Farming tab spring 2019

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Farming in the Heartland

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PLANTING THE SEED FOR 2019

An Agricultural, Farming & Rural Development Supplement Covering Freeborn County, Mower County & Surrounding Areas

Spring 2019

Page 2 ❖ Supplement to the Freeborn & Mower County Shoppers ❖ Spring 2019

Crop Insect Updates for the 2019 Growing Season Farmers will likely deal with new insect pests this 2019 growing season.

Some of these insects, like Japanese beetle and Brown Marmorated stink bug, are have been present in yards, gardens, and commercial horticulture for awhile, but are now being found in agricultural fields. Other insects, like soybean aphids, are familiar, but require strategic management in the face of insecticide resistance.

When dealing with insects that can harm crops, it’s common to adapt a “must kill them all NOW,” mentality, but following the principles of integrated pest management, such as scouting, using thresholds, and choosing pesticides carefully, will help farmers make economically and environmentally sound decisions.

Japanese beetle was found in Minnesota in 1968 and has been a pest in yards and gardens for the past several. Recently, Japanese beetles have been observed feeding on soybeans; they are generalist feeders

which feed on over 300 plant species.

The adult beetles feed between leaf veins causing defoliation in a lacey pattern, also known as skeletonizing.

Heavy infestations of adults can cause significant defoliation which can lead to reduced soybean yield, though soybeans can tolerate a good deal of defoliation before yield is impacted.

To determine if treatment is necessary, estimate defoliation from a minimum of ten plants from throughout the field. Select a leaf from the top, middle, and bottom third of each plant and average percent defoliation for the field’s canopy. Treatment is recommended if adults are present and defoliation reaches 30 percent for vegetative plants (before flowering), or 20 percent for reproductive plants.

The Brown Marmorated stink bug (BMSB) was discovered in MN in 2010 and has been an issue in fruit production for a few years. In

soybean, BMSB pierces developing grain and pod with its mouthparts.

They cause damage by sucking nutrients from the plant and possibly causing secondary infection from fungal pathogens. Feeding causes abortion, deformation, and discoloration of seed, which can affect yield and quality and can also cause delayed plant maturity (“stay-green syndrome”).

Because stink bugs are often more abundant on field edges, scouting should include locations throughout the field, including the interior.

The thresholds for treatment are 10 bugs/25 sweeps for soybean grown for grain. At this point, there have not been any fields found with stink bug densities near treatable levels in Minnesota. There are also predatory stink bugs which are beneficial for keeping other insect pests in check.

Confirm stink bug species with an agricultural professional or your Extension Educator.

Along with these latest issues, there are some new challenges regarding a familiar insect as well. Soybean aphid has shown resistance to certain pyrethroid insecticides in Minnesota.

To manage insecticide-resistant aphids, apply insecticides only when needed (scout and use the economic threshold of 250 aphids/plant to determine when to apply insecticides), apply insecticides correctly with proper rates and good coverage, and check efficacy of insecticide three to five days after application. Also, if fields need to be re-treated, alternate insecticide groups, don’t follow up with another pyrethroid insecticide.

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WARNING! LOOK UP, AND LOOK OUT FOR POWER LINES Recommendations: • LOOK UP! before moving or transporting

equipment especially around buildings, grain bins or entrance/exiting fields and farms.

• P ower lines should be at least 18 feet above the highest point of grain bin where portable augers or other portable filling equipment is used.

• C onsidering burying electric lines to reduce the risk of accidental contact.

• R emember some equipment during transportation is actually taller than when in use.

• A nother thing you need to be careful of is bumping into the guy wires on electrical poles. This will cause sagging in the overhead lines and will make entanglement more likely.

• A lways stay alert and never take unnecessary risks.

I f your equipment becomes entangled in power lines, stay in the tractor or truck unless the tractor or truck starts on fire. Jump as far from the tractor as possible but land on both feet. Then hop with feet together to get to safety! If on fire, contact 911… if you are staying in the vehicle, contact FMCS Operations at 800-734-6421.

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Spring 2019 ❖ Supplement to the Mower & Freeborn County Shoppers ❖ Page 3

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Page 4 ❖ Supplement to the Freeborn & Mower County Shoppers ❖ Spring 2019

Why Farmers May Want to Keep, Not Kill Weeds “Managing crop pests without fully understanding the impacts of tactics— related to resistance and nontarget plants or insects—costs producers money,” says Antonio DiTommaso, professor of soil and crop science at Cornell University and lead author of a new study in the journal Weed Science.

“We are taking a renewed look at a holistic, sustainable integrated pest management (IPM) approach,” DiTommaso says.

In corn production, for example, maintaining a few villainous milkweed plants in the middle of a cornfield may help minimize crop loss from the destructive European corn borer.

The milkweed plants can harbor aphids (destructive sap-sucking flies) that produce a nectar food source for beneficial parasitic wasps Trichogramma.

The wasps, in turn, lay eggs inside the eggs of the European corn borer, killing the corn borer eggs—reducing damage to the crop.

“Production management rarely considers the benefits of weeds in agricultural ecosystems,” says DiTommaso. “Let’s look at the big picture. If we open our eyes— even if it’s a weed growing in the cornfield—we show it could be beneficial. Integrating weed benefits will become increasingly important, as pest management is likely to move from total reliance on herbicides and transgenic crop traits for control, because of increasing resistance of weeds to these products.”

MORE WEEDS, MORE BUTTERFLIES

One additional side benefit for having a few milkweed plants in a field of corn is that it serves as a breeding place and food source for monarch

butterflies. As of late, monarch numbers are down, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service is evaluating a petition to have them protected under the Endangered Species Act. While some growers elect not to use engineered crops, producers may see a return to IPM methods from two decades ago, as resistance could easily occur when relying on a single tactic.

With increasing no-till production, producers will inevitably see rebounds in perennial weeds—such as milkweed, the researchers say.

Thus, some growers may be willing to tolerate a low milkweed population in favor of providing livable plant space for monarchs.

“Every organism in an agricultural system plays multiple roles,” says John Losey, professor of entomology.

“If management decisions are based solely on the negative aspects, yield

and profit can be lost in the short term and broader problems can arise in the longer term.”

Integration of the weed costs and advantages will become important.

“The benefits of weeds have been neglected. They’re often seen as undesirable, unwanted. We’re now beginning to quantify their benefits,” says Kristine M. Averill, a research associate.

“It’s very important to recognize the benefits of all the species within the crop field—that includes both the crops and the weeds—not to mention cover crops. Weeds can offer ecosystem services, such as soil erosion protection and pollination services for the benefit of insects,” Averill says. “They can be part of a restorative cycle.”

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Spring 2019 ❖ Supplement to the Mower & Freeborn County Shoppers ❖ Page 5

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Page 6 ❖ Supplement to the Freeborn & Mower County Shoppers ❖ Spring 2019

CRWD ends big year of water-quality projects

Dobbins 1 – one of largest CIP works planned – among those completed in ‘18

AUSTIN, Minn. – Friday, Dec. 21, 2018 – When flood-inducing rains hit Mower County, the Cedar River Watershed’s upland areas of Dobbins Creek now will have more ability to capture and slowly release large amounts of stormwater.

Improved water quality and reduced flooding, along with more wildlife habitat, are the benefits of five projects completed in recent weeks by the Cedar River Watershed District in upland areas of the Dobbins Creek subwatershed, which drains into Austin’s Jay C. Hormel Nature Center and East Side Lake before flowing to the Cedar River.

To date, CRWD now has completed nine of 25 projects planned under its nearly $8.4 million Capital Improvement Plan (CIP) focused on improving water quality and reducing floods.

CIP’s overall goal is to reduce flooding by 8 percent at the Cedar-Dobbins confluence in southeast Austin.

Under this year’s work, CRWD hired contractors to build water-detention, earthen berms to control and treat stormwater flowing off more than 1,000 acres of mostly farmland in the nearly 25,000-acre Dobbins subwatershed. CRWD has focused in recent years on Dobbins due the subwatershed being prone to flash floods.

CIP projects are funded by a $3.2 million grant from The Hormel Foundation with nearly another $4 million thus far in funding from state grants and state bonding. Up to $1 million from a CRWD local project levy is available, if needed.

In 2019, CRWD plans to build up to six more CIP projects in the Dobbins subwatershed, treating an additional 1,000 acres overall. CIP focuses on upland water storage as it decreases the amount and speed of stormwater flow, which reduces the potential for significant downstream streambank erosion.

“By slowing stormwater, these CIP structures keep a lot of soil and nutrients from entering streams while reducing flood damage to buildings, roads, bridges and farm fields,” CRWD project manager Cody Fox said.

Dobbins 1 – one of the largest CIP projects planned – was finished in 2018 after several years of preliminary work with numerous landowners and complex designs. Treating more than 810 acres, Dobbins 1 is two, large berms in the upper areas of Dobbins Creek’s north branch (Red Rock and Dexter townships). At capacity, Dobbins 1’s storage will cover more land (more than 50 acres) with stormwater than Austin’s 40acre East Side Lake – a reservoir created by a dam on Dobbins Creek.

“It feels great to have Dobbins 1 completed

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and ready to help with issues in our watershed,” Fox said. “Lots of work went into it, and we were fortunate to work with great landowners.”

At maximum capacity, Dobbins 1 should temporarily hold about 250 acre-feet of stormwater (81.5 million gallons), with some spots being more than 15 feet deep. One acre-foot is like covering a football field with one foot of water. At capacity storage, Dobbins 1 will release stormwater over two days rather than the typical eight to 12 hours at the site.

Under the project, 80 acres of farmland also were enrolled in the federal Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), keeping the land from being farmed for a decade.

With rainfall amounts that typically produce major flooding, Dobbins 1 will reduce peak stormwater flows by more than 80 percent at its site. The berms are expected to keep an estimated 134 tons of sediment out of Dobbins Creek along with 218 pounds of phosphorus equal to more than 65,000 pounds of algae.

Sediment is loose particles of sand, clay, silt and other substances mostly from eroding soils on land or streambanks. It makes streams cloudy, which is harmful to fish and plant life, and fills in lakes and streams.

Most sediment is contaminated by pollutants, particularly phosphorus, which, in excessive levels

often from pastures and cropland, can cause water pollution by promoting significant algae growth.

Water quality can be harmed further when bacteria consume dead algae and use up dissolved oxygen, suffocating fish and other aquatic life.

Three other projects built by CRWD in 2018 also are in the Dobbins headwaters areas of Dexter Township and each will reduce on-site, peak stormwater flows by 90 percent or more.

Those included: Project #8 – Just north of Interstate 90, CRWD built a grass waterway and earthen berm to minimize on-site gully erosion and reduce the risk of heavy rain overtopping Mower County Road 20 directly downstream.

Project #13 – This project built an earthen berm west of Dexter that will enhance the lifespan of a downstream, grass waterway while directing rain water into it. Prior to the work, heavy rains often led to water cutting through several areas of a fence line, causing erosion, including by skirting water outside of a grass waterway.

Project #15 – Crews built an earthen berm west of Dexter along fence lines to minimize obstructions in the farm field and reduce the amount of cropland taken out of production.

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Spring 2019 ❖ Supplement to the Mower & Freeborn County Shoppers ❖ Page 7

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Page 8 ❖ Supplement to the Freeborn & Mower County Shoppers ❖ Spring 2019

How do We Inspire Youth to Understand, Relate and Connect to Other People?

I am passionate about an idea called global citizenship. Many people, when I tell them this is my specialty area, assume I’m describing some sort of foreign concern, something that happens across international borders.

But global citizenship is close to home rather than far away. In fact, it begins with how we relate to our neighbors.

As 4-H leaders, it is our privilege and responsibility to partner with youth in creating learning experiences that challenge them to be change agents who think globally and act locally. To consider the world as they engage with people in their family, club and community.

Does this get you excited?

Here are a few ways you can build global citizenship skills into your upcoming 4-H learning experiences:

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Introduce new words and phrases.

Language is a tool to name the world and describe reality. Encourage youth to expand their vocabulary with words that reflect the spirit of global citizenship such as empathy, mindfulness, perception, privilege, power, worldviews, culture, tolerance for ambiguity, and more. You can create puzzles that help youth learn new words or create laminated posters that illustrate vocabulary and hang them each time your club meets.

Build responsibility. Help youth cultivate a sense of agency and personal responsibility by encouraging them to identify goals that are increasingly challenging over time.

Teaching youth to set goals effectively can be life-changing. You could also pair youth with mentors. Mentors not only help expand the world of youth, but they can also provide feedback

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that enables youth to gauge their own progress.

Look out for others. Social responsibility grows from a commitment to the welfare of others.

Whether it’s at the county fair, in a club meeting, or during a leadership retreat, cultivate a culture where youth are looking out for each other.

Start by inviting youth to identify group agreements; a set of clear, cocreated guidelines to help everyone feel comfortable in an atmosphere of safety, respect, and trust. Once developed, your group can regularly revisit the agreements to see if they are still working and make changes if issues come up.

Model thoughtful action. Pay close attention to your actions and be ready to admit your faults and mistakes, especially those involving the youth you work with. Show youth

that you care, are ready to accept your faults and work on them. The results you wish to see in youth stem from the effort you put into yourself. Practice honesty, fairness, care for others, and care for yourself.

It’s your leadership that makes a difference I am so grateful to the many youth and adult leaders who give their time to help 4-H’ers learn and lead. I look forward to hearing how you integrate some of these global citizenship skills into your upcoming 4-H learning experiences!

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Jennifer A. Skuza, PhD

Minnesota 4-H state director

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Spring 2019 ❖ Supplement to the Mower & Freeborn County Shoppers ❖ Page 9

Benefits of Including Dairy in Your Diet A well-balanced diet has long been touted as a necessary component to a healthy lifestyle. When combined with routine exercise, a well-balanced diet can improve quality of life and reduce a person’s risk for various diseases.

No well-balanced diet is complete without dairy. While many people may immediately associate milk with dairy, dairy products are much more diverse than that. In fact, including various dairy products in your diet can provide a host of diverse health benefits.

Dairy products are nutrient-rich The United States Department of Agriculture notes that dairy products provide a host of nutrients that are vital to overall health.

• Calcium: The nutrient most often linked to dairy, calcium is vital for building strong bones and healthy teeth.

Dairy also helps to maintain bone mass, helping men and women combat agerelated bone loss.

• Potassium: Dairy products such as yogurt, fluid milk and soy milk are good

sources of potassium. That’s beneficial because diets rich in potassium help men and women maintain healthy blood pressures.

• Vitamin D: Like calcium, vitamin D is widely associated with dairy, particularly milk. Vitamin D helps bodies build and maintain strong bones, and products such as fluid milk and soy milk are great sources of vitamin D. Yogurts and cereals fortified with vitamin D also can be great sources of this valuable vitamin.

Health benefits Osteoporosis is a condition in which a person’s bones become fragile and brittle due to loss of tissue. Age is a risk factor for osteoporosis, but a poor diet that does not include sufficient amounts of dairy also can increase a person’s risk for osteoporosis.

The Department of Agriculture notes that dairy can help men and women lower their risk for ailments other than osteoporosis. Adequate dairy intake has been associated with a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.

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Athletes may be especially motivated to consume dairy, as its effect on bone strength and maintenance can help them reduce their risk for injury while practicing and competing.

Adolescents and children can benefit greatly from diets that contain adequate amounts of dairy. Bone mass is built during childhood and adolescence, so foods such as dairy that promote bone health can help children and teenagers develop strong, healthy bones.

No balanced diet is complete without dairy, which benefits the body in myriad ways.

In regard to which dairy products to include in one’s diet, the Department of Agriculture notes the importance of avoiding foods that are high in saturated fat. Dairy products high in saturated fats can contribute to high amounts of “bad” cholesterol in the blood, increasing a

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Page 10 ❖ Supplement to the Freeborn & Mower County Shoppers ❖ Spring 2019

5 Tips for Managing Potassium Fertilizer Decisions on optimal fertilizer management can be challenging in years with low commodity prices.

Work is underway to overhaul the corn and soybean potassium (K) guidelines in Minnesota. When making decisions for applying K for corn and soybean, here are a few things that you should consider:

1. Focus on rate, not timing

Applying the correct rate that is needed over one or two years in a crop rotation has been shown to be more important than the time when the fertilizer is applied. Much of our current data has demonstrated that timing of application in a multi-year cropping rotation is not important.

Applying ahead of the crop that will get the greatest advantage from the K is the best way to get the most bang for your buck.

2. Focus on a proven yield, not a

yield goal

When making decisions about how much K to apply, it can be difficult to determine what yield should be used for both a sufficiency-based or build and maintenance strategy.

Using a historical yield average is the best option. A value which you have proven can be produced is a smart way to ensure fertilizer is not overapplied. The soil itself is not devoid of potassium, so being exact on your predicted rates is not critical. Some fertilizer is always better than none in situations where a response to a nutrient is likely.

3. Stick to the same time of year when soil sampling Sampling fields at similar times of the year is critical to ensure you can accurately determine how soil test values for K change over time.

Potassium is different from other

nutrients in that the soil test value is not static in the field over the growing season and can vary from fall to spring.

4. Apply K when and where it is needed

Soil tests are still the best option for deciding when and where K fertilizer should be applied. For soils higher in clay, like loams and clay loam soils, the chance for a profitable response to K fertilizer is very low when soil tests are around 200 parts per million K. For very sandy soils which do not hold K well, such as loamy sands, high rates of K may not be needed even though soil test values can be lower compared to higher clay soils.

5. Choose the right placement option

Research has shown that banding K can be more effective in some circumstances. Broadcast application

of K in reduced tillage situations like ridge- and strip-tillage or no-till can stratify K near the soil surface, which can lead to poor uptake if soils become dry. While banding K is not always needed, identifying situations where it is beneficial is key to ensure optimal productivity.

It is a good time to start reviewing fertilizer decisions as we wait for fields to dry this spring. There are situations where potassium may not be needed, so knowing which fields need K could save time this spring.

For the latest nutrient management information, like UMN Extension Nutrient Management on Facebook, follow us on Twitter or visit our website.

Daniel Kaiser Extension Educator

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Spring 2019 ❖ Supplement to the Mower & Freeborn County Shoppers ❖ Page 11

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Page 12 ❖ Supplement to the Freeborn & Mower County Shoppers ❖ Spring 2019

Mower gets first MN CREP signup Garbisch family enrolls 75 farm acres into permanent conservation AUSTIN, Minn. – Wednesday, March 13, 2019 – Steve Garbisch remembers camping often as a child in the 1960s along Roberts Creek on his family farm near Brownsdale, watching the nightly passenger train pass on its way from Minneapolis to Omaha, Neb. “It was always neat to see the lighted passenger cars with people inside,” he said.

Garbisch spent a lot of time exploring the woods, pasture and creek – a tributary of the Cedar River – on his family’s 160 acres in Red Rock Township. He has many memories with the land, which include farming and dealing with water issues that he addressed with tiling in the 1990s.

“I can still walk out on the land and show you where my dad or grandfather got stuck while farming,” said Garbisch, whose family has owned the land since 1934. “This land is sandy clay, and when it was wet, it was very wet. The tile really helped and made a pretty decent farm out of it.”

Nearing retirement, Garbisch and his wife, Sharrie, who own the 160-acre property, have new plans for their remaining 75 acres of farm land by enrolling it in the MN CREP program that permanently restores it into conservation acres with native plantings. About 10 years ago, they enrolled most of their eastern, 80-

acre parcel into permanent conservation in a previous CREP round.

This is Mower County’s first signup under the latest round of MN CREP that launched in 2017. A second MN CREP signup also has been finalized for Mower County for 6.3 acres of cropland owned by the Loucks family along Rose Creek in Austin Township.

Many years ago, Garbisch, who has farmed the land since the early 1980s when he and his wife also built a home there, decided he didn’t want to try farming full time because he had a successful sales career and no family interested in farming. With that proving to be a good decision, he said, MN CREP seemed like a great fit for the land’s future.

“I don’t think I could enjoy watching someone else farm our land,” said Garbisch, who bought his siblings’ shares on the family land in 2018.

“My son, Chris, and his family love nature and being outdoors. With MN CREP, this conservation land will be there for them to enjoy for many years after we’re gone.”

MN CREP is a voluntary state-federal program designed to improve water quality and wildlife habitat through permanent conservation easements that keep the land under private ownership. MN CREP was created to protect and restore up to 60,000 acres of marginal cropland across 54 southern and western Minnesota counties, including Mower, by using vegetative buffer strips, wetland restoration and

drinking water wellhead protection.

Landowners accepted into MN CREP enroll in the federal USDA’s Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) for 14 to 15 years. At the same time, the land is put into a permanent conservation easement through the state’s Reinvest In Minnesota (RIM) program.

Mower SWCD watershed technician James Fett, who helps landowners with MN CREP and other conservation programs, worked with the Garbisch family in the signup process that included planting a vegetative cover of oats for the 2018 growing season.

Permanent restoration of the Garbisch family’s 75-acre parcel hopefully will happen later this year, Fett said, and restore hydrology to the site, which will be seeded down with a highly diverse mixture of native grasses and forbs beneficial to wildlife and pollinator habit while also preventing erosion and filtering surface and ground water. Restoration efforts will include tile breaks, tile blocks, scrapes, embankment construction and daylighting tile. All these restoration efforts will restore hydrology to the site.

“It’s wonderful that the Garbisch family enrolled into MN CREP,” Fett said. “Their parcel’s close proximity to Roberts Creek will benefit water quality and enhance the existing wildlife corridor in their area.”

With the Garbisch family’s 75 conservation acres, Fett said, about 615 acres in a 2-square-

mile area – nearly half of that land – now will be in conservation programs or part of the woods and floodplains along Roberts Creek.

The creek makes a large loop cutting through the west and east ends of the Garbisch family’s 160 acres that are split equally by Mower County Road 16.

Back in the 1950s-1960s, Steve Garbisch’s parents raised free-range turkeys and alternated each 80-acre parcel for the turkey range. Now, Garbisch still sees turkeys on the same land (especially the “east 80” acreage in CREP) but they are wild now.

“On our existing CREP land, it’s fun to walk out in the 5-foot-tall grass and flush a pheasant or have a deer get up in front of you,” Garbisch said. “We have a lot of wild turkeys, deer and our pheasant population has started to come back.”

He’s excited to see how the MN CREP seeding will turn out on his “west 80” acreage. With nearby properties also hosting large pieces of conservation land, Garbisch said his rural neighborhood is in a unique habitat situation.

“Our creek bottom supports a lot of geese and ducks,” he said, “and we even have sandhill cranes that return every year.”

Mower County landowners interested in MN CREP should contact James Fett, Mower SWCD, at 507-434-2603, ext. 5, or by email at james.fett@mowerswcd.org.

The Annual

Freeborn County Dairy Banquet

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2019 Freeborn County Milk Maid Jerzy Knudson Was Crowed Daughter of Jon and Amber Holdeman

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and 2019 Freeborn County Dairy Princess Aubrey Johnson Was Crowned Daughter of Kristine Johnson and the late David Johnson

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Congratulations to both of you!

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Spring 2019 ❖ Supplement to the Mower & Freeborn County Shoppers ❖ Page 13

Spring is a Perfect Time to Create a Fund As we approach another spring season, it is an ideal time to consider creating your own fund, making it as personal as you would like. You can choose to disburse funds during your lifetime or through your estate. Either way, your legacy of giving will be one that meets your individual wishes while making a lasting impact on the causes you care most about.

Now: Create a Current Fund One of the greatest benefits of working with the Austin Area Foundation is that your giving options are as varied as your interests. The process is easy. Your level of involvement is totally up to you.

You can be assured that you will always receive experienced advice and highly personalized service.

Donor Advised Endowed Fund: With a gift of $5,000 you can create a donor advised endowed fund where the principal of the fund remains untouched and a percentage of the annual earnings are available for grants. There is no fee to create a fund at the Foundation. The

Austin Area Foundation facilitates all compliance with financial, legal and tax requirements, as well as helps you develop grantmaking strategies which meet your philanthropic interests. This relieves you of the administrative responsibilities associated with charitable giving and allows you to support a multitude of organizations without piles of papers and records.

Future: Estate Planning Can Benefit Your Legacy The calendar year end is also an ideal time to update or create your estate plans.

Over 50 percent of the adult population does not have a current or up-to-date estate plan. An up-to-date estate plan will help protect your family and your future.

Your estate plan should address the way you hold title to your various assets, your beneficiary selections, and philanthropic gifts that you want to be part of your legacy. If you inherit a sum of money throughout your lifetime, it is crucial to plan for those funds wisely. Studies indicate that for those who acquire an inheritance,

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Call us today for assistance in your philanthropic efforts and for more information on creating a legacy through your estate planning.

For more information on how to complete your gift, contact us.

Jeff Baldus Executive Director, Austin Area Foundation jeff@austinareafoundation.org 507-434-7494

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Page 14 ❖ Supplement to the Freeborn & Mower County Shoppers ❖ Spring 2019

Staying Safe on the Farm and in the Field

Farm Safety Refresher Tips

Facts and figures on farm safety According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, agriculture is among the most hazardous industries.

Fatal and nonfatal injuries pose a significant threat to farmers, including the many young people who work on farms.

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, in an effort to promote productive and safe workplaces, supports programs that conduct research on injuries associated with agriculture as well as pesticide exposure, pulmonary disease, musculoskeletal disorders, hearing loss, and stress. Studying the results of such research, compiled by NIOSH, may compel veteran and novice farmers to further emphasize safety measures and promote practices that can reduce risk for accidents on the farm.

• Estimates indicate that there were roughly 2.1 million full-time workers employed in production agriculture in 2017 and between 1.4 and 2.1 million hired crop workers employed annually on crop farms in the United States.

• An estimated 893,000 young people

The

under 20 years of age resided on farms in 2014. More than half of those young people performed farm work, and an additional 266,000 youth were hired to work on farms in 2014.

• Each day, roughly 100 agricultural workers suffer injuries that cause them to miss time at work.

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• In 2014, 12,000 youth were injured on farms, and 4,000 of those youths could trace their injuries to farm work.

• In 2016, 417 farmers and farm workers died from work-related injuries. Tractor overturns and other transportation incidents were the leading cause of death for these farmers and farm workers.

• A rollover protection system, or ROPS, is a structure, similar to rollcages and rollbars in cars and trucks, intended to protect farm equipment operators from injuries casused by overturns or rollovers.

NIOSH notes that an ROPS is the most effective way to prevent overturn deaths.

Despite that, in 2014, only 62 percent of tractors used on farms in the U.S. were equipped with an ROPS.

Shopper

and

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Freeborn County

Shopper

Would like to remind all our area farmers to be alert to the dangers and practice farm safety this season!

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The Mower County

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Spring 2019 ❖ Supplement to the Mower & Freeborn County Shoppers ❖ Page 15

Building a Hydroponic Garden Hydroponic gardening can change people’s perceptions of what’s needed to grow vibrant plants. Rather than soil, all you may need for a hydroponic garden is water to grow a variety of healthy, strong plants.

Although it seems like a futuristic concept, hydroponics — or growing plants without soil — actually dates back many centuries. The hanging Gardens of Babylon and The Floating Gardens of China are two of the earliest examples of hydroponics.

According to Fullbloom Hydroponics, hydroponic gardening is a method of growing plants in a water-based, nutrientrich solution. Instead of soil, roots are supported by an inert material, such as pellets, perlite, or vermiculite. Some people use coconut fiber, sand or gravel as well. The key is that the substance not supply any additional nutrition to the plant. In some instances, the roots grow in water alone.

Hydroponics works so well because the person doing the gardening can directly control the nutrients, oxygen and light according to what the plant needs. A nutrition-based water delivery system

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delivers food to the roots in a highly soluble form, rather than the roots having to search through the soil and extract the same nutrients. Absorbing food with very little effort means the plant can divert its energy to growing and flower production.

This method of no-soil growth can be used just about anywhere. Although it has not yet edged out traditional farming methods, hydroponics is gaining popularity among entrepreneurs and hobbyists. An added attraction to hydroponics is its efficiency. The gardening resource Maximum Yield says hydroponics is ideal where traditional farming is not an option, such as in large cities where there is little to no access to agriculturally amenable land.

Hydroponics can even be merged with vertical farming methods, helping to save space and increase output. Hydroponic gardens can be placed anywhere there is access to water and natural or simulated sunlight. Empty warehouses, rooftops, old shipping containers, and much more can be turned into hydroponic garden locations with minimal effort.

Scientists say that there can be drastic differences in growth rates and yield

from hydroponic and soil plants. The group Greentrees Hydroponics says the growth rate for a hydroponic plant can be 30 to 50 percent faster than a soil plant grown under the same conditions.

Environmentalists tout that hydroponic gardening is also beneficial to the environment because the plants require considerably less water than those produced with soil gardening and require fewer pesticides or other amendments to

thrive.

Hobbyists looking to dabble in hydroponics can find many different hydroponic systems on the market today, in an array of prices and sizes. Wicking, ebb and flow, aeroponics, nutrient film, and deepwater culture are different hydroponic systems, each with their own advantages. Once gardeners get the knack of hydroponics, they may not want to turn back to traditional soil gardening again.

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Page 16 ❖ Supplement to the Freeborn & Mower County Shoppers ❖ Spring 2019

Strawberry Spinach Salad with Hickory-Smoked Chicken

Maple Dijon Roasted Carrots Ingredients

1 6-oz. package fresh baby spinach or 8 cups fresh baby or torn spinach and/or assorted torn greens

4 oz. Gruyere, Swiss, Gouda, smoked cheddar and/or Edam cheese, cut into bite-size strips

2 pounds carrots, well scrubbed or peeled

2 cups quartered or sliced strawberries and/or whole blueberries

1 cup fresh enoki mushrooms and/or sliced fresh button mushrooms

2 tablespoons maple syrup

8 oz. hickory-smoked cooked chicken or turkey, cut into bite-size pieces or 1-1/2 cups chopped cooked chicken or turkey

1/ 2 cup loosely packed fresh Italian (flatleaf) parsley leaves, snipped (1/4 cup) Freshly ground black pepper

2 tablespoons oil 1/2 tablespoon grainy mustard 1/2 tablespoon dijon mustard 1/2 tablespoon white miso paste (gluten-free for gluten-free) 1/2 tablespoon rice vinegar

Prepare Orange-Balsamioc Vinaigrette:

•

Cover and store in refrigerator while preparing the salad.

1/3 cup olive oil or vegetable oil 1/4 cup white balsamic vinegar, white wine vinegar or cider vinegar 1 teaspoon finely shredded orange peel 1/4 cup orange juice 1 tablespoon snipped fresh Italian (flat-leaf) parsley 1/8 teaspoon salt

2 teaspoons soy sauce (or tamari for gluten-free)

For Salad:

on a baking sheet and bake in a preheated 400F/200C oven until

Place spinach on a large serving platter or divide among individual dinner plates. Arrange strawberries, chicken, cheese and mushrooms on spinach. Top with parsley.

Shake vinaigrette; pour over salad. Top with pepper. Makes 4 to 6 main-dish salads.

tender and lightly golden brown, about 20-30 minutes, turning

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1 small clove garlic, grated 1 tablespoon parsley, chopped (optional) Toss the carrots in half of the mixture of the oil, maple syrup, mustards, miso, vinegar, soy sauce and garlic, arrange in a single layer

•

half way through, before tossing them in the remaining glaze and serving.

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Spring 2019 ❖ Supplement to the Mower & Freeborn County Shoppers ❖ Page 17

Congratulations!

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TO THE

Freeborn & Mower County

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Farm Families of the Year!

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Page 18 ❖ Supplement to the Freeborn & Mower County Shoppers ❖ Spring 2019

Hmong-American Farmers Teach Each Other Food Safety While Hmong-American farmers have long sold vegetables at farmers’ markets, many seek to enter wholesale markets. To do so, they often must have food safety training, audits, or a written food safety plan.

Now they have four Hmonglanguage videos developed by University of Minnesota Extension farm food safety educator Annalisa Hultberg. The videos were part of a peer-to-peer food safety learning project initiated and led by HmongAmerican farmers, along with Extension. The farmers helped develop the scripts and acted in the videos.

During the project’s first year, “farmer leaders” attended field days, conferences, and workshops across

R

Minnesota to enhance their farming skills, knowledge, and leadership capacity as peer-to-peer educators.

During the second year, they took on more responsibility. Field days, conference presentations, and the development of the videos helped them build their confidence and knowledge to share with other Hmong-American farmers.

“I have two hand washing stands on my farm that they helped me learn to build, and my family uses them before we pick the vegetables,” said one workshop participant. “I don’t want to make someone sick. This makes my produce safer and cleaner.”

One farmer went on to win a contract with Minneapolis Public Schools. He met his goal of delivering

“Committed to be the full-service provider of choice, enhancing the success of our customers, team, and communities.”

a large quantity of produce in fewer deliveries and has continued the contract, each year increasing the amount of produce sold to the school district.\

• “He’s also getting organically certified, so having both of those certifications is a great place for him to be from a marketing standpoint,” says Hultberg

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Spring 2019 ❖ Supplement to the Mower & Freeborn County Shoppers ❖ Page 19

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Page 20 ❖ Supplement to the Freeborn & Mower County Shoppers ❖ Spring 2019

A Bird’s-Eye View Of Water Doctoral student Tyler Nigon is studying ways for farmers to grow their crops efficiently while reducing water pollution from nitrogen.

Tyler Nigon comes from a strong agricultural background. He grew up on a dairy farm in central Wisconsin that has grown increasingly diverse with crops including alfalfa, corn, wheat, soybeans, and pumpkins.

He’s now looking at critical issues for agriculture and the environment from a scientific perspective. Nigon is a doctoral student in the U of M’s Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, and he’s focused on improving fertilizer recommendations for farmers so that they can grow their crops effectively while reducing water pollution from nitrogen.

More specifically, he says he is working “to improve nitrogen management in corn production systems—both maintaining and improving productivity, but then, to

the extent possible, quantifying the amount of nitrogen that is being lost and acknowledge that there is an unknown cost [in terms of pollution].”

He points out that farmers are trying to produce food in the most efficient manner possible, while avoiding pollution, but there may be ways to accomplish both better, especially by managing nitrogen and possibly shifting to more in-season application.

Nigon is using two primary tools: drones that can capture millions of pixels of information for spatial analysis, and crop models that capture soil and weather information and other data for temporal analysis. “I’m evaluating whether the marriage of those two is better than either approach individually,” he says.

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Spring 2019 ❖ Supplement to the Mower & Freeborn County Shoppers ❖ Page 21

Is Your Farm Ready For The Next Big Rain?

Spring is upon us once again and #plant19 is right around the corner. The anticipation of getting this year’s crops in the ground is growing, but as usual, Mother Nature can have different plans and interrupt many farmers best laid out plans. We found ourselves asking, is there a better way to prepare our soil that we are not considering? To answer this question the Freeborn Area Soil Health Team hosted an event in late March called “Profitable Farming in a Changing Climate”. Two keynote speakers were brought in to share stories from around the world of how farmers are preparing their soils so that our changing climate does not affect them as much, as well as, how to weather proof our corn and soybean cropping system.

David Montgomery, author of books like Dirt, Hidden Half of Nature, and Growing a Revolution spoke about his travels around the world. These travels are where he learned, and then wrote, how farmers are preparing their fields and soils to better prepare for Mother Nature’s unpredictable nature. Several themes or lessons that Montgomery found to be true around the world were: 1. The wealth of the community depends heavily on the fertility of the soil. 2. Farming for highest yields does not always equate to higher net profits. 3. The fertilizer industry’s business model depends on a lack of nutrients in the soil. 4. Civilizations throughout the world and throughout history have had large collapses after a period, and every collapse can be linked to degraded soil. 5. The biology in the soil if maintained properly, will increase yields, decrease input costs per bushels, and improve our soil and water dramatically.

Jerry Hatfield, a USDA-ARS scientist

based out of Ames Iowa, whose research focuses on understanding the soil-plantatmosphere continuum to quantify the value of enhanced soil management to increase crop production efficiency. Jerry presented the fact that weather variability is increasing and that good quality soils decrease the impact of weather on yield variation, especially during the grainfilling period. He showed how yield maps of the same field from two different years can show large yield differences when there was adequate moisture vs. inadequate moisture and explained the main variable in the equation is the soils potential to infiltrate the water and hold onto it for those dry periods.

So, by enhancing the soil, it increases the potential for more efficient crop production regardless of the weather.

After the keynote speakers shared their experience and knowledge, the event also moderated a discussion with the attendees to talk about their climate experiences in the past several years. Attendees overwhelmingly spoke about how rain events are larger and more intense now than they can ever recall.

They also noted how harvesting over the past several seasons has been difficult due to wet soils. Several area farmers that have been practicing the 4 principles of soil health (1.Reduce tillage, 2.Keep the ground covered, 3.Keep living roots in the ground year round, and 4.Diversify plants

per acre) for several years chimed in with some surprising observations. These farmers shared how they are protecting their farms and soils by using cover crops and are not seeing the problems that their neighbors are when heavy rains occur. These farmers have combated the heavier rains with a growing cover crop in the spring such as winter cereal rye and “planting green” (plant corn or soybeans before killing cover crop) to help slow the speed of the raindrop, hold the soil in place, and allow for more water infiltration. This practice has gotten them in the field sooner and has decreased rutting up of the field. During the wet fall the farmers again shared how a growing cover crop they planted in early September, helps to use up fall rain. The cover crop creates better infiltration of the water due to all the roots in the ground.

This practice has allowed these farmers to harvest when their neighbors are not even able to get into the field.

Spring Open House

The over arching theme between the two speakers and the group discussion seemed to be no matter how rich or poor you think your soil is, if you follow the 4 soil health principles (1.Reduce tillage, 2.Keep the ground covered, 3.Keep living roots in the ground year round, and 4.Diversify plants per acre) you can improve your soil which will improve your chances that Mother Nature will have a harder time interrupting your plans. Our Soil Health Team hopes to continue our mission to encourage, educate, and demonstrate how to improve soil health & water quality while improving productivity, profitability and sustainability of soil through the facts in this article. If you have any questions or would like to work with members of our team to implement the 4 principles of soil health on your farm, please contact the Freeborn SWCD at 507-373-7960 or look us up on Facebook by searching “Freeborn Area Soil Health Team”.

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Page 22 ❖ Supplement to the Freeborn & Mower County Shoppers ❖ Spring 2019

5 Designer On-Farm Field Trials With planting season right around the corner, many farmers are looking at designing on-farm trials in some of their fields. Here are a few pointers to help ensure that you are able to answer the questions you are trying to evaluate:

1. Choose a uniform site Avoid fields that have areas of poor drainage, or sandy spots. Also, make sure that the field received consistent management in the recent past. Some things that could cause problems include: old field boundaries, uneven manure applications or partial residue removal (like baling corn stalks from only half of the field). Variability in the soil that you cannot see can cause yield variability, so controlling what you can see is critical.

2. Use replication and randomization Simply splitting a field, or comparing one field to another, cannot provide reliable answers to agronomic questions.

Even with no differences in management, you will find a higher yield in one field versus another, and similarly with one

half of a field versus the other. You need to replicate your treatments at least three times, but preferably four, in order to avoid the natural variability in a field that cannot be controlled. Similarly, randomization is important to avoid patterns (like soil type or drainage) that can bias yield. Randomization can be as simple as flipping a coin or drawing slips of paper from your cap.

3. Account for application equipment While you can measure yield to whatever the width of your combine head is, you need to keep in mind that a fertilizer spreader or sprayer will have a different width and therefore dictate how big your treatment strips or areas are. In order to avoid edge effect of the treatment, make sure your study strips have twice the number of rows as your harvest width.

4. Control variables If you are going to answer a question, you need to ensure that the treatment variable being tested is the only variable that changes. Changing crop hybrid/

variety, spot treatment of weeds or insects, or variable nitrogen rates can bias the study’s results. Failure to control these variables will make it difficult to determine whether you found yield differences because of your treatment or because of some other factor that changed.

5. Oversee quality control Nearly everyone with experience conducting on-farm trials has a story of something that happened on a site that ruined the trial. Even though you think you are on the same page as your input providers, or others conducting field operations, it is often best to be there in person (and preferably riding along) when treatments are being applied. Better yet, apply the treatments yourself.

While harvest is a long ways off, those setting-up on-farm trials should at least be thinking about these things. When harvest time comes, you want to make sure your yield monitor is calibrated. Plan to harvest your field all at once to ensure there are no differences in grain moisture or combine

speed that could complicate data analysis.

Avoid edge effects by evaluating rows from the center of your treatment. If you set up treatments in blocks, you want to be sure to eliminate data from the front and back edges to eliminate any errors in travel offset on the yield monitor. Finally, be sure to use proper statistical analysis to ensure you are not simply finding random variability in the field.

Conducting on-farm trials is not as simple as it might seem, but it is very doable for most farmers provided you take the time to do it right. As always, remember that University of Minnesota Extension staff is willing to assist you with design and data analysis advice.

Brad Carlson

Extension Educator

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Spring 2019 â?– Supplement to the Mower & Freeborn County Shoppers â?– Page 23

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Page 24 ❖ Supplement to the Freeborn & Mower County Shoppers ❖ Spring 2019

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