Elizabethan Times
sive
Printed by Mr. Rauch’s Second Hour
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Table of Contents Biography……………………………………………………….…...Pages 3-4 History of Italian feuds and vendettas/gangs………………….…..Pages 5-6 The Globe Theatre………….…………………………....………....Pages 7-8 Pros and Cons of the Theater in Elizabethan England….…....….Pages 9-10 Elizabethan England Crime, Punishment, and Law…….…....….Pages 11-12 Role of Women and Marriage in Elizabethan England....……….Pages 13-14 The Black Plague…....…………………………………………….Pages 15-16 Elizabethan Fashion……………………….……………………...Pages 17-18 Queen Elizabeth…………………………..……………………...Pages 19-20 Elizabethan Dancing and Music…………..…………………….Pages 21-22 Resources………………………………………………………….Page 23-27
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Biography We don't exactly know when William Shakespeare was born but we do know that he was baptized on April 26, 1564. William was the oldest surviving child to parents John and Mary Shakespeare. Their first two children who were both girls did not live past infancy. Being the oldest child in the family, William had three brothers, Gilbert, Richard and Edmund. He also had two young sisters, Anne who died at seven, and Joan. Their father, John Shakespeare, was a leatherworker who specialized in the soft white leather used for gloves and similar items. John, his father rose through local offices in Stratford, becoming an alderman and eventually, when William was five, the town bailiff—much like a mayor. Smith (n.d.)
Judd (n.d.).
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Biography
At age 18, William Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway. During this period, she was four months pregnant with their first child, Susanna. Susanna was baptized on May 26, 1583. Later in life, they had twins, Hamnet and Judith, who were baptized on February 2, 1585. In 1596, the application for the coat of arms that William had filed in his father’s name, had been approved. He moved his family to New Place, one of the largest homes in the town. Unfortunately, when they moved into their new home, their eleven year old son, Hamnet, had died of the horrible disease, The Plague. About two years later, the Globe Theatre was built. This is where he would produce his most famous plays.
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(Danand, 2007)
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The Mafia (History.com Staff. (2009)
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Residents of Sicily/Italy used to be ruled by foerign invaders. Groups protected themselves from the hostile forces also known as the Mafia. The word “Mafia” was originally used as a term for someone who was suspicious to central authority. Eventually, groups of these people banded together. .
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(Daniel, 2016)
Mafia had their own system for justice and retribution, carrying out all of their actions in secret. ● Sicilian Mafia stemmed from a collection of criminal clans and or families. One of the mafia’s main means of ● violence was by extorting protection money from landowners. They were able to pull this off due to chaotic conditions in Italy and Sicily.. Back in the 180’s, Roman officials would ask Sicilian mafia to hunt down and capture criminals. in exchange, they would look the other way as the mafia continued their crackdown on landowners.
History of Italian feuds and vendettas/gangs Vendettas University Of Calgary, 1998)
The Italian vendettas, or blood-feuds, were a long-standing tradition that most cities and towns tried to break. They were often between families or friend groups. These vendettas were very hard to break, because in italian tradition, you were expected to avenge the death of a family member.
(Downer, 1999) 5
(Ebner, 2017)
History of Italian feuds and vendettas/gangs
Vendettas Continued ●
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The blood feuds started to get so bad, that the funerals of the victims of the families had to be held during dusk hours in a quiet place, because there was a fear that the opposing family would attack the family while they are at the funeral. If the funeral was held at night in a quiet place, they had a better chance ofnot getting picked off. Vendettas are still widely discusssed by historians and citizens of Europe.
(Harris, 2010)
Feuds (De Mejlio, 1998) ●
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The definition of feud is very much like a vendetta. A feud is described as a prolonged and bitter quarrel or dispute, usually between clans or families. In other words, it is the same as a vendetta, but without as much violence. Italian feuds between familes and clans were often over many miscellaneous things. The most common ones were property ownership, In laws, and the family business. The good thing is that some of these feuds end peacefully because back in the times of the feuds/vendettas, one of the most important family rules was to love as hard as you hate. Because of this, many feuds were solved peacefully..
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Feuds are not a thing of the past. Even to this day, Italian families argue and feud about the same things that were founded centuries ago. Many people get the terms Feud and Vendetta confused, and they are not alone. The only difference between the two is that vendettas tend to involve more violence and bloodshed, while feuds are usually arguments over land and family.
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The Globe Theatre Who: (Globe Education Actors, 2013) ● ● ● ●
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Shakespeare’s many plays were performed At the time, acting was only open to men and boys Women were not allowed to perform in public theatres in England until 1660 The Chamberlain’s Men, an acting company including William Shakespeare, Richard Burbage, and William Kemp, performed often As well as writing plays, William Shakespeare also acted in them It is said that he played the Ghost in his own play Hamlet Actors’ earnings depended on what company they worked for About 10 shillings a week when performing in the Globe Theatre of London Famous Elizabethan Actors who performed at the Globe: Richard Burbage, Edward Alleyn, Robert Armin, William Kemp and Nathan Field People of all classes went to watch plays at the Globe
(Pressley, 1997) Only known illustration of the Globe from the 1600s.
What: (Pressley, 1997) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● (Jokinen, 2010) William Kemp, Clown of the Chamberlain's Men, Dancing the Morris.
Playhouse Polygonal in shape Rose three stories high Diameter of approximately 100 feet Sat up to 3,000 spectators The stage was 43 feet wide and 28 feet deep Most likely had trap doors in the flooring of the stage There was a theater built before The Globe Theatre simply named The Theatre In order to build the Globe Theatre, they salvaged wood from The Theatre
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The Globe Theatre Where: (Pressley, 1997) ●
On the banks of the Thames River in London
Why: (Globe Theatre, 2001) ● (Lee, 2001) Drawing of Globe and its surrounding area.
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Queen Elizabeth always went to the Globe because she enjoyed plays Brought people together for entertainment Earned money
When: (Pressley, 1997) ● ●
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First built in 1599 Burned in 1613 during the play of “Henry VIII” when a staged cannon fire ignited a fire Rebuilt in 1614 Puritans (people who were against the Church of England and Roman Catholic religion) destroyed the theatre in 1644 Replica was built and opened in 1997
(Scott, 1840) Painting of Queen Elizabeth viewing the performance of ‘The Merry Wives of Windsor’ at the Globe Theatre.
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The Role Of Theater In Elizabethan England Pros: ➢ Bought business helping economy ➢ Helped In-keepers because guests could watch productions inside of the inns ➢ Theater was a source of entertainment and helped educate the general population ➢ Plays improved upon the culture of England making this era stand out in history
(Linda Alchin, 2012) 9
Cons:
The Role Of Theater In Elizabethan England
➢ Theater caused lots of controversy between the people. Puritan Leaders and officers of the Church of England criticized theaters for being coarse and boisterous and they felt that people used acting as a way to tell their disrespectful opinions publicly so they tried to get the theater shut down. ➢ It was also feared that with everyone crowded in a small space, possibly diseases could be spread among the people. ➢ Queen Alizabeth was forced to ban construction of the theater, but despite that to get around the rule theaters were constructed right outside the borders of london such as the Globe, The Curtain, The Swan, and The Rose. (Shakespeare in American Communities, n/d).
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Elizabethan England Crime, Punishment, and Law
(Law and Punishment, n.d.)
Punishments in Elizabethan England era were always harsh and often humiliating. The Road to Oxford in London or sometimes the outside of St. Paul’s Cathedral was the most popular destination for the cruel hangings since they were the most public places throughout the city. In this form of punishment, the prisoners were put in chains and were hanged alive and then left to starve. Traitors, or people that went against the laws, were sent to be hanged and quartered half alive. Being quartered is where your body is cut into four pieces. These quarters were then hung around the city and their head was put on a pole to be hung in a public place. However, some people had excuses to save them from their misery. One excuse was when women claimed that they were pregnant. This excuse got her out of her punishment until the baby was born, but sooner or later she would have to receive her treatment. Another excuse was when a man was a priest or part of the church, he was able to receive a lower punishment from what he should have gotten based on the crime he committed. A famous form of punishment was the “Peine Forte et Dure” meaning strong and hard punishment, (Jenkins, 2017). was for the people that were accused of a crime and did not speak when asked to defend themselves. During “Peine Forte et Dure,” victims had heavy stones placed on their body and received seldom drinks of water and stale 11 bread. (Picard, n.d.).
Elizabethan England Punishment, Law, and Crimes The Rack
The Scavenger’s Daughter
- Wooden frame Similarities: - made out of iron hoops - Roller at both - both were- victim had to crouch on one half ends of the frame of the hoop and the other half used for - Ankles and wrists attached was placed on the victim’s back the most to one end of the rollers major of - a screw was used to tighten the - Two ropes on the hinge crimes, bottom and top treason - this was the cause of the crushed - Torturer turned ribs and breastbone - victims the handles and the would - spine was sometimes dislocated ropes would tighten break - used against people that were - When the ropes were guilty of high treason bones tightened, bones, ligaments, and - high treason was considered the during use limbs were torn apart worst crime - Other prisoners were forced to (Grabianowski, n.d.) watch to understand the other’s pain (Joax, 2008.) Another tool used was the pillory which was a very common punishment tool. The pillory was also a humiliating punishment due to the public manner it was performed in. The victims that committed a more serious crime would throw stones and often vegetables such as tomatoes. A fourth punishment was the bastinado. The punishment was harmful to the victim’s feet. The soles were whipped and beaten with canes and whips. The wounds left over took a very (Forms of Torture in long to heal. Lastly, another tool for Elizabethan England, n.d.) humiliation, the jougs, was worn around the victim’s neck. A chain was attached to the 12 collar and wall of a public building for the victim to be tortured.
Role of Women and Marriage in Elizabethan England July 22 1610 Dear diary, One month ago today 2nd Duke of Somerset, William Seymour and I were married in secret. I and William are cousins as i was fourth in line for the Lady Arabella Stuart Scottish National Portrait throne of King James the first and Gallery William felt that benefit of the throne was too great. This marriagecould get us both in a lot of trouble with the queen because we did not receive her approval before we got married. This is why we have to keep this marriage a secret. As a lady I need a man to look after me with my father dead my youngest brother had to care for me while i was unmarried.Today I went for a walk after I finished cooking unch for me and my husband and finished the laundry. Era Daily Life As i was walking I saw the town doctor. Elizabethan in England
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I have alway admired the profession of being a doctor but as a women I am not allowed to be in a profession like law, medicine, politics. As a woman I am only allowed to cook or clean, or also write works of literature. I am able to be writing this is because as a noble child i had a private tutor who taught me to how to read, write, and taught me how to speak latin. Because our wedding was a secret I am not able to have to honor of childbearing. I am so jealous of my best friend Ann who has three children and a four on its way. Having children is such an honor for women. Large families are very common because the change of a newborn or young child is very great. I hope that someday soon I and William will have a big family. I have to go now to make dinner before William gets home from work. ~ Lady Arabella Stuart Family life in the Elizabethan Era
Alchin, L.K. Elizabethan Era.(February 07, 2017) Heather Sharnette. Elizabeth R.(1998-2017) Love and Marriage.(March 25, 2007)
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The Black Plague What: ● Bubonic plague: large inflamed boils or “buboes” this is where the plague goes after the When: (Chamberlain, n.d.) bloodstream ● Outbreak in mid-1300’s ● Pneumonic plague: when the ● Outbreak ended in 1362 plague goes after the lungs, ● In 1347 black rats onboard a ship someone would get this type of had fleas with this disease and when the ship reached Europe the plague plague if they came into was introduced contact with someone that had the plague ● The thing that all started the Where: ● There were outbreaks in Europe, black plague was Yersinia Italy, and London pestis, which is a microscopic organism that would infect rats ● The rats infested with the plague came from the Middle East and it would be spread by fleas to humans when the fleas bit the humans ● The Black Plague was also spread by sneezes and coughs ● Also known as Black death ● Some symptoms are high fever, sores or boils on the skin, and swelling of the lymph glands (Day, 1995). (Black death: spread of Black Death, 2012) 15
The Black Plague
(Hope, 2015)
Who: ● The outbreak in the mid 1300’s was the cause of the death of about 25 million people ● Also some blamed Jews for the spread of the plague and were burned at the stake or killed by mobs. Extra Facts: ● Many people thought the world was going to end ● In Milan and Italy if one family member had the plague they may lock everyone else in the house with them, to prevent the spreading ● Many doctors did not know a cure so they would have them bathe in or drink urine ● Doctors also advised to wear human feces around their neck to protect them from getting the plague 16
Elizabethan Fashion ● The color purple was only worn by people of royalty because they were the only ones that could afford it. ● The factory workers were the ones to be more dirty and to wear their work cloths out in public and not typically change. ● People usually wore a lot of layers of clothing. ● Sometimes men even wear padding over their stomachs to indicate that they are wealthy and can afford food. ● The Elizabethan Sumptuary Clothing Law was used to make sure that your class structure was maintained ● If the law was broken, you could get punishments like fines, loss of property, and life. ● It was obvious what class someone was by what they were wearing ● It didn’t depend on how wealthy you were, it also depended on your social standing
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Elizabethan Fashion Women: Women wore a bodice which is a like a vest above the waist area. And they also wore a kirtle which is like a skirt. They often wore something called a bum roll. Which is a tube that they stuffed to give the appearance of a smaller waist. They also wore ruffs which was clothing with ruffles in it that they wore either around their neck or around their wrists. Men: Typically wore more clothing to represent their wealth. The factory workers would wear scrubs and groutfit type of clothing which would get very dirty for them to wear around in public. Men wanted to look more manly so they wore stuff which made them look like they had broad waists and shoulders. A doublet was the most expensive part, which was like a breastplate of armor.
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Queen Elizabeth’s Biography Queen Elizabeth I was born near England, in (English History, 1999) the year of 1533. Her father, King Henry, had left her mother, Anne Boleyn, once he had discovered the baby she had birthed was female. Since the royal family’s name would not be passed on to the future generations if they didn’t have a male child, King Henry was outraged. (Harmon, M. B. 2000) Following this, Anne Boleyn was imprisoned by her estranged husband in the tower of London, on countless charges of adultery, and also conspiracy against King Henry’s life. (World Book, 2014) Anne was later convicted of high treason, and was publicly beheaded in the tower, as she pleaded for her life.
(HERhistory, n.d.)
Directly after Anne Boleyn was executed, the King was betrothed to an additional woman. Accused of being involved in Wyatt's Rebellion in 1554, when Elizabeth was still crowned as a (Tudor History, 2009) princess, her cousin Mary, who was queen at the time, ordered her to be held captive and interrogated in the exact tower her mother was once 19 executed in.
Queen Elizabeth
After about 1 year, when Elizabeth was released around the age of 25, she was crowned (!Wonder, n.d.) queen. Years later, in 1587, Elizabeth Imprisoned her cousin, Mary because the Catholic Monarchs of Europe considered Mary illegitimate. This is because Mary was the lawful queen of England, so she was also considered to be the potential center for conspiracy and the overthrowing of Elizabeth. So, when in 1586, the secretary of state discovered a plot to assassinate Elizabeth and place Mary on her rightful throne, Elizabeth agreed to have Mary executed. (Boatner, K., 2015). From the beginning of Elizabeth’s time on the throne, she enjoyed frequent plays and theater. The queen encouraged theater in her court, which included works of Shakespeare. Additionally, Elizabeth formed her own theatre troupe, called the Queen’s Men. (Primary History, 2014) In Queen Elizabeth’s later life, she was never married, despite encouragement from parliament to do so. Her reasoning and importance behind this was that she wished to become “The Virgin Queen,” whose name and history will live on for eternity.
(V&A, 2016)
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Elizabethan Dancing and Music: THEN ● Queen Elizabeth enjoyed music sources helped create many artists and teachers. These helped with new moves ● Was considered as "a wholesome recreation of the mind and also an exercise of the body". ● Most dances were imported from other countries
An Elizabethan Dance played on Early Instruments, 2008 (Skip to 31 seconds)
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Elizabethan Dancing and Music: NOW ● Pop music now has lots of energy to try and get the “point across”AKA theme. ● There is ballet, contemporary, hip hop, belly dancing, tango, etc.
● More variety of music now, hip hop, jazz, blues, country, pop, heavy metal, opera, soul, classical etc.
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References Alchin, L.K. ( May 16, 2012). Elizabethan Era. Retrieved from http://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk/elizabethan-england.htm Alchin, L.K. Elizabethan Era.(February 07, 2017). http://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk/elizabethan-women.htm Biography.com Editors. (2015). William Shakespeare. Retrieved from http://www.biography.com/people/william-shakespeare-948032 Black Death. (2017). In EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica. Retrieved from http://centos008.auto-graphics.com/YYY/centos008/578427/school.eb.com/level s/high/article/Black-Death/15473 Black Death: spread of Black Death. (2012). In Britannica Online for Kids. Retrieved from http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-166726 Boatner, K. (2015). Queen Elizabeth I. National Geographic Kids, (456), 11. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,cpid&c ustid=s6238496&db=sch&AN=111013112&site=ehost-live&scope=site Boleyn, Anne. (2016). Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia, 1p. 1. Retrieved from http://centos007.auto-graphics.com/YYY/centos007/754404/web.a.ebscohost.co m De Mejlio, F. Retrieved May 03, 2017, from http://www.italiansrus.com/articles/ourpaesani/familyfeud.htm Elizabethan Crime and Punishment. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.william-shakespeare.info/elizabethan-crime-punishment.htm
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References Continued Elizabethan Era Daily Life in England.(2017).http://www.elizabethanenglandlife.com/daily-life-in-england-dur ing-the-elizabethan-era.html
Elizabethan literature. (2017). In EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica. Retrieved from http://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Elizabethan-literature/32419 Elizabethan Theatre. (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2017, from http://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk/elizabethan-theatre.htm Family life in the Elizabethan Era. https://www.emaze.com/@AIQZCTCF/Family-Life-in-the-Elizabethan-Era Feuds in History. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2017, from http://romeoandjulietera.we
Forster, M. (2005). William Shakespeare. William Shakespeare, 1-3. Globe Education Actors. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.shakespearesglobe.com/uploads/files/2014/01/actors.pdf Globe Theatre. (2001). In World History: The Modern Era. Retrieved from https://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/421354 GuelfsPart II. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2017, from http://www.ultimatehistoryproject.com/guelfspart-ii.html Grabianowski, E. 10 Medieval Torture Devices. Retrieved from http://history.howstuffworks.com/10-medieval-torture-devices8.htm
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References continued Halio, J. L. (1986). WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE. Research Guide To Biography & Criticism, 564-572.S. (2008, October 31). An Elizabethan Dance played on Early Instruments. Retrieved April 27, 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nnbezln5GHM&index=2&list=PL4C87DE8 813022E57 Heather Sharnette. Elizabeth R.(1998-2017).http://www.elizabethi.org/contents/women/ History.com Staff. (2009). Origins of the Mafia. Retrieved May 03, 2017, from http://www.history.com/topics/origins-of-the-mafia
Hope, J. (November 2, 2016) Ten Things You (Probably) Didn’t Know About the Black Death. Retrieved from http://www.historyextra.com/article/international-history/10-things-you-pro bably-didnt-know-about-black-death
Jenkins, J. P. (2017). Peine forte et dure. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/peine-forte-et-dure Joax. (2008, November 29). The Rack Torture. Retrieved from http://www.medievality.com/the-rack-torture.html Jokinen, A. (n.d.). The lord chamberlain’s men. Retrieved from http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/chamberlainsmen.htm Lady Arabella Stuart. Scottish National Portrait Gallery. http://tudorhistory.org/people/arabella/ Love and Marriage.(March 25, 2007).http://www.elizabethan.org/compendium/10.html
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References continued Pressley, J. M. (n.d). Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre. Retrieved from http://www.bardweb.net/globe.html Picard, L. Crime and Punishment in Elizabethan England. Retrieved from https://www.bl.uk/shakespeare/articles/crime-and-punishment-in-eliza bethan-england# Queen Elizabeth Viewing the Performance of 'The Merry Wives of Windsor' at the Globe Theatre | Scott, David. (n.d.). Retrieved April 28, 2017, from http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O84988/queen-elizabeth-viewing-the -performance-painting-scott-david/ Shakespeare in American Communities. (n/d). Elizabethan Theater. Retrieved from: http://www.shakespeareinamericancommunities.org/education/elizab ethan-theater Shakespeare's Life. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.folger.edu/shakespeares-life
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References continued
Shakespeare in American Communities. (n/d). Elizabethan Theater. Retrieved from: http://www.shakespeareinamericancommunities.org/education/elizab ethan-theater Shakespeare's Life. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.folger.edu/shakespeares-life University Of Calgary. Retrieved May 03, 2017, from http://www.faculty.umb.edu/gary_zabel/Courses/Phil%20281b/Philoso phy%20of%20Magic/Dante.%20etc/Philosophers/End/bluedot/vendett as.html William Shakespeare. (2017). In EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica. Retrieved from http://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/William-Shakespeare/109536
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