1
Raw materials Silk Leather Fur Wool Wood Cork Cotton Linen Marble Sand Clay Physical process Chemical process Technological process Wooden boards
The image above is from the Science Museum in London. The 'materials house' - a sandwich of 170 layers of materials: carpets, plastics, metals, glass, and more staff?
To classify raw materials Materials are taken from nature: from animals, plants and minerals To distinguish between a chemical and physical process We transform raw materials with physical and chemical processes About the steps for a technological process Extraction from nature, transformation into prepared materials, and manufacture of the technological product.
Asking for help (Classroom expressions)
How do you spell R - A - W?
How do you pronounce this word?
Can you repeat, please?
What is the meaning of “agree”?
2
Lesson 1 Raw materials Raw materials are defined as materials that come directly from nature. Some examples… From animals: wool, fur, leather, and silk.
From plants: wood, cork, cotton, linen.
From minerals: marble, sand, clay.
When we use raw materials we need to transform them with physical and chemical processes. We call these materials after transformation prepared materials. A physical process: the material is altered without changing the material’s composition. For example: drying wood after cutting. A chemical process: the material chemical composition is changed. For example: creating plastic from raw petroleum. Some prepared materials include: Paper, wooden boards, plastic, metal, glass, and cloth.
3
Technological products Technological products are any products created to satisfy a human necessity. They are usually made with more than one type of materials. For example: an umbrella, a pen, a computer‌ To make an umbrella we need: cloth, iron and wood. iron
cloth
wood
The basic steps for making technological products are: 1. 2. 3.
Extract raw materials from nature. Transform the raw materials into prepared materials. Make the technological product.
For example, these are the steps for making a piece of furniture:
Cut down trees in a forest to get wood
Prepare the wood by cutting it into boards
Use the boards to build a piece of furniture
4
1
unit
Lesson 2 Activities 1
List 5 raw materials and what 2 we use them for.
Animal
Raw material Use Wood Furniture
3
Classify the following based on the origin: linen, marble, cotton, cotton, clay, cork, sand and silk.
Plant
Mineral
Where do the following materials come from? a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j.
Windows are made from ____________ and ______________, Bottles are made from _______________ or ______________. Ties are made from ____________. Underwear is made from______________. Furniture is made from ________________. Books are made from_____________. Toys are made from _____________. Gloves are made from_____________. Statues are made from_____________. Swords are made from______________.
4
Explain the difference between a chemical and a physical process.
5
Name 5 technological products created for these fields: a. b. c. d.
Telecommunications: Housework: Industry: Fashion:
5
W.orking W.ith W.ebsites GROUPING AND CHANGING MATERIALS Visit the following website and do the activities on it: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/scienceclips/ages/6_7/grouping_materials.shtml
Name the four objects in each box (wood, metal, glass and rubber)
CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS Go to this website and learn about the characteristics of materials: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks2bitesize/science/activities/materials.shtml
What materials are waterproof? Metal Paper Rubber Glass Plastic
6
1 unit
Review
Visual Glossary VOCABULARY RAW MATERIALS
From animals:
wool From plants:
wood From minerals:
marble
fur
leather
cork
silk
cotton
sand
linen
clay
GRAMMAR REVIEW COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE A chair Furniture A pen plastic A notebook paper With uncountable nouns we don't use “a/an” , we say: A piece of paper: un papel A piece of furniture: un mueble Uncountable nouns cannot be plural: Two papers Two pieces of paper
7
GRAMMAR PASSIVE VOICE To Be + Past participle (Verb-ed) Example: The material is altered. El material es alterado The material is changed. El material es cambiado
Key Points
STUDY TIP: USE THE MIND MAP TO REMEMBER THE CONCEPTS IN THIS UNIT
RAW MATERIALS
CLASSIFICATION ORIGIN
MINERALS
PLANTS
STEPS TO MAKE A TECHNOLOGICAL
ANIMALS
PHYSICAL PROCESS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION DOES NOT CHANGE CHEMICAL PROCESS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION CHANGES
8
EXTRACT MATERIALS
TRANSFORM MATERIALS MAKE PRODUCTS
1
unit
1
unit
Progress Check
1. Raw materials come from a) Nature b) Factories c) Petroleum 2. Silk comes from a) Minerals b) Animals c) Plants 3. Technological products are made to a) Have furniture b) Pollute the environment c) Satisfy human necessities 4. In a physical process we don’t change a) The volume of the material b) The chemical composition of the material c) Anything 5. In a chemical process a) The composition doesn’t change b) The chemical composition changes c) Nothing change
6. Steel is a a) Metal b) Plastic c) Type of wood 7. Before using materials they must be a) Clean b) Cut c) Prepared 8. Glass is a a) Prepared material b) Raw material c) Product 9. The steps to get a technological product are a) Extract and make technological product. b) Extract, transform materials and make technological products. c) Extract and transform materials. 10. Furniture is made from a) Wood b) Glass c) Metal
I l ear nt
10-9 correct answers Wow, that’s incredible! What can I say?
abo
ut
I l ike d
8-7 correct answers Well done! You’ve got a good attitude.
I d idn ´t
6-5 correct answers OK, but you can do it better!
lik
…
e ..
4-0 correct answers Game over. This is not your favourite subject!
.
ANSWERS: 1-a , 2-b , 3-c , 4-b , 5-b , 6-a ,7-c , 8-a , 9-b , 10-a .
9
...
Wood or timber Tabletop Plywood Hardwood Leaf Chipboard Softwood Seed Pine Moisture Manufactured board Spruce Mahogany Oak
Classify raw materials Distinguish between a chemical and physical process Know the steps for a technological process
Reading Strategies
The word “wood” has two different meanings in Spanish: Bosque and madera. In English there is another word for bosque. Do you know which word it is?
After a first reading try to guess the meaning of the words you don't understand Then look up the meaning in the dictionary.
10
Lesson 1 Timber There are two different types of wood or timber, hardwoods and softwoods (natural). Natural timbers have a number of disadvantages: 1. They suffer from changes in moisture contend, they twist if they are not properly dried. 2. They are relatively expensive to buy. 3. They don't come in large sizes, so several pieces will need to be joined to form a tabletop. Hardwoods come from trees that carry their seeds in fruits. They lose their leaves in the winter. They are generally slow growing (60-100 years to mature), strong and tough. Although most hardwoods are hard, there are exceptions: e.g balsa wood. Examples: mahogany, oak and beech.
Mahogany tree
Oak tree
Beech tree
11
Materials
2 unit
Softwooods come from trees called conifers. They are evergreen (“always green”). They are fast growing ( 20-30 years to mature), making them ideal for growing commercially. However they are weaker than hardwoods and they can split easily. They are much cheaper to buy and work. They are used in the paper industry. Some examples are: pine, spruce and cypress:
Pine
Spruce
Cypress
Manufactured boards These can be produced in large sizes– up to 3 metres x 2 metres. They are relatively cheap, and more stable. Some examples are: plywood, chipboard and medium density fibreboard (MDF): Plywood: Made from layers of wood. It is very resistant.
Chipboard: Chips of variety of timbers joined using synthetic glue
Medium density fibreboard (MDF): A sort of thicker, smoother, better quality hardboard
12
Lesson 2 Activities
1
Complete the following table with the characteristics of the different types of timbers. C
Hardwoods
2
Softwoods
Match the two columns with arrows : Spruce Mahogany Cypress Plywood MDF Pine Chipboard Oak
Hardwoods Softwoods Manufactured boards
3
Manufactured woods
Using information on internet choose a type of wood for the following objects. More than one type of wood could be used. Constructional work Garden furniture Paper industry Ladders
4
Identify the following manufactured boards.
--------------
----------------
13
--------------
W.orking W.ith W.ebsites
2 unit
DIFFERENT TYPES OF TIMBER Visit the following website and learn about the different types of timber: www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/resistantmaterials/ materialsmaterialsrev4.shtml Remember that there are two types of timber: softwood and hardwood. Softwood timbers usually come from coniferous trees - that is, evergreen, needle-leaved, cone-bearing trees such as fir and pine. They do not have the hard cell structure that gives hardwood trees their name. Hardwood timbers come from broad-leaved, deciduous trees, and are more important in Design and Technology than softwood timbers. The main hardwood timbers are ash, beech, birch, cherry, elm, iroko, mahogany, meranti, oak, obeche, sapele and teak. In this website you will find a table with the properties and uses of the hardwood timbers.
Design a sample board with the different types of timber and their properties. It would be fantastic to find small pieces of the most usual types to paste them in the sample board.
14
Review
Visual Glossary
VOCABULARY
Wood or timber Tabletop Plywood Hardwood Leaf Chipboard Softwood Seed Pine Moisture Manufactured board Spruce Mahogany Oak
GRAMMAR REVIEW
GRAMMAR There is/There are Example: There is a pine in the garden Hay un pino en el jardĂn There are differents types of wood Hay diferentes tipos de madera
15
Key Points
WOOD They are relatively expensive to buy
CLASSIFICATION
HARDWOODS They are generally slow growing, strong and tough
MANUFACTURED BOARDS
SOFTWOODS They are fast growing, making them ideal for growing commercially
PLYWOOD
MEDIUM DENSITY FIBRE BOARD
CHIPBOARD Examples: Mahogany, oak and beech
Examples: Pine, spruce ans cypress
16
2 unit
2 unit
Progress Check
1. Moisture content is a) water quantity b) a part of the tree c) a type of timber 2. Evergreen means a) Never green b) Always green c) Sometimes green 3. Spruce is an example of a) Hardwood b) Softwood c) Manufactured boards 4. This type of timber is very tough and resistant a) Cork b) Softwood c) Hardwood 5. Plywood has a) Small particles of metal b) Different layers of wood c) Synthetic glue
6. MDF means a) Medium density fibre board b) Medium density full board c) High density fibre board 7. Wood is a material that is relatively a) Expensive to buy b) Cheap to buy c) Difficult to buy 8. Chipboard contains a) Metal b) Synthetic glue c) Layers of wood 9. Mahogany is an example of a) Manufactured wood b) Softwood c) Hardwood 10. They are used in the paper industry a) Softwoods b) Hardwoods c) Both of them
I l ear nt
10-9 correct answers Wow, that’s incredible! What can I say?
abo
ut
I l ike d
8-7 correct answers Well done! You’ve got a good attitude.
I d idn ´t
6-5 correct answers OK, but you can do it better!
lik
…
e ..
4-0 correct answers Game over. This is not your favourite subject!
.
ANSWERS: 1-a , 2-b , 3-b , 4-c , 5-b , 6-a ,7-a , 8-b , 9-c , 10-a .
17
...
Title block Ratio Measurements Enlargement Scale Size To draw
Use scales Calculate scales in technical drawings
Studying techniques A scale factor is a number which scales, or multiplies some quantity

Remember: A little studying every day will make a huge different.

Do your homework and correct the exercises.
18
Lesson 1 Scales Obviously, the paper surface is limited. If we use a DIN A-4 sized sheet in vertical position, the useful surface is 180 x 277 mm. If some dimension of the object of the drawing is bigger than paper, it doesn’t go into the paper. And inversely, if the object we want to draw is too small, we can’t notice its details. To solve these problems, we can proportionally reduce or enlarge (extend) all the measurements of the figure. All orthographic drawings must be drawn to a scale, which is in the title block or elsewhere on the drawing. A scale is a ratio and has no units. The scale of a drawing is the ratio between the drawing and the object, not the other way around. Scale= Size in the drawing/ Size of the object 1:1 indicates that the drawing is full size. NATURAL SCALE 1:2 indicates that the drawing is half the size of the object. REDUCTION SCALE 3:1 three times the size of the object. ENLARGEMENT SCALE
Drafting scales can be classified into four types: mechanical, architectural, civil and combination. Mechanical scales, such as 1/4"=1" (quarter size) or 1/2"=1" (half size), are used for machine parts, tools, toys, etc. Architectural scale, such as 1/4"=1'0" (1/48 size) or 1/8"=1'-0" (1/96 size) are used for houses and buildings. Civil scales, such as 1"=10' or 1"=50', are used for highways, dams and housing developments.
The combination scale is triangular in shape and includes mechanical, architectural, civil and sometimes metric scales. See Realistic Views of Combination Scale.
Mechanical scales equate inches to inches (1/2"=1" and 1/4"=1") and can be expressed in fractional or decimal units.
Architectural scales equate inches to feet (1/4"=1'-0" or 1/8"=1'-0") and are expressed in feet and fractional inch units.
Civil engineers scales equate inches to feet, yards or miles (1"=50.0' or 1"=50 yds.) and are expressed in decimal inches, feet, yard or mile units.
Metric scales equate meters to parts of a meter (1:100 or 1:50) and are expressed in millimeters.
19
Technical drawing equipment
FLEXIBLE CURVE TRIANGULAR SCALE ruler
TECHNICAL RANGE
PANTOGRAPH
20
3
unit
Lesson 2 Activities
Calculate the measure of these distances in the drawing.
1
40 cm in a scale 1:20 2 cm in a scale 3:1 50 cm in a scale 1: 1000
2
There are 8 cm between two towns on a map with a scale 1: 1000. What is the real distance between the towns?
3
We need to draw a building of 25 m on a drawing board with these measures (30 cm x 21 cm). What is the scale we need to use?
4
5
Draw the main views of your Technology class book in a scale 1:3.
See the figures below and find out which scale we have used.
21
W.orking W.ith W.ebsites
Visit the following website and watch the video, afterwards do the interactive activities on it.
Remembe:r inch is a measurement unit in the English system. We use the international system of units 1 inch=2,54 cm
http://www.brainpop.com/artsandmusic/artconcepts/scaledrawing/ 6
Could you paint a drawing from a picture on a piece of paper as the robot did? Try it.
22
3
unit
Review
Visual Glossary
VOCABULARY
Title block Ratio Measurements Enlargement Scale Size To draw
GRAMMAR REVIEW MODAL VERBS CAN/HAVE TO/MUST
GRAMMAR
Examples: I can play tennis at weekends I must study for the exams I have to get up early everyday
23
Key Points
SCALE Scale= Size in the drawing/ Size of the object
A scale is a ratio and has no units
REDUCTION SCALE
CLASSIFICATION
NATURAL SCALE
24
ENLARGEMENT SCALE
3
unit
3
unit
Progress Check
1) A scale has no a) Units b) Meaning c) Numbers 2) We use a ________ scale to draw the map of a city a) Natural scale b) Reduction scale c) Enlargement scale 3) We use a ______ scale to draw a rubber a) Natural scale b) Reduction scale c) Enlargement scale 4) Scale is a) The ratio between the drawing and the object. b) The ratio between the object and the drawing c) The ratio between the drawings divided into two 5) A scale 3:1 means a) The object is three times bigger than the drawing b) The drawing is three times bigger than the object c) The drawing is four times bigger than the object
6) A scale 2:1 means a) The object is two times bigger than the drawing b) The drawing is two times bigger than the object c) The drawing is four times bigger than the object 7) A scale 1:4 means a) The object is four times bigger than the drawing b) The drawing is four times bigger than the object c) The object is two times smaller than the drawing. 8. The distance between two villages separated 5 cm on a map with a scale 1:20000 is a) 1 Km b) 100000 cm c) Both answers are right 9. The distance between two villages separated 5 cm on a map with a scale 1:100000 is a) 5 Km b) 50000 cm c) 50000 m 10. The scale of a drawing must … a) Be in the title block b) Have units. c) Always be in the technical drawings
I l ear nt
10-9 correct answers Wow, that’s incredible! What can I say?
abo
ut
I l ike d
8-7 correct answers Well done! You’ve got a good attitude.
I d idn ´t
6-5 correct answers OK, but you can do it better!
lik
…
e ..
4-0 correct answers Game over. This is not your favourite subject!
.
ANSWERS: 1-a , 2-b , 3-c , 4-a , 5-b , 6-b ,7-a , 8-a , 9-a , 10-c .
25
...
Toughness Hardness Ductility Malleability Brightness Pipe Wire To scratch
The image above is from the Science Museum in London. The 'materials house' - a sandwich of 170 layers of materials: carpets, plastics, metals, glass, and more stuff.
The basic properties of the metals Toughness, hardness, ductility. malleability and brightness Three different properties of metals Physical, chemical and ecological properties To select the appropriate metal to build a product We must select the metal depending on the use of the product
Asking for help (Classroom expressions)
How do you spell R - A - W?
How do you pronounce this word?
Can you repeat, please?
What is the meaning of “agree”?
26
Lesson 1 Properties of materials All materials have properties that make them ideally suited for particular products. Design specification informs the choice of materials for a design. Metallic materials are hard, cold and they have very flat surfaces because they have been polished . Moreover they have metallic brightness . This is the classification of the properties of metals: a) Physical properties: 1. Toughness: how well the material absorbs impact.
2. Hardness: a measure of how easily a material is scratched.
3. Plastic or elastic behaviour: a measure of how much a material is deformed.
4. Ductility: the ability of a material to be worked in wire shapes.
5. Malleability: the ability of a material to be worked into panel shapes.
27
Materials 7. Electrical conductivity: how well a material conducts electricity
8. Magnetism: some materials are able to attract metals.
b) Chemical properties: 1. Resistance to corrosion: how slowly the material oxidises.
c) Ecologic properties: 1. Recycling: metals can be used more than once.
28
4 unit
Lesson 2 Activities 1
Write the most important property in producing electrical wires, pipes, bridges, hammers and pans.
2
Fill in the blanks: Hardness is a ________ of how _______ a material is _________. Toughness is a _________ of how _______ the material _______ impact. If a material doesn’t conduct electricity it is a __________ and if it conducts electricity, it is a _____________.
3
Name a conductor material, an insulator material, a hard material, a thermal conductor, and an electrical conductor.
4
Choose the correct answer: We can avoid corrosion of metals... a. Leaving them into water. b. Painting the surface. c. Heating them.
5
Match with arrows. Toughness
Physical property
Ductility Recyclable Chemical property Hardness Resistance to corrosion Malleability
Ecological property
29
W.orking W.ith W.ebsites
4
PROPERTIES OF METALS 1. Visit the following website: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/resistantmaterials/ materialsmaterialsrev3.shtml With this website you will find information about ferrous metals. Ferrous metals contain iron. Examples are cast iron, mild steel, medium carbon steel, high carbon steel, stainless steel, and high speed steel. We can see a table with the composition, properties and uses of some common ferrous metals. 2. Now visit this website: http://www.btinternet.com/%7Ehognosesam/gcse/page11.html
What properties of materials are explained on the website?
3. Finally, let´s learn about ecology and play this interactive game: http://www.scrib.org/education_zone/interactive_quiz/interactive_quiz.asp
Listen the story of the two cans and write down the stages of the process to recycle the aluminium.
30
unit
Review
Visual Glossary
VOCABULARY
Toughness Hardness Ductility Malleability Brightness Pipe Wire To scratch
GRAMMAR REVIEW ADVERBS Good Well Slow Slowly
GRAMMAR CAN + BE + PARTICIPLE Ex.: Metals can be used ore than once.
HOW COMO How well Cómo How easily Con qué facilidad How slowly Cómo de lento How much Cuánto
31
Key Points
PROPERTIES OF METALS
Physical
Malleability Ductility Electrical Conductivity Thermal Conductivity Plastic or Elastic behaviour Hardness Toughness
Chemical
Ecological
Resistance to corrosion
32
Recycling
4 unit
4 unit
Progress Check
1 Properties can be ... a) Physical, chemical and ecological b) Physical, educational and ecological c) Physical, chemical and modern 2 Toughness is a … a) Chemical property b) Physical property c) Ecological property 3 Resistance to corrosion is a … a) Chemical property b) Physical property c) Ecological property 4 Hardness is a … a) Chemical property b) Physical property c) Ecological property 5 Ductility and malleability are ... a) Chemical properties b) Physical properties c) Ecological properties
6 We paint surfaces to avoid ... a) Ductility b) Malleability c) Corrosion 7 Plastic or elastic behaviour measures … a) Hardness b) Malleability c) Deformation produced after a force 8 An insulator material is … a) A metallic spoon b) A plastic spoon c) A ring 9 A thermal conductor is … a) A metallic spoon b) A plastic spoon c) A wooden spoon 10 The properties are important to … a) Sell products b) Buy products c) Design products
I l ear nt
10-9 correct answers Wow, that’s incredible! What can I say?
abo
ut
I l ike d
8-7 correct answers Well done! You’ve got a good attitude.
I d idn ´t
6-5 correct answers OK, but you can do it better!
lik
…
e ..
4-0 correct answers Game over. This is not your favourite subject!
.
ANSWERS: 1-a , 2-b , 3-a , 4-b , 5-b , 6-c ,7-c , 8-b , 9-a , 10-c .
33
...
Copper Brass bronze Lead Tin Zinc Aluminium Titanium Alloy Iron
About the most common non ferrous metals
The properties of non ferrous metals
The main uses of non ferrous metals
Asking for help (Classroom expressions) Bronze is the most popular metal for top-quality bells. Nearly all professional cymbals are made from a bronze alloy.
What is the meaning of Tin?
Could you explain it again?
Can you repeat, please?
34
Lesson 1 Non ferrous metals Non ferrous metals do not contain iron. They are not magnetic and are usually more resistant to corrosion than ferrous metals. Examples are aluminium, copper, lead. zinc and tin. The most common examples are in the following table.
COPPER (Cu)
Malleable and ductile. Uses: Wires, elecGood conductor and tronic circuits and expensive pipes.
BRASS
Alloy of copper and Uses: For watches and zinc. Hard and corro- metals work. sion resistant
BRONZE
Alloy of copper and Uses: For pumps, tin. Strong and corro- gears, bells and coins. sion resistant.
LEAD (Pb)
Heavy, ductile and Uses: For batteries corrosion resistant. and in small quantities Expensive in petrol
35
Non ferrous metals TIN (Sn)
Soft and weak. Ductile Uses: Tins and joins. and malleable. Corrosion resistant
ZINC (Zn)
Soft and grey
ALUMINIUM (Al)
Good conductor, ex- Uses: Windows, cars, pensive and very bicycles and planes strong.
TITANIUM (Ti)
High corrosion resis- Uses: Modern buildtant ings, rockets, jewellery and medical prothesis
MAGNESIUM (Mg)
Malleable, white
36
soft
Uses: Gutters
and Uses: Aeronautic industry, fireworks, cars and bikes.
5 unit
Lesson 2 Activities
1
2
3
4
Draw one use of each metal in your notebook.
What is an alloy? Do you know an alloy? Which metals are made from?
The densities of iron, tin, lead, magnesium are 7.88, 7.29, 11.34 and 1.74 (g/cc). Calculate the mass of 5 cc of each metal. Remember density=ρ=m/v.
Circle the right answer: Materials to produce wires must be … a)
Good conductor
b) Bad conductor
Titanium is used to build … a)
Modern buildings
b) Coins
Aluminium is used in bicycles because it is
37
W.orking W.ith W.ebsites METALS 1. Visit this website: http://www.brainpop.com/science/ matterandchemistry/metals/ Learn about the elements and alloys we call metal. Find out about their physical properties, like ductility and hardness, as well as their chemical properties, like positive valence and the tendency to oxidize. Take a look at how metals are subdivided on the periodic table of elements. You'll learn about why metal is so important to people, too. Discover its many uses, from cars to silverware to cell phones...to medals!
Listen to the video and play the quiz.
2. Now go to this site and complete the tasks: http://www.seed.slb.com/en/scictr/lab/buoy_exp/index.htm Balsa wood
Ebony wood
Oak wo- Marble od
Granite
Gold
Ice
Butter
Water Olive oil Ethanol Honey Sea water Mercury
Write conclusions about the experiment. Which material is the heaviest? What are differences between water and sea water?
Write the results of the experiments in the following table.
38
5
unit
Review
Visual Glossary
VOCABULARY
Copper Brass bronze Lead Tin Zinc Aluminium Titanium Alloy Iron
GRAMMAR REVIEW COMPARATIVE Good Better Bad Worse
GRAMMAR
SUPERLATIVE Good Best Bad Worst
39
Key Points
METALS
Classification
Ferrous
Metals
with iron Example: steel
Non-Ferrous
Titanium Aluminum Copper Bronze Magnesium Tin Zinc Lead Brass
40
Alloys: A mixture of elements—at least one of them must be a metal.
5
unit
5
unit
Progress Check
1. An alloy is a …. a) Metal made from a mixture of two or more metals b) Ferrous metal c) Non ferrous metal 2. Brass is used … a) For bells b) For metallic decorations c) For tins 3. Copper is used … a) For wires b) For rockets c) For televisions 4 . Brass is an alloy with ….. a) Zinc and silver b) Copper and silver c) Copper and zinc 5 . Bronze is an alloy with a) Gold and tin b) Tin and copper c) Gold and copper
6. Copper is …. a) Good conductor b) Soft and weak c) Cheap 7. Brass is a) Corrosion resistant b) Good conductor c) Both answers 8. Lead is used for… a) Coins b) Batteries c) Windows 9. Zinc is… a) Hard and brown b) Soft and grey c) Soft and blue 10. Magnesium is used in … a) Rockets and fireworks b) Watches c) Windows and tab
I l ear nt abo ut ...
10-9 correct answers Wow, that’s incredible! What can I say?
I l ike d …
8-7 correct answers Well done! You’ve got a good attitude.
I d idn ´t lik e .. .
6-5 correct answers OK, but you can do it better! 4-0 correct answers Game over. This is not your favourite subject!
ANSWERS: 1-a , 2-b , 3-a , 4-c , 5-b , 6-a ,7-c , 8-b , 9-b , 10-a .
41
Proton Neutron Electron Atom Nuclens Conductor Inslator Electrical current Posittive charge Electrical charge Negative charge Motor Wire Wires crossed Wires connected Switch Push botton Chargeower switch Resistor Voltimeter Fuse Ammeter
To know the nature of the electricity
To distinguish between different conductors and inslator materials To draw electrical circuits appropiately
Asking for help (Classroom expressions)
Could you explain it again?
What about homework?
Can you help me, please?
42
Lesson 1 Electrical Current Electrical current is the continual movement of electrons.
Electricity passes through materials called conductors. Metals are conductors.
Electricity doesn’t pass through materials called insulators. Plastic and wood are insulators
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT An electrical circuit is a union of elements where electrical current flows. The four main elements of an electrical circuit are: 1.Generator: It is the power source. 2.Conductive wire: A pathway for electrons 3.Switch : Stop and start the circuit. Electrical circuit can work without switches, they are for safety and control. 4.Receptor: Light bulb, motor or resistors.
43
Electrical Current The symbols below are used to represent components found in electrical circuits
Motor
Push button
44
Buzzer
6 unit
Lesson 2 Activities
1
Fill in the blanks: Electricity is the continual movement of _____________. Electricity passes though materials called ____________. Electricity doesn’t pass though materials called ___________.
2
Join with arrows: Insulator Conductor
3
Spoon Plastic bottle Security gloves Ring Paper Scissor Nail
Draw an atom with the protons, neutrons and electrons.
4
What are the four main elements of a electrical circuit?
5
Draw an electrical circuit with two resistors and a bulb in series.
6
Draw an electrical circuit with a motor and a bulb in parallel.
7
Draw the electrical symbols of a battery, a switch, a buzzer and a fuse
45
W.orking W.ith W.ebsites
8
6
Watch the movies and answer the questions clicking on quiz. The subtitles of the movies will help you to understand better. You can stop the movies as many times as you need. http://www.brainpop.com/technology/energytechnology/electricity/preview.weml http://www.brainpop.com/technology/energytechnology/currentelectricity/preview.weml http://www.brainpop.com/technology/energytechnology/electriccircuits/preview.weml http://www.brainpop.com/technology/energytechnology/batteries/preview.weml
9
Draw a simple and a parallel circuits using the symbols in this website. Use each symbol once at least. http://www.cleo.net.uk/resources/displayframe.php?src=207/consultants_resources/ science/circuitWorld/index.html
Experiments: http://eo.ucar.edu/webweather/lightningact.html http://pbskids.org/zoom/activities/sci/staticelectricity.html
46
unit
Review
Visual Glossary
VOCABULARY
Proton Neutron Electron Atom Nuclens Conductor Inslator Electrical current Posittive charge Electrical charge Negative charge Motor Wire Wires crossed Wires connected Switch Push botton Chargeower switch Resistor Voltimeter
GRAMMAR REVIEW
PRESENT SIMPLE GRAMMAR
Positive/Negative Sentences Examples: Electricity passes ….. Electricity doesn’t pass …….
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Key Points
Everything is made up by atoms. They contain:
Protons: Particles with positive charge
Electrons: Particles with negative charge
Neutrons: Particles without charge
Electricity is the continual movement of electrons in an electrical circuit
Insulators materials They don’t conduct electricity
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Conductor materials They conduct electricity
6
unit
6
unit
Progress Check
1. Everything is made up of a) Cells b) Atoms c) Wood 2. Protons are a) In the nucleus b) Around the nucleus c) Very far from the nucleus 3. Electrons have a) Positive charge b) Negative charge c) Neutral charge 4. Electrical current is the a) The volume of the material b) The chemical composition of the material c) Continual movement of electrons 5. Particles with the same type of charges ________ each other a) Reflect b) Attract c) Repel
6. Electricity passes through materials called ... a) Conductors b) Insulator c) Both answers are right 7. The symbol of a motor is… a) b) c) 8. The symbol of a buzzer is… a) b) c)
10-9 correct answers Wow, that’s incredible! What can I say? 8-7 correct answers Well done! You’ve got a good attitude. 6-5 correct answers OK, but you can do it better! 4-0 correct answers Game over. This is not your favourite subject!
ANSWERS: 1-b , 2-a , 3-b , 4-c , 5-c , 6-a , 7-a , 8-c
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Bricks Concrete Glass Iron Plastic Steel Stone Wood Tower Beam Foundation Vault
To classify different types of structures To distinguish the conditions to be a structure
About the materials used for constructing structures
Asking for help (Classroom expressions)
The image above is from the Science Museum in London. The 'materials house' - a sandwich of 170 layers of materials: carpets, plastics, metals, glass, and more staff?
Which homework are for the next day?
I don´t understand this exercise
Could you write that on the board?
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Lesson 1 Structures In nature there are many forces, for example: gravity, the wind* or the force of our muscles*. A force is capable of deforming a body or altering its state of rest* or movement. Structure: elements of a body which bear* the effects of the forces that act on it, keeping* its form. There are two types of structures: natural and artificial. Natural: seashells or bones.
Artificial: a chair and a building
CONDITIONS TO BE A STRUCTURE Stability: The structures cannot overturn easily. Resistance: They cannot break when we apply force. Controlled deformation: The deformation should be controlled. ARTIFICIAL STRUCTURES Artificial structures are in all technological objects, simple and small objects (chair, pen or telephone) as well as massive or complicated constructions (cathedrals, bridges or rockets). The structure must have resistance to keep its form and it must minimize the amount of material to save money. Constructions materials have changed over time. Some materials used are: Stone Wood Iron Concrete Brick Plastic Steel Glass The form of the structure depends on the force exerted upon it, for example: a dam. TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL STRUCTURES Massive structures: They are built with many materials, and no space is left inside. e.g: Pyramids
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Vaulted structures: They have arches and vaults inside. It is possible to build very tall constructions with a lot of space inside, like cathedrals.
Artificial strutures
7
unit
Stacked in layers: structures found in buildings. Elements of stacked structures are: Foundations: a foundation is the base of a building. It is underground beneath the structure. Pillars: they support the weight of the structure vertically.
Beams: they support the weight of the structure horizontally.
Beams and pillars can have different shapes. Depending on the shape, a beam or pillar can support more or less weight. They can be TRIANGLE, SQUARE, L-SHAPE, U-SHAPE ETC.
Triangle structures: There are structures made of bars. They usually are wooden or metallic bars. The triangle does not deform, that is why we use triangular structure to build roofs or bridges. Suspensions structures: suspension structures are supported by cables.
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Lesson 2 Activities 1
Write the names of five natural and five artificial structures
2
Structures Natural Artificial
Write the names of five construction materials.
Construction mate-
Identify the structures of these pictures.
3
a
b
d
g
4
c
e
f
h
i
Draw a pillar, a beam, an arch, and a vault and write the name of the efforts they support
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W.orking W.ith W.ebsites 5
Search about Santiago Calatrava and Gaudí.
6
Internet Game: “TOWERS OF THE WORLD”. This is a game. you must follow the following instructions to win. Observe these pictures of the famous towers and complete the gaps in the tables using infor-
7
unit
ER SEARS TOW
WER EIFFEL TO
ARCHITECT
CT ARCHITE
HEIGHT
HEIGHT
AR CTION YE CONSTRU
CONSTRUC
TION YEAR
TRY CITY, COUN
UNTRY CITY, CO
PETRO NAS T OWER ARCH ITECT HEIGH T CONS TRUCT ION Y EAR CITY, COUN TRY
PRICE TOW ER ARCHITECT HEIGHT CONSTRUC
TION YEAR CITY, COUN TRY
WER ON TO FLATIR EC T ARCHIT
TOWER WATTS EC T ARCHIT HEIGHT YEAR UCTION R T S N CO Y OUNTR CITY, C
HEIGHT N YEAR RUCTIO CONST Y OUNTR CITY, C
EMPIRE
BANK OF C HINA ARCHITECT
STATES
ARCHIT EC T
BUILDIN
HEIGHT
HEIGHT
CONSTR UCTION
CONSTRUCT ION YEAR CITY, COUN TRY
CITY, CO UNTRY
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YEAR
G
Review
Visual Glossary
VOCABULARY
bricks
plastic
concrete
glass
steel
stone
beam
foundation
iron
wood
vault
tower
GRAMMAR REVIEW THERE IS / THERE ARE (hay) Singular plural Ex. There are two types of structures. MODAL VERBS CAN poder CANNOT / CAN´T MUST deber MUST NOT/ MUSTN´T SHOULD debería SHOULDN´T ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS VERTICAL VERTICAL-LY vertical verticalmente HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL-LY
GRAMMAR PAST PARTICIPLES REGULAR VERB-ED USE usar USED usado IRREGULAR BUILD construir BUILT construido LEAVE dejar LEFT dejado FIND encontrar FOUND encontrado MAKE hacer MADE hecho
EASY EASI-LY
55
Key Points
STRUCTURES
Classification
Conditions to be a structure
Stability
Natural structure
Resistance
Triangular
Vaulted Massive
Stacked
Controlled deformation
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Artificial structure
Suspensi贸n
7
unit
7
unit
Progress Check
1. A natural structure is a a) Tower b) Building c) Seashell 2. Artificial structures are made by a) Humans beings b) Animals c) Plants 3. Necessary conditions to be a structure are a) Stability, deformation and movement b) Stability, resistance and controlled deformation c) Resistance, controlled deformation and hardness 4. Materials to build artificial structures are a) Concrete, bricks and leather b) Glass, concrete and steel c) Plastic, paper and leather 5. A vaulted structure is a a) Cathedral b) Chair c) Pyramid
6. Foundations are __________ buildings a) Inside b) On the top of c) In the base of 7. Santiago Calatrava and Norman Foster are famous a) Scientists b) Architects c) Engineers 8. Pillars support the weight of the structure a) Vertically b) Horizontally c) Diagonally 9. The Eiffel Tower is a a) Vaulted structure b) Suspension structure c) Triangular structure 10. Beams support the weight of the structure a) Horizontally b) Vertically c) Diagonally
I l ear nt
10-9 correct answers Wow, that’s incredible! What can I say?
abo
ut
I l ike d
8-7 correct answers Well done! You’ve got a good attitude.
I d idn ´t
6-5 correct answers OK, but you can do it better!
lik
…
e ..
4-0 correct answers Game over. This is not your favourite subject!
.
ANSWERS: 1-a , 2-b , 3-a , 4-c , 5-b , 6-a ,7-c , 8-b , 9-b , 10-a .
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