Regional Analysis & Planning Services
RAPS s t a t e
o f
t h e
r e g i o n
R e g i o n a l
A n a l y s i s
&
P l a n n i n g
S e r v i c e s
Contributors Anais Schenk, Planner, Regional Analysis & Planning Services, Inc. Aaron Nousaine, Planner, Regional Analysis & Planning Services, Inc. Frank Hanna, Intern, Regional Analysis & Planning Services, Inc. Maryam Sanieian, Intern, Regional Analysis & Planning Services, Inc. Mary Ann Leffel, President, Monterey County Business Council Kim Ha Wadsworth, Director of Technology, Monterey County Business Council Sylecia Johnston, Program Manager, Monterey County Business Council
Special
Thanks
To
Pacific Gas and Electric Company for making this report possible through their continued support of community education
S t a t e
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R e g i o n
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A n a l y s i s
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S e r v i c e s
I II III IV V VI VII
6 8 18 38 44 48 54 58
Demographics
Housing & the Economy
Broadband Access
Health & Public Safety
Transportation
Environment
Education
I
Introduction
Contents
S t a t e o f t h e R e g i o n
I
Introduction affecting the region. It is intended to serve as a complement to other
Intro duc tion
local, state, and federal data sources. The report is divided into chapters The 2012 State of the Region Report is brought to you by Regional Analysis
including demographics, housing and the economy, education, broadband
& Planning Services, Inc. (RAPS), a non-profit affiliate of the Association
access, health and public safety, transportation, and the environment.
of Monterey Bay Area Governments (AMBAG). Under the guidance of the
Data for this report was collected from a variety of state and federal
AMBAG board of directors, RAPS provides technical assistance and data
sources, including the California Department of Finance and the U.S.
analysis support to local government agencies, non-profits organizations,
Census Bureau, among others. The data presented here are the most
and the community at large throughout the Monterey Bay Area, including
recent available, as of the date of publication. Data are reported at the
the Counties of Monterey, San Benito, and Santa Cruz.
regional and county levels only. Where appropriate, comparison figures are provided for the State of California.
The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of the major trends
R e g i o n a l
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I
Demographics the region’s highest rate of population growth. This is primarily due to
G row th & Charac teristic s
population size differentials between counties. Monterey County accounts Over the past decade, the tri-county region grew in population from
for 57 percent of the total regional population, while San Benito County
around 710,600 residents in the year 2000, to 732,700 residents in 2010.
accounts for only eight percent.
This is equal to an increase of three percent over the year 2000 and a total of 22,100 new residents. Monterey County experienced the largest
Population change, such as that described above, is driven by two primary
absolute gains in population, with around 13,300 new residents. This is
components, natural population change (i.e. births vs. deaths) and net
equal to a proportional increase of around 3.3 percent. Santa Cruz County
migration (i.e. in-migration vs. out-migration). Within the AMBAG region,
had the second largest increase with a total of nearly 6,800 new residents,
natural population change has remained positive over the past decade,
equal to a 2.7 percent gain. San Benito County experienced the lowest
netting an average of 7,400 new residents each year. Simultaneously,
absolute change with only around 2,000 new residents. Compared to the
the region also experienced an average loss of nearly 5,200 residents per
year 2000, however, this is equal to a 3.8 percent increase. In other words,
year through net outmigration. Because the rate of natural population
the county with the lowest absolute change in population experienced
growth exceeded the rate of net outmigration, the regional population
R e g i o n a l
A n a l y s i s
&
P l a n n i n g
S e r v i c e s
Monterey County Components of Population Change Monterey County
has continued to expand at a modest rate. Due to its size, Monterey
8000
County led the region in this respect, adding nearly 5,000 new
4000
1
6000 2000
residents each year through natural population growth, while losing
Net Migration
0
Natural Increase
-2000
almost 3,700 residents through outmigration. San Benito County
-4000 -6000
followed a similar trend, adding an average of 600 new residents per
-8000 -10000
year, while losing about 430. Natural growth in Santa Cruz County held relatively stable over the decade, accounting for an average of 1,800 new residents per year. However, while Santa Cruz County
San Benito County Components of Population Change San Benito County
experienced an average annual loss of 1,100 residents per year
1500
between 2000 and 2010, the county, in fact, experienced positive
1000 500
population growth through net migration between 2007 through
Net Migration
0
2010.
Natural Increase
-500 -1000 -1500
Total Population 415,057 Monterey County
407,534 401,762
Santa Cruz County Components of Population Change
Santa Cruz County
3000 55,269 San Benito County
54,797 53,234
2010
2000
2005
1000
2000
0
262,382 Santa Cruz County
-1000
250,877
Net Migration Natural Increase
-2000
255,602
-3000 0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
500,000
Source: US Census Bureau, American Community Survey Source: Demographic Research Unit at California Department of Finance, Tables E-2 and E-6
1  According to data from the U.S. Census Bureau, the population of the AMBAG region grew by only three percent between 2000 and 2010. This can be compared to a rate of roughly 10 percent for the State of California as a whole. S t a t e
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Monterey County Age Groups Monterey County Age Groups 85 and over 80 to 84 years 75 to 79 years 70 to 74 years 65 to 69 years 60 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 50 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 40 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 30 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 20 to 24 years 15 to 19 years 10 to 14 years 5 to 9 years Under 5 years
A Large p ercentage of p eople are in the 50 and over age cohor t in all three counties
A ge Data from the 2010 Census illustrate that the region’s three counties are aging in very different ways. Data for Santa Cruz County, for example, show a relatively high
Female Male
10%
concentration of population in the 15 to 24 age groups
5%
0%
San Benito County Age Groups San Benito County Age Groups
generally represent the baby-boom and boom-echo generations. Data for San Benito County show a similar distribution, except that the population is concentrated in slightly younger age categories, mainly the 10 to 19 age groups and 40 to 54 age groups. Data for Monterey County show a more uniform distribution with modest
Female Male
10%
concentration in the 15 to 34 age groups. Median age
5%
0%
5%
10%
Santa Cruz County Age Groups
figures provide a slightly different picture of the three
Santa Cruz County Age Groups 85 and over 80 to 84 years 75 to 79 years 70 to 74 years 65 to 69 years 60 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 50 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 40 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 30 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 20 to 24 years 15 to 19 years 10 to 14 years 5 to 9 years Under 5 years
counties, where Santa Cruz has the highest median age at 37 years, followed by San Benito with 34 years, and Monterey with 33 years. The median age for the region as a whole in 2010 was estimated at around 33’ years of age.
Female Male
10%
5%
0%
Source: 2010 Census A n a l y s i s
10%
85 and over 80 to 84 years 75 to 79 years 70 to 74 years 65 to 69 years 60 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 50 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 40 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 30 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 20 to 24 years 15 to 19 years 10 to 14 years 5 to 9 years Under 5 years
and the 45 to 59 age groups. These concentrations
R e g i o n a l
5%
&
P l a n n i n g
S e r v i c e s
5%
10%
Population by Race & Ethnicity 0.8 White
0.7 African American
0.6
American Indian
0.5
Asian
0.4
Pacific Islander
0.3
Some Other Race
0.2 0.1
Two or More
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Monterey County San Benito Santa Cruz Source: US Census Bureau, American Community Survey
0.7
0
0.8
California
Hispanic or Latino Monterey County
San Benito County
Not Hispanic or Latino Santa Cruz County
California
At the state level, individuals of Asian descent made up around 13
Race an d E thnicit y
percent of the population, while accounting for only five percent at According to 2010 Census figures, the AMBAG region was somewhat
the regional level. The racial makeup of the three Monterey Bay area
less racially diverse, but more ethnically diverse, than the State of
counties individually was similar to that of the region as a whole,
California as a whole. Whites remained the dominant racial group in
with Santa Cruz County showing the highest concentration of white
both the state and the region, accounting for 58 percent and 62 percent
residents and Monterey County showing the smallest.
of the residential population, respectively. “Other Races,� a catch all category for non-standard racial groups, made up the second largest
Ethnically, the AMBAG region had a higher proportion of Hispanic and
concentration of residential population in both areas, with 24 percent
Latino residents compared to the state. In the region, 47 percent of the
of the regional population and 17 percent of the total state population.
population identified as Hispanic or Latino, compared to 38 percent
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in the state. At the county level, Santa Cruz County had the lowest percentage of residents identifying
Family Households
as Hispanic or Latino at only 32 percent, compared
0.9
to 56 percent in San Benito County and 55 percent in 0.8
Monterey County.
0.7
Hous ehold Typ e an d Size
0.6 0.5
Census figures indicate that there were upwards of 237,100 households located in the Monterey Bay
0.4
region in 2010. Roughly 53 percent of those were
0.3
located in Monterey County, while around 40 percent
0.2
were located in Santa Cruz County and another
0.1
seven percent were located in San Benito County. Regionally, around 68 percent were considered family
0
households, which was close to the state average
Monterey County
of 69 percent. Roughly 80 percent of households
San Benito County Family Households
Santa Cruz California County Nonfamily Households
Source: US Census Bureau, 2010 Census
were families in San Benito County, compared to 72 percent in Monterey County and 61 percent in Santa Cruz County. Regionally, 38 percent of households contained children below the age of 18, while 24 percent contained adults over the age of 65.
R e g i o n a l
A n a l y s i s
&
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S e r v i c e s
Household Size Monterey County
San Benito County
Santa Cruz County
California 0
0.5 1 Average HH Size
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Source: US Census Bureau, 2010 Census
The average size of households in the region was calculated by
3.27 persons per household, respectively. Santa Cruz County
dividing the total, non-institutionalized (e.g. group quarters),
had the lowest average household size with 2.66 persons per
population by the total number of households. In the region,
household.
the average household size was approximately 2.96 persons per household, which was marginally higher than the state average of 2.89 persons per household. At the county level, both Monterey and San Benito counties had average household sizes that were larger than the regional average with roughly 3.15 and
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Jobs Per Urbanized Square Mile
Jobs per Urbanized Square Mile 2010
1878
Santa Cruz County
1081
San Benito County
1780
Monterey County
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Source: US Census Bureau, Table GCT-PH1, 2010, QWI Quarterly Reports
Persons Per Urbanized Square Mile 2010 Persons Per Urbanized Square Mile
Housing Units Housing Per Urbanized Square Units Per Urbanzied SquareMile Mile 2010 2089
Santa Cruz County
0
500
1000
1500
4678
Monterey County
1567
Monterey County
4407
San Benito County
1425
San Benito County
5246
Santa Cruz County
2000
3800
2500
Source: US Census Bureau, Table- GCT-PH1, 2010
4000
4200
4400
4600
4800
5000
5200
5400
Source: US Census Bureau, Table- GCT-PH1, 2010
greater percentage of renter occupied housing units than the other
L an d Us e
two counties and the state as a whole. Though the percentage of The Monterey Bay Area is not a highly urbanized area. The greatest
renter occupied housing units is almost 50 percent, less than 40
concentration of housing and jobs tends to be on the coast and
percent of the housing stock in Monterey County is multi-family. This
in Salinas. The County of Santa Cruz has greater jobs and housing
suggests that single family homes are helping to meet rental market
density overall than Monterey or San Benito. Monterey also has a
R e g i o n a l
A n a l y s i s
demand. In fact, regionwide the data suggests that this is the trend.
&
P l a n n i n g
S e r v i c e s
Owner vs. Renter Occupied 2008 - 2010
Between 2008 and 2010, the statewide percentage 42.5%
Santa Cruz County
of renter occupied housing units was 44.1 percent,
57.5%
while the statewide percentage of owner occupied
35.0%
San Benito County
housing units was 55.9 percent. 65.0%
San Benito County had the highest percentage of 49.1%
Monterey County
owner occupied housing units at 65 percent and the
50.9%
lowest percentage of renters at 35 percent.
44.1%
California
Of the three counties, Monterey County had the
55.9%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
Renter Occupied Housing Units
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
percent; however, it does not exceed the statewide
Owner Occupied Housing Units
Source: 2008-2010 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates
average of 41 percent. San Benito County had the largest divide between the percentage of multi-
Single-Family vs. Multi-Family Dwellings 2008 - 2010
family dwellings and single-family dwellings—23
36%
Santa Cruz County
highest percentage of multi-family dwellings at 38
percent and 78 percent, respectively.
64% 23%
San Benito County
78% 38%
Monterey County
62% 41%
California
59% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Multi-Family Dwelling
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Single-Family Dwelling
Source: 2008-2010 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates
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Farmland vs. Urban Land 2010
21,827 Farmland Acres
57,460 235,147
32,011 Urbanized Land Acres
8,023
Santa Cruz County | 2006-2008 San Benito County | 2008-2010
56,779
0
50,000
Monterey County | 2008-2010 100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
Source: California Department of Conservation, 2008-2010 Land Conversion, 2006-2008 (Santa Cruz)
urbanized acres. Whereas Monterey and San Benito County had a
L oss of Farmlan d
greater differential between urbanized and farmland acres. In 2010, Monterey County had the largest number of farmland acres and urbanized land acres. In fact, Monterey County had approximately
Agriculture is a vital component of the economy and saving farmland is
235,000 acres of farmland and over 55,000 acres of urbanized farm
important to the region’s vitality. However, farmland can not always be
land. San Benito County had the least amount of urbanized land acres.
preserved. Between 2006 and 2008, Santa Cruz County lost 930 acres of farmland. San Benito County lost nearly 3,500 acres of farmland
The farmland acres and urbanized land acres of Santa Cruz County fell
between 2008 and 2010, which is the most significant loss of the three
relatively within a close range of 32,000 agricultural acres to 22,000
R e g i o n a l
A n a l y s i s
counties. Monterey County did not show any loss of farmland.
&
P l a n n i n g
S e r v i c e s
Net Farmland Acres Changed Loss of Farmland 2006 - 2010
-930
Santa Cruz County | 2006-2008
San Benito County | 2008-2010
-3,461
476
Monterey County | 2008-2010
-4,000
-3,500
-3,000
-2,500
-2,000
-1,500
-1,000
-500
0
500
1,000
Source: California Department of Conservation, 2008-2010 FMMP, 2006-2008 (Santa Cruz)
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II
Housing
&
the
Economy
available. Employment, in this case, was measured as the number of jobs
Intro duc tion
that are located in the region, as opposed to the number of employed The impact of the extended economic recession is reflected in many
residents. The majority of this employment was concentrated in Monterey
aspects of AMBAG region’s business climate. Per capita income declined
County, which accounted for 166,700 jobs, or around 60 percent of the
along with employment in most sectors, while the cost of living and
regional total. Santa Cruz County, by comparison, accounted for roughly
doing business remained high. Nonetheless, the tri-county AMBAG region
35 percent of regional employment with a total of 95,800 jobs, while San
remains an economically diverse place.
Benito County accounted for only five percent with 14,500 jobs. Data suggest that regional employment growth was relatively slow, but
Employment an d Jobs G row th
stable prior to the Great Recession. In the year 2000, the region possessed
According to data from the California Employment Development
roughly 288,600 jobs. By 2007, this had grown to 291,300 jobs, an increase
Department (EDD), industry employment in the Monterey Bay region
of 4,400 jobs or 1.5 percent over the year 2000. However, with the housing
totaled 277,000 jobs in 2010, the most recent year for which data are
market crash of 2007-2008 the region began to shed employment at
R e g i o n a l
A n a l y s i s
&
P l a n n i n g
S e r v i c e s
Leading Regional Industry's Average Quarterly Employment 2010 Total Industry Employment 2010 350,000
300,000
286,900
288,600
286,000
285,100
285,000
287,300
288,300
291,300
288,900
166,400
166,900
167,700
169,200
168,800
169,800
168,300
170,300
171,500
105,600
106,300
102,900
100,300
100,500
101,300
102,400
103,400
101,600
276,400
277,000
165,100
166,700
250,000
200,000
150,000
Monterey
100,000
96,800
95,800
San Benito Santa Cruz Region
Jobs
50,000
0
14,900
15,400
15,400
15,600
15,700
16,200
17,600
17,600
15,800
14,500
14,500
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Source: Employment Development Department
a rapid pace, losing a total of 14,300 jobs by 2010. As a result, total
Employment by In dustr y
employment growth during the first decade of the new millennium was equal to a loss of nearly 10,000 jobs, a decline of around 3.5 percent
On an industry-by-industry basis, regional employment is largely concentrated in the agricultural and governmental sectors. Total
compared to the year 2000.
farm employment in the region accounted for roughly 56,400 jobs County level data suggest that the vast majority of the region’s
in 2010, or around 20 percent of the regional all-industry total. State
employment losses occurred in Santa Cruz County, which lost 9,800
and local government employment accounted for another 49,500 jobs
jobs over the decade. This is equal to a total countywide decline of 9.3
and around 18 percent of the total. Other significant concentrations
percent over 2000. By comparison, San Benito County lost only around
of employment include the leisure and hospitality sector, education
400 jobs, or 2.7 percent of its total employment. Monterey was the only
and health services, and retail trade. Together, these account for
county of the three to experience an actual net gain in employment
nearly 110,000 jobs, with each sector representing around eight to 12
during the decade. While only equal to a modest 0.2 percent, the fact
percent of the region’s total employment base. This distribution of
that the county was able to gain roughly 300 new jobs during a decade
employment across major industry sectors has remained quite stable
of dramatic economic restructuring is highly encouraging.
over the past decade.
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Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Transportation, Warehousing & Utilities
Leading Regional Industry's Average Quarterly Employment Average Annual Information Employment by Industry 2010 2010 Financial Activities
Agriculture
Professional & Business Services
Mining, Logging, and Construction
Educational & Health Services
Manufacturing
Leisure & Hospitality
Wholesale Trade
Other Services
Retail Trade
Federal Government
Transportation, Warehousing & Utilities
State & Local Government
Information
-
Financial Activities
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
Jobs
Professional & Business Services
MONTEREY COUNTY
Educational & Health Services
SAN BENITO COUNTY
Leisure & Hospitality
SANTA CRUZ COUNTY
Other Services
Source: Employment Development Department
Federal Government State & Local Government
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
Jobs
As Monterey County is home to a majority of the region’s jobs, the
of specialization in the retail trade sector. Note that because of its
County’s industry employment distribution is largely similar to that
small size, industries that represent a high proportion of total San
of the region as a whole. For example, of the 166,700 jobs located in
Benito County employment may represent only a small fraction of
Monterey County in 2010, roughly 27 percent were in the agricultural
the regional total. Employment in Santa Cruz County was much more
sector, while 16 percent were in government and another 12 percent
diversified compared to the region, with 21 percent of its employment
were in the hospitality industry. While San Benito County also had
in the government sector, 14 percent in education, 12 percent in retail
high concentrations of employment in agriculture and government,
trade, 11 percent in hospitality, and only 10 percent in agriculture.
20 percent and 19 percent respectively, it also had a high degree
R e g i o n a l
A n a l y s i s
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P l a n n i n g
S e r v i c e s
Labor Force
L ab or Force an d Unemployment Rate
2010 220,900
26,000
149,900
Labor force and unemployment data provided by the EDD show that between the year 2000 and 2011, the Monterey Bay regional labor force grew from around 379,100 to
2000 203,200
27,500
400,000 prospective workers. This is equal to growth of
148,400
5.5 percent over the year 2000 figure and an increase of around 20,900 workers. The majority of this labor force 0
50,000
100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 400,000 450,000
Monterey County
25.0%
San Benito County
growth occurred in Monterey County, which added 9.7 percent, or 19,700 workers, to its labor force during the
Santa Cruz County
past decade. The Santa Cruz County labor force grew
Unemployment Unemployment Rate Rate
by only 1.5 percent, or 2,300 workers, during this period, while San Benito County lost around four percent of its
20.0%
labor force, around 1,100 workers.
15.0%
Coupled with growth in the region’s labor force major employment losses suffered over the past ten years
10.0%
resulted in record high unemployment toward the later part of the decade. Between 2000 and 2008, the regional
5.0%
unemployment rate fluctuated between 6.8 percent and 0.0%
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Monterey County
San Benito County
Santa Cruz County
AMBAG Region
9.4 percent. From 2009 to 2011, the rate was much higher,
2011
peaking at 14.9 percent in 2010. San Benito County had
Source: Employment Development Department S t a t e
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the highest unemployment rate, peaking at 20.8 percent in 2010
At the county level, nearly 61 percent of the total GRP, around
and decreasing to 18.4 percent in 2011. Monterey County had
$26 billion, was generated in Santa Cruz County. This was
the second highest rate in recent years, peaking at 14.5 percent
compared to 36 percent, or $15.6 billion, in Monterey County;
2010 and decreasing to 14.1 percent in 2011. Santa Cruz County
and three percent, or $1.2 billion, in San Benito County. In
had the lowest comparative unemployment rate in the region,
all three counties, the relative distribution of production was
peaking at 14.4 percent in 2010 and decreasing to 13.7 percent in
similar to that of the regional as a whole. For example, in
2011.
Santa Cruz County, the two sectors that produced the greatest value were again the governmental and agricultural sectors. These sectors contributed roughly 20 percent and 11 percent,
G ross Regional Pro duc t
respectively, to the Gross County Product (GCP). These sectors, Another important measure of economic activity is gross
likewise, contributed 24 percent and 14 percent to GCP in
regional product (GRP). This is an accounting of the
Monterey County, and 17 percent and 11 percent to GCP in San
contemporary market value of all goods and services produced
Benito County. In San Benito County the manufacturing and
by an economy. According to data compiled by Economic
retail trade sectors also made notable contributions totaling 20
Modeling Specialists, Inc. (EMSI), the total GRP of the Monterey
percent and 13 percent of GCP.
Bay region in 2010 was approximately $42.9 billion. The majority of this production occurred in the governmental and agricultural
Tourism an d V isitor Sp en ding
sectors, which accounted for 22 percent and 12 percent of the total GRP respectively. Other notable sectors included
While the above economic indicators emphasize agriculture
healthcare, real estate, and retail trade, each represented around
and government as dominant economic drivers for the region,
seven percent of the total GRP.
tourism is also a well known economic force in the Monterey Bay region. According to Dean Runyan Associates, the Monterey Bay
R e g i o n a l
A n a l y s i s
&
P l a n n i n g
S e r v i c e s
Gross Regional Product 2010 Gross Regional Product
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction Utilities Construction Manufacturing Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Transportation and Warehousing Information Finance and Insurance Real Estate and Rental and Leasing Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services Management of Companies and Enterprises Administrative Support and Waste Management Educational Services Health Care and Social Assistance Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation Accommodation and Food Services Other Services (except Public Administration) Government $0
$1,000
$2,000
$3,000
$4,000
$5,000
$6,000
Millions of Dollars (2010)
Santa Cruz County San Benito County
Source: California Employment Development Department, 2011; Economic Modeling Specialists, Inc. (EMSI), 2011
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Tourism Related Spending 2008-2009
Transient Occupancy Tax ( TOT ) Receipts 2009
Air Transportation (visitor only) , 0.3% $7,400,000 $200,000
Retail Sales , 21%
Accommodations , 22%
Arts, Entertainment & Recreation , 16% Food & Beverage Services, 31%
$39,500,000
Source: Dean Runyan Associates, Economic Modeling Specialists, Inc. (EMSI)
Ground Tran. & Motor Fuel , 7%
Monterey
Food Stores , 4%
San Benito
Santa Cruz
region captured over of $2.6 billion in tourist spending in 2009. This
In 2009, Monterey County accounted for nearly 75 percent of total
was down from $2.8 billion in 2007, prior to the Great Recession. As
regional tourist spending. This is compared to 23 percent for Santa
of 2009, roughly 31 percent of the total regional tourist dollars went
Cruz County and three percent for San Benito County. Monterey
to pay for food and beverage services. Accommodations and retail
and Santa Cruz Counties generally set the trend of tourism spending
sales accounted for 22 and 21 percent of total spending, respectively.
region wide, with a spending distribution similar to that of the
The arts and entertainment industry captured another 16 percent.
region. The spending distribution for San Benito County was
The remainder was split between ground transportation and food
somewhat similar, with high concentrations of spending in food and
stores. Air transportation accounted for less than one percent.
beverage services, retail sales, arts and entertainment, and food
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stores. San Benito, however, had uncharacteristically low spending in the accommodations sector and somewhat
O ccupational Employment an d Wages
elevated spending in the ground transportation and fuel While previous sections discussed industry employment,
sector.
which refers to the number of jobs located in the region, Two of the primary economic impacts of this tourism related
this section is concerned with occupational employment.
spending in the Monterey Bay region are employment
Occupational employment, in this case, refers to the types of
and Transient Occupancy Tax (TOT) receipts. Dean Runyan
jobs held by area residents, regardless of whether those jobs
estimates that in 2009, roughly 30,400 jobs were directly
are located in the region or outside of the region. Because
supported by regional tourism related spending. This was
EDD typically reports occupational employment data at the
down from a high of 32,000 jobs in 2006. Of the 2009 total,
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), county level estimates
roughly 71 percent were located in Monterey County. This
were obtained from Economic Modeling Specialists, Inc.
was equal to a total of around 21,500 jobs. Around 26
(EMSI). Based on this data, the tri-county region had
percent, or 8,000 tourism related jobs, were located in Santa
approximately 343,600 employed residents in 2011. These
Cruz County, while three percent, around 900 jobs, were
were primarily concentrated in sales, office, farming, and
located in San Benito County.
management occupations. For example, roughly 44,900
As TOT receipts are directly tied to tourist dollars, their distribution across the region’s three counties was similar to that described above. In total, the Monterey Bay region brought in an estimated $47 million in TOT receipts in 2009. Broken down by county, Monterey accounted for roughly $39.5 million in TOT receipts. Santa Cruz County had the
area residents were employed in sales occupations in 2011. This accounted for roughly 13 percent of total occupational employment. Likewise, office and administrative support occupations accounted for around 41,100 employed residents, or 12 percent of the total. Farming occupations accounted for just over 40,700 employed residents, or 12 percent of the total, and management occupations
second highest impact, with some $7.4 million in TOT receipts. San Benito County had the lowest tax impact with
accounted for around 33,000 employed residents, or ten percent of the total.
$200,000 in TOT receipts.
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Occupational Employment 2001 & 2011
11,326 9,689
Installation, maintenance, and repair Construction and extraction
13,269
17,339 35,043
Farming, fishing, and forestry Office and administrative support
40,705 41,116
Sales and related
13,659
Personal care and service
16,102 14,731 16,598
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance Protective service Healthcare support Healthcare practitioners and technical Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
11,359 12,752 13,823 13,583
23,275 24,902
Education, training, and library
2,066 2,084 4,548 4,759 4,112 4,411 3,941 3,090 6,541 5,283
Legal Community and social services Life, physical, and social science Architecture and engineering Computer and mathematical science
15,451 16,968
Business and financial operations
33,698 33,037
Management 0
5,000
10,000
15,000 2001 Jobs
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
2011 Jobs
Source: Economic Modeling Specialists, Inc. (EMSI), 2011
R e g i o n a l
46,723 44,912
25,767 25,265
Food preparation and serving related
7,426 7,429 6,420 7,613
45,712
A n a l y s i s
&
P l a n n i n g
S e r v i c e s
40,000
45,000
50,000
Occupational Employment 2001 & 2011 Description Management
Openings 2001-2011
2011 Avg Hourly Earnings
13,439
$33.97
Business and financial operations
7,088
$25.96
Computer and mathematical science
1,590
$31.84
Architecture and engineering
1,087
$32.03
Life, physical, and social science
2,247
$28.03
Community and social services
1,847
$21.52
624
$38.64
Education, training, and library
Legal
8,693
$31.91
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
5,298
$17.03
Healthcare practitioners and technical
4,900
$40.61
Healthcare support
2,822
$15.87
3,308
$29.73
12,586
$10.73
Protective service Food preparation and serving related Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
5,703
$11.96
Personal care and service
8,144
$12.44
Sales and related
18,820
$16.60
Office and administrative support
11,625
$16.82
Farming, fishing, and forestry
23,288
$10.35
Construction and extraction
5,772
$25.35
Installation, maintenance, and repair
3,031
$21.68
Source: Economic Modeling Specialists, Inc. (EMSI), 2011
2011 average hourly wage data suggest that the three most
residents work in occupations that pay less than $20 per hour. Only
dominant occupational categories – sales, office, and farming
around four percent work in occupations that pay greater than $40
occupations – are all relatively low wage professions. For
per hour. This suggests that a majority of the region’s residents
example, the sales and office occupations noted above had
a work at relatively low wage occupations, while a tiny minority
average hourly wages ranging from $16.60 per hour to $16.82 per
work in high wage occupations. The remaining 36 percent work
hour, respectively. Farming occupations, by comparison, had an
in medium wage occupations, making between $20 and $40 per
average hourly wage of only $10.35. Management occupations,
hour.
on the other hand, had an average hourly wage of $33.97. On an aggregate level, roughly 60 percent of the region’s employed
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Major Employers in the Region 2012 950
Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk Natural Selection Foods
1000
Taylor Farms California Inc
1000
Earthbound Farm
1200
Naval Postgraduate School
1327
HSBC Card Services Inc
1500 1500
CB North, LLC (a.k.a. Dole Berry Service)
Santa Cruz County
1600
Dominican Hospital
San Benito County
Pebble Beach Co
Monterey County
1650
Bud of California
2000
Community Hospital of Monterey Peninsula
2000
D'Arrigo Brothers Co
2000
Salinas Valley Meml Healthcare
2100
3000
Santa Cruz County
4537
University of California, Santa Cruz 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Major Employors in the Region
4000
4500
5000
Source: Economic Modeling Specilista, (EMSI) 2012
The major employers in Monterey County are in the Cities of Salinas, Monterey, and Pebble Beach. Of the five major employers in
Previous sections in this report talked about the number of jobs in the
this county, four are located in the City of Santa Cruz and one in the
region, and also the type of jobs held by residents. This section reports
city of Watsonville. University of California, Santa Cruz hired 4357,
the major employors in the Monterey Bay Area region, the county they
employees as the top employed of the region.
are located in, and their number of employees. The 15 largest employees in the region account for 27,364 jobs or 6.8% of the total employment in the region.
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Me dian an d P er C apita Income
Median & Per Capita Income 2008 - 2010
According to 2008-2010 American Community Survey (ACS) data, Santa Cruz County had the highest median
$28,552
household income in the region at nearly $63,500 per year.
Santa Cruz $57,537
This can be compared to $61,600 in San Benito County and $58,200 in Monterey County. On a per capita basis, regional incomes are much lower, but follow the same general distribution. Santa Cruz County, again had the
$3,200
highest per capita income in the region at nearly $31,200
San Benito $53,430
per year. San Benito and Monterey counties had per capita figures of $25,400 and $24,400 respectively.
Housing Af fordabilit y In dex
$25,523 Monterey
The California Association of Realtors速 Traditional Housing
$53,669
Affordability Index (HAI) measures the percentage of households that can afford to purchase the median priced home in a given community. This measure of housing wellbeing is based on certain market assumptions regarding
$0
$10,000
$20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $60,000 Median Household Income Per Capita Income
$70,000
Source: 2008-2010 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates
median home price, monthly payments, and interest rates, among other factors. According to this metric, approximately 37 percent of households in Santa Cruz
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County and 56 percent of households in Monterey County could afford to purchase a median priced home in their area during the fourth quarter of 2011. This represents a relative Housing Affordability Index Housing Afforability Index
decrease in affordability in Monterey County, where the index dropped by approximately two percentage points from a year earlier. The HIA for Santa Cruz County, by comparison, rose
26.8%
by roughly eight percentage points during the same period.
Santa Cruz 34.3%
Please note that these figures do not represent a long-term 2010 2011
trend and that substantial fluctuations in residential sales prices are relatively common due to a variety of influential factors. Data was not available for San Benito County.
55.9% Monterey 57.1%
H+T Af fordabilit y In dex The housing and transportation affordability index (H+TÂŽ)
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
published by the Center for Neighborhood Technology (CNT) provides another more complete measure of affordability,
Source: California Association of RealtorsÂŽ, 2012
beyond the standard method of assessing only housing costs. By incorporating the cost of housing, as well as the cost of transportation associated with the location of the home, the H+T accounts for the relative location efficiency of residential housing. While housing alone is traditionally deemed affordable when consuming no more than 30 percent of a household’s income, affordability according to the H+T equals a combined cost of housing and transportation that consumes
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Households Spending over 45% of income on Housing & Transportaiton H+T Index Housing & Transportation Costs
no more than 45 percent of a household’s income. According to the H+T index, Monterey County households
55.3%
Santa Cruz County
78.1% Average Percentage of Income Per Household
spent an average of 57 percent of their total annual income toward the combined costs of housing and transportation in 2009. Santa Cruz County households reportedly spent a
47.5%
San Benito County
64.5%
slightly lower percentage at just over 55 percent. Data for
Percentage of Households Spending Over 45% of Income
San Benito County reported the greatest relative degree of affordability with only around 47 percent of household income going to housing and transportation. Based on the above definition of affordability (i.e. less than or equal to 45 percent of household income), the average combined cost
57.5%
Monterey County
88.8%
0.0%
20.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
Source: H+T Index, Center for Neighborhood Technology, 2011
Households Spending over 45% of income Households Spending over 45% of on Housing & Transportaiton
of housing and transportation in the Monterey Bay region places an above average financial burden on area residents.
40.0%
120,000
More specifically, this data suggests that nearly 184,600
Income on Housing & Transportation 104,342
100,000
households pay greater than 45 percent of their income to housing and transportation. In Monterey County, this equates to almost 89 percent of households. The burden is somewhat similar in Santa Cruz County where 78 percent
80,000
70,900
60,000
households pay greater than or equal to 45 percent. San Benito has a noticeably lower burden where around 64
40,000
percent pay over 45 percent. 20,000
0
9,350
Monterey County
San Benito County
Santa Cruz County
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Hourly Wage Needed to Afford Median Rent
Hourly Wage Needed to Afford Median Rent
Me dian Monthly Rental Prices Santa Cruz County
$26.67
Data on median monthly rental rates collected from the 2008-2010 ACS suggest that the rental costs in the region
San Benito County
were relatively consistent between counties. Santa Cruz
$24.65
County had the highest median price for rental housing in the region at $1,280 per month. This was roughly $150 per
California Average | $24.23
Monterey County
month higher than in Monterey and San Benito counties
$23.46
which had median rates of $1,126 and $1,183 respectively. $21.00
$22.00
$23.00
$24.00
$25.00
$26.00
California, by comparison, had a median rental rate of $1,163
$27.00
Hourly Wage
Source: 2008-2010 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates
Median Rent
per month.
Median Monthly Rent
Based on the conventional definition of affordability (i.e.
Santa Cruz County
a total cost for housing less than or equal to 30 percent of
$1,280
income), the monthly income necessary to afford the median priced rental unit in Santa Cruz County was roughly $3,877.
San Benito County
$1,183
On an hourly basis, this would equal a wage of roughly $27 per hour. The income required to afford rental housing in
Monterey County
Monterey and San Benito was lower at approximately $3,943
$1,126
and $3,753 per month respectively. This would equal a wage California
of roughly $25 and $23 per hour.
$1,163
$1,000
$1,050
$1,100
$1,150
$1,200
$1,250
$1,300
Source: 2008-2010 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates
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Homes Forclosed Per Month by County 2007-2011
50.0 45.0 Number of Forclosures
40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0
San Benito County
15.0
Monterey County
10.0
Santa Cruz County
5.0 0.0
Jan 2007
Jan 2008
Jan 2009
Jan 2010
Jan 2011
Source: Zillow Š, 2011
by 2011. The lowest rates of foreclosure were in Santa Cruz County
Fore closures an d Home S ales Prices
where the foreclosure rate was around 13 foreclosures per month in 2008, declining to just over ten per month in 2011.
As in many communities in California and across the country, the Monterey Bay region experienced a dramatic decline in home values
Home values in the tri-county region according to ZillowŠ illustrate
following the 2007 housing market crash. This corresponded to a
a similar dynamic. While sales prices declined in all three counties
dramatic increase in foreclosure rates in 2008. While these rates have
during the recession, the rate of decline was considerably less in
declined over time, they still remain above pre-recession levels. The
Santa Cruz County, compared to Monterey and San Benito. In 2011,
highest rates of foreclosure were experienced in Monterey and San
the median sales price for homes in Santa Cruz County was round
Benito County which had foreclosure rates of 41 and 46 foreclosures
$413,300, roughly $150,000 higher than in the remainder of the
per month in 2008. These declined to roughly 19 and 17 per month
region. The median price in Monterey and San Benito counties, by comparison, was around $268,300 and $253,300.
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Median Sales Price 2011 Median Sales Price 2011
New ResidentialP ermit s $413,300
Santa Cruz County
According to data from the U.S. Census Bureau, an estimated 400 new housing units were
$253,300
San Benito County
permitted for construction in the Monterey Bay region in 2011. Of these, roughly 66 percent
$268,300
Monterey County
were single-family units. The remaining 34 percent were multi-family housing units.
$280,700
California
Around 53 percent of all the permits issued were $0
$50,000 $100,000 $150,000 $200,000 $250,000 $300,000 $350,000 $400,000 $450,000
Source: Zillow Š, 2011
for construction projects located in Santa Cruz County. Another 39 percent were for projects in
New Residential Construction Permit
Monterey County, and only eight percent were for projects in San Benito County. In Santa Cruz
52%
County, around 48 percent of the permits issued
Santa Cruz
48%
were for single-family units, while 52 percent were for multi-family construction. In Monterey
0%
County, 83 percent of the permits issued were
San Benito
100%
for single-family construction, with only 17 percent issued for multi-family construction. In
17%
San Benito County, all of the permits issued were
Monterey
83%
0%
20%
40%
60% Multi-Family Units
80%
for single-family units. 120% Permits
100%
Single Family Units
Source: US Census 2011 Building Permits Survey
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Salinas MSA Quaterly Addition to Rentable/Leasable Commercial Space 200,000
Net Leasable/Rentable Square Footage
100,000 0 (100,000) (200,000) (300,000) Industrial
(400,000)
Office Retail
(500,000) (600,000) (700,000) (800,000)
2008 3q
2008 4q
2009 1q
2009 2q
2009 3q
2009 4q
2010 1q
2010 2q
2010 3q
2010 4q
2011 1q
2011 2q
2011 3q
2011 4q
2012 1q
Source: Commercial Real State Information Company, 2012
Leasable Commercial Space
This section reports changes in net absorption for the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) of Salinas-Monterey and the MSA of Watsonville-Santa
Net absorption reports the change in available leasable space from
Cruz. San Benito County is included in the MSA of San Jose-Santa Clara
one period to the next. For existing buildings it is the measure of total
and is not shown here.
square feet occupied, less the total space vacated. This provides an indicator for the amount of business locating in the area by showing
In the Salinas-Monterey MSA a majority of the quarters from 2008
the demand for space. A continuous and strong rise in negative net
through 2012 reported a negative net absorption, peaking at a negative
absorption translates to a rise in the vacancy rate of leasable space.
753,718 square feet in the second quarter of 2009. This is largely due to
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Watsonville MSA Quaterly Addition to Rentable/ Leasable Commercial Space 150,000
Net Leasable/Rentable Square Footage
100,000 50,000 0 (50,000) (100,000)
Industrial Office
(150,000)
Retail
(200,000) (250,000) (300,000)
2008 3q
2008 4q
2009 1q
2009 2q
2009 3q
2009 4q
2010 1q
2010 2q
2010 3q
2010 4q
2011 1q
2011 2q
2011 3q
2011 4q
2012 1q
Source: Commercial Real State Information Company, 2012
the decrease in industrial occupied space. In the Watsonville-
Cruz MSA proved to be more turbulent for the industrial and retail industries than
Santa Cruz MSA, a majority of the quarters from 2008 through
in the Salinas-Monterey MSA.
2012 reported a negative net absorption as well, peaking at 534,492 square feet in the third quarter of 2009. Unlike in the
The changes in net absorption, in general, are reflective of the turbulent economy
Salinas-Monterey MSA, this area experienced a dramatic in-
and business closures. It is also likely that property owners acted more cautiously
crease in vacancy in both the industrial and retail industries in
in regards to renting or leasing available space given the increasing number of
2009. Overall the net absorption rate in the Watsonville-Santa
failing businesses in that time period.
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III
E d u c a t i o n for people age 18 and older not only is there a drop in the percent of
Intro duc tion
enrolled students in each County, but there is a pronounced difference An educated and skilled workforce is important for a strong economy.
between Santa Cruz county and the rest of the region. As noted in the
The education level of residents is a factor that businesses consider when
chapter on demographics, Santa Cruz County has a larger age cohort
looking to locate or expand in the region. An educated population is also
of people ages 15 to 24. This cohort is also more likely to be enrolled in
more likely to open new and innovative businesses, stay up on technology
college in Santa Cruz County.
and adapt to changing economic climates. With two state universities CSU Monterey Bay and UC Santa Cruz - and many private colleges and
Between 2008 and 2010, 19.2 percent of the population age 25 and
universities the, Monterey Bay Area has the potential to excel.
older had Bachelor’s degree statewide. Santa Cruz County exceeds the statewide average with 22.9 and 14.2 percent of the population over 25
S cho ol Enrollment & D egre e At tainment
holding Bachelor’s and graduate degrees respectively. Both San Benito and Monterey County fall below the statewide average for Bachelor’s and graduate degrees, though they are comparable with the statewide average
Throughout the region, school enrollment between the ages of five and 17
for Associate’s degrees held by the population over 25.
is fairly comparable in terms of percentage of children enrolled. However, R e g i o n a l
A n a l y s i s
&
P l a n n i n g
S e r v i c e s
Enrollment by Age 2009-2010 35 years and ov er 25 to 34 years 20 to 24 years 18 and 19 years
Santa Cruz County San Benito County Monterey County
15 to 17 years 10 to 14 years 5 to 9 years
California
3 and 4 years 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Source: California Department of Education, 2012
Educational Attainment for the Population Age 25 and Older 2008-2010
S anta Cruz Count y has the highest p ercentage of bachelors degree earners, but the lowest numb er of students earning high scho ol degrees
Graduate or professional degree
Bachelor's degree
Associate's degree
Santa Cruz County Some college, no degree
San Benito County Monterey County
High school graduate (includes equiv alency)
California
9th to 12th grade, no diploma
Less than 9th grade
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
Source: 2008-2010 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates, 2012 S t a t e
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Dropout Rate By Ethnicity 2009-2010 Not Reported Two or More Races, Not Hispanic White, Not Hispanic African American, Not Hispanic Santa Cruz County
Filipino, Not Hispanic
San Benito County Monterey County
Pacific Islander, Not Hispanic
California
Asian, Not Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Nativ e Hispanic or Latino of Any Race 0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
Source: California Department of Education Educational Demographics Unit, 2012
Drop out Rate by E thnicit y
English L earner s
Dropout rates are reported by the CA Department of Education for Of the students enrolled in 2010 to 2011, 37.3 percent of Monterey
the nation. In California, African Americans had the highest dropout
County’s students are English learners. Santa Cruz County has the
rate (approximately six percent), and Asians have the lowest dropout
second highest percent at 28.5 percent, and San Benito has the lowest
rate (approximately one percent). Santa Cruz County had the highest
percentage of English learners with 23.2 percent.
dropout rate among Pacific Islanders at nearly ten percent. San Benito County had the lowest dropout rate of less than one percent among
Across all three counties, most English learners speak Spanish as their
those who are White. Monterey County had a notably higher dropout
primary language.
rate of almost 16 percent among respondents who did not report an ethnicity or race.
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English Learners Who Are Not Spanish Speakers 2010-2011 Punjabi
Spanish Speaking English Learners 2010-2011 100.0% 95.0%
Mandarin
96.8%
95.7%
96.7%
90.0%
Korean
85.0% 80.0%
Santa Cruz County
Vietnamese
75.0%
San Benito County
70.0% 65.0%
Arabic
Monterey County
60.0% 55.0%
Mixteco
50.0%
on M
re te
n ou yC
ty
n Sa
Be
o nit
ty un o C n Sa
ta
u Cr
ty un o zC
Filipino
0.0%
0.2%
0.4%
0.6%
0.8%
1.0%
1.2%
Source: California Department of Education Educational Demographics Office, 2012
Percent of Students Who Are English Learners 2010-2011
28.5%
Santa Cruz County
23.2%
San Benito County
37.3%
Monterey County
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
Source: California Department of Education Educational Demographics Office, 2012 S t a t e
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National Career Readiness Certificates 2012
National C are er Rea diness Cer tif icates
10
Platinum
111
Gold
The National Career Readiness Certificate (NCRC™) is an industryrecognized credential that certifies essential skills needed for
527
Silver
workplace success. This credential is used across all sectors of the economy and verifies cognitive workplace skills such as
259
Bronze
problem solving, critical thinking, and using information to solve 0
workplace problems. The credential’s assessments measure
100
200
300
400
500
600
Number of Certificates
Source: ACT, Inc, 2012
“real world” skills that are believed to be critical to job success, and test questions are based on situations in the everyday work
Silver.
world. Over 17,000 jobs have been profiled through the program; this pinpoints or estimates skill benchmarks for specific job positions that
P er formance In dex & S AT S cores
individuals must meet through testing.
The Academic Performance Index (API) is a single number, ranging
There are four levels of this credential that can be awarded to an
from a low of 200 to a high of 1000, which reflects a school’s
individual:
performance level, based on the results of statewide testing. The API
Bronze – Foundational Skills for 35 percent of Jobs
is calculated by converting a student’s performance on statewide
Silver – Foundational Skills for 65 percent of Jobs
assessments across multiple content areas into points on the API scale.
Gold – Foundational Skills for 90 percent of Jobs
These points are then averaged across all students and all tests.
Platinum – Foundational Skills for 97 percent of Jobs
The 2011 performance index score of California is 778. Santa Cruz
Nearly one thousand Monterey Bay Area residents have been awarded
County exceeded the State score with a score of 821. Monterey County
this credential, and over half (527) of these certificates have been NCRC
and San Benito County had scores close to that of California with 767
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S e r v i c e s
Average SAT Scores 2009 - 2010 Santa Cruz County
San Benito County
Writing Av erage Math Av erage
Monterey County
Critical Reading Av erage
California
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
Source: California Department of Education, SAT Reports 2012
Performance Index Scores 2011
Monterey County
and 763, respectively. The California average SAT scores for the writing, math, and
767
critical reading sections were around 500. Santa Cruz County San Benito County
was the only county that had higher average scores than the
763
state whereas Monterey County fell slightly below the state Santa Cruz County
averages.
821
California
778
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
Source: California Department of Education, 2011 Growth API Report
S t a t e
o f
t h e
R e g i o n
|
E d u c a t i o n
43
IV
Broadband
Access
Intro duc tion
Residential Broa dban d P enetration Wire d & Wireless
The internet has become an essential communications platform for work, education, social interaction, and government- related communication.
From 2007 to 2009, California experienced a slow increase in broadband
Access to the internet allows residents to tap into a wealth of information,
penetration with 66 percent residential broadband penetration by the
resources, products, and services. Increased access not only benefits
end of 2009. San Benito County consistently had the lowest percentage
residents, it also significantly expands the marketplace for the sale
of residential broadband penetration with 51 percent in 2009. Santa
of goods and services by local businesses. This section measures the
Cruz County and Monterey County had penetration of 59 percent and 55
percentage of adults who have access to the Internet either at home or
percent, respectively.
work in the tri-county area.
R e g i o n a l
A n a l y s i s
&
P l a n n i n g
S e r v i c e s
Residential broadband penetration - wireline and fixed wireless Residential Broadband Penetration | Wired & Wireless 70%
California |66%
65%
Santa Cruz County |59%
60%
Monterey County |55%
55% 50%
San Benito County |51%
45% 40% 35% 30%
2007
2008
2009
Source: California Public Utilities Commission, DIVCA Stats, 2007-2009; Steve Blum - Tellus Venture Associates
Access to Wireline Provider s
Access to Wireless Provider s
Approximately 50 percent of the California population has access
In California, 36 percent of the population has access to six
to three wireline broadband providers. In Santa Cruz County,
wireless broadband providers. Nearly 95 percent of Santa Cruz
over 60 percent of the population has access to three wireline
County has access to five providers compared to the 90 percent
broadband providers. Approximately 80 percent of the San
and 84 percent of San Benito County and Monterey County to
Benito County population has access to two providers. A larger
four providers.
portion of Monterey County also has access to two providers.
S t a t e
o f
t h e
R e g i o n
|
B r o a d b a n d
A c c e s s
45
Access to Wired Broadband Providers Access to Wireline Broadband Providers 1%
5
1% 0% 0% 10%
Number of Wireline Providers
4
6%
0% 0%
53%
3
California Averages
61%
2% 3%
Santa Cruz County 26%
23%
2
San Benito County
81%
62%
Monterey County
6%
9% 9%
1
27%
“Most residents of the AMB AG region have access to t wo wireline broadband providers�
2%
1%
0
0%
8% 8% 10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
National Broadband Map, 2011; Steve Blum - Tellus Venture Associates Percentage ofSource: Population With Access
R e g i o n a l
A n a l y s i s
&
P l a n n i n g
S e r v i c e s
90%
Access to Wireless Broadband Providers
Access to Wireless Broadband Providers
“Most residents of S anta Cruz Count y have access to 5 wireless broadband providers�
10%
7
0% 0% 0% 36%
Number of Wireless Providers
6
0% 0% 0% 32%
5
93%
8% 10%
Santa Cruz County 19%
6%
4
84%
San Benito County
90%
Monterey County
3%
0% 1%
3
California Averages
5%
1%
0% 0% 1%
2
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Percentage of Population With Access Source: National Broadband Map, 2011; Steve Blum - Tellus Venture Associates
S t a t e
o f
t h e
R e g i o n
|
B r o a d b a n d
A c c e s s
47
V
Health & Public Safety While Monterey County had the highest actual number of crimes, the rate
Intro duc tion
of crime is highest in Santa Cruz County. In 2010, Monterey County was This chapter looks at crime statistics, public health, and social well-being.
actually slightly below the state average for rate of crimes or the number
These characteristics of the community impact both real and perceived
of crimes per 10,000 people. The rate of crimes for Santa Cruz County is
safety and wellbeing in a community. A lack of safety can also negatively
particularly high for larsony-theft and property crimes at 216 and 161 per
impact investment in a community.
10,000 people respectively versus 138 and 141 per 10,000 in Monterey
Crimes
County. Generally speaking, crime has declined over the last ten years throughout
In 2010, the highest crimes among all three counties were larceny-theft
the region and throughout the State. However, in 2010 there was a slight
and property crimes. In total Monterey County experienced 14,330 crimes
resurgence of crime in San Benito County.
whereas Santa Cruz documented 11,629 crimes. San Benito County encountered the least amount of larceny-theft, property crimes, and violent crimes, all of which were reported to have less than 1,000 incidents. R e g i o n a l
A n a l y s i s
&
P l a n n i n g
S e r v i c e s
Crimes by Type 2010
Santa Cruz
Arson
San Benito
Larceny-Theft Property Crimes Violent Crimes
Monterey
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
Number of Crimes
5,000
6,000
7,000
Source: State of California Department of Justice, Crime Statistics, 2012
Number of Crimes per 10,000 People 2000-2010 600
Number of Crimes per 10,000 people
500
Santa Cruz County
400
California Monterey County
300
San Benito County
200 100 -
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Source: State of California Department of Justice, Crime Statistics, 2012
S t a t e
o f
t h e
R e g i o n
|
H e a l t h
&
P u b l i c
S a f e t y
49
Children with More Than One Abuse Allegation 2000-2011 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000
Monterey San Benito
2,000
Santa Cruz
1,000
Rates of Abuse 2011 2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
60
2011
Source: Center for Social Services Research, University of California at Berkeley, 2012 50
Childho o d A bus e & Welfare Childhood abuse is a difficult crime to monitor as it often goes unreported. However, the data that is available shows that the number of children with multiple allegations of abuse has remained relatively consistent over the last ten years, with the exception of Monterey County. In Monterey County there has been a gradual decline in the number of allegations since 2006. Monterey also has the lowest rate of abuse at less than thirty allegations per 1,000 children. Santa Cruz County has the highest rate of abuse at over fifty allegations per 1,000 children, a rate that is consistent with the statewide average. As the data shows the rate of allegations that are substantiated is low, and there are even fewer instances of entries into the
Number of instances per 1,000 children
0
40
30
20
10
0
child welfare system. Children with Allegations Children with Substantiations Children with Entries R e g i o n a l
A n a l y s i s
&
P l a n n i n g
S e r v i c e s
Welfare to Work & C alfresh Programs
Welfare to Work Program Involvement 2010-2011
Welfare to Work Program F Y 2011-12 Santa Cruz County
From 2009 to 2010 Monterey County had the 150
highest number of people using the Welfare to Work
538
program—520 two-parent families and 1,120 other
San Benito County
families. Santa Cruz County had the lowest number 171
302
of people among two-parent families (150), and San
Monterey County
Benito County had the lowest overall number of people using the program. 520
1,120
The CalFresh Program, formerly known as Food Stamps 0
200
400
600
800
Welfare to Work Two Parent Families
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Welfare to Work All (other) Families
Assistance Program (SNAP), helps to improve the health
Source: Center for Social Services Research, University of California at Berkeley, 2012
and well-being of qualified households and individuals
Percent of Population Receiving CalFresh
by providing them a means to meet their nutritional
Percent Receiving CalFresh by County January 2011 Monterey San Benito Santa Cruz County County County
and federally known as the Supplemental Nutrition
needs.
7.3%
In January 2011, approximately ten percent of people in California received CalFresh. San Benito 11.0%
exceeded the state percentage at 11 percent while Santa Cruz had the lowest percentage at seven percent.
California
8.9%
9.7%
0.0%
2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% Source: Department of Social Services, CalFresh - Data Trends 2012 California Monterey County San Benito County
S t a t e
o f
t h e
10.0%
12.0%
Santa Cruz County
R e g i o n
|
H e a l t h
&
P u b l i c
S a f e t y
51
Obesity
Obesity in Children and Adults 2009 30%
Ob esit y & Access to Fo o d The United States has been facing a growing problem with obesity
25%
and its related health risks. This problem is reflected in California and in the region. In 2009 the percentages of obese preschool
20%
children and obese adults in California were 16 percent and 28 percent respectively. In the region San Benito County had the
15%
highest percentage of people suffering from obesity: 24 percent obese children and 25 percent obese adults.
10%
Obesity in low income populations has often been linked to a lack of access to healthy foods. Easy access to a full service grocery
5%
store rather than a corner market or fast food is important to maintain healthy eating habits. In 2006 the percentage of lowincome people living more than one mile from a grocery store was
0%
California
14.6 percent in California. Of the three counties, San Benito County
Monterey County
Percent of Obese Adults
had the highest percentage of people living more than one mile
San Benito County
Santa Cruz County
Percent of Obese Preschool Children
Source: USDA, Food Atlas, 2012
from healthy food at approximately nine percent, while Santa Cruz
grocery store in California was approximately two percent. All
County and Monterey County both were at seven percent.
counties in the AMBAG region had approximately one percent of people without a car living more than 1 mile frim a grocery store.
Individuals with no car that are more than one mile from a full
The highest percentage was in Monterey County, of 1.3.
service grocery store may have even fewer options for healthy food if they do not live near reliable transit service. In 2006, the percentage of households with no car and more than 1 mile from a
R e g i o n a l
A n a l y s i s
&
P l a n n i n g
S e r v i c e s
Percentage ofMore low income than 1Store mile from grocery store Low Income People Living than people 1 Mile living frommore Grocery
7.0%
Santa Cruz County
8.5%
San Benito County
California Monterey County San Benito County
7.0%
Monterey County
Santa Cruz County
S an B enito Count y has the highest p ercentage of low income p eople who live more than 1 mile from a gro cer y store
14.6%
California 0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
Source: USDA, Food Atlas, 2006
car 1& Mile > 1 mifrom to store, 2006 Store Households without%aHouseholds Car, More no than Grocery
1.1%
Santa Cruz County
California
0.9%
San Benito County
Monterey County San Benito County
1.3%
Monterey County
Santa Cruz County 2.3%
California 0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
Source: USDA, Food Atlas, 2006
S t a t e
o f
t h e
R e g i o n
|
H e a l t h
&
P u b l i c
S a f e t y
53
VI
Transportation increase overall mobility, safety and security of people and goods within
Intro duc tion
the region. Additionally, as required by the California Air Resources Board, How residents and visitors of the region travel to and from their
the next MTP will include strategies to reduce the region’s greenhouse
destinations has environmental, financial, and social implications. Gasoline-
gas emissions from the transportation sector by five percent per capita by
powered motor vehicles are a significant source of air pollution and one of
2035. The next MTP is planned for adoption in June 2014.
the largest contributors of greenhouse gas emissions. This section looks at the travel patterns of the Monterey Bay Area.
Vehicle Miles Travele d & G re enhous e Gas es
The Association of Monterey Bay Area Governments prepares a Metropolitan Transportation Plan (MTP) every four years that directs
The Monterey Bay area, as a whole, has seen an increase of approximately
transportation investment in the tri-county region over the course of
3.7 million miles traveled by vehicle between 1990 and 2010, and is
twenty or more years.
projected to increase to over 25 million vehicle miles traveled per year by The MTP balances transportation needs with available funding in order to R e g i o n a l
A n a l y s i s
2035 without any action to reduce the amount of travel by automobile. &
P l a n n i n g
S e r v i c e s
Regional VMT per capita Forcasted Regional GHG Per Capita
Millions
Regional Vehicle Miles Traveled ( VMT ) 30
16.5 16.0
25
15.9
15.5
VMT per capita
20 15 10
16
15.0 14.5 14.0 13.5
14.1
2020 Goal 2035 Goal
13.0
5
12.5 0
1990
2005
2010
2020
12.0
2035
Source: Monterey Bay Area Mobility 2035, AMBAG
Source: 2005 Regional Travel Demand Model, AMBAG
This steady increase in vehicle miles traveled (VMT) is not just an effect
chapter in and help shape each region’s long range transportation plan,
of population growth. In fact the amount of miles driven by each
including the financing of transportation projects.
person in the region, or per capita, will continue to increase. When this is translated into greenhouse gases (GHGs) this means that in 2005 for each person in the region 14.1 pounds of GHGs were emitted on an average weekday. If nothing changes in the region’s driving patterns this will continue to climb to 16 pounds of GHGs per person on an
Under SB 375, the SCS must identify a regional development pattern and transportation system that can meet the regional GHG targets from the automobile and light truck sectors for 2020 and 2035. Pursuant to statute, the California Air Resources Board adopted targets for each of the 18 MPOs across the state. Based upon the recommendation issued
average weekday.
by the AMBAG Board of Directors, CARB adopted the following targets
Senate Bill 375, passed in late 2008, requires the 18 Metropolitan
for the Monterey Bay Area in September of 2010: a 0% increase from
Planning Organizations in California to reduce per capita vehicle miles
2005 per capita GHG emissions by 2020 and a 5% reduction from 2005
traveled and related greenhouse gases for their respective regions
per capita GHG emissions by 2035.
through a coordinated land use and transportation plan called the Sustainable Communities Strategy, or SCS. The SCS will comprise a new S t a t e
o f
t h e
R e g i o n
|
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n
55
Mode Choice to Work 2008-2010
Commute Pat terns
100%
One means of reducing greenhouse gases and vehicle miles traveled is to increase the number of people using
90%
6%
5% 16%
80%
12%
6% 3%
3%
13%
in the nation. Increasing the mode share for alternative options requires convincing people to change their
6%
4%
3% 5%
alternative modes to driving alone. Driving alone has the highest mode share for people within the region and
5%
3% 11%
Walked Public transportation Carpooled
60%
Another means of decreasing vehicle miles traveled
Drove alone
50%
that people do not have to drive as far to get their daily needs met. This means establishing a better jobs
Modes with less than 3% share do not have data label
40%
housing balance so people do not have to travel as far to get to work and providing for a more diverse set of land
Taxicab, motorcycle, or other means Bicycle
70%
driving behavior which is not easily accomplished.
in the region is by effecting land use in such a way
Worked at home
73%
71%
California
Monterey
75%
72%
30%
uses closer to were people live so residents do not have to travel as far to run errands and recreate. While we do
20%
not have data on leisure travel, we do know that a large portion of the residents in the region travel outside of
10%
their county of residance for work. High vehicle miles traveled also increases congestion and hours of delay which decreases quality of life for
R e g i o n a l
A n a l y s i s
0% San Benito
Santa Cruz
Source: Commuting Characteristics, 2008-2010 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates
&
P l a n n i n g
S e r v i c e s
residents. Average travel times to work vary to some
Daily Vehicle of Hours of Delay2008-2010 Daily Vehicle Hours Delay
degree between counties within the region. San 9,520 Santa Cruz
Benito County has longest average travel time for
3,040
commuters, at 29.2 minutes. San Benito County was
14,174
the only area that had a higher average commute time
1,342 San Benito
TwoLane
290
than the California average, which is 26.8 minutes.
Multilane
1,697
to work at 21.9 minutes. Santa Cruz County had an
9,657 Monterey
9,153
average commute time of 25.7 minutes.
857 0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
Monterey County had the shortest average travel time
12,000
14,000
Within the Monterey Bay Area, Santa Cruz County has
16,000
the highest average for hours of travel congestion,
Resident Commute Flows 2008-2010
averaging an approximate total of 27,000 hours per day. Most hours of delay come from freeway and
California
two-lane road travel. Monterey County, the area with the largest employed population, is generally
Santa Cruz
less congested than Santa Cruz County, which could indicate infrastructure capacity issues in Santa Cruz
San Benito
County. Monterey
0.0% 20.0% 40.0% Worked outside county of residence
60.0% 80.0% 100.0% Worked in county of residence
Source: Commuting Characteristics, 2008-2010 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates
S t a t e
o f
t h e
R e g i o n
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T r a n s p o r t a t i o n
57
VII
Environment
Intro duc tion
S olar Installations
This chapter covers indicators on the Monterey Bay Area’s environment
Generating energy from renewable sources reduces a community’s
and is not considered to be all inclusive of the broad range of issues that
impact on the environment. Home and business energy use contributes
this region faces. This area is known for its sweeping ocean vistas and
significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, as well as resource supply
towering redwood trees. Maintaining the environment in the region is not
challenges when the sources are nonrenewable. An increased proportion
only important to keep the tourist economy alive and well, but also helps
of energy generated from resources will help the region meet statewide
to maintain a high quality of life for those people that live here.
greenhouse gas reduction goals while contributing to improved air quality. Santa Cruz County is leading the way in completed solar installations (commercial and non-commercial), with approximately 1,031 installations
R e g i o n a l
A n a l y s i s
&
P l a n n i n g
S e r v i c e s
Number of Completed Solar Installations Number of Completed Solar Installations 2012 1031
Santa Cruz
as of March, 2012. Monterey County has less than half the Santa Cruz total with approximately 500
93
San Benito
solar installations. San Benito County has fewer than 100 solar installations. Although San Benito has the
491
Monterey
fewest total solar installations, it leads the region in
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Source: California Energy Commission & California Public Utilities Commission, CSI Data, March 1, 2012
percentage of installations that produced over 10 kilowatts while Santa Cruz County had the smallest
Percentage that are Large Commercial Installations Solar Installations Greater Than or Equal to 10kW 2012
percentage of large solar installations. This indicates that most of Santa Cruz County’s solar energy
1.2%
Santa Cruz
generation comes from small residential installations. 6.5%
San Benito
A lternative Fuel Vehicle Registrations
1.6%
Monterey 0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
The Monterey Bay Area saw a steep rise in alternative
Source: California Energy Commission & California Public Utilities Commission, CSI Data, March 1, 2012
Alternative Fuel Vehicles
fuel vehicles (AFVs) from 2004-2008. Leading the tri-
Alternative Fuel Vehicles .
county area in AFV registration, Santa Cruz County
1200
saw an exponential increase in registrations, growing
1000 800 600
Santa Cruz |980
Monterey| 562
400 200
from just 4 AFVs in 2004 to 980 AFVs in 2010. Monterey County, even with a much larger population, had close to half the AFV registrations with 562 in 2010.
San Benito |106
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Source: California Department of Motor Vehicles, 2010 S t a t e
o f
t h e
R e g i o n
|
E n v i r o n m e n t
59
Number of LEED速 certified buildings by County 2012 LEED Certification 14
Santa Cruz
8
Monterey
0
2
4
6
3 LEED Certified Buildings LEED for Homes Certified Projects
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Source: USGBC, Public LEED project Directory, 2012
behind, with 14 certifications. Nearly half of Monterey County LEED
L EED Cer tif ie d Building s
certified buildings are homes, compared to most LEED buildings being LEED, or Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, provides
non-residential in Santa Cruz County.
building owners and operators with a framework for identifying and implementing practical and measurable green building design,
G re en Jobs
construction, operations and maintenance solutions. LEED certification provides independent, third-party verification that a building, home or community was designed and built using strategies aimed at achieving high performance in key areas of human and
Jobs related to using alternative energy, conserving natural resources, and reducing pollution have increasing economic and environmental value. Growth in green industries supports economic resiliency, environmental health, and national security.
environmental health: sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection and indoor environmental
Next to a research think tank on the economy & the environment has
quality.
produced a report that provides some data on green jobs. Since the data for Santa Cruz County falls within the San Francisco Bay Area and
With 17 LEED Certified buildings, Santa Cruz County has the most LEED certifications in the Monterey Bay Area. Monterey County is close
R e g i o n a l
A n a l y s i s
&
Monterey and San Benito County fall within the Central Coast region, the charts for this data set include areas outside the AMBAG region.
P l a n n i n g
S e r v i c e s
B AY AR EA E M P L OY M E N T BY G R E E N S E G M E N T / C E N T R A L C O A S T
Central Coast Green Jobs 1995 - 2010
Looking at both regions,
5,000 09-10
E N E R GY I N F R A ST R U CTU R E +100% BUSINESS SERVICES FINANCE & INVESTMENT C L E A N M A N U FA C T U R I N G & INDUSTRIAL
4,000
C L E A N T R A N S P O R TAT I O N AGRICULTURE SUPPORT E N E R GY E F F ICI E N CY RESEARCH & ADVOCACY GREEN BUILDING
3,000
+11%
the largest green segment employment was within the energy generation sector. The dramatic drop in
ENERGY STORAGE WAT E R & WA S T E WAT E R
employment from 2003 to
RECYCLING & WASTE
2,000
2004 in the Central Coast
AIR & ENVIRONMENT
was due to the bankruptcy ENERGY GENERATION
1,000
of a company in the Air & Environment. Energy
0
generation and jobs related
95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
to the air & environment tend
E M P L OY MX TE10NM ATNY BY E EN S EThe GM Tdrop / inBemployment AY A R Efrom A 2003 to 2004 was due to the bankruptcy of a company in Air & Environment Bay Area Green 1995 -E N2010 NE SHJobs A DESG OFRGREE N. Note: dramatic Data Source: Green Establishment Database. Analysis: Collaborative Economics
09-10
50,000 REGIONAL 36
D I STR I B UTI O N
AND :
TR EC N EDNST R A L
A G R I C U LT U R E S U P P O R T +8% A D VA N C E D M AT E R I A L S BUSINESS SERVICES C L E A N M A N U FA C T U R I N G & INDUSTRIAL E N E R G Y I N F R A S T R U C T U R E +23% R E S E A R C H & A DVO CACY WAT E R & WA S T E WAT E R +1%
C OAST
40,000
C L E A N T R A N S P O R TAT I O N
to be the largest factors in our green economieis.
+1%
E N E R GY STO R AG E GREEN BUILDING FINANCE & INVESTMENT
30,000
R E C Y C L I N G & WA S T E E N E R GY E F F ICI E N CY
20,000 AIR & ENVIRONMENT
10,00 0
E N E R G Y G E N E R AT I O N
+1%
0 19
95 996 997 998 999 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Source: Next 10, Many Shades of Green Report, 2012 NE X T 10 M A NY SH A DES OF GREE N.
22
Data Source: Green Establishment Database. Analysis: Collaborative Economics
S t a t e
R E G I O N A L D I SDTI RS TI BR UI BTU I OT N I OANN D T R E N D S :ABNAY D : A Ry E A
oT R EfBNAD S A R EtA h e
R e g i o n
|
E n v i r o n m e n t
61
Daily Air Quality 2011
Air Q ualit y In dex
358
Santa Cruz County
7
Air Quality Index (AQI) indicates how clean or polluted the region’s air is, and what associated health effects might be a factor
Good Air Quality 351
Monterey County
14 Moderate or Low Air Quality
for residents given that quality. The AQI runs from 0 to 500, the higher the value, the greater the level of air pollution and the
331
San Benito County
34
greater the health concern. For example, an 0
with little potential to affect public health,
200 300 Days Source: US Environmental Protection Agency, Air Quality Index Report, 2012
while an AQI value over 300 represents
Air Quality Index 2011
AQI value of 50 represents good air quality
100
hazardous air quality.
31
Santa Cruz County
64
An AQI value of 100 generally corresponds to the national air quality standard for the pollutant, which is the level EPA has set to
AQI Median
33
Monterey County
AQI values below 100 are generally thought of as satisfactory. Of the areas within the
AQI Maximum
61
protect public health. 36
San Benito County
93
tri-county region, San Benito County has 0
the highest averaged maximum index value
20
40
AQI Score
60
80
Source: US Environmental Protection Agency, Air Quality Index Report, 2012
R e g i o n a l
A n a l y s i s
&
P l a n n i n g
S e r v i c e s
100
Public Supply, population Total Population Served Withtotal Public Waterserved Supply 2005
of 93 and correspondingly the highest median air quality index value of 36.
Monterey
348,446
The County with the lowest median AQI is Santa Cruz County with an index
San Benito
43,838
of 31, followed closely by Monterey County with and AQI of 33.
Santa Cruz
236,176
0
50,000
Water Us age
100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 400,000 population seved with public supply
Source: USGS, Estimated Use of Water in the United States County-Level Data, 2012
Data on water usage can be difficult to find since the given large number of
Total withdrawals, total (fresh+saline), in gal/d
water suppliers in the region. However,
Total Water Withdrawals 2005
the USGS specifically provides some insight on water usage. Monterey
Monterey
1,129
County had used approximately 90 percent of the total water withdrawals
San Benito
taken by the region in 2005. This could
69
be indicative of the County’s large agriculture and hospitality industry. Santa Cruz
74
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
millions of gallons of water used per day Source: USGS, Estimated Use of Water in the United States County-Level Data, 2012
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S e r v i c e s
Image Cre dit s Cheung, Lance (Photographer). (2011). Salinas River State Beach. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www.flikr.com. Cover Masoner, Richard (Photographer). (2009). Monterey County Agriculture. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www.flikr.com. Pg. 6 K, Clatie (Photographer). (2007). Fields Near Watsonville, CA. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www.flikr.com. Pg. 8 Cheung, Lance (Photographer). (2011). Leafy Greens, Sprinklers, Salinas Valley. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www.flikr.com. Pg. 18 McIntyre, Brian (Photographer). (2008). Capitola. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www.flikr.com. Pg. 29 Fries, Brian (Photographer). (2007). UCSC Engineering Bulding. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www.flikr.com. Pg. 38 Coughlan, Michael (Photographer). (2010). Facebook Connections. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www.flikr.com. Pg. 44 a7pointstar (Photographer). (2011). The Procession 4. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www.flikr.com. Pg. 48 Bryan, Eric C (Photographer). (2010). Dockside Overpass. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www.flikr.com. Pg. 54 Cheung, Lance (Photographer). (2011). CA Highway 1, Bennett Slough. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www.flikr.com. Pg. 58
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