RAPS State of The Region (2012)

Regional Analysis & Planning Services

RAPS s t a t e

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Contributors Anais Schenk, Planner, Regional Analysis & Planning Services, Inc. Aaron Nousaine, Planner, Regional Analysis & Planning Services, Inc. Frank Hanna, Intern, Regional Analysis & Planning Services, Inc. Maryam Sanieian, Intern, Regional Analysis & Planning Services, Inc. Mary Ann Leffel, President, Monterey County Business Council Kim Ha Wadsworth, Director of Technology, Monterey County Business Council Sylecia Johnston, Program Manager, Monterey County Business Council

Special

Thanks

To

Pacific Gas and Electric Company for making this report possible through their continued support of community education

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I II III IV V VI VII

6 8 18 38 44 48 54 58

Demographics

Housing & the Economy

Broadband Access

Health & Public Safety

Transportation

Environment

Education

I

Introduction

Contents

S t a t e o f t h e R e g i o n

I

Introduction affecting the region. It is intended to serve as a complement to other

Intro duc tion

local, state, and federal data sources. The report is divided into chapters The 2012 State of the Region Report is brought to you by Regional Analysis

including demographics, housing and the economy, education, broadband

& Planning Services, Inc. (RAPS), a non-profit affiliate of the Association

access, health and public safety, transportation, and the environment.

of Monterey Bay Area Governments (AMBAG). Under the guidance of the

Data for this report was collected from a variety of state and federal

AMBAG board of directors, RAPS provides technical assistance and data

sources, including the California Department of Finance and the U.S.

analysis support to local government agencies, non-profits organizations,

Census Bureau, among others. The data presented here are the most

and the community at large throughout the Monterey Bay Area, including

recent available, as of the date of publication. Data are reported at the

the Counties of Monterey, San Benito, and Santa Cruz.

regional and county levels only. Where appropriate, comparison figures are provided for the State of California.

The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of the major trends

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I

Demographics the region’s highest rate of population growth. This is primarily due to

G row th & Charac teristic s

population size differentials between counties. Monterey County accounts Over the past decade, the tri-county region grew in population from

for 57 percent of the total regional population, while San Benito County

around 710,600 residents in the year 2000, to 732,700 residents in 2010.

accounts for only eight percent.

This is equal to an increase of three percent over the year 2000 and a total of 22,100 new residents. Monterey County experienced the largest

Population change, such as that described above, is driven by two primary

absolute gains in population, with around 13,300 new residents. This is

components, natural population change (i.e. births vs. deaths) and net

equal to a proportional increase of around 3.3 percent. Santa Cruz County

migration (i.e. in-migration vs. out-migration). Within the AMBAG region,

had the second largest increase with a total of nearly 6,800 new residents,

natural population change has remained positive over the past decade,

equal to a 2.7 percent gain. San Benito County experienced the lowest

netting an average of 7,400 new residents each year. Simultaneously,

absolute change with only around 2,000 new residents. Compared to the

the region also experienced an average loss of nearly 5,200 residents per

year 2000, however, this is equal to a 3.8 percent increase. In other words,

year through net outmigration. Because the rate of natural population

the county with the lowest absolute change in population experienced

growth exceeded the rate of net outmigration, the regional population

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Monterey County Components of Population Change Monterey County

has continued to expand at a modest rate. Due to its size, Monterey

8000

County led the region in this respect, adding nearly 5,000 new

4000

1

6000 2000

residents each year through natural population growth, while losing

Net Migration

0

Natural Increase

-2000

almost 3,700 residents through outmigration. San Benito County

-4000 -6000

followed a similar trend, adding an average of 600 new residents per

-8000 -10000

year, while losing about 430. Natural growth in Santa Cruz County held relatively stable over the decade, accounting for an average of 1,800 new residents per year. However, while Santa Cruz County

San Benito County Components of Population Change San Benito County

experienced an average annual loss of 1,100 residents per year

1500

between 2000 and 2010, the county, in fact, experienced positive

1000 500

population growth through net migration between 2007 through

Net Migration

0

2010.

Natural Increase

-500 -1000 -1500

Total Population 415,057 Monterey County

407,534 401,762

Santa Cruz County Components of Population Change

Santa Cruz County

3000 55,269 San Benito County

54,797 53,234

2010

2000

2005

1000

2000

0

262,382 Santa Cruz County

-1000

250,877

Net Migration Natural Increase

-2000

255,602

-3000 0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

450,000

500,000

Source: US Census Bureau, American Community Survey Source: Demographic Research Unit at California Department of Finance, Tables E-2 and E-6

1  According to data from the U.S. Census Bureau, the population of the AMBAG region grew by only three percent between 2000 and 2010. This can be compared to a rate of roughly 10 percent for the State of California as a whole.

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Monterey County Age Groups Monterey County Age Groups 85 and over 80 to 84 years 75 to 79 years 70 to 74 years 65 to 69 years 60 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 50 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 40 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 30 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 20 to 24 years 15 to 19 years 10 to 14 years 5 to 9 years Under 5 years

A Large p ercentage of p eople are in the 50 and over age cohor t in all three counties

A ge Data from the 2010 Census illustrate that the region’s three counties are aging in very different ways. Data for Santa Cruz County, for example, show a relatively high

Female Male

10%

concentration of population in the 15 to 24 age groups

5%

0%

San Benito County Age Groups San Benito County Age Groups

generally represent the baby-boom and boom-echo generations. Data for San Benito County show a similar distribution, except that the population is concentrated in slightly younger age categories, mainly the 10 to 19 age groups and 40 to 54 age groups. Data for Monterey County show a more uniform distribution with modest

Female Male

10%

concentration in the 15 to 34 age groups. Median age

5%

0%

5%

10%

Santa Cruz County Age Groups

figures provide a slightly different picture of the three

Santa Cruz County Age Groups 85 and over 80 to 84 years 75 to 79 years 70 to 74 years 65 to 69 years 60 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 50 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 40 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 30 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 20 to 24 years 15 to 19 years 10 to 14 years 5 to 9 years Under 5 years

counties, where Santa Cruz has the highest median age at 37 years, followed by San Benito with 34 years, and Monterey with 33 years. The median age for the region as a whole in 2010 was estimated at around 33’ years of age.

Female Male

10%

5%

0%

Source: 2010 Census A n a l y s i s

10%

85 and over 80 to 84 years 75 to 79 years 70 to 74 years 65 to 69 years 60 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 50 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 40 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 30 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 20 to 24 years 15 to 19 years 10 to 14 years 5 to 9 years Under 5 years

and the 45 to 59 age groups. These concentrations

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5%

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P l a n n i n g

S e r v i c e s

5%

10%

Population by Race & Ethnicity 0.8 White

0.7 African American

0.6

American Indian

0.5

Asian

0.4

Pacific Islander

0.3

Some Other Race

0.2 0.1

Two or More

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Monterey County San Benito Santa Cruz Source: US Census Bureau, American Community Survey

0.7

0

0.8

California

Hispanic or Latino Monterey County

San Benito County

Not Hispanic or Latino Santa Cruz County

California

At the state level, individuals of Asian descent made up around 13

Race an d E thnicit y

percent of the population, while accounting for only five percent at According to 2010 Census figures, the AMBAG region was somewhat

the regional level. The racial makeup of the three Monterey Bay area

less racially diverse, but more ethnically diverse, than the State of

counties individually was similar to that of the region as a whole,

California as a whole. Whites remained the dominant racial group in

with Santa Cruz County showing the highest concentration of white

both the state and the region, accounting for 58 percent and 62 percent

residents and Monterey County showing the smallest.

of the residential population, respectively. “Other Races,� a catch all category for non-standard racial groups, made up the second largest

Ethnically, the AMBAG region had a higher proportion of Hispanic and

concentration of residential population in both areas, with 24 percent

Latino residents compared to the state. In the region, 47 percent of the

of the regional population and 17 percent of the total state population.

population identified as Hispanic or Latino, compared to 38 percent

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in the state. At the county level, Santa Cruz County had the lowest percentage of residents identifying

Family Households

as Hispanic or Latino at only 32 percent, compared

0.9

to 56 percent in San Benito County and 55 percent in 0.8

Monterey County.

0.7

Hous ehold Typ e an d Size

0.6 0.5

Census figures indicate that there were upwards of 237,100 households located in the Monterey Bay

0.4

region in 2010. Roughly 53 percent of those were

0.3

located in Monterey County, while around 40 percent

0.2

were located in Santa Cruz County and another

0.1

seven percent were located in San Benito County.

Regionally, around 68 percent were considered family

0

households, which was close to the state average

Monterey County

of 69 percent. Roughly 80 percent of households

San Benito County Family Households

Santa Cruz California County Nonfamily Households

Source: US Census Bureau, 2010 Census

were families in San Benito County, compared to 72 percent in Monterey County and 61 percent in Santa Cruz County. Regionally, 38 percent of households contained children below the age of 18, while 24 percent contained adults over the age of 65.

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Household Size Monterey County

San Benito County

Santa Cruz County

California 0

0.5 1 Average HH Size

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Source: US Census Bureau, 2010 Census

The average size of households in the region was calculated by

3.27 persons per household, respectively. Santa Cruz County

dividing the total, non-institutionalized (e.g. group quarters),

had the lowest average household size with 2.66 persons per

population by the total number of households. In the region,

household.

the average household size was approximately 2.96 persons per household, which was marginally higher than the state average of 2.89 persons per household. At the county level, both Monterey and San Benito counties had average household sizes that were larger than the regional average with roughly 3.15 and

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Jobs Per Urbanized Square Mile

Jobs per Urbanized Square Mile 2010

1878

Santa Cruz County

1081

San Benito County

1780

Monterey County

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Source: US Census Bureau, Table GCT-PH1, 2010, QWI Quarterly Reports

Persons Per Urbanized Square Mile 2010 Persons Per Urbanized Square Mile

Housing Units Housing Per Urbanized Square Units Per Urbanzied SquareMile Mile 2010 2089

Santa Cruz County

0

500

1000

1500

4678

Monterey County

1567

Monterey County

4407

San Benito County

1425

San Benito County

5246

Santa Cruz County

2000

3800

2500

Source: US Census Bureau, Table- GCT-PH1, 2010

4000

4200

4400

4600

4800

5000

5200

5400

Source: US Census Bureau, Table- GCT-PH1, 2010

greater percentage of renter occupied housing units than the other

L an d Us e

two counties and the state as a whole. Though the percentage of The Monterey Bay Area is not a highly urbanized area. The greatest

renter occupied housing units is almost 50 percent, less than 40

concentration of housing and jobs tends to be on the coast and

percent of the housing stock in Monterey County is multi-family. This

in Salinas. The County of Santa Cruz has greater jobs and housing

suggests that single family homes are helping to meet rental market

density overall than Monterey or San Benito. Monterey also has a

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demand. In fact, regionwide the data suggests that this is the trend.

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Owner vs. Renter Occupied 2008 - 2010

Between 2008 and 2010, the statewide percentage 42.5%

Santa Cruz County

of renter occupied housing units was 44.1 percent,

57.5%

while the statewide percentage of owner occupied

35.0%

San Benito County

housing units was 55.9 percent.

65.0%

San Benito County had the highest percentage of 49.1%

Monterey County

owner occupied housing units at 65 percent and the

50.9%

lowest percentage of renters at 35 percent.

44.1%

California

Of the three counties, Monterey County had the

55.9%

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

Renter Occupied Housing Units

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

percent; however, it does not exceed the statewide

Owner Occupied Housing Units

Source: 2008-2010 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates

average of 41 percent. San Benito County had the largest divide between the percentage of multi-

Single-Family vs. Multi-Family Dwellings 2008 - 2010

family dwellings and single-family dwellings—23

36%

Santa Cruz County

highest percentage of multi-family dwellings at 38

percent and 78 percent, respectively.

64% 23%

San Benito County

78% 38%

Monterey County

62% 41%

California

59% 0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

Multi-Family Dwelling

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Single-Family Dwelling

Source: 2008-2010 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates

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Farmland vs. Urban Land 2010

21,827 Farmland Acres

57,460 235,147

32,011 Urbanized Land Acres

8,023

Santa Cruz County | 2006-2008 San Benito County | 2008-2010

56,779

0

50,000

Monterey County | 2008-2010 100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

Source: California Department of Conservation, 2008-2010 Land Conversion, 2006-2008 (Santa Cruz)

urbanized acres. Whereas Monterey and San Benito County had a

L oss of Farmlan d

greater differential between urbanized and farmland acres.

In 2010, Monterey County had the largest number of farmland acres and urbanized land acres. In fact, Monterey County had approximately

Agriculture is a vital component of the economy and saving farmland is

235,000 acres of farmland and over 55,000 acres of urbanized farm

important to the region’s vitality. However, farmland can not always be

land. San Benito County had the least amount of urbanized land acres.

preserved. Between 2006 and 2008, Santa Cruz County lost 930 acres of farmland. San Benito County lost nearly 3,500 acres of farmland

The farmland acres and urbanized land acres of Santa Cruz County fell

between 2008 and 2010, which is the most significant loss of the three

relatively within a close range of 32,000 agricultural acres to 22,000

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counties. Monterey County did not show any loss of farmland.

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Net Farmland Acres Changed Loss of Farmland 2006 - 2010

-930

Santa Cruz County | 2006-2008

San Benito County | 2008-2010

-3,461

476

Monterey County | 2008-2010

-4,000

-3,500

-3,000

-2,500

-2,000

-1,500

-1,000

-500

0

500

1,000

Source: California Department of Conservation, 2008-2010 FMMP, 2006-2008 (Santa Cruz)

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II

Housing

&

the

Economy

available. Employment, in this case, was measured as the number of jobs

Intro duc tion

that are located in the region, as opposed to the number of employed The impact of the extended economic recession is reflected in many

residents. The majority of this employment was concentrated in Monterey

aspects of AMBAG region’s business climate. Per capita income declined

County, which accounted for 166,700 jobs, or around 60 percent of the

along with employment in most sectors, while the cost of living and

regional total. Santa Cruz County, by comparison, accounted for roughly

doing business remained high. Nonetheless, the tri-county AMBAG region

35 percent of regional employment with a total of 95,800 jobs, while San

remains an economically diverse place.

Benito County accounted for only five percent with 14,500 jobs.

Data suggest that regional employment growth was relatively slow, but

Employment an d Jobs G row th

stable prior to the Great Recession. In the year 2000, the region possessed

According to data from the California Employment Development

roughly 288,600 jobs. By 2007, this had grown to 291,300 jobs, an increase

Department (EDD), industry employment in the Monterey Bay region

of 4,400 jobs or 1.5 percent over the year 2000. However, with the housing

totaled 277,000 jobs in 2010, the most recent year for which data are

market crash of 2007-2008 the region began to shed employment at

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Leading Regional Industry's Average Quarterly Employment 2010 Total Industry Employment 2010 350,000

300,000

286,900

288,600

286,000

285,100

285,000

287,300

288,300

291,300

288,900

166,400

166,900

167,700

169,200

168,800

169,800

168,300

170,300

171,500

105,600

106,300

102,900

100,300

100,500

101,300

102,400

103,400

101,600

276,400

277,000

165,100

166,700

250,000

200,000

150,000

Monterey

100,000

96,800

95,800

San Benito Santa Cruz Region

Jobs

50,000

0

14,900

15,400

15,400

15,600

15,700

16,200

17,600

17,600

15,800

14,500

14,500

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Source: Employment Development Department

a rapid pace, losing a total of 14,300 jobs by 2010. As a result, total

Employment by In dustr y

employment growth during the first decade of the new millennium was equal to a loss of nearly 10,000 jobs, a decline of around 3.5 percent

On an industry-by-industry basis, regional employment is largely concentrated in the agricultural and governmental sectors. Total

compared to the year 2000.

farm employment in the region accounted for roughly 56,400 jobs County level data suggest that the vast majority of the region’s

in 2010, or around 20 percent of the regional all-industry total. State

employment losses occurred in Santa Cruz County, which lost 9,800

and local government employment accounted for another 49,500 jobs

jobs over the decade. This is equal to a total countywide decline of 9.3

and around 18 percent of the total. Other significant concentrations

percent over 2000. By comparison, San Benito County lost only around

of employment include the leisure and hospitality sector, education

400 jobs, or 2.7 percent of its total employment. Monterey was the only

and health services, and retail trade. Together, these account for

county of the three to experience an actual net gain in employment

nearly 110,000 jobs, with each sector representing around eight to 12

during the decade. While only equal to a modest 0.2 percent, the fact

percent of the region’s total employment base. This distribution of

that the county was able to gain roughly 300 new jobs during a decade

employment across major industry sectors has remained quite stable

of dramatic economic restructuring is highly encouraging.

over the past decade.

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Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Transportation, Warehousing & Utilities

Leading Regional Industry's Average Quarterly Employment Average Annual Information Employment by Industry 2010 2010 Financial Activities

Agriculture

Professional & Business Services

Mining, Logging, and Construction

Educational & Health Services

Manufacturing

Leisure & Hospitality

Wholesale Trade

Other Services

Retail Trade

Federal Government

Transportation, Warehousing & Utilities

State & Local Government

Information

-

Financial Activities

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

Jobs

Professional & Business Services

MONTEREY COUNTY

Educational & Health Services

SAN BENITO COUNTY

Leisure & Hospitality

SANTA CRUZ COUNTY

Other Services

Source: Employment Development Department

Federal Government State & Local Government

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

Jobs

As Monterey County is home to a majority of the region’s jobs, the

of specialization in the retail trade sector. Note that because of its

County’s industry employment distribution is largely similar to that

small size, industries that represent a high proportion of total San

of the region as a whole. For example, of the 166,700 jobs located in

Benito County employment may represent only a small fraction of

Monterey County in 2010, roughly 27 percent were in the agricultural

the regional total. Employment in Santa Cruz County was much more

sector, while 16 percent were in government and another 12 percent

diversified compared to the region, with 21 percent of its employment

were in the hospitality industry. While San Benito County also had

in the government sector, 14 percent in education, 12 percent in retail

high concentrations of employment in agriculture and government,

trade, 11 percent in hospitality, and only 10 percent in agriculture.

20 percent and 19 percent respectively, it also had a high degree

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Labor Force

L ab or Force an d Unemployment Rate

2010 220,900

26,000

149,900

Labor force and unemployment data provided by the EDD show that between the year 2000 and 2011, the Monterey Bay regional labor force grew from around 379,100 to

2000 203,200

27,500

400,000 prospective workers. This is equal to growth of

148,400

5.5 percent over the year 2000 figure and an increase of around 20,900 workers. The majority of this labor force 0

50,000

100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 400,000 450,000

Monterey County

25.0%

San Benito County

growth occurred in Monterey County, which added 9.7 percent, or 19,700 workers, to its labor force during the

Santa Cruz County

past decade. The Santa Cruz County labor force grew

Unemployment Unemployment Rate Rate

by only 1.5 percent, or 2,300 workers, during this period, while San Benito County lost around four percent of its

20.0%

labor force, around 1,100 workers.

15.0%

Coupled with growth in the region’s labor force major employment losses suffered over the past ten years

10.0%

resulted in record high unemployment toward the later part of the decade. Between 2000 and 2008, the regional

5.0%

unemployment rate fluctuated between 6.8 percent and 0.0%

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Monterey County

San Benito County

Santa Cruz County

AMBAG Region

9.4 percent. From 2009 to 2011, the rate was much higher,

2011

peaking at 14.9 percent in 2010. San Benito County had

Source: Employment Development Department S t a t e

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the highest unemployment rate, peaking at 20.8 percent in 2010

At the county level, nearly 61 percent of the total GRP, around

and decreasing to 18.4 percent in 2011. Monterey County had

$26 billion, was generated in Santa Cruz County. This was

the second highest rate in recent years, peaking at 14.5 percent

compared to 36 percent, or $15.6 billion, in Monterey County;

2010 and decreasing to 14.1 percent in 2011. Santa Cruz County

and three percent, or $1.2 billion, in San Benito County. In

had the lowest comparative unemployment rate in the region,

all three counties, the relative distribution of production was

peaking at 14.4 percent in 2010 and decreasing to 13.7 percent in

similar to that of the regional as a whole. For example, in

2011.

Santa Cruz County, the two sectors that produced the greatest value were again the governmental and agricultural sectors.

These sectors contributed roughly 20 percent and 11 percent,

G ross Regional Pro duc t

respectively, to the Gross County Product (GCP). These sectors, Another important measure of economic activity is gross

likewise, contributed 24 percent and 14 percent to GCP in

regional product (GRP). This is an accounting of the

Monterey County, and 17 percent and 11 percent to GCP in San

contemporary market value of all goods and services produced

Benito County. In San Benito County the manufacturing and

by an economy. According to data compiled by Economic

retail trade sectors also made notable contributions totaling 20

Modeling Specialists, Inc. (EMSI), the total GRP of the Monterey

percent and 13 percent of GCP.

Bay region in 2010 was approximately $42.9 billion. The majority of this production occurred in the governmental and agricultural

Tourism an d V isitor Sp en ding

sectors, which accounted for 22 percent and 12 percent of the total GRP respectively. Other notable sectors included

While the above economic indicators emphasize agriculture

healthcare, real estate, and retail trade, each represented around

and government as dominant economic drivers for the region,

seven percent of the total GRP.

tourism is also a well known economic force in the Monterey Bay region. According to Dean Runyan Associates, the Monterey Bay

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P l a n n i n g

S e r v i c e s

Gross Regional Product 2010 Gross Regional Product

Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction Utilities Construction Manufacturing Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Transportation and Warehousing Information Finance and Insurance Real Estate and Rental and Leasing Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services Management of Companies and Enterprises Administrative Support and Waste Management Educational Services Health Care and Social Assistance Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation Accommodation and Food Services Other Services (except Public Administration) Government $0

$1,000

$2,000

$3,000

$4,000

$5,000

$6,000

Millions of Dollars (2010)

Santa Cruz County San Benito County

Source: California Employment Development Department, 2011; Economic Modeling Specialists, Inc. (EMSI), 2011

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Tourism Related Spending 2008-2009

Transient Occupancy Tax ( TOT ) Receipts 2009

Air Transportation (visitor only) , 0.3% $7,400,000 $200,000

Retail Sales , 21%

Accommodations , 22%

Arts, Entertainment & Recreation , 16% Food & Beverage Services, 31%

$39,500,000

Source: Dean Runyan Associates, Economic Modeling Specialists, Inc. (EMSI)

Ground Tran. & Motor Fuel , 7%

Monterey

Food Stores , 4%

San Benito

Santa Cruz

region captured over of $2.6 billion in tourist spending in 2009. This

In 2009, Monterey County accounted for nearly 75 percent of total

was down from $2.8 billion in 2007, prior to the Great Recession. As

regional tourist spending. This is compared to 23 percent for Santa

of 2009, roughly 31 percent of the total regional tourist dollars went

Cruz County and three percent for San Benito County. Monterey

to pay for food and beverage services. Accommodations and retail

and Santa Cruz Counties generally set the trend of tourism spending

sales accounted for 22 and 21 percent of total spending, respectively.

region wide, with a spending distribution similar to that of the

The arts and entertainment industry captured another 16 percent.

region. The spending distribution for San Benito County was

The remainder was split between ground transportation and food

somewhat similar, with high concentrations of spending in food and

stores. Air transportation accounted for less than one percent.

beverage services, retail sales, arts and entertainment, and food

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stores. San Benito, however, had uncharacteristically low spending in the accommodations sector and somewhat

O ccupational Employment an d Wages

elevated spending in the ground transportation and fuel While previous sections discussed industry employment,

sector.

which refers to the number of jobs located in the region, Two of the primary economic impacts of this tourism related

this section is concerned with occupational employment.

spending in the Monterey Bay region are employment

Occupational employment, in this case, refers to the types of

and Transient Occupancy Tax (TOT) receipts. Dean Runyan

jobs held by area residents, regardless of whether those jobs

estimates that in 2009, roughly 30,400 jobs were directly

are located in the region or outside of the region. Because

supported by regional tourism related spending. This was

EDD typically reports occupational employment data at the

down from a high of 32,000 jobs in 2006. Of the 2009 total,

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), county level estimates

roughly 71 percent were located in Monterey County. This

were obtained from Economic Modeling Specialists, Inc.

was equal to a total of around 21,500 jobs. Around 26

(EMSI). Based on this data, the tri-county region had

percent, or 8,000 tourism related jobs, were located in Santa

approximately 343,600 employed residents in 2011. These

Cruz County, while three percent, around 900 jobs, were

were primarily concentrated in sales, office, farming, and

located in San Benito County.

management occupations. For example, roughly 44,900

As TOT receipts are directly tied to tourist dollars, their distribution across the region’s three counties was similar to that described above. In total, the Monterey Bay region brought in an estimated $47 million in TOT receipts in 2009.

Broken down by county, Monterey accounted for roughly $39.5 million in TOT receipts. Santa Cruz County had the

area residents were employed in sales occupations in 2011.

This accounted for roughly 13 percent of total occupational employment. Likewise, office and administrative support occupations accounted for around 41,100 employed residents, or 12 percent of the total. Farming occupations accounted for just over 40,700 employed residents, or 12 percent of the total, and management occupations

second highest impact, with some $7.4 million in TOT receipts. San Benito County had the lowest tax impact with

accounted for around 33,000 employed residents, or ten percent of the total.

$200,000 in TOT receipts.

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Occupational Employment 2001 & 2011

11,326 9,689

Installation, maintenance, and repair Construction and extraction

13,269

17,339 35,043

Farming, fishing, and forestry Office and administrative support

40,705 41,116

Sales and related

13,659

Personal care and service

16,102 14,731 16,598

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance Protective service Healthcare support Healthcare practitioners and technical Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

11,359 12,752 13,823 13,583

23,275 24,902

Education, training, and library

2,066 2,084 4,548 4,759 4,112 4,411 3,941 3,090 6,541 5,283

Legal Community and social services Life, physical, and social science Architecture and engineering Computer and mathematical science

15,451 16,968

Business and financial operations

33,698 33,037

Management 0

5,000

10,000

15,000 2001 Jobs

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

2011 Jobs

Source: Economic Modeling Specialists, Inc. (EMSI), 2011

R e g i o n a l

46,723 44,912

25,767 25,265

Food preparation and serving related

7,426 7,429 6,420 7,613

45,712

A n a l y s i s

&

P l a n n i n g

S e r v i c e s

40,000

45,000

50,000

Occupational Employment 2001 & 2011 Description Management

Openings 2001-2011

2011 Avg Hourly Earnings

13,439

$33.97

Business and financial operations

7,088

$25.96

Computer and mathematical science

1,590

$31.84

Architecture and engineering

1,087

$32.03

Life, physical, and social science

2,247

$28.03

Community and social services

1,847

$21.52

624

$38.64

Education, training, and library

Legal

8,693

$31.91

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

5,298

$17.03

Healthcare practitioners and technical

4,900

$40.61

Healthcare support

2,822

$15.87

3,308

$29.73

12,586

$10.73

Protective service Food preparation and serving related Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

5,703

$11.96

Personal care and service

8,144

$12.44

Sales and related

18,820

$16.60

Office and administrative support

11,625

$16.82

Farming, fishing, and forestry

23,288

$10.35

Construction and extraction

5,772

$25.35

Installation, maintenance, and repair

3,031

$21.68

Source: Economic Modeling Specialists, Inc. (EMSI), 2011

2011 average hourly wage data suggest that the three most

residents work in occupations that pay less than $20 per hour. Only

dominant occupational categories – sales, office, and farming

around four percent work in occupations that pay greater than $40

occupations – are all relatively low wage professions. For

per hour. This suggests that a majority of the region’s residents

example, the sales and office occupations noted above had

a work at relatively low wage occupations, while a tiny minority

average hourly wages ranging from $16.60 per hour to $16.82 per

work in high wage occupations. The remaining 36 percent work

hour, respectively. Farming occupations, by comparison, had an

in medium wage occupations, making between $20 and $40 per

average hourly wage of only $10.35. Management occupations,

hour.

on the other hand, had an average hourly wage of $33.97. On an aggregate level, roughly 60 percent of the region’s employed

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Major Employers in the Region 2012 950

Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk Natural Selection Foods

1000

Taylor Farms California Inc

1000

Earthbound Farm

1200

Naval Postgraduate School

1327

HSBC Card Services Inc

1500 1500

CB North, LLC (a.k.a. Dole Berry Service)

Santa Cruz County

1600

Dominican Hospital

San Benito County

Pebble Beach Co

Monterey County

1650

Bud of California

2000

Community Hospital of Monterey Peninsula

2000

D'Arrigo Brothers Co

2000

Salinas Valley Meml Healthcare

2100

3000

Santa Cruz County

4537

University of California, Santa Cruz 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Major Employors in the Region

4000

4500

5000

Source: Economic Modeling Specilista, (EMSI) 2012

The major employers in Monterey County are in the Cities of Salinas, Monterey, and Pebble Beach. Of the five major employers in

Previous sections in this report talked about the number of jobs in the

this county, four are located in the City of Santa Cruz and one in the

region, and also the type of jobs held by residents. This section reports

city of Watsonville. University of California, Santa Cruz hired 4357,

the major employors in the Monterey Bay Area region, the county they

employees as the top employed of the region.

are located in, and their number of employees. The 15 largest employees in the region account for 27,364 jobs or 6.8% of the total employment in the region.

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Me dian an d P er C apita Income

Median & Per Capita Income 2008 - 2010

According to 2008-2010 American Community Survey (ACS) data, Santa Cruz County had the highest median

$28,552

household income in the region at nearly $63,500 per year.

Santa Cruz $57,537

This can be compared to $61,600 in San Benito County and $58,200 in Monterey County. On a per capita basis, regional incomes are much lower, but follow the same general distribution. Santa Cruz County, again had the

$3,200

highest per capita income in the region at nearly $31,200

San Benito $53,430

per year. San Benito and Monterey counties had per capita figures of $25,400 and $24,400 respectively.

Housing Af fordabilit y In dex

$25,523 Monterey

The California Association of Realtors速 Traditional Housing

$53,669

Affordability Index (HAI) measures the percentage of households that can afford to purchase the median priced home in a given community. This measure of housing wellbeing is based on certain market assumptions regarding

$0

$10,000

$20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $60,000 Median Household Income Per Capita Income

$70,000

Source: 2008-2010 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates

median home price, monthly payments, and interest rates, among other factors. According to this metric, approximately 37 percent of households in Santa Cruz

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County and 56 percent of households in Monterey County could afford to purchase a median priced home in their area during the fourth quarter of 2011. This represents a relative Housing Affordability Index Housing Afforability Index

decrease in affordability in Monterey County, where the index dropped by approximately two percentage points from a year earlier. The HIA for Santa Cruz County, by comparison, rose

26.8%

by roughly eight percentage points during the same period.

Santa Cruz 34.3%

Please note that these figures do not represent a long-term 2010 2011

trend and that substantial fluctuations in residential sales prices are relatively common due to a variety of influential factors. Data was not available for San Benito County.

55.9% Monterey 57.1%

H+T Af fordabilit y In dex The housing and transportation affordability index (H+TÂŽ)

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

published by the Center for Neighborhood Technology (CNT) provides another more complete measure of affordability,

Source: California Association of RealtorsÂŽ, 2012

beyond the standard method of assessing only housing costs.

By incorporating the cost of housing, as well as the cost of transportation associated with the location of the home, the H+T accounts for the relative location efficiency of residential housing. While housing alone is traditionally deemed affordable when consuming no more than 30 percent of a household’s income, affordability according to the H+T equals a combined cost of housing and transportation that consumes

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Households Spending over 45% of income on Housing & Transportaiton H+T Index Housing & Transportation Costs

no more than 45 percent of a household’s income.

According to the H+T index, Monterey County households

55.3%

Santa Cruz County

78.1% Average Percentage of Income Per Household

spent an average of 57 percent of their total annual income toward the combined costs of housing and transportation in 2009. Santa Cruz County households reportedly spent a

47.5%

San Benito County

64.5%

slightly lower percentage at just over 55 percent. Data for

Percentage of Households Spending Over 45% of Income

San Benito County reported the greatest relative degree of affordability with only around 47 percent of household income going to housing and transportation. Based on the above definition of affordability (i.e. less than or equal to 45 percent of household income), the average combined cost

57.5%

Monterey County

88.8%

0.0%

20.0%

60.0%

80.0%

100.0%

Source: H+T Index, Center for Neighborhood Technology, 2011

Households Spending over 45% of income Households Spending over 45% of on Housing & Transportaiton

of housing and transportation in the Monterey Bay region places an above average financial burden on area residents.

40.0%

120,000

More specifically, this data suggests that nearly 184,600

Income on Housing & Transportation 104,342

100,000

households pay greater than 45 percent of their income to housing and transportation. In Monterey County, this equates to almost 89 percent of households. The burden is somewhat similar in Santa Cruz County where 78 percent

80,000

70,900

60,000

households pay greater than or equal to 45 percent. San Benito has a noticeably lower burden where around 64

40,000

percent pay over 45 percent.

20,000

0

9,350

Monterey County

San Benito County

Santa Cruz County

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Hourly Wage Needed to Afford Median Rent

Hourly Wage Needed to Afford Median Rent

Me dian Monthly Rental Prices Santa Cruz County

$26.67

Data on median monthly rental rates collected from the 2008-2010 ACS suggest that the rental costs in the region

San Benito County

were relatively consistent between counties. Santa Cruz

$24.65

County had the highest median price for rental housing in the region at $1,280 per month. This was roughly $150 per

California Average | $24.23

Monterey County

month higher than in Monterey and San Benito counties

$23.46

which had median rates of $1,126 and $1,183 respectively. $21.00

$22.00

$23.00

$24.00

$25.00

$26.00

California, by comparison, had a median rental rate of $1,163

$27.00

Hourly Wage

Source: 2008-2010 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates

Median Rent

per month.

Median Monthly Rent

Based on the conventional definition of affordability (i.e.

Santa Cruz County

a total cost for housing less than or equal to 30 percent of

$1,280

income), the monthly income necessary to afford the median priced rental unit in Santa Cruz County was roughly $3,877.

San Benito County

$1,183

On an hourly basis, this would equal a wage of roughly $27 per hour. The income required to afford rental housing in

Monterey County

Monterey and San Benito was lower at approximately $3,943

$1,126

and $3,753 per month respectively. This would equal a wage California

of roughly $25 and $23 per hour.

$1,163

$1,000

$1,050

$1,100

$1,150

$1,200

$1,250

$1,300

Source: 2008-2010 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates

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Homes Forclosed Per Month by County 2007-2011

50.0 45.0 Number of Forclosures

40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0

San Benito County

15.0

Monterey County

10.0

Santa Cruz County

5.0 0.0

Jan 2007

Jan 2008

Jan 2009

Jan 2010

Jan 2011

Source: Zillow Š, 2011

by 2011. The lowest rates of foreclosure were in Santa Cruz County

Fore closures an d Home S ales Prices

where the foreclosure rate was around 13 foreclosures per month in 2008, declining to just over ten per month in 2011.

As in many communities in California and across the country, the Monterey Bay region experienced a dramatic decline in home values

Home values in the tri-county region according to ZillowŠ illustrate

following the 2007 housing market crash. This corresponded to a

a similar dynamic. While sales prices declined in all three counties

dramatic increase in foreclosure rates in 2008. While these rates have

during the recession, the rate of decline was considerably less in

declined over time, they still remain above pre-recession levels. The

Santa Cruz County, compared to Monterey and San Benito. In 2011,

highest rates of foreclosure were experienced in Monterey and San

the median sales price for homes in Santa Cruz County was round

Benito County which had foreclosure rates of 41 and 46 foreclosures

$413,300, roughly $150,000 higher than in the remainder of the

per month in 2008. These declined to roughly 19 and 17 per month

region. The median price in Monterey and San Benito counties, by comparison, was around $268,300 and $253,300.

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Median Sales Price 2011 Median Sales Price 2011

New ResidentialP ermit s $413,300

Santa Cruz County

According to data from the U.S. Census Bureau, an estimated 400 new housing units were

$253,300

San Benito County

permitted for construction in the Monterey Bay region in 2011. Of these, roughly 66 percent

$268,300

Monterey County

were single-family units. The remaining 34 percent were multi-family housing units.

$280,700

California

Around 53 percent of all the permits issued were $0

$50,000 $100,000 $150,000 $200,000 $250,000 $300,000 $350,000 $400,000 $450,000

Source: Zillow Š, 2011

for construction projects located in Santa Cruz County. Another 39 percent were for projects in

New Residential Construction Permit

Monterey County, and only eight percent were for projects in San Benito County. In Santa Cruz

52%

County, around 48 percent of the permits issued

Santa Cruz

48%

were for single-family units, while 52 percent were for multi-family construction. In Monterey

0%

County, 83 percent of the permits issued were

San Benito

100%

for single-family construction, with only 17 percent issued for multi-family construction. In

17%

San Benito County, all of the permits issued were

Monterey

83%

0%

20%

40%

60% Multi-Family Units

80%

for single-family units.

120% Permits

100%

Single Family Units

Source: US Census 2011 Building Permits Survey

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Salinas MSA Quaterly Addition to Rentable/Leasable Commercial Space 200,000

Net Leasable/Rentable Square Footage

100,000 0 (100,000) (200,000) (300,000) Industrial

(400,000)

Office Retail

(500,000) (600,000) (700,000) (800,000)

2008 3q

2008 4q

2009 1q

2009 2q

2009 3q

2009 4q

2010 1q

2010 2q

2010 3q

2010 4q

2011 1q

2011 2q

2011 3q

2011 4q

2012 1q

Source: Commercial Real State Information Company, 2012

Leasable Commercial Space

This section reports changes in net absorption for the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) of Salinas-Monterey and the MSA of Watsonville-Santa

Net absorption reports the change in available leasable space from

Cruz. San Benito County is included in the MSA of San Jose-Santa Clara

one period to the next. For existing buildings it is the measure of total

and is not shown here.

square feet occupied, less the total space vacated. This provides an indicator for the amount of business locating in the area by showing

In the Salinas-Monterey MSA a majority of the quarters from 2008

the demand for space. A continuous and strong rise in negative net

through 2012 reported a negative net absorption, peaking at a negative

absorption translates to a rise in the vacancy rate of leasable space.

753,718 square feet in the second quarter of 2009. This is largely due to

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Watsonville MSA Quaterly Addition to Rentable/ Leasable Commercial Space 150,000

Net Leasable/Rentable Square Footage

100,000 50,000 0 (50,000) (100,000)

Industrial Office

(150,000)

Retail

(200,000) (250,000) (300,000)

2008 3q

2008 4q

2009 1q

2009 2q

2009 3q

2009 4q

2010 1q

2010 2q

2010 3q

2010 4q

2011 1q

2011 2q

2011 3q

2011 4q

2012 1q

Source: Commercial Real State Information Company, 2012

the decrease in industrial occupied space. In the Watsonville-

Cruz MSA proved to be more turbulent for the industrial and retail industries than

Santa Cruz MSA, a majority of the quarters from 2008 through

in the Salinas-Monterey MSA.

2012 reported a negative net absorption as well, peaking at 534,492 square feet in the third quarter of 2009. Unlike in the

The changes in net absorption, in general, are reflective of the turbulent economy

Salinas-Monterey MSA, this area experienced a dramatic in-

and business closures. It is also likely that property owners acted more cautiously

crease in vacancy in both the industrial and retail industries in

in regards to renting or leasing available space given the increasing number of

2009. Overall the net absorption rate in the Watsonville-Santa

failing businesses in that time period.

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III

E d u c a t i o n for people age 18 and older not only is there a drop in the percent of

Intro duc tion

enrolled students in each County, but there is a pronounced difference An educated and skilled workforce is important for a strong economy.

between Santa Cruz county and the rest of the region. As noted in the

The education level of residents is a factor that businesses consider when

chapter on demographics, Santa Cruz County has a larger age cohort

looking to locate or expand in the region. An educated population is also

of people ages 15 to 24. This cohort is also more likely to be enrolled in

more likely to open new and innovative businesses, stay up on technology

college in Santa Cruz County.

and adapt to changing economic climates. With two state universities CSU Monterey Bay and UC Santa Cruz - and many private colleges and

Between 2008 and 2010, 19.2 percent of the population age 25 and

universities the, Monterey Bay Area has the potential to excel.

older had Bachelor’s degree statewide. Santa Cruz County exceeds the statewide average with 22.9 and 14.2 percent of the population over 25

S cho ol Enrollment & D egre e At tainment

holding Bachelor’s and graduate degrees respectively. Both San Benito and Monterey County fall below the statewide average for Bachelor’s and graduate degrees, though they are comparable with the statewide average

Throughout the region, school enrollment between the ages of five and 17

for Associate’s degrees held by the population over 25.

is fairly comparable in terms of percentage of children enrolled. However, R e g i o n a l

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Enrollment by Age 2009-2010 35 years and ov er 25 to 34 years 20 to 24 years 18 and 19 years

Santa Cruz County San Benito County Monterey County

15 to 17 years 10 to 14 years 5 to 9 years

California

3 and 4 years 0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Source: California Department of Education, 2012

Educational Attainment for the Population Age 25 and Older 2008-2010

S anta Cruz Count y has the highest p ercentage of bachelors degree earners, but the lowest numb er of students earning high scho ol degrees

Graduate or professional degree

Bachelor's degree

Associate's degree

Santa Cruz County Some college, no degree

San Benito County Monterey County

High school graduate (includes equiv alency)

California

9th to 12th grade, no diploma

Less than 9th grade

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

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Dropout Rate By Ethnicity 2009-2010 Not Reported Two or More Races, Not Hispanic White, Not Hispanic African American, Not Hispanic Santa Cruz County

Filipino, Not Hispanic

San Benito County Monterey County

Pacific Islander, Not Hispanic

California

Asian, Not Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Nativ e Hispanic or Latino of Any Race 0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

18.0%

Source: California Department of Education Educational Demographics Unit, 2012

Drop out Rate by E thnicit y

English L earner s

Dropout rates are reported by the CA Department of Education for Of the students enrolled in 2010 to 2011, 37.3 percent of Monterey

the nation. In California, African Americans had the highest dropout

County’s students are English learners. Santa Cruz County has the

rate (approximately six percent), and Asians have the lowest dropout

second highest percent at 28.5 percent, and San Benito has the lowest

rate (approximately one percent). Santa Cruz County had the highest

percentage of English learners with 23.2 percent.

dropout rate among Pacific Islanders at nearly ten percent. San Benito County had the lowest dropout rate of less than one percent among

Across all three counties, most English learners speak Spanish as their

those who are White. Monterey County had a notably higher dropout

primary language.

rate of almost 16 percent among respondents who did not report an ethnicity or race.

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English Learners Who Are Not Spanish Speakers 2010-2011 Punjabi

Spanish Speaking English Learners 2010-2011 100.0% 95.0%

Mandarin

96.8%

95.7%

96.7%

90.0%

Korean

85.0% 80.0%

Santa Cruz County

Vietnamese

75.0%

San Benito County

70.0% 65.0%

Arabic

Monterey County

60.0% 55.0%

Mixteco

50.0%

on M

re te

n ou yC

ty

n Sa

Be

o nit

ty un o C n Sa

ta

u Cr

ty un o zC

Filipino

0.0%

0.2%

0.4%

0.6%

0.8%

1.0%

1.2%

Source: California Department of Education Educational Demographics Office, 2012

Percent of Students Who Are English Learners 2010-2011

28.5%

Santa Cruz County

23.2%

San Benito County

37.3%

Monterey County

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

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National Career Readiness Certificates 2012

National C are er Rea diness Cer tif icates

10

Platinum

111

Gold

The National Career Readiness Certificate (NCRC™) is an industryrecognized credential that certifies essential skills needed for

527

Silver

workplace success. This credential is used across all sectors of the economy and verifies cognitive workplace skills such as

259

Bronze

problem solving, critical thinking, and using information to solve 0

workplace problems. The credential’s assessments measure

100

200

300

400

500

600

Number of Certificates

Source: ACT, Inc, 2012

“real world” skills that are believed to be critical to job success, and test questions are based on situations in the everyday work

Silver.

world. Over 17,000 jobs have been profiled through the program; this pinpoints or estimates skill benchmarks for specific job positions that

P er formance In dex & S AT S cores

individuals must meet through testing.

The Academic Performance Index (API) is a single number, ranging

There are four levels of this credential that can be awarded to an

from a low of 200 to a high of 1000, which reflects a school’s

individual:

performance level, based on the results of statewide testing. The API

Bronze – Foundational Skills for 35 percent of Jobs

is calculated by converting a student’s performance on statewide

Silver – Foundational Skills for 65 percent of Jobs

assessments across multiple content areas into points on the API scale.

Gold – Foundational Skills for 90 percent of Jobs

These points are then averaged across all students and all tests.

Platinum – Foundational Skills for 97 percent of Jobs

The 2011 performance index score of California is 778. Santa Cruz

Nearly one thousand Monterey Bay Area residents have been awarded

County exceeded the State score with a score of 821. Monterey County

this credential, and over half (527) of these certificates have been NCRC

and San Benito County had scores close to that of California with 767

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Average SAT Scores 2009 - 2010 Santa Cruz County

San Benito County

Writing Av erage Math Av erage

Monterey County

Critical Reading Av erage

California

440

450

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

Source: California Department of Education, SAT Reports 2012

Performance Index Scores 2011

Monterey County

and 763, respectively.

The California average SAT scores for the writing, math, and

767

critical reading sections were around 500. Santa Cruz County San Benito County

was the only county that had higher average scores than the

763

state whereas Monterey County fell slightly below the state Santa Cruz County

averages.

821

California

778

500

550

600

650

700

750

800

850

900

Source: California Department of Education, 2011 Growth API Report

S t a t e

o f

t h e

R e g i o n

|

E d u c a t i o n

43

IV

Broadband

Access

Intro duc tion

Residential Broa dban d P enetration Wire d & Wireless

The internet has become an essential communications platform for work, education, social interaction, and government- related communication.

From 2007 to 2009, California experienced a slow increase in broadband

Access to the internet allows residents to tap into a wealth of information,

penetration with 66 percent residential broadband penetration by the

resources, products, and services. Increased access not only benefits

end of 2009. San Benito County consistently had the lowest percentage

residents, it also significantly expands the marketplace for the sale

of residential broadband penetration with 51 percent in 2009. Santa

of goods and services by local businesses. This section measures the

Cruz County and Monterey County had penetration of 59 percent and 55

percentage of adults who have access to the Internet either at home or

percent, respectively.

work in the tri-county area.

R e g i o n a l

A n a l y s i s

&

P l a n n i n g

S e r v i c e s

Residential broadband penetration - wireline and fixed wireless Residential Broadband Penetration | Wired & Wireless 70%

California |66%

65%

Santa Cruz County |59%

60%

Monterey County |55%

55% 50%

San Benito County |51%

45% 40% 35% 30%

2007

2008

2009

Source: California Public Utilities Commission, DIVCA Stats, 2007-2009; Steve Blum - Tellus Venture Associates

Access to Wireline Provider s

Access to Wireless Provider s

Approximately 50 percent of the California population has access

In California, 36 percent of the population has access to six

to three wireline broadband providers. In Santa Cruz County,

wireless broadband providers. Nearly 95 percent of Santa Cruz

over 60 percent of the population has access to three wireline

County has access to five providers compared to the 90 percent

broadband providers. Approximately 80 percent of the San

and 84 percent of San Benito County and Monterey County to

Benito County population has access to two providers. A larger

four providers.

portion of Monterey County also has access to two providers.

S t a t e

o f

t h e

R e g i o n

|

B r o a d b a n d

A c c e s s

45

Access to Wired Broadband Providers Access to Wireline Broadband Providers 1%

5

1% 0% 0% 10%

Number of Wireline Providers

4

6%

0% 0%

53%

3

California Averages

61%

2% 3%

Santa Cruz County 26%

23%

2

San Benito County

81%

62%

Monterey County

6%

9% 9%

1

27%

“Most residents of the AMB AG region have access to t wo wireline broadband providers�

2%

1%

0

0%

8% 8% 10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

National Broadband Map, 2011; Steve Blum - Tellus Venture Associates Percentage ofSource: Population With Access

R e g i o n a l

A n a l y s i s

&

P l a n n i n g

S e r v i c e s

90%

Access to Wireless Broadband Providers

Access to Wireless Broadband Providers

“Most residents of S anta Cruz Count y have access to 5 wireless broadband providers�

10%

7

0% 0% 0% 36%

Number of Wireless Providers

6

0% 0% 0% 32%

5

93%

8% 10%

Santa Cruz County 19%

6%

4

84%

San Benito County

90%

Monterey County

3%

0% 1%

3

California Averages

5%

1%

0% 0% 1%

2

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Percentage of Population With Access Source: National Broadband Map, 2011; Steve Blum - Tellus Venture Associates

S t a t e

o f

t h e

R e g i o n

|

B r o a d b a n d

A c c e s s

47

V

Health & Public Safety While Monterey County had the highest actual number of crimes, the rate

Intro duc tion

of crime is highest in Santa Cruz County. In 2010, Monterey County was This chapter looks at crime statistics, public health, and social well-being.

actually slightly below the state average for rate of crimes or the number

These characteristics of the community impact both real and perceived

of crimes per 10,000 people. The rate of crimes for Santa Cruz County is

safety and wellbeing in a community. A lack of safety can also negatively

particularly high for larsony-theft and property crimes at 216 and 161 per

impact investment in a community.

10,000 people respectively versus 138 and 141 per 10,000 in Monterey

Crimes

County.

Generally speaking, crime has declined over the last ten years throughout

In 2010, the highest crimes among all three counties were larceny-theft

the region and throughout the State. However, in 2010 there was a slight

and property crimes. In total Monterey County experienced 14,330 crimes

resurgence of crime in San Benito County.

whereas Santa Cruz documented 11,629 crimes. San Benito County encountered the least amount of larceny-theft, property crimes, and violent crimes, all of which were reported to have less than 1,000 incidents.

R e g i o n a l

A n a l y s i s

&

P l a n n i n g

S e r v i c e s

Crimes by Type 2010

Santa Cruz

Arson

San Benito

Larceny-Theft Property Crimes Violent Crimes

Monterey

-

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

Number of Crimes

5,000

6,000

7,000

Source: State of California Department of Justice, Crime Statistics, 2012

Number of Crimes per 10,000 People 2000-2010 600

Number of Crimes per 10,000 people

500

Santa Cruz County

400

California Monterey County

300

San Benito County

200 100 -

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Source: State of California Department of Justice, Crime Statistics, 2012

S t a t e

o f

t h e

R e g i o n

|

H e a l t h

&

P u b l i c

S a f e t y

49

Children with More Than One Abuse Allegation 2000-2011 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000

Monterey San Benito

2,000

Santa Cruz

1,000

Rates of Abuse 2011 2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

60

2011

Source: Center for Social Services Research, University of California at Berkeley, 2012 50

Childho o d A bus e & Welfare Childhood abuse is a difficult crime to monitor as it often goes unreported.

However, the data that is available shows that the number of children with multiple allegations of abuse has remained relatively consistent over the last ten years, with the exception of Monterey County. In Monterey County there has been a gradual decline in the number of allegations since 2006. Monterey also has the lowest rate of abuse at less than thirty allegations per 1,000 children. Santa Cruz County has the highest rate of abuse at over fifty allegations per 1,000 children, a rate that is consistent with the statewide average. As the data shows the rate of allegations that are substantiated is low, and there are even fewer instances of entries into the

Number of instances per 1,000 children

0

40

30

20

10

0

child welfare system.

Children with Allegations Children with Substantiations Children with Entries R e g i o n a l

A n a l y s i s

&

P l a n n i n g

S e r v i c e s

Welfare to Work & C alfresh Programs

Welfare to Work Program Involvement 2010-2011

Welfare to Work Program F Y 2011-12 Santa Cruz County

From 2009 to 2010 Monterey County had the 150

highest number of people using the Welfare to Work

538

program—520 two-parent families and 1,120 other

San Benito County

families. Santa Cruz County had the lowest number 171

302

of people among two-parent families (150), and San

Monterey County

Benito County had the lowest overall number of people using the program.

520

1,120

The CalFresh Program, formerly known as Food Stamps 0

200

400

600

800

Welfare to Work Two Parent Families

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Welfare to Work All (other) Families

Assistance Program (SNAP), helps to improve the health

Source: Center for Social Services Research, University of California at Berkeley, 2012

and well-being of qualified households and individuals

Percent of Population Receiving CalFresh

by providing them a means to meet their nutritional

Percent Receiving CalFresh by County January 2011 Monterey San Benito Santa Cruz County County County

and federally known as the Supplemental Nutrition

needs.

7.3%

In January 2011, approximately ten percent of people in California received CalFresh. San Benito 11.0%

exceeded the state percentage at 11 percent while Santa Cruz had the lowest percentage at seven percent.

California

8.9%

9.7%

0.0%

2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% Source: Department of Social Services, CalFresh - Data Trends 2012 California Monterey County San Benito County

S t a t e

o f

t h e

10.0%

12.0%

Santa Cruz County

R e g i o n

|

H e a l t h

&

P u b l i c

S a f e t y

51

Obesity

Obesity in Children and Adults 2009 30%

Ob esit y & Access to Fo o d The United States has been facing a growing problem with obesity

25%

and its related health risks. This problem is reflected in California and in the region. In 2009 the percentages of obese preschool

20%

children and obese adults in California were 16 percent and 28 percent respectively. In the region San Benito County had the

15%

highest percentage of people suffering from obesity: 24 percent obese children and 25 percent obese adults.

10%

Obesity in low income populations has often been linked to a lack of access to healthy foods. Easy access to a full service grocery

5%

store rather than a corner market or fast food is important to maintain healthy eating habits. In 2006 the percentage of lowincome people living more than one mile from a grocery store was

0%

California

14.6 percent in California. Of the three counties, San Benito County

Monterey County

Percent of Obese Adults

had the highest percentage of people living more than one mile

San Benito County

Santa Cruz County

Percent of Obese Preschool Children

Source: USDA, Food Atlas, 2012

from healthy food at approximately nine percent, while Santa Cruz

grocery store in California was approximately two percent. All

County and Monterey County both were at seven percent.

counties in the AMBAG region had approximately one percent of people without a car living more than 1 mile frim a grocery store.

Individuals with no car that are more than one mile from a full

The highest percentage was in Monterey County, of 1.3.

service grocery store may have even fewer options for healthy food if they do not live near reliable transit service. In 2006, the percentage of households with no car and more than 1 mile from a

R e g i o n a l

A n a l y s i s

&

P l a n n i n g

S e r v i c e s

Percentage ofMore low income than 1Store mile from grocery store Low Income People Living than people 1 Mile living frommore Grocery

7.0%

Santa Cruz County

8.5%

San Benito County

California Monterey County San Benito County

7.0%

Monterey County

Santa Cruz County

S an B enito Count y has the highest p ercentage of low income p eople who live more than 1 mile from a gro cer y store

14.6%

California 0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

Source: USDA, Food Atlas, 2006

car 1& Mile > 1 mifrom to store, 2006 Store Households without%aHouseholds Car, More no than Grocery

1.1%

Santa Cruz County

California

0.9%

San Benito County

Monterey County San Benito County

1.3%

Monterey County

Santa Cruz County 2.3%

California 0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

Source: USDA, Food Atlas, 2006

S t a t e

o f

t h e

R e g i o n

|

H e a l t h

&

P u b l i c

S a f e t y

53

VI

Transportation increase overall mobility, safety and security of people and goods within

Intro duc tion

the region. Additionally, as required by the California Air Resources Board, How residents and visitors of the region travel to and from their

the next MTP will include strategies to reduce the region’s greenhouse

destinations has environmental, financial, and social implications. Gasoline-

gas emissions from the transportation sector by five percent per capita by

powered motor vehicles are a significant source of air pollution and one of

2035. The next MTP is planned for adoption in June 2014.

the largest contributors of greenhouse gas emissions. This section looks at the travel patterns of the Monterey Bay Area.

Vehicle Miles Travele d & G re enhous e Gas es

The Association of Monterey Bay Area Governments prepares a Metropolitan Transportation Plan (MTP) every four years that directs

The Monterey Bay area, as a whole, has seen an increase of approximately

transportation investment in the tri-county region over the course of

3.7 million miles traveled by vehicle between 1990 and 2010, and is

twenty or more years.

projected to increase to over 25 million vehicle miles traveled per year by The MTP balances transportation needs with available funding in order to R e g i o n a l

A n a l y s i s

2035 without any action to reduce the amount of travel by automobile. &

P l a n n i n g

S e r v i c e s

Regional VMT per capita Forcasted Regional GHG Per Capita

Millions

Regional Vehicle Miles Traveled ( VMT ) 30

16.5 16.0

25

15.9

15.5

VMT per capita

20 15 10

16

15.0 14.5 14.0 13.5

14.1

2020 Goal 2035 Goal

13.0

5

12.5 0

1990

2005

2010

2020

12.0

2035

Source: Monterey Bay Area Mobility 2035, AMBAG

Source: 2005 Regional Travel Demand Model, AMBAG

This steady increase in vehicle miles traveled (VMT) is not just an effect

chapter in and help shape each region’s long range transportation plan,

of population growth. In fact the amount of miles driven by each

including the financing of transportation projects.

person in the region, or per capita, will continue to increase. When this is translated into greenhouse gases (GHGs) this means that in 2005 for each person in the region 14.1 pounds of GHGs were emitted on an average weekday. If nothing changes in the region’s driving patterns this will continue to climb to 16 pounds of GHGs per person on an

Under SB 375, the SCS must identify a regional development pattern and transportation system that can meet the regional GHG targets from the automobile and light truck sectors for 2020 and 2035. Pursuant to statute, the California Air Resources Board adopted targets for each of the 18 MPOs across the state. Based upon the recommendation issued

average weekday.

by the AMBAG Board of Directors, CARB adopted the following targets

Senate Bill 375, passed in late 2008, requires the 18 Metropolitan

for the Monterey Bay Area in September of 2010: a 0% increase from

Planning Organizations in California to reduce per capita vehicle miles

2005 per capita GHG emissions by 2020 and a 5% reduction from 2005

traveled and related greenhouse gases for their respective regions

per capita GHG emissions by 2035.

through a coordinated land use and transportation plan called the Sustainable Communities Strategy, or SCS. The SCS will comprise a new S t a t e

o f

t h e

R e g i o n

|

T r a n s p o r t a t i o n

55

Mode Choice to Work 2008-2010

Commute Pat terns

100%

One means of reducing greenhouse gases and vehicle miles traveled is to increase the number of people using

90%

6%

5% 16%

80%

12%

6% 3%

3%

13%

in the nation. Increasing the mode share for alternative options requires convincing people to change their

6%

4%

3% 5%

alternative modes to driving alone. Driving alone has the highest mode share for people within the region and

5%

3% 11%

Walked Public transportation Carpooled

60%

Another means of decreasing vehicle miles traveled

Drove alone

50%

that people do not have to drive as far to get their daily needs met. This means establishing a better jobs

Modes with less than 3% share do not have data label

40%

housing balance so people do not have to travel as far to get to work and providing for a more diverse set of land

Taxicab, motorcycle, or other means Bicycle

70%

driving behavior which is not easily accomplished.

in the region is by effecting land use in such a way

Worked at home

73%

71%

California

Monterey

75%

72%

30%

uses closer to were people live so residents do not have to travel as far to run errands and recreate. While we do

20%

not have data on leisure travel, we do know that a large portion of the residents in the region travel outside of

10%

their county of residance for work.

High vehicle miles traveled also increases congestion and hours of delay which decreases quality of life for

R e g i o n a l

A n a l y s i s

0% San Benito

Santa Cruz

Source: Commuting Characteristics, 2008-2010 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates

&

P l a n n i n g

S e r v i c e s

residents. Average travel times to work vary to some

Daily Vehicle of Hours of Delay2008-2010 Daily Vehicle Hours Delay

degree between counties within the region. San 9,520 Santa Cruz

Benito County has longest average travel time for

3,040

commuters, at 29.2 minutes. San Benito County was

14,174

the only area that had a higher average commute time

1,342 San Benito

TwoLane

290

than the California average, which is 26.8 minutes.

Multilane

1,697

to work at 21.9 minutes. Santa Cruz County had an

9,657 Monterey

9,153

average commute time of 25.7 minutes.

857 0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

Monterey County had the shortest average travel time

12,000

14,000

Within the Monterey Bay Area, Santa Cruz County has

16,000

the highest average for hours of travel congestion,

Resident Commute Flows 2008-2010

averaging an approximate total of 27,000 hours per day. Most hours of delay come from freeway and

California

two-lane road travel. Monterey County, the area with the largest employed population, is generally

Santa Cruz

less congested than Santa Cruz County, which could indicate infrastructure capacity issues in Santa Cruz

San Benito

County.

Monterey

0.0% 20.0% 40.0% Worked outside county of residence

60.0% 80.0% 100.0% Worked in county of residence

Source: Commuting Characteristics, 2008-2010 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates

S t a t e

o f

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R e g i o n

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T r a n s p o r t a t i o n

57

VII

Environment

Intro duc tion

S olar Installations

This chapter covers indicators on the Monterey Bay Area’s environment

Generating energy from renewable sources reduces a community’s

and is not considered to be all inclusive of the broad range of issues that

impact on the environment. Home and business energy use contributes

this region faces. This area is known for its sweeping ocean vistas and

significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, as well as resource supply

towering redwood trees. Maintaining the environment in the region is not

challenges when the sources are nonrenewable. An increased proportion

only important to keep the tourist economy alive and well, but also helps

of energy generated from resources will help the region meet statewide

to maintain a high quality of life for those people that live here.

greenhouse gas reduction goals while contributing to improved air quality.

Santa Cruz County is leading the way in completed solar installations (commercial and non-commercial), with approximately 1,031 installations

R e g i o n a l

A n a l y s i s

&

P l a n n i n g

S e r v i c e s

Number of Completed Solar Installations Number of Completed Solar Installations 2012 1031

Santa Cruz

as of March, 2012. Monterey County has less than half the Santa Cruz total with approximately 500

93

San Benito

solar installations. San Benito County has fewer than 100 solar installations. Although San Benito has the

491

Monterey

fewest total solar installations, it leads the region in

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Source: California Energy Commission & California Public Utilities Commission, CSI Data, March 1, 2012

percentage of installations that produced over 10 kilowatts while Santa Cruz County had the smallest

Percentage that are Large Commercial Installations Solar Installations Greater Than or Equal to 10kW 2012

percentage of large solar installations. This indicates that most of Santa Cruz County’s solar energy

1.2%

Santa Cruz

generation comes from small residential installations.

6.5%

San Benito

A lternative Fuel Vehicle Registrations

1.6%

Monterey 0.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

6.0%

7.0%

The Monterey Bay Area saw a steep rise in alternative

Source: California Energy Commission & California Public Utilities Commission, CSI Data, March 1, 2012

Alternative Fuel Vehicles

fuel vehicles (AFVs) from 2004-2008. Leading the tri-

Alternative Fuel Vehicles .

county area in AFV registration, Santa Cruz County

1200

saw an exponential increase in registrations, growing

1000 800 600

Santa Cruz |980

Monterey| 562

400 200

from just 4 AFVs in 2004 to 980 AFVs in 2010.

Monterey County, even with a much larger population, had close to half the AFV registrations with 562 in 2010.

San Benito |106

0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Source: California Department of Motor Vehicles, 2010 S t a t e

o f

t h e

R e g i o n

|

E n v i r o n m e n t

59

Number of LEED速 certified buildings

by County 2012 LEED Certification 14

Santa Cruz

8

Monterey

0

2

4

6

3 LEED Certified Buildings LEED for Homes Certified Projects

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Source: USGBC, Public LEED project Directory, 2012

behind, with 14 certifications. Nearly half of Monterey County LEED

L EED Cer tif ie d Building s

certified buildings are homes, compared to most LEED buildings being LEED, or Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, provides

non-residential in Santa Cruz County.

building owners and operators with a framework for identifying and implementing practical and measurable green building design,

G re en Jobs

construction, operations and maintenance solutions.

LEED certification provides independent, third-party verification that a building, home or community was designed and built using strategies aimed at achieving high performance in key areas of human and

Jobs related to using alternative energy, conserving natural resources, and reducing pollution have increasing economic and environmental value. Growth in green industries supports economic resiliency, environmental health, and national security.

environmental health: sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection and indoor environmental

Next to a research think tank on the economy & the environment has

quality.

produced a report that provides some data on green jobs. Since the data for Santa Cruz County falls within the San Francisco Bay Area and

With 17 LEED Certified buildings, Santa Cruz County has the most LEED certifications in the Monterey Bay Area. Monterey County is close

R e g i o n a l

A n a l y s i s

&

Monterey and San Benito County fall within the Central Coast region, the charts for this data set include areas outside the AMBAG region.

P l a n n i n g

S e r v i c e s

B AY AR EA E M P L OY M E N T BY G R E E N S E G M E N T / C E N T R A L C O A S T

Central Coast Green Jobs 1995 - 2010

Looking at both regions,

5,000 09-10

E N E R GY I N F R A ST R U CTU R E +100% BUSINESS SERVICES FINANCE & INVESTMENT C L E A N M A N U FA C T U R I N G & INDUSTRIAL

4,000

C L E A N T R A N S P O R TAT I O N AGRICULTURE SUPPORT E N E R GY E F F ICI E N CY RESEARCH & ADVOCACY GREEN BUILDING

3,000

+11%

the largest green segment employment was within the energy generation sector.

The dramatic drop in

ENERGY STORAGE WAT E R & WA S T E WAT E R

employment from 2003 to

RECYCLING & WASTE

2,000

2004 in the Central Coast

AIR & ENVIRONMENT

was due to the bankruptcy ENERGY GENERATION

1,000

of a company in the Air & Environment. Energy

0

generation and jobs related

95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

to the air & environment tend

E M P L OY MX TE10NM ATNY BY E EN S EThe GM Tdrop / inBemployment AY A R Efrom A 2003 to 2004 was due to the bankruptcy of a company in Air & Environment Bay Area Green 1995 -E N2010 NE SHJobs A DESG OFRGREE N. Note: dramatic Data Source: Green Establishment Database. Analysis: Collaborative Economics

09-10

50,000 REGIONAL 36

D I STR I B UTI O N

AND :

TR EC N EDNST R A L

A G R I C U LT U R E S U P P O R T +8% A D VA N C E D M AT E R I A L S BUSINESS SERVICES C L E A N M A N U FA C T U R I N G & INDUSTRIAL E N E R G Y I N F R A S T R U C T U R E +23% R E S E A R C H & A DVO CACY WAT E R & WA S T E WAT E R +1%

C OAST

40,000

C L E A N T R A N S P O R TAT I O N

to be the largest factors in our green economieis.

+1%

E N E R GY STO R AG E GREEN BUILDING FINANCE & INVESTMENT

30,000

R E C Y C L I N G & WA S T E E N E R GY E F F ICI E N CY

20,000 AIR & ENVIRONMENT

10,00 0

E N E R G Y G E N E R AT I O N

+1%

0 19

95 996 997 998 999 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Source: Next 10, Many Shades of Green Report, 2012 NE X T 10 M A NY SH A DES OF GREE N.

22

Data Source: Green Establishment Database. Analysis: Collaborative Economics

S t a t e

R E G I O N A L D I SDTI RS TI BR UI BTU I OT N I OANN D T R E N D S :ABNAY D : A Ry E A

oT R EfBNAD S A R EtA h e

R e g i o n

|

E n v i r o n m e n t

61

Daily Air Quality 2011

Air Q ualit y In dex

358

Santa Cruz County

7

Air Quality Index (AQI) indicates how clean or polluted the region’s air is, and what associated health effects might be a factor

Good Air Quality 351

Monterey County

14 Moderate or Low Air Quality

for residents given that quality. The AQI runs from 0 to 500, the higher the value, the greater the level of air pollution and the

331

San Benito County

34

greater the health concern. For example, an 0

with little potential to affect public health,

200 300 Days Source: US Environmental Protection Agency, Air Quality Index Report, 2012

while an AQI value over 300 represents

Air Quality Index 2011

AQI value of 50 represents good air quality

100

hazardous air quality.

31

Santa Cruz County

64

An AQI value of 100 generally corresponds to the national air quality standard for the pollutant, which is the level EPA has set to

AQI Median

33

Monterey County

AQI values below 100 are generally thought of as satisfactory. Of the areas within the

AQI Maximum

61

protect public health.

36

San Benito County

93

tri-county region, San Benito County has 0

the highest averaged maximum index value

20

40

AQI Score

60

80

Source: US Environmental Protection Agency, Air Quality Index Report, 2012

R e g i o n a l

A n a l y s i s

&

P l a n n i n g

S e r v i c e s

100

Public Supply, population Total Population Served Withtotal Public Waterserved Supply 2005

of 93 and correspondingly the highest median air quality index value of 36.

Monterey

348,446

The County with the lowest median AQI is Santa Cruz County with an index

San Benito

43,838

of 31, followed closely by Monterey County with and AQI of 33.

Santa Cruz

236,176

0

50,000

Water Us age

100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 400,000 population seved with public supply

Source: USGS, Estimated Use of Water in the United States County-Level Data, 2012

Data on water usage can be difficult to find since the given large number of

Total withdrawals, total (fresh+saline), in gal/d

water suppliers in the region. However,

Total Water Withdrawals 2005

the USGS specifically provides some insight on water usage. Monterey

Monterey

1,129

County had used approximately 90 percent of the total water withdrawals

San Benito

taken by the region in 2005. This could

69

be indicative of the County’s large agriculture and hospitality industry.

Santa Cruz

74

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

millions of gallons of water used per day Source: USGS, Estimated Use of Water in the United States County-Level Data, 2012

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A n a l y s i s

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S e r v i c e s

Image Cre dit s Cheung, Lance (Photographer). (2011). Salinas River State Beach. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www.flikr.com. Cover Masoner, Richard (Photographer). (2009). Monterey County Agriculture. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www.flikr.com. Pg. 6 K, Clatie (Photographer). (2007). Fields Near Watsonville, CA. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www.flikr.com. Pg. 8 Cheung, Lance (Photographer). (2011). Leafy Greens, Sprinklers, Salinas Valley. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www.flikr.com. Pg. 18 McIntyre, Brian (Photographer). (2008). Capitola. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www.flikr.com. Pg. 29 Fries, Brian (Photographer). (2007). UCSC Engineering Bulding. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www.flikr.com. Pg. 38 Coughlan, Michael (Photographer). (2010). Facebook Connections. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www.flikr.com. Pg. 44 a7pointstar (Photographer). (2011). The Procession 4. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www.flikr.com. Pg. 48 Bryan, Eric C (Photographer). (2010). Dockside Overpass. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www.flikr.com. Pg. 54 Cheung, Lance (Photographer). (2011). CA Highway 1, Bennett Slough. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www.flikr.com. Pg. 58

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