Revisiting The Black Power Movement
Frida Calvo Huerta, Katelyn Melkonians, Jessica Pan, Shreya Ramesh, Stephanie Rios, Katrina Rivera, Julie Vu
Introduction
In this class, we have discussed the lost histories of many Black people in America, understanding their feelings and lives as slaves and as descendants of slaves, all while seeing how these injustices have fit into the narrative of American history. We have talked about what it’s like to be marginalized and the pain that the Black community feels when they are unable to connect with their ancestors and understand their full history through our readings of Octavia E. Butler’s Kindred and Saidiya Hartman’s Lose Your Mother. However, we haven’t spent as much time focusing on ways that Black community and other minority communities have been empowered and continue to take pride in their heritage and culture. At this point in history, we are beginning to see a major movement (#blacklivesmatter) calling for the equality and justice for the Black community, especially through the lens of police brutality. The ideas and actions that inspired this movement stem from the Black Panther Party, a political organization that sought to empower Black students through the monitoring of police through their open carry policies. Their fearlessness and dedication to the fight for equality served as an inspiration for many in the community and other minority communities, and as a result, empowered many within their community to fight for justice for all despite the circumstances and consequences. Through this research project, we have seen the impacts of the Black Panther Party on the Black community and future generations by creating a sense of pride in their heritage and empowering them by spreading messages about Black Power. We’ve begun to see a narrative shift from one of timidness and conformity to one of acceptance and empowerment, something that can be attributed partly to the Black Panther Party.
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CONTENTS Black Power Movement (BPM) Timeline
1
Black Panther Party’s 10 Point Plan 17 Biographies of Activists 23 BPM’s Cultural Impact 29 BPM’s Economic Impact 37 BPM’s Social Impact and Then & Now Comparisons 39 U.S. Government Intervention - COINTELPRO 45 The Fall of the Black Panther Party 59 Interview with Andrew S. Banderas 63 Outro & Sources 65
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A TIM SURROUN BLACK P MOVE
1961 Huey Newton and Bobby Seale meet while attending Merritt College of Oakland, California. They are both politically active on campus, attending rallies and protests. Together they form the Negro History Fact group, to help develop integration of black history into the school’s curriculum.
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MELINE NDING THE PANTHER EMENT FEBRUARY 21, 1965 Civil Rights leader, Malcolm X, is assassinated while attending a rally. Despite his controversial reputation, his death sparked much grief among the black community. Many of Malcolm X’s ideas went on to build foundations for the Black Panther Party’s philosophies, such as armed self-defense and black nationalism.
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SEPTEMBER 27, 1966 Sixteen year old Matthew Johnson was shot and killed by the San Francisco Police Department. Violent riots broke out immediately and lasted for three days following his death; this became the largest riot in the Bay Area up until that time, and was officially named the Hunter’s Point Uprising. Newton observed the way the black community rebelled as a social force and drew inspiration from the uprising.
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OCTOBER 1966 The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense (the party’s original name) was created by Newton and Seale. The earliest tasks of the Party included police patrolling and monitoring around the black communities of the Bay Area with hopes to prevent police brutality in these areas. Patrolers would listen to radio calls, flee to the place of the arrest, and inform the citizens of their constitutional rights.
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JANUARY 1967 The weekly newspaper of the Black Panther Party was first published. Originally sold at 25 cents, the paper informed the public on internal news within the Party and news stories involving police brutality and social justice. The paper was controversial compared to mainstream press as the authors were very vocal about their work. It became incredibly popular, circulating around 250,000 copies at its peak point. The Black Panther was extremely effective at attracting new recruits as papers circulated throughout cities as the movement grew nationwide.
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MAY 2, 1967 The Mulford Bill was proposed to repeal the allowance of citizens to carry loaded weapons in public as long as they were in plain sight. Armed Black Panthers protested at the California state capitol in Sacramento, where the members read aloud Executive Mandate Number 1, opposing the Mulford Bill. Despite the protest, the bill passed; however, this stimulated the first instances of media attention to the Black Panthers. The member population significantly grew following this event, before there were only about 75 members.
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MAY 15, 1967 The “What We Want Now!” Ten-Point program is published in The Black Panther newspaper. It addressed the party’s goals beyond ending police brutality, including freedom, education, housing, and more. The platform became essential for the Panthers as it outlined the practices for the members to live by, and the needs of the party for non-members to understand.
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AUGUST 1967 COINTELPRO was a program initiated by the FBI, and was instructed to dismantle black nationalist groups, including the Black Panthers. COINTELPRO underwent a number of activities in hopes of deconstructing the party, such as creating rivalries within the party’s members by sending forged letters. The bureau struck heavily on the party’s community programs such as Free Breakfast for Children by harassing supporters and donors. The program took a special liking to the Panthers, as 233 of 296 actions against groups were targeted at the Panthers, by 1969.
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OCTOBER 28, 1967 Huey Newton is convicted of shooting and killing John Frey of the Oakland Police Department. Shootings took place after Newton was stopped at a traffic check, leaving Newton and another officer wounded as well. Newton claimed he was unconscious when Frey was shot, but spent three years in jail until his conviction was overturned. During his trial and time in prison, the “Free Huey� campaign drew national attention to the Black Panthers, and allowed for the party to create strong bonds with other political organizations throughout the country.
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APRIL 4-6, 1968 On the fourth, civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated, creating civil unrest throughout the United States for days following his death. Marches and protests, peaceful and violent, took place in cities nationwide, in what became “the greatest wave of social unrest since the Civil War�. On the sixth, a 17-year-old Black Panther named Bobby Hutton was shot and killed during a shootout with a group of Oakland Police officers. Hutton was the first party member to be killed by police.
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LATE 1968 The Black Panther Party reached its peak, with over 35 chapters nationwide and around 5000 members. The majority of the group focused on political action at this point in time; however, there were always disagreements between members about their key interests for the party. Slogans of the party spread; celebrities publicly endorsed and donated to the Black Panthers, and American medalists gave the black power salute during that year’s Summer Olympics.
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1969 The importance of education was supported by the Black Panthers and even outlined in the Ten-Point Program. The Liberation School Initiative created after-school programs, and later full-time schools throughout the US. The schools provided an education from a non-traditional perspective, and focused on black history and culture that was primarily excluded from a mainstream school. The largest school, named the Oakland Community School, reached enrollment as high as 150.
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LATE 1969 Seale is arrested for conspiracy to incite riots during the Democratic National Convention the previous year. David Hilliard leads the party, and endorses violent revolution. Disputes escalated, violence and tortures occured, and differences heightened within the party. Membership was declining drastically compared to the peak during 1968.
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EARLY 1970 Black Panther members travel to Asia, developing relations with leaders of China, North Vietnam, and North Korea with the goal of ending American imperialism in mind. Ideas shared throughout anti-imperialist conferences in Asia included self-reliance, autonomy, and adapted Marxism-Leninism ideals. Strong alliances were built between the Black Panther Party and a few governments of Asia.
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THROUGHOUT 1970 Disagreements between leaders of the party cause factions within the party to be created. A portion wanted to focus on social and communal services while the other portion wanted to focus on police antagonisation. The split caused Eldridge Cleaver, editor of the newspaper, to lead a splinter group that became violent with the Black Panthers, resulting in deaths on both sides. Many members quit the party.
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EARLY 1972 Newton closed down chapters all over the country, and called key members back to Oakland. The Black Panthers sought to have roles in office. Seale ran for mayor, but lost to Oakland’s incumbent. A few members take small roles in commissions of the government, but the party continues to disintegrate.
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The Ten Po
The document was created in 1966 by founders of the Black P ideals and demands the
1.
WE WANT FREEDOM. WE WANT POWER TO DETERMINE THE DESTINY OF OUR BLACK AND OPPRESSED COMMUNITIES.
We believe that Black and oppressed people will not be free until we are able to determine our destinies in our own communities ourselves, by fully controlling all the institutions which exist in our communities.
2.
WE WANT FULL EMPLOYMENT FOR OUR PEOPLE.
We believe that the federal government is responsible and obligated to give every person employment or a guaranteed income. We believe that if the American businessmen will not give full employment, then the technology and means of production should be taken from the businessmen and placed in the community so that the people of the community can organize and employ all of its people and give a high standard of living.
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oint Plan
Panther Party Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. It lists the party is based around.
3.
WE WANT AN END TO THE ROBBERY BY THE CAPITALISTS OF OUR BLACK AND OPPRESSED COMMUNITIES.
We believe that this racist government has robbed us and now we are demanding the overdue debt of forty acres and two mules. Forty acres and two mules were promised 100 years ago as restitution for slave labor and mass murder of Black people. We will accept the payment in currency which will be distributed to our many communities. The American racist has taken part in the slaughter of our fifty million Black people. Therefore, we feel this is a modest demand that we make.
4.
WE WANT DECENT HOUSING, FIT FOR THE SHELTER OF HUMAN BEINGS. We believe that if the landlords will not give decent housing to our Black and oppressed communities, then housing and the land should be made into cooperatives so that the people in our communities, with government aid, can build and make decent housing for the people.
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The Ten Poin 5.
WE WANT DECENT EDUCATION FOR OUR PEOPLE THAT EXPOSES THE TRUE NATURE OF THIS DECADENT AMERICAN SOCIETY. WE WANT EDUCATION THAT TEACHES US OUR TRUE HISTORY AND OUR ROLE IN THE PRESENT-DAY SOCIETY. We believe in an educational system that will give to our people a knowledge of the self. If you do not have knowledge of yourself and your position in the society and in the world, then you will have little chance to know anything else.
6.
WE WANT ALL BLACK MEN TO BE EXEMPT FROM MILITARY SERVICE We believe that Black people should not be forced to fight in the military service to defend a racist government that does not protect us. We will not fight and kill other people of color in the world who, like Black people, are being victimized by the White racist government of America. We will protect ourselves from the force and violence of the racist police and the racist military, by whatever means necessary.
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nt Plan (cont.) 7.
WE WANT AN IMMEDIATE END TO POLICE BRUTALITY AND MURDER OF BLACK PEOPLE. We believe we can end police brutality in our Black community by organizing Black self-defense groups that are dedicated to defending our Black community from racist police oppression and brutality. The Second Amendment to the Constitution of the United States gives a right to bear arms. We therefore believe that all Black people should arm themselves for self- defense.
8.
WE WANT FREEDOM FOR ALL BLACK PEOPLE NOW HELD IN U. S. FEDERAL, STATE, COUNTY, CITY AND MILITARY PRISONS AND JAILS. We believe that all Black people should be released from the many jails and prisons because they have not received a fair and impartial trial.
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The Ten Poin 9.
WE WANT TRIALS BY A JURY OF PEERS FOR All PERSONS CHARGED WITH SO-CALLED CRIMES UNDER THE LAWS OF THIS COUNTRY.
We believe that the courts should follow the United States Constituti so that Black people will receive fair trials. The Fourteenth Amendme of the U.S. Constitution gives a man a right to be tried by his peer gro A peer is a person from a similar economic, social, religious, geographical, environmental, historical and racial background. To do this the court will be forced to select a jury from the Black community from which the Black defendant came. We have been, and are being, tried by all-White juries that have no understanding of the "average reasoning man" of the Black community.
10. WE WANT LAND, BREAD, HOUSING, EDUCATION, CLOTHING, JUSTICE AND PEACE.
When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and nature's God entitl them, a decent respect of the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
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nt Plan (cont.)
F
ion ent oup.
y
h
le
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Bobby Seale
Seale was born on October 22, 1936, in Dallas Texas. He spent the majority of his life residing in California. After dropping out of high school for some time, he served in the US Army. Then, he became a student and got his degree at Merritt College. He found his passion for politics and sparked interest in implementing black studies on campus. He then became a political activist and is one of the co-founders of the Black Panther Movement along with Huey Newton. He wanted to be a change in the system and his work became geared towards radicalism. Unfortunately, he was convicted for riots conspiracy theory during the Democratic National Convention. Seale did not have the option to choose his lawyer to represent him in court. This trial lasted for about six months. The rise of the Black Panther Party lasted only for a while as Seale became less visible in the public eye upon his release from jail after being there for four years. Seale became more focus on improving the community socially and environmentally and stepped away from being involved in politics.
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Huey Newton
Newton was born on February 17, 1942. He moved to Oakland at a very young age. He attended Merritt College and met his friend, Bobby Seale. Newton was very involved in the AfroAmerican Association in college. Huey and Bobby met in college. He later on received his bachelor’s in Social Philosophy at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Newton was inspired to initiate the Black Panther Movement because he noticed the present issues of police brutality and racism. Newton spent two years in prison due to his conviction of “involuntary manslaughter” of a policeman. People protested because they believed that it was unfair and wanted justice for Newton. There was a huge campaign going on called “Free Huey” which helped freed Newton. After being released from prison, he quoted “You have the power and the power is with the people”. Newton died in 1989 due to a gunshot from a drug dispute.
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Frederick Douglass Douglass was born on February 1818 in Talbot County. His parents were not around and he mainly lived with his grandparents growing up. He was an abolitionist and was a slave and escaped successfully. His motto was “No Union with Slaveholders”. Douglass advocated for human equality, particularly for minorities. In addition, Douglass was an abolitionist.
Growing up, Douglass taught himself how to read and write. Hence, he wanted to help slaves be educated. He was the first African American man to be nominated to run for Vice President with Victoria Woodhull in 1872. In his famous work was his autograph, “Narrative of Frederick Douglass” along with notable speeches such as “What to The Slave is Fourth of July?” made a huge influence in history. These text provides readers with a perspective of how it feels to be an African American and what kind of struggles they go through. This was impressive because he was able to write well about his life with limited formal education. In addition, Douglass is an advocate for women’s rights and his work is still relevant to many people’s lives today.
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Jae Jarrell
Jarrell was born in 1935 and is an artist who focuses on the Black Arts Movement. Her intricate clothing designs is influenced by her grandfather was a tailor. This gave her an early exposure to fabrics and designs that led her to a career of being an artist. Jarrell’s fashion design includes unique patterns and bright colors. Her work is inspired by “pride, power, energy, and selfrespect.” Therefore, she was able to show the beauty of African American heritage through her artwork. She received her fashion degree at Bowling Green State University. Jarell was also one of the founding members of the African Commune of Bad Relevant Artists (AFRICOBRA) that was founded in 1968. The other co-founding member was her husband, Wadsworth Jarrell. The group focused on portraying a positive image for African Americans and working towards a better future. Its purpose was also to promote Black pride and to commit to social responsibility. In addition, these were skilled artists whose mission was to become a Revolutionary group.
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Richard Aoki Aoki was born on November 20, 1938, in California. Aoki also received his education at the University of California, Berkeley for sociology. After completing his undergrad, he obtained his master’s in social work. Growing up, Aoki mostly lived in Oakland, California where it was a predominantly black neighborhood. He later joined a gang in high school and impressively became the co-valedictorian at his school. Later on in his life, he joined the US Army for about eight years and served as an informant for the Federal Bureau Investigation for fifteen years. Aoki was also an educator and college advisor. He met Bobby Seale and Huey Newton while attending Merritt College. Aoki was a civil rights activist and joined the Black Power Party during the beginning stages. He is Asian American from a Japanese heritage and played an essential role in the Yellow Peril Supports Black Power Movement. He served in bringing unity between African Americans and Asian Americans. Aoki was one of the few Asian people to hold a leadership position (Field Marshal) in the Black Panther Party. He died in 2009 due to gunshot suicide.
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Monyee Chau Chau was born in 1996 in Seattle, Washington, and is a Chinese American artist who identifies as queer. Her family immigrated from Taiwan and Hong Kong during the 1970s. She got her Bachelor’s in Fine Arts at Cornish College. Chau is known for her Yellow Peril Supports Black Power artwork. The post received positive support and popularity on Instagram. The picture showcases the Yin and Yang balance of the two tigers. Most importantly, this was inspired by the tragic event of George Floyd’s death by police brutality. The symbols showcased resembles the support from the Asian communities for Black people. Chau states that “People have to center black liberation and freedom in their politics and in their practice”. Her hope is to have Asian people to be allies towards the Black community because this is a time where they need it the most. The purpose of her work is to reconnect with her Asian roots “through a variety of mediums” where she share her personal experiences. Therefore, Chau’s work showcases the connection between her culture and what it means to be Asian American. She likes to describe her style as bold because she is being her authentic self.
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BPM’s Cultural Impact
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The Power of Words Many of the impacts that the Black Panther Party had on American society can be attributed to the words spoken and written by party members to critique society and speak up about their beliefs and ideas. Words have been the tool that the party used to convey ideas and feelings and also bring about action. This word cloud represents the people and ideas that were inspired by the ideas of the party and sought to represent these ideas in their works, ranging from music to art to writing. The typography of this word cloud is also reflective of a the Panther newspaper, the medium that gave many a voice in society. Without these words, we wouldn’t see and benefit from the many tangible impacts the Party left behind before their dissolution.
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The Cultural Impact o World (
Words were the most powerful tool that the Black Panther Party utilized dur in today’s culture. It was the foundation for meaningful connections with oth people in the process. Most notably, the words of the Party gave a voice to the faced by society every day. The power and the impact of the ideas of the Party impacts to this day, especially in regards to present-day American culture thr
The Black Panther Party has had a major influence on music and continue today. For example, major artists such as Nina Simone and James Brown already outspoken about social and political issues continued to speak up a issues through their lyrics. In addition, many music artists also served in p power within the party. For example, Elaine Brown was a famous artist w chair of the Black Panther Party from 1974-1977, and consequently, provid for the Party’s ideas and policies. In the modern world, many of the Party’s regarding Black Power can still be seen today, especially in rap and hip-ho Black musical artists and groups, such as Tupac, NWA, Beyonce, and Publ cited the Party as influences of their music regarding Black Power and em example, Public Enemy released songs titled “Power to the People” and “Fi songs that were directly influenced by the Party’s messages of Black Power empowerment. In addition, Tupac released a song titled “Panther Power,” his parents who were members of the Party, where he details the struggles in America. More recently, Beyonce’s Super Bowl Performance was a tribu anniversary of Black Panther Party by wearing berets and black leather. T Panther began to normalize the inclusion of Black Power in American cult result, many such musical artists paid tribute to the Party for creating opp Black artists to create music empowering other Black Americans.
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of Words in the Modern (Music)
ring its existence, and consequently, we still see the impact of such words hers who faced similar everyday struggles, and as a result, empowered e voiceless, those who were unable to speak up against the atrocities they y and words spoken and written by Party leaders have still tangible rough the lens of various forms of media.
es to do so who were about such positions of who served as the ded a platform s ideas op music. Many lic Enemy, have mpowerment. For ight the Power,” r and influenced by s of being Black ute to the 50th The Black ture, and as a portunities for
Beyonce at the 2013 Super Bowl (left) & NIna Simone (right)
“My Mother never let me forget my history Hoping I was set free chains never put on me Wanted to be more than just free Had to know the true facts about my history I couldn't settle for being a statistic Couldn't survive in this capitalistic Government cause it was meant to hold us back” - 2Pac’s “Panther Power” (2000)
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The Cultural Impact of World
Art has also been another cultural aspect that has been impacted b Black Panther Party, namely through the inclusion of Emory Dougl the Party’s newspaper. Emory Douglas’s background in art, printm and activism made him popular in the party, and his artwork and p have become known as iconic remnants of the Party. His striking im were meant to be easily read and recognizable by the highly illitera community in poorer communities in the Bay. His use of a mixture photography, bold colors, and drawings made his art recognizable a source of inspiration for many in the community. His art has been e in many high-profile places such as Manhattan’s Urban Justice Cen although his influence can be found in other local places, such as in in local stores in Staten Island, New York or on graffitied walls in O The Party’s repetitive messages through its unique art style provid unified front for the ideals of the Party and provided a constant sou inspiration for many other young artists who seek to express their a through activism. For example, Christopher Paul Jordan has create collage for the movement to prevent the erasure of Black stories fro current narrative about HIV/AIDS, a project inspired by the work o With the prevalence of digital art and social media, it has become e spread art and ideas influenced by the Party.
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f Words in the Modern d (Art)
by the las’s art in making, posters mages ate of and a exhibited nter, n posters Oakland. ded a urce of art ed a om the of Douglas. easier to
“One of the major tenets of [the Black Panther’s] agenda was to shape their own media image, as opposed to having their image be dominated by the more dominant media landscape. So coming up with the pamphlets and The Black Panther newspaper was all a part of that agenda” - Fahamu Pecou, artist and scholar of Pop culture from an NYT interview with McKinley and Russonello (2016)
One of Emory Douglas’s most famous poster for his depictions of policemen as pigs
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The Cultural Impact of World (Mov “For some viewers, “Black Panther” may have undeservedly sinister connotations, but the 2018 film reclaims the symbol to be celebrated by all as an avatar for change.” - Jamil Smith from Times on Marvel’s Black Panther
Scene from the documentary Black Panthers (1968)
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The effects people not o today, espec Marvel’s Bl Panther Pa 1968 film th regarding H This film sh alternative documentar the racist a reinventing character. W society and and sought to name the Panther Pa change and basis of the office hit bu people arou
f Words in the Modern vies & Film)
of the Black Panther Party’s efforts to empower young Black only in the Bay area but also the United States can still be felt cially in the movie industry, with the most notable impact being lack Panther. One of the very first films that brought the Black arty to the limelight is the documentary named Black Panthers, a hat discussed the ongoing protests organized by the Party Huey P. Newton’s arrest for murdering a police officer in Oakland. howed the struggles and humanized the party by showing perspectives of the leaders and major figureheads. This ry influenced Marvel’s Don McGregor who decided to fight against and problematic tropes of the comic known as Jungle Action by g the comic to one that resembles the iconic Black Panther Within the world of the Black Panther comic, McGregor created a a character that was not reliant on white and Eurocentric ideas to fight against conventional ideas of Black society. The decision e comic Black Panther, a name that bore resemblance to the Black arty, was once questioned, but now, the name serves as a symbol of d empowerment for all young Black people. This comic served as the e 2018 film Black Panther, which was lauded as not only a box ut also as a movie that helped to empower many young Black und the world.
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Achieving Where the Governme
“Feeding people was always part of the Panther pro liberation in terms of importance. Because if yo — you’re not going to last too long…. We were dea called these initiatives “survival programs.” (Billy X
The Free Breakfast Program Free Breakfast St. Augustine’s Church in Oakland. children to learn at school, and at th Program: was only a program in a few rural sc
10,000 bags of groceries. They also r they tested around 12,000 people for vote in a day at California. Later on, reaction to the Black Panther’s grow participate in a free breakfast progra Issues like voter registration are food insecure, and more than 10 Georgia turning blue was in large pa register voters. Georgia turnout incr credited with registering 800,000 ne as the protests in the streets, and ar
"The fact that the United States has more going hungry is a shame, it was a shame
-Melvin Dickson, an organizer from the Oakland breakfast prog
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ent Fails: The Economic Impact
ogram. Food is right up there with justice and ou do not have food — and the correct types of food aling with people’s survival. That’s why we X Jennings, early Black Panther Member)
was started in 1969 by the Black Panthers, with its first chapter at The program was started because hunger made it difficult for he time schools only offered reduced price lunches and free breakfast chools. At one of their greatest events the Black Panthers gave away ran other programs such as disease testing and voter registration, as r sickle cell anemia and held the record for most people registered to , the government started their own free breakfast program as a wing popularity due to the program. Now, over 8 million children am. and food poverty are still relevant to this day. 14.3 million americans million children live in food insecure households. In this election, art due to the work of Stacey Abrams, who worked tirelessly to reased by a whopping 1 million from 2016 to 2020, and Abrams is ew voters in her state. These programs and projects are just as crucial re the key to reaching equality for all.
e food than we need, and folks are still e then, and it’s a shame now."
gram
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From Then to Now:
A movement centered around an ideology of defen nationalism. A group started in the context of Afr economic and social inequality, seen in the poor li centers. Reading these sentences today, the Black However, I am speaking of the Black Panther mov end continues to have far reaching impacts to this continued to persist.
Systemic Racism: Police Brutality “We want an immediate end to police brutality and murder of black people�
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Police brut community the mistre in almost a King Jr., t Black Pan brutality a police brut alternative being appr the moder brutality, alternative
: The Social Impact
nse against police brutality and black rican Americans continued suffering from iving conditions and public services of urban k Lives Matter movement likely comes to mind. vement founded in 1966, which despite it’s forced s day as the problems it sought to fight have also
tality has been an issue that plagues the African American y since the times of slavery. In the 1960s, resistance against eatment of black people by the police and justice system existed all black activist groups, from Malcolm X to Martin Luther to of course, the Black Panthers. One of the 10 demands the nther Party made was “we want an immediate end to police and murder of black people”. The Black Panther’s response to tality was policing the police, and they would form their own e armed force to follow police and shout legal advice at those rehended so as to ensure no rights were being abused. While rn Defund the Police has gone a different route to fight police many in the movement have long been advocating for an e to the police force in a way similar to the Black Panthers.
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Comparing The fight against systemic racism in the justice and police system has roots as far as hundreds of years ago, and parallels between modern day messages on police brutality are startlingly similar to the protests and words of the 1960s. The US justice system has been slow to change, as even now issues of bail and the inhumane treatment of prisoners, often even before they get to trial, has continued to disproportionately affect the African American community. Rikers Island was the jail used to detain the 21 Panthers and Kalief Browder before trial. Luckily, the Panthers has public support and were able to raise enough money to post bail, however they still spent 10 months in solitary confinement. Kalief Browder was a teenager charged with stealing a backpack, thus spent 3 years in Rikers Island with much of that time in solitary confinement. Once he finally was able to stand for trial and was judged not guilty it was too late, and he killed himself after being let out. This failed system of bail means that true justice, where one is innocent till proven guilty, is only the case for the rich and affluent. While police brutality has been getting more attention lately (as it should!), we need to remember that systemic racism and violence goes further than the police, and is present in every corner of our law and justice from the moment of arrest to jails to court and to distribution of resources that keep black communities in poverty.
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Twenty Panthe Panth conspira departm were eve held on R solitary c able to celebrit Below is outsid
Over been c
Then
y-one members of the Black er Party, also known as the her 21, were accused of a acy to attack and bomb police ments in NYC. The Panthers entually acquitted, but were Rikers island for 10 months in confinement before they were afford bail with the help of ties like Leonard Bernstein. s a picture of demonstrations de of the NYC courthouse.
Now In 2010, Kalief Browder was charged with stealing a backpack and he plead not guilty. He wasn’t allowed to post bail (as he was on probation), and ended up spending 3 years on Rikers Island jail before getting to trial, where he was acquitted of all crimes. He spent 2 years in solitary confinement and was assaulted by guards, resulting in deep trauma as he later killed himself after getting out of jail. Kalief Browder was 16 when arrested.
555,000 people locked up haven’t convicted. Most are in jail because they can’t afford bail. 42
Comparing Black athletes brought awareness to movements like Black Panther and BLM by making a silent statement while the American national anthem plays. In both instances they were faced with backlash, as people were angry at them for “disrespecting” the national anthem. But if this is not an acceptable form of protest then what is? When protests in the street are painted as violent and moments like these are demonized it shows that those who are blind to the racism in our country don’t really care how we protest, they will always be disapproving. The problem was never the method, it was the message that people still refuse to open their eyes to.
Th
Tommie Smith an and bronze med protest against ra black people by r represent black panther symbol) a socks to represent the US national a are booed at while
“If I win I am an American, not something bad then they would s we are proud of being black.” 43
hen
nd John Carlos, gold dallists in the 200m, acial discrimination of raising their fists to k power (the black and by wearing black t black poverty while anthem played. They e leaving the podium.
Now
Colin Kaepernick, a player in the NFL, sat while the US national anthem played in protest against police brutality and racial injustice. He continued to kneel during the anthem for the rest of the season, and was joined by teammate Eric Reid. This action received wide backlash, with even POTUS Donald Trump condemning his actions. Both Reid and Kaepernick have been unable to get signed to another team, with their protest a likely factor.
a black American. But if I did say 'a Negro'. We are black and � (Tommie Smith) 44
COINTEL
“CounterIntelligence Pr
In 1982, the prominent B more than 40 chapters and There are many theor dissolved, primarily incl destruction within the gr Bobby Seale, and many m to the interference of th program� (COINTELPRO Investiga
45
LPRO
rogram�
Black Panther Party, with d 5,000 members, dissolved. ries as to how the party luding internal issues and roup, but party co-founder, more, accounts its downfall he “CounterIntelligence O) by the Federal Bureau of ation (FBI).
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Between 1956 to 1971, the FBI used the COINTELPRO program to target groups deemed “radical” and a threat to national security, given the political zeitgeist of the Cold War. COINTELPRO’s purpose was “according to one FBI document, was to “expose, disrupt, misdirect, discredit or otherwise neutralize the activities of black nationalist hate type organizations and groupings, their leadership, spokesmen, membership and supporters” (“Police kill [...] Party”, 2009) COINTELPRO operations targeted multiple “radical” political groups, including the Black Panther Party. Among these tactics included wiretapping, surveillance, infiltration, fabricating evidence of crimes, and more, in order to disrupt the social movement.
47
COINTE
A specific exam COINTELPRO’s d of the BPP w defamation and attempts to sp negative news co order to cause between the party a document of t authorizing the
The document data to source friction being bu BPP Leaders fe West coast lea national leaders
In order to separa the country, th through exposing FBI took priv broadcast to the
ELPRO’s Efforts: Infiltration
mple of disruption was its d active pread overage in a ridge y. Here is the FBI project:
“COINTELPRO.” FBI, FBI, 5 May 2011, vault.fbi.gov/cointel-pro.
explicitly states “Bureau requested to furnish essence of above e national news media. Text should be pitched along line that uilt up between west and east coast BPP Leadership. East coast eel they are being used merely as newspaper delivery boys while aders take in the profits. East coast leadership in NYC are feel ship no longer interested in “Panther Twentyone” who remain in jail.”
ate the movement, which had already gained support throughout he FBI attempted to split the East and West coast leaderships g feelings of resentment within the party. This infiltration by the vate information within the group, in order to manipulate and e mass media, in hopes of ultimately separating the movement.
48
COINTELPRO’s Efforts: M Fred Hampton Chicago Police photographed carrying Fred Hampton’s body out of his apartment Image Source: “The Chicago police raid that killed Black Panthers Fred Hampton and Mark Clark in 1969 - The Washington Post 2019.
“mainstream media outlets turned Fred Hampton fr political organizer and rising star of the Black Power a violent, criminal extremist.” (Goforth, 2
After his death, the FBI was able to shift public opinion on his death “justifiable”. After the incident, “The articles and photographs they published pro-police, anti-Panther, anti-Hampton, and above all, anti-Black” (Goforth, 2
49
Murder and Prosecution
rom a grassroots movement into 2019)
h, deeming his murder about the murder were 2019)
Another drastic measure performed by the FBI was the murder of Fred Hampton. Hampton was the chairman of the Illinois chapter and deputy chairman of the national party. In 1969, Chicago police broke into Hampton’s apartment, firing 90 shots, and killing him. His fiancée, Deborah Johnson, recalls the incident saying “After I was pulled out of the room, two policemen entered the room, and one of them said, 'Is he dead yet?' I heard two shots, and then the other one said, ’He’s good and dead now.’” (“The Assassination of Fred Hampton”, 2014) Fred Hampton was made a target by the FBI for his potential to become a leader of the BPP as a young, charismatic, and eloquent young man. This potential for success resulted in his death.
50
“You c but you Hampton was commonly referred to as a ‘Black Messiah’ to the Party, founding the Chicago Chapter of the Black Panther Movement.
Copy of the Black Panther Newspaper after Fred Hampton’s death
51
Image Source: “The Black vol. 4, no. 2 (Fred Hampto Douglas. The Museum of
can kill a revolutionary, can’t kill the revolution” - Fred Hampton
k Panther Newspaper, on murdered)” By Emory Modern Art. 1969.
Image Source: “6 Things You Need to Know About the 'Black Messiah', Fred Hampton” - Stratford Circus - 2019.
52
COINTELPRO’s Efforts: M
Eldridge Cleaver a
In the same period of polit of 1968, after the assassin King Jr., two panthers fell of COINTELPRO. The Min the BPP, Eldridge Cleav Bobby Hutton were involv Oakland Police. As Bob surrender, he was shot an the shootout, the three o Cleaver was then charg attempted murder.
In November of 1968, Eldri for $50,000 and fled to M Cleaver had lived in ex vulnerable, as he was consi the party. Image show Bobby Hutton was only 17 years old when he was killed.
53
Image Source: “Hutton, Black Panthers honored with grove’s naming.” East Bay Times. 2016.
Wanted Po “Consid
Murder and Prosecution
and Bobby Hutton
Image Source: “FBI Wanted poster for Leroy Eldridge Cleaver.” National Museum of African American History and Culture. 1968.
tical turbulence in April nation of Martin Luther victim to the initiatives nister of Information of ver, and BPP member, ved in a shootout with bby Hutton tried to nd killed. As a result of officers were wounded. ged with assault and
idge Cleaver was bailed Mexico City and Cuba. xile, leaving the BPP idered a core member to
ws Eldridge Cleaver’s FBI oster (1968). Poster states der Armed and Extremely Dangerous”
54
COINTELPRO’s Efforts: M As discussed, Huey P. Newton was a core member to the Black Panther Party as its co-founder and Minister of Defense. According to an article from the New York Times in 1976, “These F.B.I. efforts began, the report says, in March 1970 while Mr. Newton was in jail on a voluntary manslaughter conviction”, as the Panthers became more united during the “Free Huey” campaign. As the BPP presented a more united front, the FBI became more threatened.
55
Eldridge Cleaver an
Photograph capturing Newton release, shouting “You have t and the power is with the pe
Murder and Prosecution
nd Huey P. Newton
n after his the power eople.”
Nacio Jan Brown, photograph of Huey Newton upon his release from prison, May 29, 1970.
The article mentions how the FBI intentionally attempted to drive a wedge in between Eldridge Cleaver and Huey P. Newton, as the two most influential members to the party, through sending “divisive letters” (Kifner, 1976) This feud only furthered the wedge between the Black Panthers. After Newton’s release from prison, he wished to focus on welfare programs to avoid the deaths of more Panthers.
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COINTELPRO’s Efforts: Murder and Prosecution Eldridge Cleaver and Huey P. Newton According to Newton, the role of the vanguard is to ““raise the consciousness of the masses through educational programs and other activities…a vanguard party is never underground in the beginning of its existence, that would limit its effectiveness and educational goals.” Cleaver wished to exercise an armed struggle with authorities in power, and as a result, split the party. According to Cleaver, “The fact is, there’s a split in the party. The right wing has seized the reins of leadership and put a muzzle on the Panther. The vanguard party has become a breakfast-for-children club.”” Eventually, Newton kicked Cleaver out of the BPP. The separation between the two most influential figures of the party divided the movement, thus weakening it, as COINTELPRO’s intention.
57
“Remembering the b COINTELPRO” Mu
COINTELPRO Exposed
burglary that broke uckRock. 2019.
In 1971, burglars broke into an FBI office, coming forward with tons of documents exposing FBI director, J. Edgar Hoover, and COINTELPRO’s efforts against the Black Panther Movement. Among these documents was a statement from Hoover, stating the program aimed to “enhance the paranoia endemic in these circles and will further serve to get the point across there is an F.B.I. agent behind every mailbox”. According to the New York Times, “what was perhaps the most damning document from the cache, a 1970 memorandum that offered a glimpse into Hoover’s obsession with snuffing out dissent. The document urged agents to step up their interviews of antiwar activists and members of dissident student groups” (Mazzetti, 2014). These documents exposed COINTELPRO’s active initiatives to create a ripple between the Black Panther Movement. As these documents stirred public outrage, COINTELPRO was put to an end in 1972.
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A counterargument to COINTELPR
According to an article from Time, based on Don Cox’s t Life in the Black Panther Party”, COINTELPRO’s involvemen was a part of the party’s high command. He expands on the Cleaver’s exile. He identified the main issues in the party to Centralism, and the aftermath of the Free Huey Campaign. According to Cox, those who did not adhere to Marxistthe Marxist Leninist structure of the party, with democratic name of the central committee.” Cox expounds on the lack of co Seale led all of the party’s projects with no objection. Then, in created a ripple in the group as “not much more than loyalty told, that was about all that was required to be part of th “undisciplined” individuals would claim the title of “Panthe without pursuing the other everyday tasks such as selling ne individuals began roaming around intimidating people, trying The party soon began to view Newton and Eldridge as personality. “His every word became the law and line of the p As Cox phrases it “We refuse our own history by blaming every very convenient way of avoiding analysis” and “I do not agr enforcement agencies that destroyed the Black Panther Party.” Don Cox provides an interesting analysis of the fall out the considerable amount of evidence exhibiting COINTELPRO to conclude a factual answer for the fallout of a party taking pl Source: Cox, Don. “How the Black Panther Party Was time.com/5527603/don-cox-black-panther-party/.
59
RO’s involvement
testimony from his memoir entitled “Just Another N****r: My nt with the BPP was not the reason for its downfall. Don Cox events following Huey Newton’s imprisonment and Eldridge be the party’s foundations in Marxism-Leninism, Democratic
-Leninist ideas were deemed inferior. As a result of “Adopting centralism as its soul, all power was then confiscated in the ommunication between the group as David Hilliard and Bobby the beginning of 1969, the effects of the Free Huey Campaign was asked of our members. As long as one did what one was he party.” As a result, the group had lost its direction and ers”, showing up to rallies and events in Panther uniform, ewspapers and distributing leaflets. According to Cox, “these to prove how bad they were.” s messiahs, leading to the creation of Huey Newton as a cult party” leading the party to stray away from their foundations. ything negative that occurred on the COINTELPRO. That is a ree with the widespread idea that it was repression by law ” t between the BPP members. Though, it is difficult to dismiss O’s involvement in the Black Panther Movement. It is difficult lace through several years. Hurt by Its Own Ideals.” Time, Time, 13 Feb. 2019,
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Cox’s Last R
As Cox explains, the end of the Black Panthe Movement is not the end of the pursuit for justice. Wit current events such as the Black Lives Matter movement, th need to pursue such a movement is as relevant and importan as ever. Burying the mistakes of such important historica events only hurts the movement, instead, it is their historica responsibility to share them. When Cox says “we cannot affor the luxury of leaving it up to historians to reveal what we di after fifty or one hundred years have passed� he reiterates th importance of remaking or creating new history; where takin the lessons of the Black Panther Movement is imperative i creating a brighter future.
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Remarks
er th he nt al al rd id he ng in
Image Source: “Cox, Don”. Heyday Books.
Dox Cox Member of the BPP’s High Command
62
Interview with Andrew S. Banderas
Interview with Andrew S. Banderas
eceived his Bachelor's in History from California g Beach. He is currently an English and Social Sciences CA, and just published his first book, Dream.
utu.be/QCh5fRxV9fA
Interview with Andrew S. Banderas
Key takeaways from Interview Short Biography
What should be done the movement
About the interview with Andrew Band Image 1.S. Educators shou
Andrew S. Banderas received his Bachelor's in History from California State University, Long Beach. He is currently an English and Social Sciences teacher in Anaheim, CA, and just published his first book, What Shadows May Dream.
story as we know is biased. Negative connotations precede the ack Panther's name. A movement that began as something to Why was Andrew S. Banderas chosen to interview? dress socio-economic inequalities and police brutality over time came known as a violent movement and earned negative Interview Link: https://youtu.be/QCh5fRxV9fA nnotations. With the FBI's involvement and their infiltration, Andrew S. Banderas was chosen for this e purpose of the movement was twisted and made out to be as a interview because of his experience with teaching ovement that was radical. The way that history is told in the U.S. History. We wanted to get the perspective of nited States needs improvement so we canon teach real history an educator and get his thoughts thethe Black hind movements like the Black We must Panther Movement and Panther the wayParty. it is taught in present ese events as theyeducation happened system. and work on giving them the public Our mission wasthe to entionobtain they deserve. the opinion of someone who teaches U.S.
History and learn if he believes that the education system gives enough attention to this event in history.
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movement
Important S Image 2. Educators shou with history and theAndrew positive a helping Black children have acc Panth
“Through coercio purpose of the m other”
“It was meant to something that k
“When we’re talk whether it’s inten or your beliefs or
“I think we need a whole and re-ap honor and recogn organizers of the
Key takeaways from Interview
What shou the movem
What should Imagebe1.don Ed the movement movement
History as we know is biased. Negative connotations precede the Image 1. Educators sh Black Panther's name. A movement that began as something tomovement Image 2. Ed History as we know is biased. Negative connotations precede the history and address socio-economic inequalities and police brutality over time Black Panther's name. A movement that began as something to Image 2.helping Educators sh child became known as a violent movement and earned negative history and the positive address socio-economic inequalities and police brutality over time connotations. With FBI'smovement involvement and their infiltration,helping children have a became known as the a violent and earned negative the purpose of the movement was twisted and made out to be as a connotations. With the FBI's involvement and their infiltration, the purpose the movement was way twisted and made out be in as athe movement thatofwas radical. The that history is to told movement wasimprovement radical. The way is told in the United Statesthat needs sothat we history can teach the real history United States needs improvement so we can teach the real history behind movements like the Black Panther Party. We must present behind movements like the Black Panther Party. We must present thesethese events as as they andwork work giving them events theyhappened happened and onon giving them the the attention they deserve. attention they deserve.
ew with Andrew S. Banderas regarding the portrayal of
osen to interview?
uld teach more about the
for this uld the movement’s nceteach withabout teaching actions they participated in like he perspective of cess to food on the Black it is taught in r mission was to ho teaches U.S. hat the ttention to this
Important Statements from the interview with Andrew S. Banderas regarding the Black Panther Party: “Through coercion and infiltration, the FBI really shifted the purpose of the movement and turned people against each other” “It was meant to address social inequality and I think it was something that kind of got twisted along the way” “When we’re talking about history you have to talk about bias whether it’s intended because that’s your political perspective or your beliefs or because that’s just what you were taught” “I think we need to give attention to our education system as a whole and re-approach it. I think that’s the best way we can honor and recognize the struggles that have been made by organizers of the Black Panthers” “They are definitely portrayed in a negative light...They are very rarely associated with giving food to children”
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Outro
The Black Panther Party was a movement that gave power and purpose to many who continued to be overlooked by the white, and subsequently more powerful, members of society, something that not many movements have been able to do throughout American history. Although the Black Panther Party may not exist currently, we have all still benefited from their efforts to try to bring about systemic change. They have been inspiring and continue to inspire generations with ideas of powerful activism through various forms of media, and through the establishment of social programs and economic reforms to make society more equitable for all. The Black Panther Party was deemed as “revolutionary” and “dangerous” for its ideas to bring about radical social change to the way we talk about race and injustices in our society, and yet we still see many of the same messages that they introduced in the 1960’s and 1970’s in our present world. For example, the conversation surrounding police brutality began in the 1960’s and 70’s due to the Party and is still something that we continue to talk about due to their actions to bring this issue to light. In addition, their impacts on underrepresented communities has been huge, considering the time period in which they were founded. Despite the efforts of the Civil Rights Movement, many underrepresented communities, most notably minorities, were still oppressed and found it hard to find a voice in America. The Black Panther Party represented the ideas of the voiceless and the ideas of the people, something revolutionary at the time. This newfound sense of belonging and empowerment sparked many other activist movements, many of which exist to this day. In a world that has become increasingly more complex and difficult to navigate, we can look to the Party’s ideas and actions for inspiration to continue to fight for what we believe to be right and just in our world.
65
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thers in Oakland Politics | Reimagine!, www.reimaginerpe.org/node/5427. Cox, Don. “How the Black Panther Party Was Hurt by Its Own Ideals.” Time, Time, 13 Feb. 2019, time.com/5527603/don-cox-black-panther-party/. Douglas, Emory. “Emory Douglas. The Black Panther Newspaper, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Fred Hampton Murdered). 1969: MoMA.” The Museum of Modern Art, www.moma.org/collection/ works/401457. Duncan, Garrett Albert. “Black Panther Party.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2020, www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Panther-Party. Elgot, Jessica. “Beyoncé Unleashes Black Panthers Homage at Super Bowl 50.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 8 Feb. 2016, www.theguardian.com/music/2016/feb/08 /beyonce-black-panthers-homage-black-lives-matter-super-bowl-50. Feldman, Brian. “The Burglars Who Revealed COINTELPRO Have Come Forward.” The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 7 Jan. 2014, www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/01/ burglars-who-revealed-cointelpro-have-come-forward/356754/. Fist Fight Finger - Free Vector Graphic on Pixabay. pixabay.com/vectors/fist-fight-finger-handsocialism-152785/. Goforth, Ronan. “Something Worth Being Killed Over”: The FBI, Cultural Propaganda, and the Murder of Fred Hampton, 5 May 2019, pp. 1–45., scholar.umw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1315&context=student_research. Gonnerman, Jennifer. “Before the Law.” The New Yorker, 2014, www.newyorker.com/maga zine/2014/10/06/before-the-law. Gonnerman, Jennifer. “Kalief Browder, 1993–2015.” The New Yorker, The New Yorker, 3 Oct. 2017, www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/kalief-browder-1993-2015. Gonzales, Richard. “Did Man Who Armed Black Panthers Lead Two Lives?” NPR, NPR, 3 Oct. 2012,www.npr.org/2012/10/03/161408561/did-man-who-armed-black-panthers-lead-twolives Hedin, Mark. “Hutton, Black Panthers Honored with Grove’s Naming.” East Bay Times, East Bay Times, 29 Oct. 2016, www.eastbaytimes.com/2016/10/06/hutton-black-panthers-honored-with-groves-naming/. History.com Editors. “Black Panthers.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 3 Nov. 2017, www.history.com/topics/civil-rights-movement/black-panthers. Jeffrey, James. “Shedding New Light on the (Real) Black Panthers.” BBC News, BBC, 1 Apr. 2018, www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-43587976. Jennings, Billy X. “‘When We Needed It to Be, Food Was a Weapon’.” Eater, Eater, 17 June
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