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Mahbub Hasan Pavel Manager, Network & System | Amber IT Limited Founder: NexTrack IT Instructor: ISPAB, bdNOG, DoICT Email: pavlo.mh@gmail.com LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/mh82 Phone: +880 1751 538313, +880 1873 538313 IPv4 Addressing & Subnetting

What is IP Address?  IPv4 Address is a 32-bits Logical Address  Can uniquely identify a Device in a Network  Can’t be duplicate  Example: 172.16.254.1

IP Address –Definition  IP (Internet Protocol) Address (IPv4 or IPv6) is a numerical value assigned to Computing Devicesparticipatingin a TCP/IP Network.  IPAddress isanidentifier for deviceson a TCP/IP Network. Logical Name of a Device

IPv4 Address Format & Spaces IPv4 Address 32-bits used for Addressing Addresses not assigned by Geographic Region IPv4 Address Spaces = 4,294,967,296

How could we get the IP Addresses?  Customer – from ISPs  ISP – from RIRs ISP –Internet Service Provider RIR – Regional Internet Registry

The RIRs:  The African NetworkInformation Centre —AfriNIC: Responsible for the administration of Internet addressesand domains for the African continent. Based in Ebene City, Mauritius, AfriNIC becameoperational in 2005.  The Asia-Pacific Network InformationCentre — APNIC: Responsible for the administration of Internet addresses and domains for Asia and the PacificRim. Founded in Tokyo, Japan, APNIC was the second RIR to be established. APNIC relocated to Brisbane, Australia,in 1998.  American Registry for Internet Numbers — ARIN: Responsible for the administration of Internet addresses anddomains for NorthAmerica, including Canada, the United States and portions of the Caribbean.  Latin American andCaribbean Internet Address Registry—LACNIC: Responsible for the administration of Internet addressesand domains for Latin America andtheCaribbean. Headquartered in Montevideo,Uruguay.  Rseaux IPEuropens Network Coordination Centre — RIPENCC: Responsible for the administration ofInternetaddresses and domains for Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia. RIPE NCC is considered the first official registry—the United States government wasstill too busy being actively involved with managing Internet addressing for much of North America atthat time, andtherefore was not first.

IPv4 Address Classes and Ranges There are Five (05) Classes in IPv4 Address:  Class A  Class B  Class C  Class D  Class E

Special Address of IPv4  Loopback  APIPA  Multicast

Loopback  A Loopback Address isa Special IP Address, 127.0.0.1, reserved by InterNIC for use in testingNetwork Cards.  This IP Address corresponds to the software LoopbackInterface of theNetworkCard,whichdoesnot have hardwareassociated with it, anddoesnotrequire aPhysical Connection to a Network.

APIPA  APIPA is short for Automatic Private IPAddressing,a feature ofWindows Operating Systems.  With APIPA, DHCPClients can automatically self-configure an IP Address andSubnet Mask whena DHCP Server not respond.Whena DHCP Client boots up, it first looks for a DHCP Serverin order to Obtainan IP AddressandSubnet Maskautomatically.  The IP Address Range is 169.254.0.1 through 169.254.255.254.The Client also configures itself with adefault Class BSubnet Mask of 255.255.0.0.A DHCP Client usesthe self-configured IPAddress until a DHCP Server becomes available.

Multicast  A Multicast Address is a Logicalidentifier for a group ofHosts ina Computer Networkthat are available to processthe frames intended to be Multicast for a designatedNetworkService.  Multicast Address Range 224.0.0.0– 239.255.255.255  MulticastEnabled Services: IPTV, Video Conferencing, Streaming includingseveral MultimediaApplications in whichthe same Signal is to be sent to several Participants.

of IPv4 Address  Public IP – Real IP Reachable from anywhere in the World  Private IP – Local IP Reachable within a Domain

Private IP Ranges  TheInternetAssignedNumbers Authority(IANA) reserves the followingIP Address Blocks for using as Private IP Addresses: Class A: 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 Class B: 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 Class C: 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

What is Prefix?  Prefix may beexpressed in Classless Inter-DomainRouting (CIDR) Notation written asthe First Address of a Network, followed by a Slash Character (/), andending with thebit-lengthofthe Prefix.  Example: A.B.C.D/X (NetworkID/Network Bit)

Determining the No. of Host in a Prefix Example:  Find the No. of Valid Host for the Prefix 192.168.10.0/24 Here, Network Bits = 24; Host Bits = 32 – Network Bits = 32 – 24 = 8 No. of valid Host = 2n –2 [ Where n= No. of Host Bits] = 28 –2 = 256 –2 = 254 We can’t use Network Address& Broadcast Address! So that, we have to exclude thoseAddresses while calculating the No. of valid Host!

Benefits of Subnetting  Improve Network Performance  Reduce Network Congestion  Control Network Growth  Boost Network Security  Ease Administration

of

 Efficient IP Addressing!  Reduce IP Wastage!

Binary to Decimal and Decimal to Binary Conversion using the Chart:

The Formula –(IP Addressing & Subnetting)  Network Address (NA): All Network Bits will remain Same, All Host Bits will 0.  Subnet Mask (SM): All Network Bits will 1, All Host Bits will 0.  Wildcard Mask (WM): All Network Bits will 0, All Host Bits will 1.  Broadcast Address (BA): All Network Bits will remain Same, All Host Bits will 1.

Exercise 1: IP & Subnet Calculation Find out the followings from the Prefix is 192.168.1.1/24. 1. Network Address 2. Subnet Mask 3. Wildcard Mask 4. Broadcast Address

1. Network Address All Network Bits will remain Same, All Host Bits will 0. Reference Prefix is 192.168.1.1/24 11000000 . 10101000 . 00000001 . 00000001 - Binary Notation 192 . 168 . 1 . 1 - Dotted-Decimal Notation 11000000 . 10101000 . 00000001 . 00000000 - Binary Notation 192 . 168 . 1 . 0 - Dotted-Decimal Notation Network Address = 192.168.1.0

2. Subnet Mask All Network Bits will 1, All Host Bits will 0. Reference Prefix is 192.168.1.1/24 11000000 . 10101000 . 00000001 . 00000001 - Binary Notation 192 . 168 . 1 . 1 - Dotted-Decimal Notation 11111111 . 11111111 . 11111111 . 00000000 - Binary Notation 255 . 255 . 255 . 0 - Dotted-Decimal Notation Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0

3. Wildcard Mask All Network Bits will 0, All Host Bits will 1. Reference Prefix is 192.168.1.1/24 11000000 . 10101000 . 00000001 . 00000001 - Binary Notation 192 . 168 . 1 . 1 - Dotted-Decimal Notation 00000000 . 00000000 . 00000000 . 11111111 - Binary Notation 0 . 0 . 0 . 255 - Dotted-Decimal Notation Wildcard Mask = 0.0.0.255

4. Broadcast Address All Network Bits will remain Same, All Host Bits will 1. Reference Prefix is 192.168.1.1/24 11000000 . 10101000 . 00000001 . 00000001 - Binary Notation 192 . 168 . 1 . 1 - Dotted-Decimal Notation 11000000 . 10101000 . 00000001 . 11111111 - Binary Notation 192 . 168 . 1 . 255 - Dotted-Decimal Notation Broadcast Address = 192.168.1.255

Exercise 2: IP & Subnet Calculation Find out the followings Prefix is 118.179.10.58/29. 1. Network Address 2. Subnet Mask 3. Wildcard Mask 4. Broadcast Address

1. Network Address All Network Bits will remain Same, All Host Bits will 0. Reference Prefix is 118.179.10.58/29 01110110 . 10110011 . 00001010 . 00111010 - Binary Notation 118 . 179 . 10 . 58 - Dotted-Decimal Notation 01110110 . 10110011 . 00001010 . 00111000 - Binary Notation 118 . 179 . 10 . 56 - Dotted-Decimal Notation Network Address = 118.179.10.56

2. Subnet Mask All Network Bits will 1, All Host Bits will 0. Reference Prefix is 118.179.10.58/29 01110110 . 10110011 . 00001010 . 00111010 - Binary Notation 118 . 179 . 10 . 58 - Dotted-Decimal Notation 11111111 . 11111111 . 11111111 . 11111000 - Binary Notation 255 . 255 . 255 . 248 - Dotted-Decimal Notation Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.248

3. Wildcard Mask All Network Bits will 0, All Host Bits will 1. Reference Prefix is 118.179.10.58/29 01110110 . 10110011 . 00001010 . 00111010 - Binary Notation 118 . 179 . 10 . 58 - Dotted-Decimal Notation 00000000 . 00000000 . 00000000 . 00000111 - Binary Notation 0 . 0 . 0 . 7 - Dotted-Decimal Notation Wildcard Mask = 0.0.0.7

4. Broadcast Address All Network Bits will remain Same, All Host Bits will 1. Reference Prefix is 118.179.10.58/29 01110110 . 10110011 . 00001010 . 00111010 - Binary Notation 118 . 179 . 10 . 58 - Dotted-Decimal Notation 01110110 . 10110011 . 00001010 . 00111111 - Binary Notation 118 . 179 . 10 . 63 - Dotted-Decimal Notation Broadcast Address = 118.179.10.63

Let’s Try…  202.4.101.253/30  115.127.120.21/19  192.168.10.27/24  172.16.42.22/28  203.96.100.5/26  118.179.60.194/29  8.8.8.8/8  10.91.121.97/25  192.168.155.12/27  103.76.44.23/22  Classful or, Classless =?  Public or, Private =?  Network Address =?  Subnet Mask =?  Wildcard Mask =?  Broadcast Address =?  Total no. of Host =?  No. of valid Host =?  First usable IP =?  Last usable IP =?