotation, resulting area and member length. Secondly, (D02) a procedure for creating a continuous curved component in relation to its members bending behaviour is developed. Thirdly, (D03) various anchor point configurations are studied and evaluated according to the different limitations and opportunities that they provide. Lastly, (D04) initial concepts about geometry formation and fabrication methods are studied. . Diagrammatic and digital explorations are followed by physical experimentation. To begin with, (Exp1.1) a single module is defined, analysed and evaluated. Plywood strips,steel rods and fabric membrane compose the module .Later on, (Exp1.2) a 3x3 module combination is constructed and tested under structural and geometrical criteria. The experiment questions the possibility of constructing a flat panel that is forced and locked into shape by the fabric membranes Further on, (Exp1.3) various module combinations are analysed. In this case, a technique for achieving a pre-curved geometry using the membranes is tested. Finally, (Exp Set 2) structural and fabrication issues are studied. In specific, layer addition or removal according to structural demands and curvature variations and joints evaluation through the aggregation of identical components.

D01

D02

D03

D04

Exp 1.1

Exp 1.2

Exp 1.3

Exp set 2

Single Flat Component Rotation - Area Relation

Component rotation Anchor points

Single Component

Various module combinations

Continuous curved Component formation

Geometry formation Fabrication

3 x 3 Module Combination

Layer Removal Joint Test

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FIRST PRINCIPLES COMPONENT ROTATION AND CURVATURE FORMATION . As mentioned earlier, a property of the chosen system is the movement and deployability due to the rotation through the joints. Initial explorations include the studying of the rotation behaviour in relation to the resulting area and members length(D01) Those included the introduction of locking elements (fabric membrane) relevant to rotation angles Next steps (D02) introduce a process for the design of a continuous curvature component with rotation capabilities. Through that, a relation between the curvature of each member and the global curvature is extracted and translated into a digital design tool while implemented throughout the design process.

D01 Single Flat Component Rotation - Area Relation

Rotation Angle : 0 Total Area : 33.1 cm2 Segment Length : 8 cm

Rotation Angle : 18 Total Area : 31.5 cm2 Segment Length : 8 cm

Rotation Angle : 36 Total Area : 26.8 cm2 Segment Length : 8 cm

Rotation Angle : 54 Total Area : 19.5 cm2 Segment Length : 8 cm

Rotation Angle : 0 Height : 0 cm

Rotation Angle : 18 Height : 3 cm

Rotation Angle : 36 Height : 6 cm

Rotation Angle : 54 Total Area : 33.1 cm2

D02 Continuous Curved Component Formation

GEOMETRY FORMATION AND FABRICATION .

Through implementing earlier explorations, a study is made on the anchor points contribution to the morphology (D03). Various anchor point locking the component provide different type of curvatures to the overall morphology. D04 presents an approach on geometry formation and fabrication issues. The initial geometry is offset into a two layer system of plywood strips. The strips are fabricated flat and combined to create the diagrid. Then, steel rods are introduced to morph the final shape. Different lengths of the steel rods can provide differential thickness throughout the geometry. Finally, diagrid layers are added or removed according to structural and programmatic needs.

D03 Component Rotation Anchor Points

Front View One anchor point

Front View Two anchor points

Perspective View Two anchor points

Rotation angle : 45

Rotation angle : 30

D04 Geometry Formation Fabrication Initial Geometry

Two layer system

Cross bracing

Initial Geometry

Plywood flat sheet

Plywood flat strips

Two layer grid

Fabrication

Joint system

Middle layer

Differential thickness

Resulting Morphology

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Rotation angle : 15

FIRST PRINCIPLES EXPERIMENT 1.1 | SINGLE COMPONENT . Initial experiments include the realization of a single module composed by flat plywood strips, steel rods and fabric membrane (Lycra&cotton). The strips are stacked and layered flat to create a diamond shape panel and joint together by the rods. The fabric membrane introduces tension to the module while different rod lengths differentiate the resulting geometry. The goal of the experiment is to investigate and record the overall behaviour of the component. Specifically, rotation due to the joints, bending and twisting due to the tension of the fabric and porosity variations through offsetting the fabric. Inputs Exp 1.1 :

Frame

Membrane

Joints

Layers x 3 Plywood 1,5mm Width : 12mm Cell : 30 x 30 cm Fibres: Parallel to cut

Fabric, Lycra - cotton Offset / No offset Cell : 20 x 20 cm 2 way stretch

Diameter : 5mm Washers : 5mm Length: 50mm Nuts : 5mm

Observations :

Diagrid Plywood Frame

l(a)

Variation a / extended w(a)

Variables Test : Width Length Height Thickness (layers) Fibre Direction

w(a)

h(a)

h(b)

l1(a)

Fabric Membrane

Variation a / full

Variables Test : Width Length Thickness Stretch (1 or 2 Directions) Offset (material removal)

Single Module Combination Variables Test : Frame Geometry Thickness / Fibre Membrane Geometry Stretch Offset

l(b)

Variation a / contracted

l1(a)

l(a)

Variation a / offset

l(b)

h(b)

h(a)

0(a)

Combination a Plan view

Combination a Perspective view

Variation a / Full Fabric / Rear View

Variation a / Offset Fabric / Plan View

Variation a / Offset Fabric / Rear View

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Variation a / Full Fabric / Plan View

FIRST PRINCIPLES EXPERIMENT 1.2 | 3X3 MODULE COMBINATION . Through the definition and understanding of the behaviour of a single module, a diagrid surface is further explored. The 3 by 3 cells panel is constructed and locked into place by the fabric membrane. The experiment is developed to question the possibility of constructing a flat diagrid surface that is morphed into its final shape by the insertion of fabric membranes. Various fabric types, dimensions, stretch factors and positioning on the surface are tested to enhance the overall understanding of the resulting behaviour.

Inputs Exp 1.2 :

Frame

Membrane

Joints

2 x layers Plywood 1,5mm Width : 15mm Cell : 40 x 40 cm Diagrid : 120 x 120 cm Fibres parallel to cut

Fabric: Lycra / Cotton No Offset Cell : 30 x 30 cm 2 way stretch

Diameter : 4mm Washers : 4mm Length: 70mm Nuts : 4mm

Observations :

3x3 Module Combination Variables Test : Frame Geometry Thickness / Fibre Membrane Geometry Stretch Offset

3x3 Module Combination plywood frame

3x3 Module Combination fabric membrane

3x3 Module Combination steel rods layout

3x3 Module Combination final state

3x3 Module Combination Initial Conditions : _Flat Initial Geometry _Identical cells _Identical fabric _No offset in fabric _Same rods length _Symmetrical rod orientation

3x3 Module Combination / Full Fabric / Front View

3x3 Module Combination / Full Fabric / Plan View

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3x3 Module Combination / Full Fabric / Plan View

FIRST PRINCIPLES EXPERIMENT 1.3 | VARIOUS MODULE COMBINATIONS . Earlier experiments investigate the possibility of shaping a flat surface composed by identical modules into a curved geometry. In contrast, for this experiment a curved geometry is pre defined. Module sizes vary in order to allow multiple configurations and curvature degrees. To achieve the desired results, the distance between the joints of the digital model is measured and strips are unrolled and fabricated flat. The fabric membrane is used to retrieved them to their initial curved state(initial distance).

Inputs Exp 1.3 :

Frame

Membrane

Joints

1 x layer Plywood 1,5mm Width : 12mm Cell : Variable size Diagrid : 140 x 90 cm Fibres Vertical to cut

Fabric: Lycra / Cotton Varying Offset Cell : Variable size 2 way stretch

Diameter : 5mm Washers : 5mm Length: 50mm Nuts : 5mm

Observations:

Various Module Combinations Variables Test : Width Length Height Thickness (layers) Fibre Direction Initial Conditions : _Curved initial Geometry _Varying Cells _Varying Fabric _Offset in Fabric Various Modules Combination Front view

l(a)

Various Modules Combination Method : _Curved Pieces Measure distance at the joints _Unroll them _Measure distance at the joints _Use fabric to match distances

Various Modules Combination Perspective

l(a)

Digital model Distance Measurement

l(b)

Physical Model Distance Measurement

Various Modules Combination / No Fabric / Rear view

Various Modules Combination / Fabric / Front view

Various Modules Combination / Fabric / Rear view

019 | AA EmTech | Core Studio 1 Documentation 2015

Various Modules Combination / No Fabric / Front view

FIRST PRINCIPLES EXPERIMENT 2 | LAYER REMOVAL / JOINT TEST . Through a second set of experiments, fabrication and structural issues are studied and tested. Explorations include the transition between three, two and one diagrid layer that provide the opportunity for differentiated stiffness throughout the surface while introduce geometrical variations. The frame is tested in terms of rigidity and the ability to produce pre-defined geometries. In parallel, different type of joints are tested through the aggregation of identical components. Joints are tested both for single and double curvature surfaces.

Inputs Exp Set 2 :

Frame

Membrane

Joints

Plywood 1,5mm Width : 12mm Joints width : 12 / 24 mm Cell : 30x30 cm Diagrid : 60 x 60 cm Fibres Parallel to cut

Fabric | Offset Cell : 20x20cm 2 way stretch

Diameter : 3mm Washers : 3mm Length: 40mm Nuts : 3mm

Observations:

Exp 3.1 : One Layer : Flexible ,Extreme Bending ,Flat surface | Two Layers : Flexible, Moderate

bending, slightly curved surface | Three Layers : Rigid, No Bending, Curved Surface Exp 3.2 : Double Joint Split : Unpredictable Behaviour, Deformations ,Twisting & bending, Failing Double Joint : Non-continuous Axes, Rigid | Single Joint : Deformations, Buckling, Twisting Exp 3.3 : One Layer : Flexible ,Extreme Bending, Not continuous, No initial curvature | Two Layers : Flexible,Moderate Bending, Not continuous, slightly curved | Three Layers : Rigid, No Bending, Curved, Continuous

Exp 2.1: Layer Removal Test, Diagrid frame

One Layer

Two Layers

Three Layers

Double Joint / Split

Double Joint

Sing;e Joint

Three Layers

Two Layers

One Layer

Testing :

Plywood Diagrid Frame 2x2 (1.6mm) / Fabric Membrane 2x2 Offset / No offset 2 way stretch Exp 2.2 : Different Joints Test Testing :

Plywood Diagrid Frame (1.6mm) / Aggregation of identical components No Fabric

Exp 2.3 : Layer Removing Test, 3 modules frame Testing :

Plywood Diagrid Frame 2x3 (1.6mm) / No fabric

Exp 2.3

021 | AA EmTech | Core Studio 1 Documentation 2015

Exp 2.1

Exp 2.2

PROJECT SCOPE [GLOBAL] FRAME DESIGN LOADING

Implementing results and conclusions from the physical experiments, the design exploration is translated as an expandable system. To generate an articulated surface, this project has been developed on a catenary surface whose anchor points are released to provide access into a habitable space. This creates the necessity to develop the system into a variety of structural and surface conditions. The strip fabrication process makes it possible to vary the spacing between strips according to a variety of load cases. The values of the grid geometry can be generated according to representative design loads. The thickness of each layer can then be defined according to structural performance and relevance. This is achieved by the difference in segment lengths of each layer between joints.

[LOCAL] MEMBRANE DESIGN

A property of this grid system is that its geometry is â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;collapsibleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. This instability requires some method of constraining geometry into place in order to attain functional use. An efficient way to do so is the introduction of material into the cell voids. The use of a tensile element between two diagonal points in a cell prevents it from being compressed in the other direction. The use of membrane elements locks geometry in place while generating necessary enclosure. As long as its distances are fixed, the shape is negligible: creating a range of lighting possibilities. Enclosing the structure entirely with membrane creates surface pressure, so a strategy for its deployment is devised to only include the most active tensile elements.

Med

Low

High

Med

Visibility Low

Thickness

Curvature High

Element Design Variability

Rationalization

Host Surface

Element Allocation

FABRICATION

DIGITAL ANALYSIS

Digital fabrication techniques allow the precise distribution of joinery. A panel of plywood yields an assembled panel of similar area. This also provides a limitation in the possible dimensions of the longest individual piece. The strategy has an inherent material economy where a series of strips can be stacked efficiently.

CFD analysis on different arrangements of the membrane elements demonstrate how surface pressure is exerted on the structure by the prevailing winds on site. This is useful to understand lateral loading and thermal comfort.

Synclastic and anticlastic geometry are created by the simple differentiation of spacing between layers of plywood strips.

With regards to the tensile members, the desired geometry must be modelled to get the necessary distances between its points. The fabrication template must take into account the elasticity of the chosen material, and scale it accordingly.

Utilization graphing is also useful to understand how the structure will deform according to modifications in the systemâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s distribution as much as the overall geometry.

0 0

2 2

Regional Assembly

Regional Assembly [Flow Design]

Tensile Members

Plywood Strips

Utilization Graphing [karamba3d]

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Digital tools and computational models are used to understand and optimize the performance of the overall assembly.

PROJECT SCOPE FLOW CHART

As mentioned, the system has been developed on a test surface in order to better understand the behaviour of the assembly. The associative design process bears in mind a common logic that can be evaluated on the success of its structural and environmental analysis and ability to be fabricated.

functional use perimeter geometry host surface prevailing wind loads

rationalized subdivision

sun orientation

MEMBRANE FAMILY Curvature High

Low

Med

Visibility Low

Med

High

elements distribution

LAYER SPACING metal rod radius maximum fabrication length

frame offset limits

FRAME VARIABLES ply thickness outer strip width mid strip width maximum fabrication length

frame information

populated frame

optimization

digital export

digital analysis

structural analysis

3D visualization

lighting studies

11 22

00 00

0 0

2 2

fabrication

membrane laser cut

1 2

component fabrication

0 0

strips fabrication 0 1 2

0 0

2 2

rod lengths

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environmental analysis

STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION

ARCH 4

LOAD CASES

To develop a global strategy for the thickness of the articulated surface according to structural requirements, a series of load cases were studied in three moments of interest in the generic surface. These three structural â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;archesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; were isolated as they represent a doubly supported arch (13), a segment cantilevering away from the prevailing winds (33) and one opening into prevailing winds (4).

ARCH 13

Offset values are distributed according to each load case. Each arch was tested for gravity, western winds, and south-western winds. A maximum and minimum width was determined, according to the available lengths of steel rods on the market. For the purposes of this experiment, the maximum length was held at 50 cm, so that a 1 m steel rod would yield at least two connections.

ARCH 33

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GRAVITY WESTERN WIND

STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION MATERIAL ALLOCATION

It is important to note that for every additional layer added to the assembly, the displacement values are reduced by an order of magnitude. The model illustrated below composites tensile elements with the plywood frame. The logic is defined so that only 50% of the most active elements are visible. What

SINGLE LAYER

DOUBLE LAYER

LATERAL LOADS

FRONTAL LOADS

GRAVITY LOADS average: 1898 cm

average: 149 cm

DOUBLE LAYER

TRIPLE LAYER

average: 111 cm

average: 40 cm

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is interesting is that as the frame layers are decreased, more of the structural work is being performed by the tensile elements. Conversely, increasing the frameâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cross section renders the membrane less necessary.

STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION

ENCLOSURE AND EVALUATION CRITERIA

elimination

active tensile members

fully enclosed structure

The previous study defines a method of differentiation. The addition of layers of plywood strip renders the tensile membranes less effective where (1.) structural material is removed away from the supports, and (2.) only a top percentage of most necessary tensile elements are used in the structure. The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;surfaceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is then articulated into structurally significant zones with visibility, and a canopy condition that protects the occupants from the elements. This is an appropriate response to the brief, as visitors should be aware of incoming boats to the platform and be protected from rain. The panels that remain on the southern face of the structure can be considered in order to provide thermal comfort with protection from the prevailing south-western winds. Once these objectives have been defined, three performance criteria can be established to evaluate the resulting design: (1.) Structure, (2.) Wind, and (3.) Visibility.

OUTER LAYER MID LAYER INNER LAYER

WIND

VISIBILITY

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STRUCTURE

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

WIND ANALYSIS After the development of global geometry and structural analysis, CFD analysis and simulation s for the system at local, regional and global scales were undertaken using digital tools. The analysis responded to the environmental conditions of the site, which provided necessary observations and conclusions to optimize the membrane system. To increase the performance of the system, observations from the analysis were taken as control parameters for creating a range in porosity levels of the overall surface. The differentiation in the membrane was a result of the load bearing capacity and tension elements needed for structural strength. However the initial analysis involved gravity and lateral load, but by adding a new layer of wind analysis helped in understanding the system behaviour in relation to contextual conditions as well the comfort of the user. Observations on changes in input parameters like fabric removal and orientation in relation to wind conditions were explored in the analysis which resulted in understanding control values for the same. Outputs like surface drag coefficient and surface pressure were important to control in order to make the system more responsive, optimal and performative.

WIND ANALYSIS 2.1 | INDIVIDUAL PANEL I.nitial wind analysis is done on cell single module at a local scale. CFD simulation is undertaken on the cell keeping the fabric in two varied position, the first is a convex and the other is a concave form. Each fabric form is then varied in the overall area where the fabric is removed to increase the porosity of a cell. The fabric membrane creates a surface pressure on the system resulting further in an increase in lateral loads. The goal of the experiment is to investigate and record the overall behaviour of the component. Specifically the change in surface pressure and change in wind velocity which can be helpful in defining the performance of a membrane for the overall structure. Inputs Analysis 1.1 :

Perforation1

Perforation2

Perforation3

Cell size: 30 x 30 cm Fabric Removal: 0% Cell Orientation: Variable Frame: 1.5 mm thick plywood Membrane: Lycra/Cotton

Cell size: 30 x 30 cm Fabric Removal: 30% Cell Orientation: Variable Frame: 1.5 mm thick plywood Membrane: Lycra/Cotton

Cell size: 30 x 30 cm Fabric Removal: 60% Cell Orientation: Variable Frame: 1.5 mm thick plywood Membrane: Lycra/Cotton

Observations :

It is evident from the analysis that a convex orientation of the membrane behaves more efficient than the concave orientation. The convex side allows less pressure to be exerted on the cell as it has a central part that converges and modulates the wind flow. However in a concave orientation the flow is converged within the membrane resulting into a higher surface pressure. The concave membrane also allows more wind to pass by as compared to a concave membrane creating a turbulence.

Cell orientation forming a Concave membrane

Perforation1

Perforation2

Perforation3

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Cell orientation forming a Convex membrane

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION WIND ANALYSIS 2.2 | REGIONAL ASSEMBLY A set of wind analysis is done on a regional scale of the material system. Each regional scale model is varied in membrane porosity keeping in mind the axis and the amount of fabric removed. The fabric removal results in varied surface pressure as well as change in wind speed due to porosity. Investigating and recording the overall behaviour of each iteration and understanding the importance of axis and amount of fabric removal was the main goal of the analysis. Most importantly understanding the change in surface pressure due to fabric removal and finding the efficient direction for fabric removal was the purpose of the analysis.

Perforation1

Perforation2

Cell size: 30 x 30 cm Fabric Removal: 30% Removal Axis: Vertical Cell Orientation: Variable Frame: 1.5 mm thick plywood Membrane: Lycra/Cotton

Cell size: 30 x 30 cm Fabric Removal: 30% Removal Axis: Both Cell Orientation: Variable Frame: 1.5 mm thick plywood Membrane: Lycra/Cotton

Observations :

• •

•

More turbulence compared to fabric removal in two axis. Less drag coefficient as opening in just horizontal axis or even in both axis(0.5). More surface pressure exerted compared to same fabric removal in horizontal axis or both axis.

•

More turbulence compared to fabric removal in two axis. Almost Same drag coefficient as opening in horizontal axis(0.52). More surface pressure exerted compared to same fabric removal in horizontal axis or both axis.

Observation:

Perforation3

Perforation4

Cell size: 30 x 30 cm Fabric Removal: 0% Removal Axis: Both Cell Orientation: Variable Frame: 1.5 mm thick plywood Membrane: Lycra/Cotton

Cell size: 30 x 30 cm Fabric Removal: 60% Removal Axis: Both Cell Orientation: Variable Frame: 1.5 mm thick plywood Membrane: Lycra/Cotton

Observations :

• •

• • •

•

Less turbulence compared as less wind passes through. Drag coefficient increases to 0.63 which is high as compared observations from other iterations. More surface pressure exerted as the area in contact with the wind maximizes.

More turbulence compared to fabric removal in two axis. Same drag coefficient as opening in horizontal axis(0.5). More surface pressure exerted compared to same fabric removal in horizontal axis or both axis.

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From the regional analysis it can be observed that removing fabric in one direction is not as effective as removing them in both the axis. However the amount of fabric removal also creates different performance for the system. If the fabric removal is more than 60 % or less than 10 % there is a large amount of surface pressure exerted on the system. However there is a direct relation of the amount of fabric removal to the drag coefficient, where if you reduce more fabric it becomes less aerodynamic with an increase in drag coefficient. 30% removal of the membrane is the most efficient compared to other as the it exerts less surface pressure as well as is more aerodynamic.

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION WIND ANALYSIS 2.3 | GLOBAL EFFECTS Final set of wind analysis is done on a global geometries with varied porosity of the fabric membrane. Each global model has differentiated fabric removal resulting in gradients of porosity, which is further simulated CFD with environmental wind conditions. Observations and understandings from the local and regional analysis is taken into consideration for the creating a differentiated fabric removal pattern. The final goal is to amalgamate structural understanding with relation to tension members needed for stability and environmental responses and derive an optimized and performative membrane for the urban intervention.

Perforation1

Perforation2

Cell size: Varied Fabric Removal: 30% Removal Axis: Both Frame: Varied Membrane: Lycra/Cotton Structural optimization: No Environmental response: No

Cell size: Varied Fabric Removal: Varied Removal Axis: Both Frame: Varied Membrane: Lycra/Cotton Structural optimization: No Environmental response: No

Observations :

•

• •

More efficient as it follows the same principal as the regional scale model, however the material is not optimized. The iteration exerts more surface pressure s opposed to other iterations because of less material removal. Blocks the wind and drag coefficient also reduces to 2.59.

•

The gradient is created resulting to the wind direction. The iteration exerts similar surface pressure as the non optimized fabric. The drag coefficient is 3.25 and because of less porosity in the direction of incoming wind.

Observation:

Perforation3

Perforation4

Cell size: Varied Fabric Removal: Varied Removal Axis: Both Frame: Varied Membrane: Lycra/Cotton Structural optimization: Yes Environmental response: No

Cell size: Varied Fabric Removal: Varied Removal Axis: Both Frame: Varied Membrane: Lycra/Cotton Structural optimization: Yes Environmental response: Yes

Observations :

• •

•

The fabric removal is optimized according to structure. Fabric is removed to optimize material but the surface pressure increases allowing more wind to pass through. The drag coefficient reduces to a significant amount of 0.79 but other performance criteria are not looked upon.

•

Structural optimization and environmental response. The surface pressure is closest to the most optimized level and it is the highest performative iteration. Drag coefficient also decreases to 0.95 which is higher that iteration 3 but the alternative has a better overall performance

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Analysis and simulation at the global scale is undertaken on four fabric conditions where the membrane is differentiated to increase porosity, and optimized in correlation to structural and environmental performance. Initial analysis help in setting the domain on fabric removal from 20% to 60% where it generates the least amount of surface pressure and drag coefficient. The iterations are then analysed and each observation is helpful in controlling the next. Progressive control of parameters help the global membrane to be optimized in relation to wind and structure where lateral loads, gravity, surface pressure and drag coefficients are controlled to obtain a more performative alternative.

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION EXPERIMENT 3 | REGIONAL ASSEMBLY . Observations, results and conclusions recorded and analysed through earlier set of experiments are combined with structural and environmental analysis data and implemented for this regional assembly experiment. In this case, a single arch is selected from the global morphology and an assembly of cells is fabricated in 1:2 scale. The outcome is evaluated in terms of fabrication issues and details, rigidity, behaviour and overall performance

Inputs Exp 3 :

Frame

Membrane

Joints

Plywood 3 mm Width : 22mm Cell : varying size Diagrid : 6 cells Fibres Vertical to cut

Fabric | No Offset Cell : varying size 2 way stretch

Diameter : 5mm Washers : 5mm Length: varying Nuts : 5mm

Observations:

Increased plywood thickness does not allow the bending of strips beyond a certain point. Further studies need to be done in order to record the material capabilities | Fibre directionality needs to be further implemented in the design process | Bending Structure | Bending Membrane | Stable configuration | No rigidity & stiffness | Easy to control and fabricate | Easy to achieve pre - defined geometry | Material distribution ( cell size, orientation and positioning) needs to be revisited. | Fabrication process needs to be defined and taken into consideration | Joint and membrane details need to be further developed

Exp 3: Regional Assembly 6 components Scale 1 : 2 Initial Conditions : _Curved initial Geometry _Flat strips _Varying Cells size _Varying Fabric size _Offset in Fabric

Regional Assembly

Single Arch

Global Geometry

Regional Assembly Rear view

Regional Assembly Joint detail

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Regional Assembly Membrane detail

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

LIGHTING STUDIES

Solar analysis is chosen as the third performance criteria for the design where each iteration is analysed using environmental conditions on the site. Sun path simulation is undertaken where different shadow patterns are observed in the space. The shadow patterns are chosen as performance criteria but considered as an output and not chosen to be controlled. Differentiated frame and membrane derived from the associative logic resulted in a variety of iterations which were further analysed in relation to structure and wind. Material optimization in response to environmental conditions result in a selection

OPEN FRAME

FULLY ENCLOSED FRAME

process as well as a setting the control parameters for the final outcome whereas the shadow analysis reflect upon the same. Each iteration creates a different pattern throughout the day providing an experiential space for a user. Observations from the analysis provide with results which respond to the design intention where the optimized structure not only creates an experiential space but also provides the user with a gradient of visibility, shelter and connectivity.

OPTIMIZATION FOR STRUCTURE

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OPTIMIZATION FOR WIND PRESSURE

CONCLUSIONS

FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS

While much of the investigation effort in the preceding pages is concerned with resultant geometries, there is much to be explored with regards to physical assembly and interaction on site.

DESIGN

Assuming the test surface described in the previous pages is to be considered as a substrate; ideally, the next logical step is to explore the spatial possibilities of this system as an architectural language. The current design suffers from being bound to the exact perimeter of the Masthouse Terrace Pier, while it is easily adaptable to take shape in a more complex geometry to redraw that boundary.

FUNCTION

This exploration has limited the scope to resolving the urban intervention as a canopy. The grid structure may be locked in place by compressive members just as much as tensile members. This means that different sections may be explored where the structure is able to withstand point loads. An idea to be explored is the design of ergonomic sections at the scale of a human body.

MATERIAL DISTRIBUTION

The system logic has so far been limited to surface subdivisions by manipulating the UV coordinates of a NURBS surface. The network of vertices, edges, and faces that make up this articulated surface system should be revisited and explored further to better understand what basic inputs can be addressed for the system to react to. Additionally, as the system reduces displacement by an order of magnitude for every layer added, the system does not need to be limited to three layers, but may begin to introduce layers that branch off of other layers to further strengthen and complexify the system.

CONSTRUCTION

An opportunity identified early in the project is the fact that the gridded layout has an unstable geometry. This is interesting because it implies off-site construction of compactable elements that can be transported to site and assembled. A system logic that takes into account the limitations of fabrication (the size of a laser cutter bed, for example) may then separate groups of strips into clusters that can later be added to a larger structure. This capacity might be explored in other scenarios (such as a deployable concrete form-work) that allow a complex curvature to be quickly assembled in a relatively inexpensive fashion. Bearing in mind construction, a method of attachment of clusters (or â&#x20AC;&#x153;componentsâ&#x20AC;?) should be devised to expedite the process.

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Architectural Association. School of Architecture. Emergent Technologies and Design. Term 1. 2014-2015 Core Studio 1. Documentation.

Declaration:

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;We certify that this piece of work is entirely our own and that any quotation or paraphrase from published or unpublished work of others is duly acknowledged.â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Francis McCloskey

Parantap Bhatt

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Spyros Efthymiou