MARY ELIZABETH BRADDON-"LADY AUDLEY'S SECRET"-150 YEARS!!

MARY ELIZABETH BRADDON

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LADY AUDLEY’S SECRET

150 YEARS !!!

(Enquiries may be made of: INGATESTONE LIBRARY: 01277 354705 or ROBERT FLETCHER: 01277 354431/rfletcher189@aol.com)2

An exhibition to take place at Essex Libraries Ingatestone from 30 November to 24 December 2012, which will initially form part of the Ingatestone Victorian Christmas Evening on Friday 30 November 2012, running from 18.00 to 20.30.

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Chelmsford Chronicle, Friday 5 June 1863 (ERO/Essex Libraries Chelmsford) Typeface Playbill, 1938 (An updating of a nineteenth-century French Clarendon face)

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Governess – Bigamy – Love – Train - Victorian Era3 Introduction “All these people had been animated at first by the delusion of a comprehensive totality, the belief that they might come to know their chosen place utterly because of its boundedness. And all had, after long acquaintance, at last 4 understood that familiarity with a place will lead not to absolute knowledge but only ever to further enquiry”

There are three reasons why I wanted to research and prepare this exhibition. Firstly, as I pointed out to Sharon Stevens in Ingatestone Library, 2012 sees the 150th anniversary of the publication of the three-volume novel of Lady Audley’s Secret by Mary Elizabeth Braddon (1835-1915), and I mentioned this at a talk I gave to the local historical society in September 2012. Secondly, I was disappointed that this book had almost completely vanished from the local cultural and historical consciousness.

When I was lent the 1900 copy of the novel, that displayed in the cabinet, by a late aunt in my teens, the book and its Ingatestone associations were much better known locally. Finally, in studying the book and Braddon I was struck that the precise geographical location of the novel and its action was not reflected in the critical literature and that this must be due to the lack of local knowledge of the book and author. There are some critical comments still confusing the “Audley” connections with the village near Saffron Walden and its own great house5.

I have not tried to present a biographical study of Braddon or a complete summary of the book; I hope that more people will read it and other “Sensation” literature of the Nineteenth-century, especially Wilkie Collins. What I have done is follow Braddon’s association with Ingatestone from when she met John Maxwell in early 1860 and place quotes from the novel with local associations in a timeline up to 1916, when her last novel was published posthumously, alongside press cuttings from the local newspapers with more contemporary photographs. I have then followed this up to 2012 with some theatrical and film performances, hoping in this way to present a more satisfying inter-textual experience for an exhibiton. I will upload the text in due course and will have copies of this introduction, bibliography and sources available in the library for anyone who is interested further. We are also arranging for copies of the novel to be available at Ingatestone Library to borrow.

It will be fitting that following the recent refurbishment of the library, the woman described as “The Queen of the Circulating Libraries”, who was accused of “making the reading of the kitchen the favourite reading of the Drawing room” (eat your hearts out Downton Abbey fans) should make her way back to Ingatestone readers. Maybe to “Coffee and Crime” we will be able to add “Tea and Sensation”?

Robert W Fletcher Ingatestone, Essex November 2012 3

The main “Key Words” from the IMDb website entry for the Carlton TV 2000 production filmed at Ingatestone Hall

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Robert Macfarlane, The Old Ways-A Journey On Foot, (London: Hamish Hamilton, 2012), p.111

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See http://www.eurocrime.co.uk/ and the review of the novel

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Chelmsford Chronicle: 22 June 1860 The Eastern Counties Railway was running the line through the village from 1843 but was superseded by the Great Eastern in 1862. Braddon had been an actress, known as “Mary Seyton” and met publisher John Maxwell (1824-1895) in April 1860, quite possibly at Ingatestone Hall where Maxwell rented an apartment6. She has just published her first novel Three Times Dead. He had 5 children from a wife incarcerated in an asylum in Dublin and Braddon becomes their step-mother and goes on to bear Maxwell six illegitimate children, the first, Gerald being born in 1862. She converts to Catholicism around this time. Although there has been divorce reform in 1857 it is still very difficult to separate and they cannot marry until Maxwell’s wife dies.

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Ingatestone Station, Platform 1 London-bound: October 2012

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Email from Lord Petre to R W Fletcher-2 March 2012 All photographs are R W Fletcher unless stated

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Chelmsford Chronicle: 4 January 1861 This timetable shows the stations and times in 1861. The railways and the relative ease with which people could now move around the country would be reflected in many of the plots of the Sensation novels, especially in Lady Audley’s Secret. The first serialization of the novel is very successful (1861-1862) and this is the way that many readers are first introduced to these books, in cheap weekly and monthly editions. This enables the writers to construct cliff-hanging endings which hook the readers on to buying the next instalment. As Wilkie Collins said, this method could be described as “Make them laugh, make them cry, make them wait!”. At this time Charles Dickens is publishing the first serialization of Great Expectations (1860-1861).

“Hall Lane” actually: early 1990s (Collection R W Fletcher)

Hall Lane, Ingatestone: 2006

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Chelmsford Chronicle: Friday 8 March 1861

This sad and shocking story is revealed in a separate summary at the exhibition of the Inquest held in February and March 1861 at The Bull Inn in Margaretting. Charlotte was due to be married on Christmas Day but was suspected of being pregnant with another illegitimate child and her husband to be would not marry her. It was found that she had obviously murdered her son by drowning and then committed suicide by drowning herself on Christmas Eve. The surgeon from Ingatestone carrying out an examination of her body said that he thought her to be between 7 and 8 months pregnant. A terrible tale of Victorian illegitimacy worthy of a Thomas Hardy novel, and reminds one of the fate of Fanny in Far from the Madding Crowd (1874).

River Wid at Whitesbridge, Margaretting Tye, Essex: May 2011

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Chelmsford Chronicle: 20 December 1861 News of the death of the Albert, the Prince Consort of Queen Victoria

Ford on the River Wid at Whitesbridge from Galleywood Hill to Killigrews: May 2012

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Chelmsford Chronicle: 24 October 1862

The last public execution of a woman in London. Catherine Wilson was convicted of poisoning to obtain inheritances. A scene reminiscent of that in the Sarah Waters novel Fingersmith subsequently serialized by BBC Television in 2005. The theme of a conspiracy to murder to obtain inheritances was a familiar trope of the Sensation novels. As well a fascination with transgressive marital relations, the plots often contained an interest in money and status and means of obtaining them.

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Chelmsford Chronicle: 22 September 1862 – a very modern sounding restriction on personal baggage in this advert more reminiscent of 21st century budget air travel than 19th century trips to London.

Braddon had started serialization of Aurora Floyd, the first of her novels with a horse-riding heroine, in January 1862, and in October that year, Tinsley Brothers published the first three-volume edition of Lady Audley’s Secret which is such a success that it goes through eight editions up to Christmas 1862. It is priced at thirty-one shillings, which, as Lyn Pykett points out, about five times the weekly wage of an 1860 London labourer.8

Ingatestone & Fryerning Parish Council Spring Fair at Ingatestone Hall: early 1990s

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Braddon, M E, Lady Audley’s Secret, Intro. Lyn Pykett, (Oxford: Oxford World’s Classics, 2012), p xi. (All further references to the novel are from this edition, described as “LAS, p7” et seq)

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Ingatestone Hall entrance with Clock Tower: May 2012 “It lay low down in a hollow, rich with fine old timber and luxuriant pastures; and you came upon it through an avenue of lime trees,...

At the end of this avenue there was an old arch and a clock-tower, with a stupid, bewildering clock, which had only one hand; and which jumped straight from one hour to the next, and was therefore always in extremes. Through this arch you walked straight into the gardens of Audley Court”.

LAS, p7

Ingatestone Hall – Gardens and pond: early 1990s “To the right there were kitchen gardens, the fish pond, and an orchard bordered by a dry moat, and a broken ruin of a wall, in some places thicker than it was high,...” LAS, p7

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Chelmsford Chronicle: 13 February 1863 – The weekly serialization of the novel is announced by the London Journal “The house faced the arch, and occupied three sides of a quadrangle. It was very old, and very irregular and rambling. The windows were uneven; some small, some large, some with heavy stone mullions and rich stained glass; others with frail lattices that rattled in every breeze; others so modern they might have been added only yesterday. Great piles of chimneys rose up here and there...” LAS, p7 “The Principal door was squeezed into a corner of a turret at one angle of the building, as if it was in hiding from dangerous visitors, and wished to keep itself secret..” LAS, p8

Ingatestone Hall – Lotus photo shoot: October 2007

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Chelmsford Chronicle: 20 February 1863 – discussion about the proposal for a new terminus for the Colchester Line which would eventually be built later at Liverpool Street. All the rail journeys made in the novel are up to, and from, Shoreditch Station, using “Audley” (Ingatestone) or Brentwood.

“A glorious old place-a place that visitors fell into raptures with; feeling a yearning wish to have done with life, and to stay there forever, staring into the cool fish-ponds, and counting the bubbles as the roach and carp rose to the surface of the water...” LAS, p8

Ingatestone & Fryerning Angling Club match at the Hall Lake-early 1990s

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Ingatestone Hall – The Lime Walk – postcard from early 1900s “Within this moat there was, as I have said, the fish-pond-a sheet of water that extended the whole length of the garden, and bordering which there was a lime-tree walk; an avenue so shaded from the sun and sky, so screened from observation by the thick shelter of the over-arching trees, that it seemed a chosen place in which a conspiracy might have been planned or a lover’s vow registered with equal safety; and yet it was scarcely twenty paces from the house”. LAS, p9 One wonders how long these trees, and other lime trees in the area will survive the current die-back that is affecting this tree?

Essex Association of Boys’ Clubs angling match at the Hall Lake, Ingatestone Hall: early 1990s

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Chelmsford Chronicle: 24 April 1863

“For you see Miss Lucy Graham was blessed with that magic power of fascination by which a woman can charm with a word or intoxicate with a smile. Every one loved, admired and praised her.....Lucy Graham was the sweetest girl that ever lived�. LAS, p11

Tate Britain poster for Pre-Raphaelite exhibition: September 2012-January 2013

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Chelmsford Chronicle: 24 April 1863 – the services of a travelling stallion “The governess lifted her head from its stooping attitude, and stared wonderingly at her employer, shaking back a shower of curls. They were the most wonderful curls in the world-soft and feathery, always floating away from her face, and making a pale halo round her head when the sunlight shone through them.” LAS, p13

Westlands Farm, Padhams Green, Ingatestone: November 2012 – near Ingatestone Hall

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Chelmsford Chronicle: 5 June 1863

“So it was not the least use, my dear Alicia, to ride about the lanes round Audley during those three days which the two young men spent in Essex; it was wasted trouble to wear that pretty cavalier hat and plume, and to be always, by the most singular of chances, meeting Robert and his friend�. LAS, p57

Westlands Farm, Padhams Green, Ingatestone-towards Buttsbury Wash: November 2012

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River Wid, Elmbrook Farm, Buttsbury, Essex-early 1990s “Now fishing, except to the devoted disciple of Izaac Walton, is not the most lively of occupations; therefore it is scarcely, perhaps, to be wondered that on the day after Lady Audley’s departure, the two young men (one of whom was disabled, by that heart wound which he bore so quietly, from really taking pleasure in anything, and the other of whom looked upon almost all pleasure as a negative kind of trouble) began to grow weary of the shade of the willows overhanging the winding streams about Audley”. LAS, p57-58

River Wid at Church Hill, Buttsbury with Ingatestone Hall beyond: October 2012

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Ingatestone Hall: postcard from the early 1900s “Yes; the painter must have been a pre-Raphaelite. No one but a pre-Raphaelite would have painted, hair by hair, those feathery masses of ringlets with every glimmer of gold, and every shadow of pale brown. No one but a pre-Raphaelite would have so exaggerated every attribute of that delicate face as to give a lurid lightness to the blonde complexion, and a strange, sinister light to the deep blue eyes. No one but a pre-Raphaelite could have given to that pretty pouting mouth the hard and almost wicked look it had in the portrait�. LAS, p65

Lotus (Lucy?) at Ingatestone Hall: October 2007

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Ice on Lower Hall Lake, Ingatestone Hall: February 2008 “He had even gone so far as to put on, with great labour, a pair of skates, with a view to taking a turn on the frozen surface of the fish pond, and had fallen ignominiously at the first attempt, lying placidly extended on the flat of his back until such time as the bystanders should think fit to pick him up”.

LAS, p102 “He left the Court that night, but he did not go far. Instead of taking the evening train for London, he went straight up to the little village of Mount Stanning, and walking into the neatly kept inn, asked Phoebe Marks if he could be accommodated with apartments”. LAS, p115

The B1102 Roman Road leading up towards The Prince of Wales in Mountnessing: October 2012

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Mountnessing (“Mount Stanning”) village sign-October 2012

“ ‘I want you to tell me all about Mount Stanning, Mr Marks’, he said presently.

‘Then that’s pretty soon told’, replied Luke, with a harsh, grating laugh. ‘Of all the dull holes as ever man set foot in, this is about the dullest. Not that business don’t pay pretty tidy; I don’t complain of that; but I should ha’ liked a public at Chelmsford, or Brentwood, or Romford, or some place where there’s a little life in the streets; and I might have had it’, he added, discontentedly, ‘if folks hadn’t been so precious stingy’. LAS, p119

“Prince of Wales”, Mountnessing, Essex-October 2012

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Chelmsford Chronicle: 22 October 1874 “He caught an express that left Brentwood at three o’clock, and settled himself comfortably in a corner of an empty first-class carriage, coiled up in a couple of huge railway rugs, and smoking a cigar in mild defiance of the authorities. ‘The Company may make as many bye-laws as they please’, he murmured, ‘but I shall take the liberty of enjoying my cheroot as long as I’ve half-a-crown left to give the guard’. LAS, p125-126

Brentwood Station, Platform 4, GA “Metro” train to London-October 2012

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Ingatestone Church from Fairfield-late 1950s

“He avoided the village, still keeping to the meadows. The church lay a little way back from the straggling High Street, and a rough wooden gate opened from the churchyard into a broad meadow, that was bordered by a running stream, and sloped down into a grassy valley dotted by groups of cattle”. LAS, p217

Chelmsford Chronicle: 24 October 1862 – mention of the brutal Civil War in the USA that had started in 1861, and Braddon added the following mention of the ongoing conflict in Lady Audley’s Secret: “Let us hope that when Northern Yankeydom has decimated and been decimated, blustering Jonathan may fling himself upon his Southern brother’s breast, forgiving and forgiven”. LAS, p249

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Chelmsford Chronicle: 4 December 1874 – a tragic accident at the level crossing In his 1865 guide, George Measom9 had visited Ingatestone by rail and said that “The town of Ingatestone has fallen upon evil days...a once flourishing town is now a small village” and puts this down to the loss of the village Fair and cattle market, although this does seem to have revived around the 1870s. This detrimental effect on the village by the coming of the railway in 1843 was also commented on by Ken Langford in the introduction to his postcard book10 quoting a traveller in the 1890s that even then, Ingatestone “...seems to have fallen asleep when the last coach took its last change and never to have had any energy to waken again!”. Gordon notes this also11 and says that the population had dropped to 926 by 1881 when Hatfield Peverel’s population stood at 1244. After electrification however, by 1971 Ingatestone recorded 6111 in 1981 to Hatfield Peverel’s 3179. This all seems at odds with the romantic view of our Victorian past, which may have more to do with nostalgia for the earlier Regency and later Edwardian periods; all to be destroyed by the events of 1914-1918.

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Measom, G, The official illustrated guide to the Great Eastern Railway (Colchester Line), (London: C Griffin, 1865), p80

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Langford, K, Ingatestone and District in old picture postcards, (NL, European Library, 1985)

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Gordon, D I, A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain-Volume 5-The Eastern Counties, (Newton Abbot: David &

Charles, 1990), p48

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Chelmsford Chronicle: 20 November 1874

“If Mr Holman Hunt could have peeped into the pretty boudoir, I think the picture would have been photographed on his brain to be reproduced by-and-by upon a bishop’s half-length for the glorification of the pre-Raphaelite brotherhood”. LAS, p251

At last, in 1874, with the death of his wife in the Dublin asylum, John Maxwell was able to marry Mary Braddon that October (they appear to have been mentioned as a couple, “John Maxwell Esq.” and “Miss May”, in the White’s Directory entry for Ingatestone in 186312), and the story is told that their London house servants walked out in disgust when it was discovered that their master and mistress had not in fact been married since 1860, although this seems hard to believe. It must have therefore been a rather unwelcome late wedding present to receive the review shown above, being so critical of Braddon’s style, in November 1874. Maxwell had set this annual up for Braddon a few years before and she went on to work as its editor for a few more years after this.

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http://www.historyhouse.co.uk/

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Essex County Chronicle: 15 February 1915 “The two women crossed the field and turned into the high road. The way to Mount Stanning was very hilly, and the long road looked black and dreary in the dark night; but my lady walked on with a desperate courage, which was no common constituent in her selfish, sensuous nature; but a strange faculty born out of her great despair�. LAS, p270-271

Footpath 37 from Hall Lane to the railway and beyond- October 2012

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Essex County Chronicle; 19 February 1915 “They were now within three quarters of a mile of the Court, and they had been walking for nearly an hour since they had left the Castle Inn”. LAS, p277

View of Ingatestone church from Hall Lane, near Bacons-October 2012

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Essex County Chronicle: 19 February 1915 – even after all the time since the 1857 divorce law reform the newspapers still, even at a time of war, carried frank details of divorce court proceedings like this. “He assisted her to rise; and she obeyed him, very submissively. He took her arm in his strong hand and led her across the quadrangle and into the lamp-lit hall. She shivered more violently then he had ever seen any woman shiver before; but she made no attempt at resistance to his will�. LAS, p291

Ingatestone Hall-October 200713

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In her 1879 horse-heroine novel Vixen, Braddon gives another description of the Hall, set in another part of the country, but definitely the same building (see Chapter 1: A Pretty Horsebreaker)

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Essex County Chronicle: 19 February 1915 “God knows I have struggled hard enough against you, and fought the battle patiently enough; but you have conquered, Mr Robert Audley. It is a great triumph, is it not? A wonderful victory! You have used your cool, calculating, frigid, luminous intellect to a noble purpose. You have conquered - a MADWOMAN!” LAS, p294

The Lime Walk, Ingatestone Hall-early 1900s (the sender of this postcard noted that “The Avenue” was not the correct name by which this walk was known.

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Essex County Chronicle: 19 February 1915 “My lady slept. Through that long winter night she slept soundly. Criminals have often so slept their last sleep upon earth; and have been found in the gray morning slumbering peacefully by the gaoler who came to wake them”. LAS, p316

Essex County Chronicle: 19 February 1915 – one GER sea captain escapes the German navy

Captain Fryatt memorial at Liverpool Street Station-November 2012-one GER man who paid the price

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Essex County Chronicle: 26 February 1915 “He put this letter into an envelope and delivered it, unsealed, to Robert Audley.

The address which it bore wasMonsieur Val, Villebrumeuse, Belgium”.

LAS, p323-324 (the name of the place translates as “foggy town”)

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Band of the 2 & 4 Battalion Ox & Bucks L/I on Writtle Green, Easter 1915, by Fred Spalding (Cox family collection)

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Essex County Chronicle: 26 February 1915 “Robert had consulted a volume of Bradshaw, and had discovered that Villebrumeuse lay out of the track of all railway traffic, and was only approachable by diligence from Brussels�. LAS, p 325

Belgium tourist postcard-1968

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Essex County Chronicle: 5 March 1915

“My lady gave a little scream as she looked out of the coach window. The gaunt gateway was lighted by an enormous lamp; a great structure of iron and glass, in which one poor little shivering flame struggled with the March wind”. LAS, p328

“ ‘I know where you have brought me’, she said. ‘This is a MADHOUSE’.” LAS, p329

The Horse Bridge, Bruges, Belgium-March 1968 – one of the first overseas trips from Ingatestone Secondary School, as it was then known, was a French language course of several days in Belgium, staying just outside Ostend and visiting Bruges, Ghent and Brussels. The staff on that trip were Gill Beach (French mistress), Miss Foster (Deputy Head) with Canon Hudson. As this boat passed under the bridge in Bruges we were told that the women on the parapet were from a local mental hospital.

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Essex County Chronicle: 5 March 1915

Manneken Pis, Brussels, Belgium-March 1968

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Essex County Chronicle: 5 March 1915

Huskards, Fryerning, Ingatestone-October 2012

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Essex County Chronicle: 5 March 1915

“Robert Audley looked hopelessly about him as he left the pleasant town of Brentwood, and descended the lonely hill into the valley which lay between the town he left behind him and that other hill, upon which that frail and dismal tenement-the Castle Inn-had so long struggled with its enemy, the wind, only to succumb at last, and to be shrivelled and consumed away like a withered leaf, by the alliance of that old adversary with a newer and fiercer foe�. LAS, p346

Old photograph of firemen in Brentwood High Street from the collections of Brentwood Museum and reproduced in the newly refurbished waiting room on Platform 4 of Brentwood Railway Station.

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Essex County Chronicle: 28 July 1916

Essex County Chronicle: 22 September 1916

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Essex County Chronicle: 11 December 1916

Signal Box at Station Lane/Hall Lane Crossing, Ingatestone Station-November 2012

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Middelkerke, Ostend, Belgium-March 1968 “It is more than a year since the black-edged letter, written upon foreign paper, came to Robert Audley, to announce the death of a certain Madame Taylor who had expired peacefully at Villebrumeuse, dying after a long illness, which Monsieur Val describes as a maladie de langueur�.

LAS, p379

Snowdrops beyond the Lime Walk at Ingatestone Hall-February 2008

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Sketch of the Clock Tower at Ingatestone Hall, 1990 – R W Fletcher

Mary Elizabeth Braddon had died at Richmond on the 4 February 1915; she had lived long enough to see one of her novels, Aurora Floyd, as a cinematic film. Early in 1916, her last novel, Mary, was published posthumously. In the autumn of 1915, D H Lawrence was fighting against the censorship of his novel The Rainbow on charges of obscenity. The novel had come a long way from the publication of the three-volume edition of Lady Audley’s Secret in 1862.

Garden walk at Ingatestone Hall-early 1990s

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CTW production of the Brian Burton adaptation, first performed in Leicester in 1966 (Dianne Moul)

CTW production in 1974. Dianne Moul as Lady Audley (Dianne Moul)

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Ken Langford article from the Brentwood Weekly News-2 January 1992

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DVD cover of British TV period dramas, including Lady Audley’s Secret which was produced by Carlton/WGBH in 2000 when Ingatestone Hall was used for filming. A scene featuring Robert Audley fishing was shot on the Lower Hall Lake at the hall which is used by Ingatestone & Fryerning AC. This DVD version can be obtained via a US import.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY & SOURCES Books Novels: Sensation novels: Braddon, M E, Aurora Floyd, (Oxford: The World’s Classics, 2008) Braddon, M E, The Doctor’s Wife, (Oxford: The World’s Classics, 2008) Braddon, M E, Lady Audley’s Secret, (London: Downey & Co, c1900) – compendium edition with The Moonstone and Antonina by Wilkie Collins Braddon, M E, Lady Audley’s Secret, (Oxford: The World’s Classics, 1987) Braddon, M E, Lady Audley’s Secret, (Ware: Wordsworth Classics, 2007) Braddon, M E, Lady Audley’s Secret, Intro. Lyn Pykett, (Oxford: Oxford World’s Classics, 2012) Braddon, M E, Vixen, (Free Ebook download, Kindle, 2009) – in three volumes from an 1879 German edition re-translated. Several ebook versions of Braddon’s novels can be obtained this way, especially on the free Project Gutenberg website.

Collins, W, Basil, (Oxford: Oxford World’s Classics, 2000) Collins, W, the Moonstone, (London: Penguin Popular Classics, 1994) Collins, W, The Woman in White, (Oxford: Oxford World’s Classics, 1998) Wood, E, East Lynne, (Oxford: Oxford World’s Classics, 2008) Modern novels: Waters, S, Fingersmith, (London: Virago Press, 2005) Historical: Barringer, Rosenfeld & Smith, Pre-Raphaelites: Victorian Avant-Garde, (London: Tate Publishing, 2012) – the guide for the exhibition held at Tate Britain, London in 2012-13 Bettley & Pevsner, The Buildings of England – Essex, New Haven & London, Yale, 2007 Coe, R A, A Postcard From Ingatestone, Ingatestone, (R A Coe, 1989) da Sousa Correa, Delia, (Ed.), (2000), The Nineteenth-Century Novel-Identities, Routledge/Open University Dennis, B, The Victorian Novel, (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003) Fletcher, R W, Ingatestone Secondary School Trip to Belgium: 27-30 March 1968, (Ingatestone; R W Fletcher, 1968)

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Gordon, D I, A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain-Volume 5-The Eastern Counties, (Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1990) I&FPC, A Walk Down Ingatestone High Street, (Ingatestone: I&FPC, 1990s) I&FHAS, A Survey of Ingatestone High Street, (Ingatestone: I&FHAS, 1990) Ingatestone Hall, guide book, (Ingatestone: Leighprint, 2000s) Johnson, W H, Essex Tales Of Mystery & Murder, (Newbury: Countryside books, 2001) Lambourne, L, Victorian Painting, (London: Phaidon, 1999) Langford, K, Ingatestone and District in old picture postcards, (NL, European Library, 1985) Macfarlane, R, The Old Ways-A Journey On Foot, (London: Hamish Hamilton, 2012) Marsh, J, Pre-Raphaelite Women, (London: Phoenix Illustrated, 1998) Measom, G, The official illustrated guide to the Great Eastern Railway (Colchester Line), (London: C Griffin, 1865) Palmer, B, Victorian Literature, (London: York Press, 2010) Regan, S, (Ed.), (2001), The Nineteenth-Century Novel: A Critical Reader, Routledge/Open University Scholey, K, London’s Great Railway Century 1850-1950, (Stroud: The History Press, 2012) Showalter, E, A Literature Of Their Own-from Charlotte Bronte to Doris Lessing, (London: Virago Press, 1995) Smith, G, The Great Eastern Railway, (Stroud: Chalford, 1996) Tromp, Gilbert & Haynie (Eds.), Beyond Sensation-Mary Elizabeth Braddon in Context, (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000) Wilde, E, E, Ingatestone and the Essex Great Road, (Oxford: Humphrey Milford Oxford UP: 1913) Wood, R G E, Railways in Essex (until 1923), (Chelmsford: ECC/.ERO Publications, 1978) Yearsley, I, Ingatestone & Fryerning: a history, (Romford: Ian Henry Pubs., 1997)

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Sundry publications and artwork: Photograph of Ingatestone & Fryerning Parish Council Spring Fair 1990 at Ingatestone Hall, 1990 – R W Fletcher Sketch of the Clock Tower at Ingatestone Hall, 1990 – R W Fletcher Advert for Oetzmann’s store – Essex County Chronicle, 05.03.1915 – ERO/Essex Libraries Chelmsford ERO exhibition leaflet, Ingatestone Hall 1974 – ECC/ERO (Farming scene in Rochford c1900) ERO exhibition leaflet, Ingatestone Hall 1977 – ECC/ERO (Essex Transport map, by Reuben Ramble 1845) Brentwood Borough Council: Council Tax leaflet 2012/13 – ECC/BBC (Ingatestone Hall Clock Tower) Ingatestone Hall visitor leaflet 2012 – Ingatestone Hall, Essex Advert for The Don stallion at Westlands, Padhams Green, Ingatestone – Chelmsford Chronicle, 13.02.1863, ERO/Essex Libraries Chelmsford English Heritage leaflet for Audley End House & Gardens – English Heritage, 2012 Poster for Tate Britain exhibition Pre-Raphaelites: Victorian Avant-Garde – Tate Publications, 2012

Films, television, theatre & periodicals Films & television: Evans, B M (Dir.), Lady Audley’s Secret, TV Movie, (2000), Carlton/WGBH/PBS Newell. M (Dir.), Great Expectations, (2012), BBC Films etc.

Schlesinger, J, (Dir.), Far from the Madding Crowd, VHS, (1967), Canal + Image UK Walsh, A, (Dir.), Fingersmith, (2000), BBC Television series Chadwick, J & White, S, Bleak House, (2005), BBC Television series Theatre: Suter, W E, Lady Audley’s Secret, Play script (1863) Periodicals: Brentwood Gazette Brentwood Weekly News Chelmsford Chronicle (1860-1874) – micro fiche ERO/Essex Libraries Chelmsford

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Essex County Chronicle (1915-16) - – micro fiche ERO/Essex Libraries Chelmsford Essex Homes The London Review of Books- 21 June 2012 Tate Britain 2007-08 Millais Educational Pack (PDF download from the Tate website

Radio and broadcasts BBC Radio 4, 6 November 2003, “In Our Time”-The Sensation Novel, presented by Melvyn Bragg with John Mullan, Lyn Pykett (her introduction is included in the new Oxford World’s Classics 2012 edition of Lady Audley’s Secret) and Dinah Birch

Websites http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/inourtime/archives http://www.eurocrime.co.uk/ http://www.flickr.com http://www.georgeplunkett.co.uk/ http://www.gutenberg.org/ http://www.historyhouse.co.uk/ http://www.imdb.com/ http://www.ingatestonehall.com/ http://issuu.com/ https://kindle.amazon.com/ http://search.ancestry.co.uk/search/ http://www.sensationpress.com http://www.wikipedia.org/

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Photographs Exhibition poster: Advert for the Great Eastern Railway, Chelmsford Chronicle, Friday 5 June 1863 (ERO/Chelmsford Library)

Exhibition banners: 1. 1860-1874 Postcard of Ingatestone Hall, early 1900s (R W Fletcher) nd th 2. 1875-1915 Band of the 2 & 4 Battalion Ox & Bucks L/I on Writtle Green, Easter 1915,

by Fred Spalding (Cox family) 3. 1916-2012 Tourist postcard of Belgium 1968 (R W Fletcher) Digital photo frame carousel: Huskards-2012 Belgium (Ingatestone Secondary School trip)-1968 Hall and Lime Walk in rain-2012 Brentwood & Ingatestone Stations-2012 Lotus (Lucy?) at the Hall-2007 Westlands Farm and Padhams Green-2012 Ingatestone Station & Hall Lane-1900s to 2012 Hall & Gardens & IFPC-1900s to 2012 Hall & Lake-1990s to 2012 Hall & Clock Tower & Sundry-1990s to 2012 Mountnessing-2012 Ingatestone Station, crossing, Hall and Footpath 37-2012 Buttsbury and Elmbrook Farm fishing-1990s to 2012 Ingatestone Station Crossing and line repairs and River Hey-2012 Media & exhibitions-1974 to 2012 (CTW material: Dianne Moul) Chelmsford Chronicle-1860 to 1874 Chelmsford Chronicle, Essex County Chronicle, Brentwood Gazette-1875 to 2012 Buttsbury, Wid Valley and IFAC at the Hall-1990s to 2012 (All photographs and scans R W Fletcher unless stated/1860-1916 press articles: ERO/Chelmsford Library. Some of these are included as separate plates in the exhibition and within the text)

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Acknowledgements and thanks Dianne Moul (Lady Lucy Audley!)-for letting me use items from her theatrical scrap book relating to the CTW performance of Lady Audley’s Secret in 1974. I have forgiven her the fact that she did not play Lucy as a blonde temptress (in this version Lucy commits suicide by poison).

Essex Libraries Ingatestone-Sharon Stevens and her staff for agreeing to the exhibition and for all their assistance, especially as they have had to deal with, and implement, the improvements in the library since October 2012.

Essex Libraries Chelmsford Library-for help from the staff to use the microfilm machines in the Local Studies Section.

Lord Petre and Dominic Petre-for permission to carry out the Lotus car photo-shoot in October 2007 and for help on the history of Braddon and Maxwell at Ingatestone Hall.

Michael Malyon-for the loan of the lovely Lotus Elan (Lucy?) at the Ingatestone Hall photo-shoot in October 2007.

Mrs Susan Bryan- thanks to my cousin for the long-term loan of her late mother’s 1900 copy of the compendium edition of the novel which was the first I read in my teens.

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