Digital booklet

CONSTRUCT THE FUTURE ON THE POWER OF PAST

MODERNISM

Fatima Shakeel 17155724 BA Hons architecture level 1 ARCC10

CONTENT Task 1: Modernism Task 2: Pre Raphaelites Task 3: The Bauhaus movement Task 4: Le Corbusier: French Modernism & Urban Planning Task 5: Italian modernism Task 6: Avant Garde Task 7: Hot Modernism Critical Regionalism Task 8: After Modernism UK & USA 1950-1970 Task 9: Frank Lloyd Wright Task 10: Informal ways of Design & Brazilian Modernism References

WHAT IS MODRENISM?

In the past many art movement has been introduced but none of them bought the revolution modernism did it.

Even the environment we all live in now is mostly shaped by modernism. From the buildings that we inhabit to the chairs that we sit on are influenced by the ideology of modernism.​ the term modernism refers to a movement that begin in the late 1800 after the world war 1 and continued to influential after world war 2.It was more like a reaction to the world war 1. Industrial revolution also has a big part to play in modernism .modernisation begun with industrialisation which took place in Britain for the first time in mid 1700.The large scale production of iron resulted their ways into building by the late 1700.Some people believed that modernism was introduced by some active architectures of the time but in real there is no founder of modernism.​ after the wars affordable housing was the most urgent need of people. Architects like Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, le Corbusier, Walter Gropius, Erich Mendelssohn, frank Lloyd Wright, Louis Sullivan, garret riveted, Bruno taut, are Jacobsen, Oscar Niemeyer, altar Aalto and designers started designing houses to resolve the crisis of housing. Their efforts to transform society, Modernist architects set out to industrialise the building process. New construction techniques and the use of materials such as steel, concrete and glass would reduce costs and allow for massproduction. there was a common theme adapted by the modern architects which included:​ simplicity and clarity of forms no unnecessary details.​ materials at 90 degree to each other​ no concealing and altering the appearance of material used to build.​ the most importantly ''form follows function'', a dictum expressed by frank Lloyd Wright means that the result of design should drive directly from its purpose.​ The first modernist building was the crystal palace this huge, It was built in breathtakingly short period of nine months. It was one oof the few massive structures of 19th century. The delicate metal work , filled with glass panels and the transparency, weightlessness of the walls. Joseph Paxton created a new aesthetic concept of architecture possible.

PRE RAPHAELITES Pre Raphaelites was a first a secrete society dependent on a group of English painter, poets and critics founded in 1848 by Holman hunt, john Everett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti . they believed that the art should be made as realistic as possible, like if trees are green they should be painted green

VISIT TO BIRMINGHAM ART GALLERY AND MUSEUM

On my visit to Birmingham art gallery I learned so much about what pre Raphaelites are actually.

The Pre-Raphaelites wanted to challenge what art was seen as good art. The Pre-Raphaelites decided to make their debut by sending a group of paintings, all bearing the initials “PRB�, to the Royal Academy in 1849. however, Rossetti who made two very scared paintings decided to send it to a free exhibition. They caused quite a scandal.

When people saw their paintings, they were horrified. They used bright colours to make their paintings stand out.

I believe Pre-Raphaelite painting is like watching a 4K HighDefinition TV. The detail is incredible and the colours are really bright. The Pre-Raphaelites liked focusing on small details and adding symbols.

THE BAUHAUS MOVEMENT The Literal meaning of Bauhaus is ‘’construction house’’- originated as a German art school in the early 20th century. It was founded by Walter groupies. The school has its own very unique approach to architecture and design which eventually turned into its own art movement called BAUHAUS.

SALK INSTITUTE DESIGNED BY LOUIS KAHN Salk institute is a research centre for biological studies in La Jolla, California. It was built in 1965, designed by Louis Kahn. The breath location of the institute is right by the Pacific ocean, The stream in the middle of the institute ends in the pacific ocean which joins the institute to the pacific ocean. The symmetry of the building is another astonishing factor it is divided in two part each having three storey concrete buildings. This building is a Master piece from the windows to walls everything is designed in a very unique and efficient manner.

The 203 sliding windows have teak wood structure s covering them working as shutter, the staff can slide them to control the light entering inside the building. The simple and efficient structure of the building show how it manifest the bauhaus ethos.

BABY CRADLE BY PETER KELER It is a baby cradle made in in 1923 by peter Keler. The most accentuating thing about the cradle is the colours used in it, yellow, blue, red. Every colour used express a different feeling. The shape of the cradle is also very interesting, it’s a very unique design. I like how designed such a unique piece composed on basic shapes like triangle circle and rectangle. I like how it makes up the trademark that recognises Bauhaus.

The cradle obeys the rules of Bauhaus design its very simple and efficient.

Every shape colour material used in the making make has a purpose to serve.

Most importantly peter was a student at Bauhaus and later he started teaching at the same place he was very familiar to the rules of designing.

Paul Klee red balloon

the painting was done in 1922 by a talented artist associated with bauhaus. Again this piece caught my eye, because of the delicate geometry shapes. The colour theory and the expert use of shapes and geometry makes the balloon come alive. The colour palette used the painting really enhances its meaning and give life to the painting. The use of oil and chalk on the muslin has helped the painting extinguish.

The bright colours and sharp lines floating balloon in the air this painting can belong to various movements but its sharp lines and basic colour palette make it eligible for bauhaus ethos .Paul Klee was one of the artist who represented the bauhaus, his work would definitely appreciates the rules of bauhaus.

Le Corbusier: French Modernism & Urban Planning

ITALIAN MODRENISM By the 20th century modernism has already begin leaving the old style ideas and beliefs behind, taking the world forward from the effects of wars .In Italy the Modernist movement was initially influenced by fascist ideology, promoting the grandeur of the Italian nation and celebrating technology, speed and the power of machines. It laid the foundation of the great Italian design of the ’60s’ and influenced Italian architecture, art, literature, cinema, and even gastronomy.

Giorgio de Chirico Chirico was an Italian painter born in Volos ,Greece. he was a surrealist painter his work theorized a magical addressing of reality. He also organizer of the Metaphysical art development. he spent a lot of his lifetime in Athens and Florence then he moved to Germany to learn at the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich, where he was strongly affected by the compositions of Nietzsche and Arthur Schopenhauer. On his approach to Paris, De Chirico ventured out back to Florence and later to Turin, where he was moved by the mystical excellence of the environment. He displayed his works at the Salon des Independents without precedent for 1913, and sold his first painting, the Red Tower, later marking with the art merchant Paul Guillermo. at the time of the First great World War De Chirico came back to Italy and applied for the military. He unfortunately was declared unfit for military and was sent to work in a military hospital. all this time he kept painting in his unique supernatural style. In the late 1919, De Chirico wrote an article in an art production in which he shared his view for an arrival to the established iconography by such experts as Raphael and Signorelli. He also criticized the present day art and completely embraced a new style of painting. by 1939 his new painting - neo baroque, which was completely influenced by peter Paul rubes. His work new style was not very appreciated enough in the beginning but later it received a great approval. late Both for benefit and as a proof of revenge hr back dated a lot of his work.

De Chirico kept on being a productive artist, painting up until his 90th year. His paintings emphatically affected the surrealist development, giving motivation to such conspicuous artists as Max Ernst, Salvador Dali, Rene Magritte, and Philip Guston. His paintings have additionally roused books, music and even computer games.

AVANTE GARDE

Link for our argument. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_p dzmC6QOA&feature=youtu.be

Art, architecture and politics

HOT MODERNISM CRITICAL REGIONALISM Regional modernism Regional modernism, in relation to architecture means using the regions common style and form at a particular place. sometimes it has strong ethnic influences of an immigrant population. usually modest, unassuming, and unpretentious, and often a mixture of traditional and more modern styles or a hybrid of several styles. Houses are often ownerbuilt by people familiar with local materials, regional climatic conditions, and local building customs and techniques.

Critical Regionalism Critical regionalism is an approach towards the architects to consciously replace The most common style of the time modern architecture by the designer responding in a place-specific way to the context of the immediate physical and cultural context of the project so as to produce a project that has a sense of place and meaning.

Casa Luis Barragan, built in 1948, represents one of the most significant contemporary architectural works in the international context, as recognized by UNESCO when it was included in its list of World Heritage in 2004. It is the only individual property in Latin America that has achieved such distinction, because - as stated by UNESCO itself in its declaration - it is a masterpiece in the development of the modern movement, which integrates in a new synthesis traditional and vernacular elements, as well as diverse philosophical and artistic currents of all times. The influence of Luis Barragan in world architecture continues to grow day by day, and his house, preserved with fidelity as the author lived until his death in 1988, It is one of the most visited sites in Mexico City by architects and art connoisseurs from around the world. This museum, which includes the residence and architectural workshop of its creator, is owned by the Government of the State of Jalisco and the Tapti Luis Barragan Architecture Foundation.

Luis Barragán Fuente de los Amante is a house designad by Louis barragán in México in 1948 The materials used in the making of the lovers’ fountain was red Canter stone which Barragan himself, mined from a quarry in Mexico. Where as the other one is made out of marble. Marble has been the main constructing material for the pavilion house.

The Pavilion is one of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe’s seminal Works and a key point of reference in XX-century architecture. The famous German Pavilion was built for the 1929 Barcelona International Exhibition and disassembled the following year.

Half a century later, and in view of the importance of the Pavilion in terms of contemporary architectural history, the Barcelona City Council, with architect Oriol Bohigas at the head of its Urban Planning Department, decided to faithfully reconstruct the building. The project was carried out after extensive research by Ignasi de Solà-Morales, Cristian Circa and Fernando Ramos between 1983 and 1986 on the Pavilion’s original Montjuïc site.

Luis Barragan house is Widely known for his emphasis on colour, light, shadow, form and texture. Pavilion house is known for Its elegant and sleek design combined with rich natural material presented. Barren had deep interest in nature which was seen in barrens house the different colours described different elements of nature like water plants and trees. The design of the house connects to the nature through its specially designed windows which are very big but the still manage to keep the privacy of the house where as the pavilion house is all about the luxury and artificial beauty the house was very efficient every corner had the house was designed for a purpose. the barrens house was very spacious are constructed for the king and the queen in the neighbourhood of the palace itself the other house was did not match to its neighbourhood it is situated at a very common place.

Both the building were used for residential use and both received awards for it. Both the buildings have left a big impression on the history of architecture. The pavilion house has represented modernism architecture intentionally and the Barragan house represents Minimalist architecture Barcelona pavilion was designed by Ludwig Mie's van der Rohe and Lilly Reich as the German national pavilion

AFTER MODRENISM UK & USA 1950-1970 Birmingham central library Birmingham city library is a library situated in Birmingham, England. It is one of the largest non national libraries in Europe. It was located in the heart of Birmingham from 1974 until 2016. It was relocated by the library of Birmingham in the same year they demolished the other one. The building was designed by JOHN MADIN in brutalist design in 1982.

WHY SHOULD THE BUILDING BE DEMOLISHED? WHY SHOULD THE BUILDING BE KEPT?

There was a lack of study space .The place was overcrowded THE structure of the building did not had very efficient ventilation system

FRANK LLYOD WRIGHT Frank Lloyd Wright was born in 1867 June 8. After college, he worked ass chief assistant to architect Louis Sullivan. Later he begin his own firm and developed a style known as the Prairie school .Which was also known as "organic architecture". In his life he designed iconic buildings. He died in 1959.

Why is Frank Lloyd Wright’s architecture so strongly associated with the landscape?

Frank Lloyd wright is known for designing building that merge in with the surrounding in a breath-taking innovative way. Frank grew up near the Wisconsin River since childhood he had a intuitive relation ship with the nature. He always believed that every structure has its own grammar he never just plotted his ideas on the land.

The falling water is the house designed by frank Lloyd wright south western Pennsylvania.

Shockingly original and impressively beautiful, Falling water is marked by three terraces each floor has a terrace which is which is wrapped in reinforced concrete balconies. It remains one of Wright's most renounced work, a national landmark widely considered one The glass main glass back door slides into the living of the most beautiful which asses towards staircase which goes down to river homes ever built.

Steps also lead directly outside from Kaufmann's bedroom on the second floor. A stream was also allowed to drip straight into the house. The house is breathtakingly beautiful frank Lloyd designed the house to exactly fit into the suddoundings.

The Rayward–Shepherd House, also known as Tirranna was designed by frank Lloyd in the heart of nature, New Canaan in 1955

‘’The good building is not one that hurts the landscape, but one which makes the landscape more beautiful than it was before the building was built’’. -Frank Lloyd.

INFORMAL WAYS OF DESIGN AND BRAZILIAN MODERNISM

A transcultural space is either a building, space, or place that identifies different cultures and social events.

It also can mean how a building or place can change due to different patterns of social and cultural identify.

I have decided to choose Primary schools as a good example of a cultural space. As it provides many diverse cultural activity such as holiday celebrations: Christmas, Easter, Halloween, Diwali, Eid. Children get to dress up in their different cultural clothes or other children from different backgrounds get to try something new and most schools decorate relating to the holiday. Different cultural foodies brought in by children for other children to try.

The space is changed and all culture are identify during the socialisation.

Social activities include school trips to different activities they get the opportunity to participate in after school or during lunch time. Music, art, sports, literature (reading) and lunch time games.

REFERENCES: •The Art Story. (2019). Bauhaus Most Important Art and Artists | TheArtStory. [online] Available at: https://www.theartstory.org/movement-bauhaus-artworks.htm [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].

•Paul-klee.org. (2019). Red Balloon Paul Klee. [online] Available at: http://www.paul-klee.org/red-balloon/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].

•Totally History. (2019). Red Balloon by Paul Klee - Facts & History of the Painting. [online] Available at: http://totallyhistory.com/red-balloon/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].

•Designingbuildings.co.uk. (2019). Modernist architecture - Designing Buildings Wiki. [online] Available at: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Modernist_architecture#Italian_Modernism [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].

•Artinfo, B. and Guide, B. (2019). PinPoint: On László Moholy-Nagy at The Santa Barbara Museum of Art | Artinfo. [online] Artinfo. Available at: https://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/1185211/pinpoint-on-laszlo-moholy-nagy-at-the-santa-barbara-museum-o [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].

•InfinVision. (2019). Italian Modernism - InfinVision. [online] Available at: http://infinvision.com/italian-modernism [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].

•bauhaus-cradle: TECTA. (n.d.). [image] Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=Baby+Cradle+by+Peter+Keler&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjwscDTwHfAhUsXhUIHRBECTYQ_AUIDigB&biw=1920&bih=964#imgrc=hTEg_4FYe85eWM: [Accessed 9 Jan. 2019].

•wikiart.org (n.d.). our english coats. [image] Available at: https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=8%2F68Urw3&id=E54B2379B38750B877EF594171F1C71FA885CD3A&thid=OIP.8_68Urw3foakYrOQotPGgHaFb&mediaurl=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads8.wikiart.org%2Fimages%2Fwilliam-holman-hunt%2Four-english-coasts.jpg&exph=1654&expw=2253&q=famouse+preraphaelites&simid=607995976984890422&selectedindex=96&ajaxhist=0&vt=0 [Accessed 9 Jan. 2019].

•TECTA (n.d.). bauhaus baby cradle. [image] Available at: https://www.google.com/search?biw=1366&bih=608&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=T0k3XN_GC_ep1fAPo6aSAM&q=bauhaus+baby+cradle&oq=bauhaus+baby+&gs_l=img.1.0.0i24.27007.35122..38088...0.0..0.123.642.9j1......0....1..gws-wizimg.......0i19j0i8i30i19j0j0i8i30j0i30j0i67j0i10i24.i3amYMakins#imgrc=hTEg_4FYe85eWM: [Accessed 10 Jan. 2019].

•Hitti, N. (2019). 10 of the most iconic pieces of Bauhaus furniture. [online] Dezeen. Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2018/11/08/bauhaus-furnituredesigns-chair-tables-chess-set-baby-cradle/ [Accessed 10 Jan. 2019].

•google (n.d.). louis kahn, salk institute. [image] Available at: https://www.google.com/search?q=salk+institute+and+bauhaus&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj19Jm44OPfAhXOQRUIHa_bAbA4FBD8BQgPKA I&biw=1366&bih=608#imgrc=I_gFlOiOEtbdNM: [Accessed 10 Jan. 2019].

•dezeen (n.d.). salk institute. [image] Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2017/07/06/salk-institute-restoration-biological-studies-louis-khan-restorationwje-getty-conservation-institute/ [Accessed 10 Jan. 2019].

•GreatBuildings. (2019). Salk Institute by Louis I. Kahn at GreatBuildings. [online] Available at: http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/salk_institute.html [Accessed 11 Jan. 2019].

The Pre-Raphaelites: Victorian Revolutionaries (BBC Documentary) Part 1. (2014). [video] Directed by v. lvanov. BBC: YOUTUBE. Tate. (2019). Pre-Raphaelite – Art Term | Tate. [online] Available at: https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/pre-raphaelite [Accessed 9 Jan. 2019].

•Gibson, E. (2019). Frank Lloyd Wright integrates architecture into nature at Fallingwater. [online] Dezeen. Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2017/06/07/fallingwater-frank-lloydwright-pennsylvania-house-usa-150th-birthday/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].

•En.wikipedia.org. (2019). Rayward–Shepherd House. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayward%E2%80%93Shepherd_House [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].

•) , Available at: https://www.biography.com/people/frank-lloyd-wright-9537511(Accessed: ) •() , Available at: https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Regional+modernism(Accessed: ).

•() , Available at: https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Regional+modernism(Accessed: ).

•youtube (2019). [video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAWjiWqPYR0 [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].

•what is modernism/postmodernism. (2011). [video] Directed by j. somerset. united kingdom: youtube.

•when did modren architecture actually begin. (2018). [video] united states of america: youtube.​ websites​ •Encyclopedia Britannica. (2019). Modernism | Definition, History, & Examples. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/art/Modernism-art [Accessed 9 Jan. 2019].

•() , Available at: https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/style_det.php?styleid=193(Accessed: ).

•() , Available at: https://www.birminghambeheard.org.uk/place/brasshouse-language-centre-relocation-to-the-libra/ Words (Accessed: ).

•unkown, (2019), reginal modrenism [ONLINE]. Available at: https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=1KPeOxgo&id=3E3A98081992650C229DFAE6400615D4A1A9F612&thid=OIP.1KPeOxgoczgYBtvYL4BbIwHaE8&mediaurl= https%3a%2f%2flh6.googleusercontent.com%2f-NsudLWElI9c%2fTW_76E0CVDI%2fAAAAAAAAAek%2fKgi-d0o7zSM%2fs1600%2f9510740.jpg&exph=1070&expw=1600&q=reginal+modrenism&simid=608000847467840210&selectedIndex=17&ajaxhist=0[Accessed 15 January 2019] •unkown, (2019), lovers fountain [ONLINE]. Available at: https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=YJmeh3dC&id=C9E1769BDBFC48A30ABBBD02896E3988AB7A923C&thid=OIP.YJmeh3dCtrkJkWKYsamQMwHaF8&mediau rl=https%3a%2f%2fi.pinimg.com%2foriginals%2f89%2fa3%2fd0%2f89a3d0f3902295143796ae0e5e69db81.jpg&exph=514&expw=640&q=luis+barragan+fuente+de+los+amantes+%e2% 80%93+mexico+city+1968&simid=608013049539264737&selectedIndex=0&ajaxhist=0[Accessed 15 January 2019].

•unkown, (2019), unknown [ONLINE]. Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=Barcelona+Pavilion+Mies+van+der+Rohe+1923&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7hPzu83fAhUxrHEKHfWbBxsQ_AUIDigB&biw=1920&bih=963#imgrc=U6RjGmTl5OSxvM [Accessed 15 January 2019].

•unkown, (2019), unknown [ONLINE]. Available at: https://www.e-architect.co.uk/images/jpgs/new_york/bachman_wilson_house_b260711_1.jpg [Accessed 15 January 2019] •unkown, (2019), unknown [ONLINE]. Available at: https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=EA9yiuXn&id=5D0E2803BD36B64A7F830DD4706256F9F3CD4A3C&thid=OIP.EA9yiuXnET7O75eiwAxSQHaHV&mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fmedia.architecturaldigest.com%2fphotos%2f5936fd7e58381603535672d7%2fmaster%2fpass%2fFLW_MoMA_17_avery_flw_4374_00254%25 20(1).jpg&exph=2974&expw=3000&q=frank+llyiod+wright+without+background+image&simid=608010283546051817&selectedIndex=2&ajaxhist=0[Accessed 15 January 2019].

•unkown, (2019), unknown [ONLINE]. Available at: https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=%2fY%2fD1Chl&id=D61F7851BF96E6880A5182DBA5E53027056597D3&thid=OIP._Y_D1Chlr7m3QLQh_M3DnAHaHc&me diaurl=http%3a%2f%2fpngimg.com%2fuploads%2fsticky_note%2fsticky_note_PNG18905.png&exph=1229&expw=1222&q=stick+notes+with+no+backgroud&simid=608024328066959 863&selectedIndex=19&cbir=sbi&ajaxhist=0[Accessed 15 January 2019]