INTERMODAL

ed for Western Europe, based on the Netherlands' system for consumer goods and waste transportation called Laadkisten (Loading chests), in use since 1934. This system used roller containers for transport by rail, truck and ship, in various configurations up to 5500 kg (12,100 lb) capacity, and up to 3.1 by 2.3 by 2 metres (10 ft 2 in × 7 ft 6+1⁄2 in × 6 ft 6+3⁄4 in) in size.

This became the first post World War II European railway standard of the International Union of Railways – UIC-590, known as "pa-Behälter". It was implemented in the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, West Germany, Switzerland, Sweden and Denmark.

The use of a standardised steel shipping container began during the late 1940s and early 1950s, when commercial shipping operators and the US military started developing such units. In 1948, the US Army Transportation Corps developed the ‘Transporter’, a rigid, corrugated steel container, able to carry 9000 pounds (4,100 kg). It was 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) long, 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) wide, and 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) high, with double doors on one end, was mounted on skids, and had lifting rings on the top four corners.

After proving successful in Korea, the Transporter was developed into the Container Express (CONEX) box system in late 1952. Based on the Transporter, the size and capacity of the CONEX were about the same but the system was made modular, by the addition of a smaller, half-size unit of 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) long, 4 ft 3 in (1.30 m) wide and 6 ft 10+1⁄2 in (2.10 m) high. CONEXes could be stacked three high, and protected their contents from the elements. By 1965 the US military used some 100,000 Conex boxes, and more than 200,000 in 1967, making this the first worldwide application of intermodal containers. Their invention made a major contribution to the globalisation of commerce in the second half of the 20th century, dramatically reducing the cost of transporting goods and hence of long-distance trade.

From 1949 onwards, engineer Keith Tantlinger contributed to the development of containers, as well as their handling and transportation equipment. In 1949, while at Brown Trailers Inc. of Spokane, Washington, he modified the design of their stressed skin aluminum 30-foot trailer, to fulfil an order of two-hundred 30 by 8 by 8.5 feet (9.14 m × 2.44 m × 2.59 m) containers that could be stacked two high, for Alaska-based Ocean Van Lines.

And then came Malcom McLean

Malcolm Purcell McLean (November 14 1913 – May 25 2001; later known simply as Malcom McLean) was an American businessman. He was a transport entrepreneur who invented the modern intermodal shipping container, which revolutionised transport and international trade in the second half of the twentieth century. Containerisation led to a significant reduction in the cost of freight transportation by eliminating the need for repeated handling of individual pieces of cargo, and also improved reliability, reduced cargo theft and cut inventory costs by shortening transit time. Containerisation is credited as being one of the main drivers of globalisation.

The trucking magnet bought Pan-Atlantic Steamship Company in 1955 to form a container shipping enterprise, later known as Sea-Land. The first containers were supplied by Brown Trailers Inc, where McLean met Tantlinger and hired him as vice-president of engineering and research. Under the supervision of Tantlinger, a new 35 ft (10.67 m) x 8 ft (2.44 m) x 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) Sea-Land container was developed, the length determined by the maximum length of trailers then allowed on Pennsylvanian highways. Each container had a frame with eight corner castings that could withstand stacking loads. Tantlinger also designed automatic spreaders for handling the containers, as well as the twistlock mechanism that connects with the corner castings.

Two years after McLean's first container ship, the Ideal X, started container shipping on the US East Coast, Matson Navigation followed suit between California and Hawaii. Just like Pan-Atlantic's containers, Matson's were 8 ft (2.44 m) wide and 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) high, but due to California's different traffic code Matson chose to make theirs 24 ft (7.32 m) long. In 1968, McLean began container service to South Vietnam for the US military with great success.

McLean died at his home on the East Side of Manhattan in 2001, age 87, of heart failure. His death prompted American Denocrat politician Norman Y Mineta to make the following statement:

“Malcom revolutionised the maritime industry in the 20th century. His idea for modernising the loading and unloading of ships, which was previously conducted in much the same way the ancient Phoenicians did 3000 years ago, has resulted in much safer and less-expensive transport of goods, faster delivery, and better service. We owe so much to a man of vision, "the father of containerisation," Malcolm P. McLean.”

In an editorial shortly after his death, the Baltimore Sun stated that "he ranks next to Robert Fulton [an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing the world's first commercially successful steamboat] as the greatest revolutionary in the history of maritime trade." Forbes Magazine called McLean "one of the few men who changed the world." On the morning of